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Nectario - Juan Colon Alias Cristobal Colon Alias Christopher Columbus Was A Spanish Jew (1971) PDF
Nectario - Juan Colon Alias Cristobal Colon Alias Christopher Columbus Was A Spanish Jew (1971) PDF
Nectario - Juan Colon Alias Cristobal Colon Alias Christopher Columbus Was A Spanish Jew (1971) PDF
Brother Nectario M.
By Brother Nectario M.
of The La Salle Institute
Cultural Attache of the
Venezuelan Embassy in Spain
3
PREFACE
6
REPORT BY FRIAR NECTARIO M.
Most Excellent Sr. D. Jose Maria Peman, President of the
Royal Spanish American Academy
Most Excellent Sr. General Fernandez Vallespin, Military
Governor of Cadiz
Most Excellent Sr. Lahera, Mayor of Cadiz
Most Excellent Sr. D. Antonio Muro Orejon, representative of
the Most Excellent Sr. Rector of the University of Seville,
and Professor of History
Sr. Consul General of Venezuela in Cadiz
Most Reverend Brother Provincial of the La Salle Brotherhood
of Spain in Madrid
Sr. President of the Bolivian Society of Seville.
Members of the Royal Spanish American Academy and worthy
representatives of the local clergy
Most Reverent Honorable Directors and Fellow Brethern of La
Salle
Ladies and Gentlemen
On the occasion of the conferring on me of the Cross of
the Knight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Queen, that
the Government of this noble nation agreed to grant me at
the request of the Royal Hispano-American Academy, I
was asked to deliver an address on a subject of my choice.
After a few perplexed moments, I chose:
8
Catholic monarchs. Colon asked Ambassador Oderigo to
translate the enclosed letter for Juan Luis. Likewise, he wrote to
the office of the Bank of San Giorgio in Spanish though no one
there could read or write Spanish.
If Colon had known Italian, he would not have had to resort
to the aid of an interpreter to translate his letters. He would have
written them, himself, in 'Italian.
This clearly indicates that Cristobal Colon was not Cristoforo
Colombo, the distinguished Italian who lived in Genoa, as
attested by notarial certificates in 1470, 1472 and 1479,
executed at the time that Colon was in Portugal after having
been at sea for twenty three years (as stated by him in his diary
of his first voyage, on December 21, 1492.)
No thorough and unbiased historian can ever identify
Cristoforo Colombo, the Italian, with Cristobal Colon who had
no knowledge of that language. Nor could he represent that the
former had settled in Portugal in 1476 and lived there until he
migrated to Spain in 1484 and learned to speak and write
Spanish fluently and with elegance. This would indeed be a
miracle refuting all logic. It is needless to refute so absurd and
improbable an assumption. Cristoforo Colombo was not, could
not have been, Cristobal Colon, the discoverer of America.
THE NAME COLON IS TYPICALLY SPANISH,
& COLOMBO, ITALIAN.
It is an error to allege that Cristobal Colon is the same person
as Cristoforo Colombo, and that the latter, on going to Spain, in
1484, had translated his name into Spanish, to Cristobal Colon.
The evidence proves that that assertion is absolutely false.
Colon always bore that name as did his ancestors. Colon himself
solemnly avowed, in 1498, in the Institution of the Right of
Primogeniture this fact. It reads:
"The said Right of Primogeniture will devolve and be
inherited by the next of kin, who shall bear always the name of
his father and ancestors, Colon, for whom it was prescribed and
who inherited it legitimately. The Right of Primogeniture must
not be passed on to any woman, unless here, in Seville (where
this has been written I and anywhere
9
else in the world, a man of my true lineage named as I and my
ancestors, Colon, can not be found."
This document in itself, is sufficient proof to put an end
to the Italian theory of Colombo being the name of the
discoverer and his ancestors. In declaring that Colon has
always been his name and that of his ancestors, he
destroyed the theory that Colombo had been his name or
that of his ancestors. How can we pretend that Colombo
was the name of an Italian Colon, when that is a flat
contradiction of the great Admiral's own statement?
PEDRO MARTIR DE ENGHERIA, WHO FOR THE
PURPOSE OF HELPING COLON BROADCAST
THE MYTH THAT HE WAS FROM GENOA,
LIGURIA, EVENTUALLY WAS THE ONE,
HOWEVER, WHO REVEALED HIS TRUE
ORIGIN, AS WILL BE RELATED, ALWAYS USED
HIS CORRECT NAME, COLON; AND HE GAVE
IT ITS LATIN FORM, COLONUS, AND NOT
COLUMBUS.
OF WHAT REGION OF SPAIN WAS COLON A NATIVE?
Since it is indubitable that Colon was not an Italian, of what
Spanish province was a native, and what proof have we of it?
The surname Colon often appears written with an "m" instead
of an "n", as is typical Spanish usage in Galicia, Castille,
Valencia and Catalonia, especially in the Balearic Islands.
Celestino Garcia de la Riega, in a speech before the Madrid
Geographical Society in 1898, solemnly announced that
Cristobal Colon, the discoverer of the New World, was a native
of Pontevedra, Galicia. This idea was based on the finding of
thirteen documents and inscriptions bearing the name Colon as
late as 1480 and 1490, the oldest being found in the Church of
St. Mary of Pontevedra.
The name Colon, in Galicia, long antedated the discovery of
America. According to Prudencio Otero Sanchez, famous
Galician historian, records bearing it date back to the
10
beginning of the XVth century, almost a century earlier. There
is not the slightest doubt of the Spanish character of that name.
It was also common in Castille, as noted by a Madrid parish
priest in the October, 1966, issue of the newspaper, "YA", on
the basis of the archives of his parish dating back centuries. But
Colon, or Colom, is typically Catalonian; and it is usually
written with an "m", meaning "dove". There it is quite common,
especially in Majorca, in the Balearic Islands, where I shall
point out, the illustrious discoverer of the New World was born.
11
touch with him for many years. This priest states that Colon was
in Valladolid in 1505, at the age of seventy years. This fixes his
birth date in 1435, and indicates that he was sixteen years older
than Cristoforo Colombo. Obviously Colombo could not be the
discoverer of America. As Colon's son, Fernando, and historians
point out, Cristobal Colon had started going to sea at the age of
fourteen years, and by 1470, he had been at sea for more than
twenty years in the very year that Cristoforo Colombo, son of
Dominico Colombo, then nineteen years old, had not left Italy.
In 1472, at the time that Colon was fighting in the
Mediterranean, in the service of Renato D'Anjou, Cristoforo
Colombo, still in Italy, appeared before notary Tomas de Zosco
to acknowledge with his father Dominico, a debt of 140 lire.
Cristobal Colon himself confirmed his activities in the
Mediterranean, at that time. He wrote:
"King Reinal sent me to Tunis to take the galliot
Fernandina. . ." He added, however, that he returned to his
base at Marseilles and continued to Cartagena. But he is silent
about his helping the Barcelonians, under the name of Juan
Colon, against Juan II and in the service of Renato of Anjou
whom the Catalonians had recognized as their king.
There is much other evidence that completely dispels the idea
that a Colon, of Genoa, Italy, was known by the name of
Colombo; and establishes firmly that the two were different
personalities: Colombo, the Italian, then twenty one years old,
and Colon, the Spaniard from Majorca, aged thirty five years.
For Cristoforo Colombo stated in his affidavit signed by him in
Savona, in 1472, that he was the son of Dominico Colombo and
of Susana Fontanarossa, and by profession an Italian dealer in
wool from Genoa. Many Genoese at that time sailed across the
Mediterranean and along the Atlantic Coast from Portugal to
England on the north, and Guinea, on the south. Cristoforo
Colombo stated in an affidavit of August 25, 1479 that he had
sailed on business to Portugal between 1475 to 1478, when he
was twenty-seven years old; and that a year earlier he had
12
ISLAND OF MAJORCA
13
been entrusted by Paolo, at the time both of them were in
Lisbon, with the purchase of sugar in the Madeiras.
CRISTOFORO COLOMBO, ACCORDING TO
MANUEL LOPEZ FLORES, DIED AT SEA YEARS
LATER. HE OBVIOUSLY WAS NOT THE SAME
PERSON AS CRISTOBAL COLON, THE
DISCOVERER OF AMERICA.
14
MAP OF GENOA, A TOWN ON THE ISLAND OF
MAJORCA
15
and because of its insularity, several historians in the past
advanced the idea that Colon was a native of the island. The
Catalonian origin of Colon emerged about the XVIIth century in
the work of Serro and Postius; in the present century numerous
Catalonian historians have advanced evidence, including
Carreras, Candi, Taberner, Soldevilla; and lately Carrera Valls
and the great Peruvian historian Luis Ulloa has advanced added
proof of Colon's Catalonian origin, in papers presented before
the Seville Historical Congress and, in 1930, before the
Hamburg Historical Congress. Also numerous magazine and
newspaper articles in recent years point out the Majorcan origin
of the Great Admiral, including those by Canals, Alemany,
Malosiver, Aran Ferrer, Millas Vallicrosa, Lianas de Niubo,
Casper Sabater and Angel Rodriguez, whose works we have
consulted in preparing this lecture.
Recent discoveries have fully confirmed the Catalonian-
Majorcan origin of Colon. Several years ago an invaluable
document was discoverered that firmly established the
birthplace of Cristobal Colon, in a book entitled CRISTOPHORI
CLAVI BAMBERGENSISIOAN DE SACRO BOSCO —
ROMAE 1558 (Ex officio Dominico Basae: 21x15, 484 pp.
Illustrated cover bearing in the center the drawing of an
armillary sphere with various subjects on the keystone; on the
reverse of the front cover there is inscribed "Ex libris Borromei"
by hand in characters in use at the time of the printing of the
volume, obviously indicating that it was from the library of the
Borromeo family.)
The book was purchased by the Milanese scholar and
booklover, Luigi Rimol (or Rimaldi) from the cart of a street
vendor who peddled in the streets of Milan. When he got home,
he detached the leather guard plates from the cover and was
amazed to find there a document of unsuspected value. Written
by Count Juan de Borromeo, of the illustrious Milanese
Borromeos, kin of St. Carlos Borromeo, it clearly relates that he
was informed confidentially by Pedro Martir de Angheria that
Cristobal Colon was from Majorca and not from Genoa (Italy).
At
16
that time Angheria had a privileged position in the Court of the
Catholic monarchs, that of Royal Treasurer. He also served
Count Juan de Borromeo as correspondent and secret agent. Of
this there is ample proof.
The finding of this important document was announced by its
discoverer to Rubio Borras, librarian of the University of
Barcelona, and he forwarded him the original, a photostat of
which illustrates the work of Renato Lianas de Niubo, "EL
ENIGMA DE CRISTOBAL COLON". Later the original was
sold to an American, Richard Aramil. Written on one side of a
sheet of paper measuring 23 x 28 cms., it has inscribed 18 lines.
It has been examined and studied by expert paleographers who
identify it as dating back to the end of the XVth century. It
embodies a confidential report to Count Don Juan de Borromeo
by the historian Pedro Martir de Angheria who was the
originator of the myth that Colon came from Genoa, Liguria.
Juan de Borromeo was Marquis de Angheria as well as Count of
Arona, who was important and influential in Milan and enjoyed
the added prestige of defeating the Swiss at Cosmodella and
recovered for Milan the province of Novaro that had wrongly
been seized by them in 1417. A man of great talent and fortune,
he had always been interested in Spanish affairs, and had sent
his protege Pedro M. de Argheria, priest, historian and reputed
physician, after a stay in France in the Court of Louis XI, to
Spain where he had made a brilliant record. From Spain,
Angheria made reports to Borromeo which are available
documentation. Thus, in a letter of May 14, 1493, he reported
the attempt on the life of Ferdinand the Catholic, in which report
he mentions:
"There returned from the antipodes a certain Cristobal
Colon, from Genoa, that had received from his
sovereign after much toil, three ships to that region."
But he dropped the subject with the comment that he leaves
"affairs so remote. . .
On October 21, 1494, Angheria wrote again to his renowned
protector, Count Borromeo, and it is probable that it was in that
report that he included the confidential
17
PHOTOSTAT OF THE BORROMEO DOCUMENT
18
note on the Marjorcan origin of Cristobal Colon. Niubo points
out in his "EL ENIGMA. . ." that added import is given to the
document by the confidential relationship (of Angheria) with
Borromeo and the fact that as a friend of Colon, he originated
the myth that Colon was of Italian origin.
The high religious zeal that characterized the noble house
of Borromeo, as exemplified clearly in the instance of
illustrious St. Carlos, no doubt prompted Count Juan de
Borromeo not to take with him to the grave the secret of the
birthplace of Cristobal Colon. That may have been
responsible for his solemnly decreeing that after his death
his statement be put between the covers of the book. It
reads:
"I Juan de Borromeo, being forbidden to tell the truth
have secretly known through Sr. Pedro de Angheria,
Treasurer of the Catholic King of Spain,... must
preserve for history, the fact that Cristobal Colon was a
native of Majorca and not of Liguria. Pedro de Angheria
decided that the slyness used by Juan Colom must be
kept secret because Juan Colom had been advised to
pretend, for political and religious reasons, that he was
Cristobal Colon, in order to request the help of the vessels
from the King of Spain. Colom, after all, is the (Spanish)
equivalent of (the Italian) Colombo; and there has been
found living in Genoa one such Cristobal (?) Colombo
Canajosa, son of Domingo and of Susana Fontanarossa,
who should not be confused with the West Indies
navigator.
"In Bergamo, in the year of our Lord 1494."
19
inhabitants of the island). Juan Colom junior, Borromeo
identified as the one who changed his name to Cristobal when
he entered into deals with the monarchs of Spain, and thereafter
became the discoverer of America.
An important feature of this valuable document is that it
clarifies the reasons for Colon hiding his true identity, that were
stated as:
a. First, political reasons
b. Secondly, religious motives
Later I shall detail what were the political and religious motives
that compelled Colon to hide his true identity. This document
reaffirms that Juan Colom was the original name of the
discoverer of America.
The Catalonian rustics and Majorcan farmers were oppressed
by excessive levies and subjected to harsh treatment by the
noble landowners. Led by a Simon Ballester, they rose in arms
against the landowners and laid siege on the city for thirty days.
In this revolt, the brothers Juan and Bartolome Colon played a
prominent role. It was suppressed when there arrived in Majorca
reinforcements of two thousand well-armed and well equipped
troops sent from Naples by King Alfonso of Aragon.
This Majorcan insurrection of 1454 also had political
motivation. It coincided with the rebellion of the Barcelona
factions "La Gabela de Busca" and "La Vega". In the same year
a Naples decree had put an end to slavery and its evils and
abuses. But the aforesaid insurrection had taken place in spite of
it.
20
Guanahani, San Salvador). The elder Colon, father of the
fugitives, was held responsible for them; and he lost most of his
estate.
The famous Majorcan historian Don Jose Maria Quadrado y
Nieto, in his work, FORENSES CONTRA CIUDADANOS,
published in 1847, stated that "with the flight of the two Colons
all resistance ended." In the amnesty pardoning all the
revolutionists, Juan and Bartolome Colon who had fled with
Miguel Ballester, the son of Simon Ballester, the leader of the
revolt, were excepted. The latter, after staying in hiding for a
time, was captured, and was drawn and quartered. The Colon
brothers would have shared the same fate if they had been
captured. Years later, when Juan Colon had become Cristobal
Colon, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Friar Bartolome de las Casas
reported that he Colon had a good friend named Miguel
Ballester, whom he appointed Mayor of La Concepcion, and
tutor of his son Diego. No doubt he was his companion from
Majorca. Las Casas states that he knew him well and regarded
him as a Catalan (a Majorcan is a Catalan) with certainty,
because he heard him speak in that language.
There is additional proof that Colon knew the Catalan
language. In the catalogue of the Seville Columbiana Library
founded by Fernando Colon, is an entry that reads:
Cristobal Colon: A letter sent to the ration clerk in 1493.
In Catalan. It was numbered 4643, but has disappeared.
(Cited by Rafael Pineda Hanez in his LA ISLA DE
COLON, p. 249.) In that year the ration clerk was Luis de
Santangel. On February 15, 1493, Colon, on board of the Nina,
wrote the well-known letter to Luis de Santangel. In its heading,
Colon erroneously stated that it was written from the Canary
Island, instead of from the Azores. It was dispatched from
Lisbon. On arrival at that city, Luis de Santangel published it in
April 1493, a month after the arrival of Colon at the port of
Palos. This is probably the letter in the Catalan-Majorcan dialect
that was listed in the
21
catalogue of the Columbiana Library. For publication it had
been translated into Spanish.
What happened to Colon after his flight from Majorca with
his brother Bartholome and his friend Miguel Ballester? Juan
Colom, the future discoverer of America, had left Majorca with
a death sentence hanging over him, when he was not yet twenty
one years of age. Quadrado y Nieto, in his cited work, was the
first to suspect the identity of the rebellious Juan Colom of
Felanitx with Cristobal Colon, discoverer of the New World.
This view was supported by Don Luis de Ulloa, the destroyer of
the theory that Colon was a native of Genoa (Italy) that is
clearly confirmed by the study of contemporaneous documents,
including the letter of Cristobal Colon himself. Still further
confirmation of this is given by the note of Juan de Borromeo.
Juan Colon, when forced to abandon his native land, went to sea
and thus acquired his great mastery and deep knowledge of
meteorology and marine hazards.
22
JUAN COLON, A PIRATE IN THE SERVICE OF THE
DUC D'ANJOU
23
Colombo, of Liguria, was an entirely different person than
Cristobal Colon. In 1472, when it occurred, the Italian Colombo
swore in an affidavit signed in Savona, Italy, that he was a
Genoese wool merchant. He could not have been a wool
merchant in Italy and a pirate in the service of Renato D'Anjou,
at the same time.
It is strange that many renowned writers and historians have
failed to give warranted attention to this revealing (and fully
confirmed) letter of Colon's. In it he states clearly that he was in
the service of King Reinel (Renato D'Anjou), who waged war
on the King of Aragon who owned the galley Fernandina. It is
established positively that there was no captain named
Cristoforo Colombo or Cristobal Colon in the service of King
Reinel; but there are extant positive proofs that the pirate Juan
Colon, fugitive from Majorca, was in command of his galleys.
Thus Cristobal Colon, (in his letter) indirectly, and possibly
unsuspectingly, supplied information that made it possible to
deduce his true origin. For in this instance, Cristobal Colon, the
author of this letter, is none other than Juan Colon in the service
of King Reinel. The two names merge in the same person, the
future discoverer of America.
In the letter, however, he made no mention of his defeating
the fleet of Juan II of Aragon. (There exists documentary proof
of this victory won by Juan Colon, the future discoverer of
America, over the fleet of Juan II of Aragon that Renato Lianas
de Niube relates in detail in plates 182 to 184 of his EL
ENIGMA DE CRISTOBAL COLON. This document is
also to be found entered in folio 9 of book IV of CONSEJOS
SECRETOS DE LOS MERCADORES DE BARCELONA,
recorded by notary Juan Fogasto. This entry establishes that
before Alicante, Colon, the future discoverer of America,
defeated the King of Aragon's fleet commanded by the Count of
Prades, in the service of Louis XI and the Duke of Provenza, as
a corsair.) He dared not even allude to it for fear of disclosing
that he had waged war on him (Juan II of Aragon). For his son,
Fernando the Catholic King and Isabella the Catholic Queen
were his most important sponsors.
24
Henry IV of Castille had declared Juana, his only daughter,
illegitimate, and designated his sister, Isabella, his heir. Isabella
was supported by a majority of the nobility. Fernando, of
Aragon, son of Juan II sought to marry her. Henry IV opposed
that match because he wanted to marry her off to the King of
Portugal, or the Duke of Berry, brother of Louis XI. The
marriage of Fernando and Isabella, however, took place in
Valladolid on October 18. 1469. When Henry IV found it out,
he had the designation of his sister annulled, and declared his
daughter, Juana, his heir. Later, in 1473, he became reconciled
with Isabella, and again declared her to be heiress of Castille.
On his death, on December 11, 1474, his sister, who was in
Segovia, proclaimed herself Queen of Castille with the support
of the nobility. Juana's followers (nicknamed "La Beltraneja")
organized opposition and on April 1475, proclaimed her Queen,
with the support of King Alfonso of Portugal to whom in spite
of their difference in age they offered her hand.
In the war that resulted, Louis XI, of France, supported
Portugal and sent his corsairs out into the Atlantic. Among
them, it was reported by Fernando Gomez de Uribe, was Juan
Colon. (Don Fernando Gomez de Uribe, in his authoritative and
well-documented work, of which I have a copy in my library,
presented documentation of Colon's fighting in the service of the
King of Portugal against Isabella the Catholic Queen, all of
which appears in ample records of the nobility maintained by
Don Fernando Gonzalez, neighbor of St. Vincente de la
Barquera, San-tander, the originals of which are in the Room of
the Hidalguias of the Royal Chancellery of Valladolid. The
testimony of three eye witnesses attest that Juan Gonzalez,
father of Fernando Gonzalez, sailed to give battle to Colon who
fought in the service of the King of Portugal.)
The campaign of the Cantabrian and of the Atlantic was not
favorable to the French corsairs. A strong tempest sank several
of their ships and damaged others. In addition, they were forced
to face the attacks of the Castillian warships. They were forced
to lift the blockade of Fuenterrabia and
25
suffered other reverses. The vanguard formed by some ships in
the command of Juan Colon, future Admiral of the Indies, that
were sent to Portugal to escort the galley of King Alfonso, who
went to France to interview Louis XI, encountered between
Segres and Port Lagos near the Cape of St. Vincente, some
Venetian vessels that were assumed to be from Castille and
Aragon, apparently sought to intercept the fleet. Colon attacked
and boarded those anchored vessels, engaged them in a fierce
battle and set fire to them, on August 13, 1476. The man who
was to be known later as Cristobal Colon, saved his life by
diving overboard and swimming to the Portuguese coast.
Fernando Colon probably heard the account of this affair from
his father, related this episode in full detail, in ignorance of the
fact that his father fought in the cause of La Beltraneja. Friar
Bartolome de las Casas, in chapter 4 of his HISTORIA DE LAS
INDIAS, related this incident in even greater detail. He related
clearly that Cristobal Colon was sailing with the pirate Columbo
Junior, and in the role of pirate with that celebrated mariner,
was in the service of Renato D'Anjou and executed his orders.
This Columbo Junior was the one in the service of Louis XI
whom the French historians call the Vice-Admiral Casanova
Coullon (his full name was Guillermo Coullon Casanova).
Columbo Junior, Las Casas related, was "the outstanding pirate
of that era. . . in whose company Cristobal Colon then and later
spent much time." Writing about the engagement near Cape St.
Vincente, he added; "It so happened that the vessel on which
Cristobal Colon sailed and the galley to which it was tied, took
fire and could not be separated. The survivors jumped ov-
erboard. Those who could not swim died in the water a less
painful death than burning to death. Cristobal Colon was an
excellent swimmer and was helped keep afloat, while resting,
by an oar. He reached land which was a bit more than two
leagues distant from the scene of the blind and merciless
engagement." He (Colon) did this in spite of a wound, Las Casas
related, that he had sustained in the battle. (On this, or another,
26
occasion Colon had been wounded by a spherical lead bullet in
the fleshy part of his body that had become encysted. It, the
bullet, was found in his coffin. Of this wound, he wrote on July
7, 1503, to his monarchs: "My wound has opened up again.")
27
the Catholic kings, Ferdinand and Isabella, he had to hide his
past. Clearly, Juan Colon could not reveal himself, truthfully, as
the Majorcan rebel, and the pirate who had fought in the service
of La Beltraneja. If the Catholic monarchs had known of the war
he had waged against their own interests, they would probably
have jailed him instead of helping him. These are the political
motives that prompted Juan Colom to change his name to
Cristoforo Colombo or Cristobal Colon, the name of the Italian
wool merchant he probably met in Lisbon or the Madeiras when
the latter visited there as traveling salesman.
28
PRINCIPAL REFERENCES
1. "Espana, Patria de Colon", por Prudencio Otero
Sanchez, 1.922.
2. "Colon no descubrio America", por Manuel Lopez
Flores.
3. "La Isla y Colon", por Rafael Pineda Yanez.
4. "El Piloto Anonimo," por Manuel Lopez Flores.
5. "El enigma de Cristobal Colon", por Renato Lianas de
Niubo.
6. "Historia de las Indias", por Fray Bartolome de las Casas.
7. "Historia del Almirante de las Indias", por Hernando
Colon.
8. "Cristobal Colon y Cristoforo Columbo", por Ricar-do
Beltran y Rozpide.
9. Archivo General de Indias. Coleccion de Documen-tos
Ineditos.
10. Ciudad de Genova. Documentos y pruebas del origen
genoves de Cristoforo Colombo.
11. "Raccolta" o Coleccion de Documentos y Estudios
publicados por la Real Comision Colombiana del 4
Centenario del Descubrimiento de America en 1.892, bajo
el auspicio del Ministerio de Inspeccion Publica de Italia.
Consta de 14 voluminosos tomos con foto-copias de las
cartas de Colon.
12. La Carta de Colon 15 febrero- 14 marzo 1.493, im-presa en
Barcelona, por Pedro Posa.
13. Pleitos Colombinos. Edicion de Antonio Muro Ore-jon.
Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos.
14. Cristobal Colon fue extranjero, Prueba documental
irrefutable, por Lucas de Torre.
15. La Cuna de Cristobal Colon por Buenaventura Aran Ferrer.
16. Algunas cuestiones relacionadas con la italianidad de Colon
por Rafael Gay de Montella.
17. Historia de America, por Manuel Ballesteros.
18. Historia de America por A. Ballesteros. (Especial-men te el
tomo V).
19. Diccionario de la Historia de Espana.
20. Otras muchas obras historicas y Diarios de Mallor-ca, con
un gran numero de publicaciones referentes a la isla de este
nombre.
29
BIOGRAPHIC DATA THAT CONCLUSIVELY
PROVES THAT THE ITALIAN CRISTOFORO
COLUMBO WAS NOT THE DISCOVERER OF
AMERICA, BUT THAT JUAN COLON, THE SPANISH
JEW, WAS
EVIDENCE
Domiciled in Portugal after 23 years at sea (1476) Stated in his diary of
his first American voyage, on December 21, 1492
At sea in the service of the Duke D'Anjou, as he related to his son,
Fernando, and reported by him on p. 27 of his HISTORIA DEL
ALMIRANTE DE LAS INDIAS, CRISTO BAL COLON.
CONFIRMATION
Secret report of Pedro Martir de Angheria, from Spain, to his master
Count Juan de Borromeo in Italy, in letter of May 14, 1493; and another
of October 21, 1494. He also aided in protecting C. Colon from
exposure by spreading the myth that he was Italian rather than the
Spanish pirate who had waged war on his Spanish royal patrons,
Ferdinand and Isabella.
Document left behind by Borromeo affirming the hoax and Colon's real
Spanish origin.
30