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Lecture 2B -Occupational Health Hazards-جزء ناقص من المحاضرة
Lecture 2B -Occupational Health Hazards-جزء ناقص من المحاضرة
Lecture 2B -Occupational Health Hazards-جزء ناقص من المحاضرة
By
Dr. Gihan Hosny
Professor of Public Health, Molecular Carcinogenesis & Occupational Medicine,
Division of Environmental Health,
Dept. of Environmental Studies,
Institute of Graduate Studies & Research,
Alexandria University
OBJECTIVES:
- Discuss and explain common hazards in the workplace and
their effects to workers’ health.
- Recommend appropriate measures to prevent occupational
and work-related illnesses.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ( ILO/WHO )
Promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental &
social well-being of workers of all occupations
Prevent workers from departures due to health caused by their
working conditions
Protect workers in their working environment from hazards
and risks usually causing adverse health effects
Place & maintain a worker in an occupational environment
adapted to his/her physiological ability
HAZARD AND RISK
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Depending onWorkers’ Susceptibility
Genetic Multiplicity of
factors exposure
Lifestyle
Duration of
Age exposure
Chemical Hazards
Effects Chemical Agent Industry/Process
Skin Diseases:
Allergic/contact Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish
dermatitis
Chemical Hazards
Liver Disease:
Acute liver toxicity Carbon Cleaning fluids, dry
tetrachloride cleaners
Liver cancer Vinyl chloride Plastics & vinyl
chloride mfg.
Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &
recycling
Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry
cleaning
Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, Refrigeration, solvent
trichloroethylene workers
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Physical Hazards includes:
Noise
Vibration
Extreme Temperature
Illumination
Radiation
NOISE
Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
- Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue)
Temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to loud noise
recovery within 16-48 hrs
- Permanent Threshold Shift
irreversible loss of hearing
VIBRATION
Physical factor which affects man by transmission of mechanical
energy from oscillating sources
Types
- Segmental vibration
- Whole body vibration
Segmental Vibration:
• Health Effects:
— Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
— tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers
— pain
ILLUMINATION
Inadequate Illumination
Health Effects
- Visual Fatigue
- Double Vision
- Headaches
- Painful irritation
- Lacrimation
- Conjunctivitis
ILLUMINATION
Recommended Illumination Levels
Area of Operation Min Lighting Level (lux)
RADIATION
Electromagnetic Spectrum
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Modes of Transmission
• Unprotected penetrative sex
— semen, blood, vaginal secretions
• Blood transfusion on infected blood and blood products
• Sharing needles among drug users
• Vertical/perinatal
— mother to infant
• Breastfeeding
TETANUS
A neurological disorder characterized by increased muscle tone
and spasms, that is caused by tetanospasmin, a protein toxin
elaborated by the organism Clostridium tetani.
It arises from the contamination of wounds with Clostridium spores.
TETANUS
Clinical Manifestations
- Increased tone in the masseter muscle (lockjaw)
- Sustained contraction of the facial muscles (risus sardonicus)
and back muscles (opisthotonus)
Prevention
- Active immunization with tetanus toxoid
- Careful wound management
TUBERCULOSIS
- Caused by the bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Caused by droplet nuclei released when sneezing and coughing
Symptoms: weight loss, low grade afternoon fever, persistent cough
and sometimes, blood-streaked expectoration or hemoptysis
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
ERGONOMICS: The relation between worker and machine.
Human Biological Science
+
Engineering Science
____________________________________
Goal
To reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) developed
by workers
MSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect muscles, nerves, tendons,
ligaments, joints or spinal discs.
Symptoms of ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs
- Painful joints
- Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists, forearms, shoulders,
knees and feet
- Shooting or stubbing pains
- Swelling or inflammation
ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs
- Fingers or toes turning white
- Back or neck pain
- Stiffness
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
- Static posture
- Forceful exertion
- Repetitive movement
- Extreme range of motion
- Awkward posture
ERGONOMICS
STRESS
The harmful physical and emotional responses that occurs
when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities,
resources or needs of the worker.
STRESS: Effects:
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL
Fatigue
Anxiety
Tension
Irritability
Depression
Boredom
Inability to concentrate
Low esteem
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Indigestion
3. BEHAVIORAL
Drug use
Alcohol intake
Heavy smoking
Impulsive emotional behavior
Poor work & family relationship
Social isolation
Family abandonment
Sleep problems
Biological Monitoring
- Measurement of a substance, its metabolites or its effects in
body tissues, fluids or exhaled air of exposed person
- Assess exposure and health risk of workers
- Complements exposure assessment by air sampling
Biological Monitoring depends on:
- Medical Surveillance
- Identify cases
Guidelines:
1. Analyze Trends and Patterns in the Workforce to Guide
Prevention Efforts
2. Meet Regulatory Requirements
3. Medical Surveillance
4. Know the hazard
- How worker is exposed
- How worker is affected
5. Characterize the hazard
- Exposure levels
- Exposure duration
6. Know the worker Susceptibilities
7. Obtain information on
- Directed towards specific medical examinations
0n organ /system
8. Analyze Medical Data
9. Disease, recovery, rehab
10. Effectiveness or failure of control measures
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
Standards, Policies and Guidelines
Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Rule 1050
Notification and Keeping of Records of Accidents and/or
Occupational illnesses
Rule 1070
Occupational Health and Environmental Control
Rule 1960
Occupational Health Services
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
1. Every employer shall establish in his place of employment
occupational health services in accordance with the regulation and
guidelines provided for under this rule.
2. The employer, workers, and their representatives, where they
exist, shall cooperate and participate in the implementation of the
organizational and other measures relating to occupational health
services.
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
1963.01: Medicines and Facilities
1963.02: Emergency Medical and Dental Services
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
An employer may not establish an emergency hospital or dental
clinic in his workplace as required in these regulations where there is
a hospital or dental clinic which is located not more than five (5)
kilometers away from the workplace, if situated in any urban area,
or which can be reached in twenty-five (25) minutes of travel, if
situated in rural area, and the employer has facilities readily
available for transporting workers to the hospital or dental clinic in
case of emergency.
Rule 1960:
Occupational Health Services
Health Examinations:
Entrance
Periodic
Special examination
Transfer examination
Separation examination
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS
Clinical diagnosis
Treatment and surveillance
- measurable health effects Late
- Morbidity
- Mortality
End effects
- diseases
- unfavorable events (spontaneous
abortion)
Health Promotion
Physical activity, Nutrition, Weight reduction
Immunization
OSHS, RULE 1960
Smoking cessation
RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
HIV/AIDS
RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of
1998
National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS initiated
by DOLE - 1997
Health and Safety Programs
Hazards/ Source Health Effect Health Program
Disease
Chemical
Solvents Paints, Irritant, Surveillance for chemical
Thinners Multisystem exposure
effects Exposure monitoring
(Biologic Monitoring)
Physical
Noise Woodwork Hearing Hearing Conservation
Operations Impairment Program
Health Promotion
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control
RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002
Department Order No. 53-03: Guidelines for the Implementation of a
Drug-Free Workplace Policy and Program for the Private Sector
Tuberculosis Prevention and Control
Executive Order No. 187, Instituting a Comprehensive and Unified
Policy for Tuberculosis Control in the Philippines (CUP) (March
2003)
Department Order No. 73-05: Guidelines for the Implementation of
Policy and Program on Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention and Control in
the Workplace
Approach in Ensuring
Well-Being of Workers
Looking at
developmental Looking at regulatory
strategies requirements
Information
Education Relevant laws,
Training standards, issuances
Campaigns and guidelines
Good practices Enforcement
Successful cases
Implementation
Competitions
Demonstrations Inspection
Interventions Evaluation
Participatory Approach
Participation and involvement from stakeholders
Coordinated intervention
Learning from
specifications/guidelines,
scientific data
best practice
Benefits to the workers
Enhanced worker motivation and job satisfaction
Added problem-solving capacity
Greater acceptance of change
Greater knowledge of work and organization
Reduces the extent and severity of work related injuries and
illnesses
Improves employee morale and productivity
Reduces workers’ compensation costs