Geology

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MAJ1073

 –  ADVANCED  ROCK  MECHANIC  AND  ENGINEERING  GEOLOGY  

INFLUENCE  OF  GEOLOGY  ON  ENGINEERING  WORKS  


AND  THE  PROFESSIONAL  RELATIONSHIP  BETWEEN  
GEOLOGY  AND  ENGINEERING,  GEOMORPHOLOGY  –  
SLOPE,  FOUNDATION,  EXCAVATION  
IntroducKon  

Geology  
-­‐ The  scienKfic  study  of  the  origin,  history,  and  structure  of  the  
earth  which  includes  the  invesKgaKon  of  rocks,  forming  of  earth,  
consKtuents  (mineral,  rocks)      

Geomorphology  
-­‐Part  of  geology  which  is  the  study  of  landforms,  including  their  
classificaKon,  descripKon,  nature,  origin,  development,  and  
relaKonships  to  structures,  as  well  as  the  history  of  geologic  
changes      

Engineering  Geology  
-­‐ The  study  of  geologic  data,  techniques,  interacKon  and  
principles  of  rock  and  soil  materials  where  its  involved  planning,  
design,  construcKon,  operaKon  and  maintenance  of  engineering  
structures  
Influence  of  geology  on  engineering  works  

-­‐Geology  in  engineering  works  includes  reacKon  of  ground  with  


the  built  structure,  the  excavaKon  of  soil  or  rocks  and  the  
construcKon  material  from  the  excavate  rocks  
 
-­‐DeterminaKon  of  the  behavior  and  properKes  of  the  ground  may  
help  in  engineering  design  process  
 
-­‐ Understanding  the  ground  condiKon  to  ensures  engineering  
works  are  constructed  according  to  relevant  Kme  and  cost  
 
-­‐ Knowledge  in  geology  helps  in  planning,  construcKon  and  safety  
Influence  of  geology  on  engineering  works  (cont.)  
-­‐ Site  invesKgaKon  for  construcKon  involved:  
 i)    Preliminary  invesKgaKon.  The  objecKve  of  this  stage  is  to    
           idenKfy  potenKal  problems  that  may  arise  from  site.  Using  
           exisKng  data  or  geological  informaKon  -­‐  engineer  must    
           know  geology  to  read  geological  reports  and  judge  the    
           best  method  to  use  in  construcKon  
 
   ii)  Geological  survey  of  site  –  map  as  a  reference  for  decision  
           making  at  early  stage  of  construcKon  
             example:  map  on  seismic  zoning  (earthquake  prone  area)  
             influenced  in  construcKon  design,    
               map  on  landslides  &  slope  movement  influenced  
             in  the  slope  protecKon  design  
 
 iii)  Conduct  a  soil  invesKgaKon  procedure  e.g.  boring,  drill  etc.  
             to  reconfirm  of  site  condiKon  –  criKcal  point  at  site  
 
 iv)  Soil  test  to  determine  soil  properKes  for  design  works  or  to  
           determine  necessary  remediaKon  method  
 
Professional  relaKonship  between  geology  and  engineering,  
geomorphology  -­‐  SLOPE    

-­‐Geology  in  slope  involved  study  of  slope  movement,  slope  


failure  (landslide),  ground  water  &  pore  water  pressure  within  
slope  material  
 
-­‐The  understanding  of  slope  failure  helps  to  provide  answers  
relaKng  to  slope  control  and  determine  the  engineering  
method  of  slope  protecKon  
 
-­‐ Slope  failure  occur  when  forces  causing  movement  >  resisKng  
forces  (shear  strength  of  material),  e.g.  increase  in  pore  water  
pressure  will  decrease  the  effecKve  strength  à  failure  

-­‐ In  rocks,  slope  failure  depends  on  orientaKon  &  nature  of  the  
disconKnuiKes  present  
Professional  relaKonship  between  geology  and  engineering,  
geomorphology  –  SLOPE  (cont.)  

-­‐ValuaKon  of  slope  using  geology  knowledge  helps  in  determine  


the  slope  control  &  stabilizaKon  method  (installaKon  of  catch  
fences,  rock  traps,  steel  dowels  grouted  into  drilled  hole,  rock  
anchor,  shorcrete,  retaining  structure,  etc)  
 
Professional  relaKonship  between  geology  and  engineering,  
geomorphology  -­‐  FOUNDATION    

-­‐In  foundaKon,  load  from  structural  building  will  be  transferred  


to  soil  or  rock  
 
-­‐FoundaKon  design  depends  on  engineering  performance  of  
soil  or  rock  itself  which  includes  properKes  of  soil  or  rock    and  it  
is  important  to  know  the  local  geological  (distribuKon  of  
material)  and  groundwater  condiKons    
Example:  determinaKon  of  noxious  material  if  any  –  sulphates  
can  react  with  cement  if  in  contact  
 
-­‐UlKmate  bearing  capacity  of  soil  depends  on  water  table,  angle  
of  shearing  resistance  
 
Professional  relaKonship  between  geology  and  engineering,  
geomorphology  –  EXCAVATION    

-­‐ ExcavaKon  is  removal  of  material  for  construcKon  purposes  


 
-­‐ Site  invesKgaKon  must  be  conducted  to  determine  the  method  
and  rate  of  excavaKon  
 
Professional  relaKonship  between  geology  and  engineering,  
geomorphology  –  EXCAVATION    

-­‐ Stability  of  excavaKon  depends  on:  

 i)  ProperKes  of  soil  or  rock  in  bulk  –  shear  strength,    
         rock  joints,  weakness  planes,  etc    
         Example:  massive  plutonic  igneous  rock  (granite,          
         gabbro)  can  be  almost  verKcal  aeer  excavaKon  but  
         volcanic  rock  (basalt)  slope  angle  must  be  reduced          
         accordingly)  
 
 ii)  Structure  of  rock  or  soil    
           -­‐  plane  weakness  of  the  new  exposed  face  
 
Professional  relaKonship  between  geology  and  engineering,  
geomorphology  –  EXCAVATION  (cont.)  

-­‐Stability  of  excavaKon  depends  on  (cont.):  


   
 iii)  Groundwater  condiKon  
             -­‐  strength  of  soil  usually  weaken  in  saturated            
                 condiKons  compare  to  dry  condiKon  
             -­‐  high  pore  pressure  of  groundwater  in  weakness          
                 layer  will  lower  its  fricKonal  resistance  to        
                 movement  
 
 iv)  Stresses  
             -­‐  stresses  in  soil  &  surroundings  has  change  due  to  
                 excavaKon  and  may  affect  the  stability  of  excavated  
                 area  
 
Professional  relaKonship  between  geology  and  engineering,  
geomorphology  –  EXCAVATION  (cont.)  

-­‐Method  of  rock  excavaKon  (drilling,  blasKng,  ripping,  digging)  


depends  on  geology  at  site  which  includes  rock  properKes,  
strength,  density,  fracture  pafern,  fracture  index,  abrasiveness,  
groundwater,  etc  
Example:  soe  sedimentary  layer  à  low  density  à  low  strength  
                                   explosives  
     hard  crystalline  rocks  à  high  density  à  high  strength  
                                   explosives  
Conclusion  

-­‐ Geology  and  civil  engineering  works  are  related  to  each  other  
and  it  is  important  to  know  the  condiKon  of  construcKon  site    
 
-­‐ Geology  knowledge  is  useful  during  site  invesKgaKon  which  
helps  engineer  to  decide  the  structural  economical  design  or  
proper  remediaKon  technique  without  neglecKng  the  safety  
factor  

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