Table of contents:

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………2
Objective/Purpose……...…………………………………………………...……………...3
Materials and apparatus……...…………………………………………...………………4
Description of equipment……………………………………………...………………..5
Procedure………………………………………………...…………………………….7
Calculation and results………………………………………………………………..8

Discussion/Analysis………………………………………………………………………10
Conclusion…………………………………………………...……………………………10
Reference..………………………………………………………………………………...
Appendices……………………………………………………………………………
Introduction:
Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a
surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Some
other fundamental factors such as flow rate or flow velocity can also be determined due to
a pressure measurement. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of
pressure and vacuum.
Instruments used to measure and display pressure in an integral unit are called pressure
gauges or vacuum gauges. The (U-tube, inclined) manometers are a good example, as they
use a column of liquid to both measure and indicate pressure. Likewise the widely used
Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device, which both measures and indicates and is probably
the best known type of gauge.
A vacuum gauge is a pressure gauge used to measure pressures lower than the ambient
atmospheric pressure, which is set as the zero point,
The pressure can be experimentally measured by two different ways:
1-directly by measuring the length of liquid column (U-tube manometer, inclined tube
manometer).
2-indirectly by measuring the change of shape of a bourdon tube pressure gauge ).
A manometer consisting of a Ushaped glass tube partly filled with a liquid of known speci
fic gravity; when the legs of themanometer are connected to separate sources of pressure, t
he liquid rises in one leg and drops in the other; thedifference between the levels is proport
ional to the difference in pressures and inversely proportional to the liquid'sspecific gravity
. Also known as liquid-column gage.
Bourdon tube pressure gauges are used for the measurement of relative pressures from
0.6 ... 7,000 bar. They are classified as mechanical pressure measuring instruments, and
thus operate without any electrical power. Bourdon tubes are radially formed tubes with an
oval cross-section. The pressure of the measuring medium acts on the inside of the tube
and produces a motion in the non-clamped end of the tube. This motion is the measure of
the pressure and is indicated via the movement.
In this experiments, pressures in the millibar range are generated with a plastic syringe and
displayed on the manometers. The experimental unit is equipped with two Bourdon tube
pressure gauges for measuring positive and negative pressure. The U-tube manometer,
inclined tube manometer and Bourdon tube pressure gauges at the experimental unit can
be combined using tubes. A calibration device enables calibration of an additional
Bourdon tube pressure gauge using a weight-loaded piston manometer.

Objective:
Familiarization with two different measuring methods:
1. Working principle of a Bourdon tube pressure gauge,

2. Calibrating mechanical manometers.

3. Determine systematic errors

4. Principle of operation and working with a piston manometer

 Equipment and Materials:
1- U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer for direct method has been shown in this
fig.

2- Bourdon tube pressure gauge for indirect method has been shown in this fig.
 Description of Equipment:
1- Working of U-tube manometer:
A manometer is an instrument that has a small tube in the shape of a U that is filled with
liquid to measure pressure or flow. A U-tube manometer is used as an indicator that the
fan on the mitigation system is working.

2- Inclined tube manometer:

An inclined manometer is a slightly curved tubewith a liquid inside, typically a form of oil
mixture. ... The pressure exerted by the flow presses against the internal liquid. The
amount of liquid displacement is viewed and measured through the tube's graduations,
producing a pressure value.
H= L sinƟ and P= ρg(L sinƟ)
3-Bourdon tube pressure gauge:
When the internal space of the Bourdon tube is pressurized, the cross-section is thus
altered towards a circular shape. The hoop stresses that are created in this process increase
the radius of the c-shaped tube. As a result, the end of the tube moves by around two or
three millimetres. This deflection is a measure of the pressure. It is transferred to a
movement, which turns the linear deflection into a rotary movement and, via a pointer,
makes this visible on a scale.
The applied pressure is measured in bar or psi units as shown in this picture, the outer unit
is psi and the inner unit is bar.
Procedures

U-tube manometer:
1-The unknown pressure is applied on the vertical side of the U-tube.
2-The liquid in the tube of manometer moves in the tube or rises to the constant region.
3-When the movement is stopped, the high of the liquid is measured and noted.
4-The density of the liquid is determined.
5-The applied pressure is calculated by using this law: P=ρgh.

Inclined tube manometer:

1-The vertical side of inclined manometer is pressurized.
2-The liquid inside the inclined tube moves throughout a length is assigned by L.
3-Vertically the height of the moved liquid is determined as (h=LsinƟ1 or h=LcosƟ2).
4-The density of the liquid will be known.
5-The applied pressure is calculated by this law: P=ρg(LsinƟ1).

Bourdon tube pressure gauge:

1-The bourdon tube must not contain any gas (air) and it should be removed.
2-The internal space of bourdon tube is pressurized by placing the weights.
3-The hoop stresses that are created in this process increase the radius of the c-shaped
tube.
4-The increasing pressure is recorded.
5-place another weight on the piston manometer and record the pressure increased in the
bourdon tube pressure gauge.
6-repeat the step 5 for many.
7-After the final step of increasing weight start to decreasing weights and record the
decreasing pressures on the pressure gauge.
Results and Calculations
1-U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer:
The pressure in a liquid at a given depth is called the hydrostatic pressure. This can be
calculated using the hydrostatic equation: 𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉 𝒐𝒓 𝑷 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉

Where: P = the pressure, = the specific weight 𝜌 = the density of the liquid, g = gravity
(9.8 m/s^2) and h = the depth (or height) of the liquid.

No. 𝜸 Dh 𝑷 =𝜸𝒅𝒉
1 8.32 120mm 0.998
2
3
Inclined tube manometer
No. 𝜸 Dh 𝑷 =𝜸𝑳sin𝜶 =

1 8.32 99.4mm 0.827

2
3

Table (1.1): Manometer tube

U-tube manometer
2-bourdon tube pressure gauge:
The use of the piston and weights with the cylinder generates a measurable reference
pressure:
𝑃 = 𝐹 /𝐴 = 𝑀𝑔/ 𝐴
(1.2)
Where, F = Force applied to the liquid in the calibrator cylinder in Newton (N).
M = Total mass including the mass of the piston in kilogram (kg). A = Cross-sectional
area of the piston in square meter (m2). g = Acceleration due to gravity in meter per
square second (m/s2). The true pressure by dividing the weight (N) by the piston area, for
example, as shown in Table (1.2).

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = |𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔| (1.3)

Relative error =|𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔| 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (1.4)
% error =|𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔| 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒∗ 100 (1.5)

Table (3.1): True Pressure and Gauge Readings

Total Load
Including
Piston True Gauge Reading
Weight Pressure
N/m2 Increasing Decreasing %
M (kg) W % error error
Pressure Pressure
0.385 3.7768 33411.6 34000 1.76 33000 1.2
0.57713 5.2981 50086.1 48000 4.2 49000 2.17
1.15413 11.322 100160.1 94000 6.15 98000 3.2
1.73113 16.982 150234.2 142000 6.8 146000 2.8
2.30813 22.642 200308.2 190000 5.15 194000 3.15
2.88513 28.303 250382.3 240000 4.15 240000 4,15
Discussion
Each gauge and manometer they have a delivery point to connect to the syringe using
plastic tubing (included). All connections are push-fit, and T-pieces are provided to enable
two instruments to be connected to one point. The Bourdon pressure gauge calibration unit
consists of a piston, which is free to move vertically, in a close-fitting cylinder. A
transparent, flexible hose connects the cylinder to the Bourdon pressure gauge. The gauge
and cylinder are mounted on a common flat base. The internal mechanism of the gauge is
clearly visible through the transparent dial. During test, calibration weights are placed onto
the loading platform, which is an integral part of the piston assembly. All air is expelled
from the system through a purge hole in the upper part of the cylinder. The apparatus is
manufactured using materials and finishes carefully chosen to give the fullest protection
against corrosion. The graph plotted shows that the increasing pressure is similar with the
decreasing pressure where the slope plotted is almost overlapped to each other. However,
the point plotted is not smoothly linear or form a straight line. Furthermore, we can see
that the gauge error occurred inconsistently where the line plotted is going upward and
downward. There are several factors that may influenced the results of this experiment
such as : a There are bubbles or air trapped inside the tube when the experiment is carried
out) Pressure is exerted on the piston during it is placed into the cylinder where it can
affected the reading of gauge pressure taken for entire experiment’s) The piston is not
totally in stable condition during the value of gauge pressures taken) Parallax error is
occurred where the observer’s eyes are not perpendicular to the scale of the Bourdon
gauge during the value of gauge pressure is observed.

Conclusion
It can be concluded that pressure measurement using manometer is a very widely used technique and
gives us accurate results, we have seen from our readings that the expected values and the obtained
values were very much similar and small difference could be attributed experimental errors. One thing
that we had to keep in mind using the bourdon gauge manometer that the scale reading has an initial
calibration error 0.3 bar which could be a result of air bubble present in the linings of the piston. It was a
short experiment and did not require many efforts. More than three manometer readings were taken so
as to take mean of a larger number of a values to make a result as reliable as possible. We also included
auncertainties in our calculations which make results more accurate.