Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fire Detection and Alarm
Fire Detection and Alarm
Fire Detection and Alarm
com/
This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems. Depending on the
anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and type of
occupants and criticality of contents and mission, these systems can
provide several main functions:
Second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to
evacuate.
They may also shut down electrical, air handling equipment or special
process operations, and they may be used to initiate automatic
suppression systems.
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2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.63.3 Manual Fire Alarm Box. A manually operated device used
to initiate an alarm signal.
http://boilersinfo.com/
2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.21 Spot Type Detector. A device in which the detecting
Element is concentrated at a particular location. Typical examples are
Bimetallic detectors, fusible alloy detectors, certain pneumatic rate-of-rise
Detectors, certain smoke detectors, and thermoelectric detectors.
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2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.181.4 Light Scattering Smoke Detection. The principle of
using a light source and a photosensitive sensor arranged so that the rays from the
light source do not normally fall onto the photosensitive sensor. When smoke
particles inter the light path, some of the light is scattered by reflection and
refraction onto the sensor. The light signal is processed and used to convey an
alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.
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When smoke enters the chamber, however, the smoke particles scatter the
light and some amount of light hits the sensor.
A – Light Source
B – Photo Sensor
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2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.181.2 Ionization Smoke Detection. The principle of using a small amount of
radioactive material to ionize the air between two differentially charged electrodes to sense the
presence of smoke particles. Smoke Particles entering the ionization volume decrease the
conductance of the air by reducing ion mobility. The reduced conductance signal is processed and
used to convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.
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The alpha particles generated by the americium have the following property: They ionize the
oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the air in the chamber. To "ionize" means to "knock an electron off
of." When you knock an electron off of an atom, you end up with a free electron (with a negative
charge) and an atom missing one electron (with a positive charge). The negative electron is
attracted to the plate with a positive voltage, and the positive atom is attracted to the plate with a
negative voltage (opposites attract, just like with magnets). The electronics in the smoke detector
sense the small amount of electrical current that these electrons and ions moving toward the
plates represent.
When smoke enters the ionization chamber, it disrupts this current -- the smoke particles attach
to the ions and neutralize them. The smoke detector senses the drop in current between the
plates and sets off the horn.
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Heat detectors that only initiate an alarm and have no extinguishing function are still in use.
Although they have the lowest false alarm rate of all automatic fire detector devices, they
also are the slowest in fire detecting. A heat detector is best situated for fire detection in a
small confined space where rapidly building high-output fires are expected, in areas where
ambient conditions would not allow the use of other fire detection devices, or when speed of
detection is not a prime consideration.
Heat detectors are generally located on or near the ceiling and respond to the convected
thermal energy of a fire. They respond either when the detecting element reaches a
predetermined fixed temperature or to a specified rate of temperature change. In general,
heat detectors are designed to operate when heat causes a prescribed change in a
physical or electrical property of a material or gas.
2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.9 Heat Detector. A fire detector that detects either abnormally
high temperature, or rate of temperature rise, or both.
2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.7 Fixed-Temperature Detector. A device that responds when
its operating element becomes heated to a predetermined level.
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2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.18 Rate-of-Rise Detector. A device that responds when the
temperature rises at a rate exceeding a predetermined value
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2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.4 Combination Detector. A device that either responds to more than one
of the fire phenomena or employs more than one operating principle to sense one of these
phenomena. Typical examples are a combination of a heat detector with a smoke detector or a
combination of rate-of-rise and fixed temperature heat detector. This device has listings for each
sensing method employed.
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2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.8 Flame Detector. A radiant energy-sensing detector that
detects the radiant energy emitted by a flame.
2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.16 Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detector. A device that
detects radiant energy, such as ultraviolet, visible, or infrared, that is emitted as a
product of combustion reaction and obeys the laws of optics.
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2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.10 Line-Type Detector. A device in which detection is continuous
along a path. Typical examples are rate-of-rise pneumatic tubing detectors, projected
beam smoke detectors, and heat sensitive cable.
2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.15 Projected Beam-Type Detector. A type of photoelectric light
obscuration smoke detector wherein the beam spans the protected area.
2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.181.3 Photoelectric Light Obscuration Detection. The principle
of using a light source and a photosensitive sensor onto which the principal portion of
the source emission is focused. When smoke particles enter the light path, some of the
light is scattered and some of the light is absorbed, thereby reducing the light reaching
the receiving sensor. The light reduction signal is processed and used to convey an
alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.
http://boilersinfo.com/
Building Notification
Notification Appliances
(1) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that transmit an alarm or
supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that allow all connected
devices to operate during a single open or a no simultaneous single ground
fault on any circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class A
(2) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that do not transmit an
alarm or supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that do not allow
all connected devices to operate beyond the lno simultaneousngle open on
any circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class B
2007 NFPA 72, 6.4.2.2. An open or ground fault condition shall result in the
annunciation of a trouble signal at the protected premise within 200 seconds as
required in 4.4.7
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Class B Circuits
Class B Circuits
4.7K
EOLR
Class A Circuits
Class A Circuits
Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) - A circuit or path between any combination of circuit
interfaces, control units, or transmitters over which multiple system input signals or out
put signals or both are carried.
SLC Interface - A system component that connects a signaling line circuit to any
combination of initiating devices, initiating device circuits, notification appliances,
notification appliance circuits, system control outputs and other signaling line circuits.
Protocol - A language for communicating between control panels and their proprietary devices.
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•Conventional
•Addressable
•Analog Addressable
Conventional Systems
Conventional control panels range in size from 1 zone
to over 100 zones.
Zones typically consist of some or all of the initiating
devices in an area or floor of a building.
Some control panels zone capacity is expandable
while others are not, limiting its usefulness if a facility
adds additional buildings or rooms.
http://boilersinfo.com/
Conventional Systems
Zone 1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone 2
FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE
FACP SILENT KNIGHT SILENT KNIGHT SILENT KNIGHT SILENT KNIGHT SILENT KNIGHT
NAC 1 4.7K
EOLR
Conventional Systems
Zone 1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone 2
FIRE FIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
NAC 1 4.7K
EOLR
Zone Considerations
2007 NFPA 72 6.8.5.5.2 Limits the number of waterflow
switches in a single zone to 5.
Conventional Systems
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Conventional Systems
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
FIRE!
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Conventional Systems
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
NAC #1
4.7K
4.7K
EOLR
EOLR
Conventional Systems
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
RJ RJ
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
An addressable systems point capacity is
determined by the amount of SLC “Signaling
Line Circuits” it contains.
FACP Each SLC circuit provides power,
communication, & supervision for all of the
devices connected to it.
Each SLC can accommodate over 100
addressable devices, depending upon the
manufacturer.
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Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003 FIRE!
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
RJ RJ
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003 FIRE!
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Comparison
Conventional Addressable
Lower initial Easier to install.
equipment costs. More system status
Wide range of information at the
compatible devices. panel and central
Can be easier to station.
program. Input/Output
Limited expansion programming much
capability. more flexible.
Usually much more
room available to
expand.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
HEAT DETECTOR Supervision is still checked by
MECHANICAL ROOM polling. In addition an analog
POINT 001 A=062 value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=190 panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
SMOKE DETECTOR Supervision is still checked by
LOBBY NORTH polling. In addition an analog
POINT 002 A=060 value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=188 panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
RELAY MODULE Supervision is still checked by
FAN SHUTDOWN polling. In addition an analog
POINT 003 A=N/A value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=N/A panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
INPUT MODULE Supervision is still checked by
WATERFLOW polling. In addition an analog
POINT 004 A=N/A value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=N/A panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
INPUT MODULE Supervision is still checked by
MANUAL PULL polling. In addition an analog
POINT 005 A=N/A value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=N/A panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
SMOKE DETECTOR Supervision is still checked by
FRONT DESK polling. In addition an analog
POINT 006 A=061 value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=189 panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
HEAT DETECTOR Supervision is still checked by
MECHANICAL ROOM polling. In addition an analog
POINT 001 A=062 value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=190 panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
SMOKE DETECTOR Supervision is still checked by
LOBBY NORTH polling. In addition an analog
POINT 002 A=060 value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=188 panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
RELAY MODULE Supervision is still checked by
FAN SHUTDOWN polling. In addition an analog
POINT 003 A=N/A value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=N/A panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
INPUT MODULE Supervision is still checked by
WATERFLOW polling. In addition an analog
POINT 004 A=N/A value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=N/A panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
INPUT MODULE Supervision is still checked by
MANUAL PULL polling. In addition an analog
POINT 005 A=N/A value is transmitted to the
NORMAL F=N/A panel for processing.
http://boilersinfo.com/
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
SMOKE DETECTOR
FRONT DESK
POINT 006 A=061 < Replay
NORMAL F=189
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004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
HEAT DETECTOR This analog value corresponds
MECHANICAL ROOM to the amount of heat or
POINT 001 A=062 smoke in that detectors area
NORMAL F=190 of coverage. Higher = more.
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004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
HEAT DETECTOR If the analog value exceeds
MECHANICAL ROOM the alarm threshold, an alarm
POINT 001 A=062 occurs. This alarm threshold is
NORMAL F=190 calculated by the panel.
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004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
INPUT MODULE Input/output modules do not
WATERFLOW relay analog values to the
POINT 004 A=N/A panel as they are monitoring
NORMAL F=N/A or controlling on/off devices.
http://boilersinfo.com/
Analog Addressable
Features
Drift Compensation
Maintenance Alert
Calibration Trouble
Adjustable (Day/Night)
Sensitivity
Adjustable (Day/Night)
Sensitivity
internally.
90
60
30
90
60
30
60
30
30
90
Calibration Curve
60
30
60
30
90 Maintenance
60 Normal
30
30
30
30
30
30
90 Maintenance
60 Normal
30 < Replay
.5% 1% 2% 3% 4% per foot obscuration
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Communication Protocols
Each manufacturer of (analog) addressable fire alarm systems
utilize a unique communications protocol on the SLC loop to
communicate between the control panel and the addressable
devices.
Communication Protocols
Many of the panels installation requirements and
operational parameters are based on the communication
protocol used.
SLC Loop Length
Digital
http://boilersinfo.com/
Comparing Protocols
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
004
001 002 006
005
003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
Non-Digital Protocol
Non-Digital Protocol
Non-Digital Protocol
Various sources of
interference can cause
these square wave pulses
? to round off. This makes
an accurate reading very
difficult.
http://boilersinfo.com/
Non-Digital Protocol
Most manufacturers that
utilize a non-digital
protocol will specify
? special requirements
such as twisted or
shielded wire to
counteract this problem.
http://boilersinfo.com/
Digital Protocol
Using a digital protocol
the panel looks for a
series of “1” or “on” bits
that are detected by
1 1 1 1
24v
looking for voltage rather
than the length of a pulse.
0 0 0
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Digital Protocol
Even if a source of
interference causes
rounding off of the digital
pulses the voltage is still
1 1 1 1
24v
present for the panel to
determine the digital
0 0 0
value.
http://boilersinfo.com/
Digital Protocol
Digital protocol panels do
not typically require
special cabling since
interference does not
1 1 1 1
24v
pose any substantial
signal problems.
0 0 0
Retrofits can be done
using existing cable.
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FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ALARM
POINT 001 ALARM!
HEAT DETECTOR
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
http://boilersinfo.com/
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
the alarm.
004
001 002 006
005
003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
004
001 002 006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
004
001 002 006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
004
001 002 006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ALARM
POINT 001 ALARM!
HEAT SENSOR
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
http://boilersinfo.com/
THE END