Tradable Bioresources in Karnataka

TRADABLE BIO-RESOURCES IN
KARNATAKA

CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 : Tradable bio-resources in agriculture sector in Karnataka 1 – 22

1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Distinctive features of agro-biodiversity, compared to other 2
components of biodiversity
1.1.2 Genetic erosion in agro-biodiversity
1.1.3 Facts about agricultural diversity 2
1.2 Agricultural profile of Karnataka 2
1.2.1 What is happening to Agricultural biodiversity? 4
1.2.2 Cereals 5
1.2.3 Traditional paddy crops grown in Karnataka 6
1.2.4 Paddy that survives the flood 6
1.2.5 Extinction of indigenous varieties and threat to the deep water 7
rice: 7
1.2.6 Pulses 8
1.2.7 Agricultural relevance of Millets/Coarse cereals 9
1.3 Millets as Climate Change Compliant Crops 10
1.3.1 Akkadi Cropping System of Millets: 10
1.3.2 Disappearing Millet system 10
1.3.3 Promotion of Millets in Karnataka 10
1.4 Conservation and Management of Agro-biodiversity 11
1.4.1 Action plan: 11
1.4.2 Community-based agricultural Biodiversity Conservation 12
Programme of Karnataka
1.4.3 What is done in the programme? 13
1.4.4 Seed related activities of the programme 13
1.5 References 22
2. Chapter- 2 : Tradable bio-resources of forages and feeds in Karnataka 23 – 46
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Fodder Demand and Supply in India 23
2.3 Fodder supply 24
2.4 Major cultivated grasses and legumes 25
2.5 Requirements of fodders and feeds in Karnataka 28
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2.5.1 Green fodder requirements. 29

2.5.2 Dry fodder requirements 29
2.5.3 Concentrate requirements. 29
2.6 Role of coarse grain cereals as crop residues 29
2.7 Area and production of cultivated green fodders 30
2.8 Availability of natural grasses 30
2.9 Availability of Green Fodders from all sources other than 31
Grasses from Pastures / Grasslands and Forests.
2.10 Tradable by products used as concentrates of feed 31
2. 11 Green fodder production 32
2.12 Dry fodder production 32
2.13 Concentrate feeds availability 32
2.14 Biodiversity in forage resources 32
2.14.1 Wild forage plants 32
2.14.2 Legumes: 33
2.14.3 Grasses: 33
2.14.4 Tree fodders: 33
2.14.5 Production Systems with Multipurpose Tree Species 34
2.14.6 Leucaena leucocephala 34
2.14.7 Gliricidia sepium 34
2.14.8 Sesbania species 34
2.14.9 Other species 34
2.15 References: 46
3. Chapter- 3 :Tradable and commercially important fishes of Karnataka 47 – 91
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 References: 90
3.3 Acknowledgement 91
4. Chapter 4 :Tradable bio-resources in horticulture sector in Karnataka 92 – 132
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Facts about Horticultural Tradable Bio-Resources produced in 92
Karnataka
4.3 Development and Conservation Strategy related to Horticultural 93
Bio-Resources
4.3.1 Conservation of the local types and native varieties 93
4.3.2 Seed Production/ Vegetative/ Clonal Propagation 93
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4.4 Technical and extension Support 94

4.4.1 Problems and Challenges the Tradable Horticultural Bio- 94
resources are facing in the production front
4.4.2 Usage and Trade of Bio-Resources 95
4.4.2.1 The Scenario of Tradable Horticultural Bio-Resources in the 95
State:-
4.5 Geographical Indications (G.I) and G.I. Registration of 124
Horticultural Crops/ varieties
4.5.1 Coorg Orange (Citrus reticulata) G.I. Registration no. 33. Year 124
of Registration: 2005
4.5.2 Mysore Betel Leaf (Piper betel) G.I. Registration no. 34. Year 124
of Registration: 2005
4.5.3 Nanjanagud Banana (Musa paradisiaca) G.I. Registration no. 125
35. Year of Registration: 2005
4.5.4 Mysore Mallige (Jasminum trifolium) G.I. Registration no. 69. 126
Year of Registration: 2006
4.5.5 Kamalapur Red Banana (Musa sp.) 126
4.5.6 Byadagi Chilli (Capsicum annuum) 127
4.5.7 Sagar Appe Midi Mango (Mangifera indica) 128
4.5.8 Devanahalli Pummelo (Citrus grandis) 128
4.5.9 Mattu Gulla Brinjal (Solanum melongena) 129
4.5.10 Bangalore Mango (Mangifera indica) 130
4.5.11 Bangalore Blue Grape (Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca) 130
4.5.12 Janagere Jack Fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) 131
4.5.13 Udupi Mallige (Jasminum sambac) 132
4.5.14 Hadagali Mallige (Jasminum azoricum) 132
5. Chapter- 5 : Livestock and poultry bio-resources of Karnataka and 133 – 169
their future prospects for access benefit sharing mechanism
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Animal Genetic Resources 133
5.3 Role of livestock sector in India 134
5.4 Indian breeds abroad 135
5.5 Special characteristics of Indigenous livestock 135
5.6 Indigenous livestock and impending climate change 136
5.7 Improvement and Conservation of AnGR 137
5.8 Karnataka state 137
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5.8.1 Contribution of livestock and poultry sector to Karnataka's GSD 138

P
5.8.2 Livestock and poultry genetic resources of Karnataka 138
5.9 Cattle and buffalo genetic resources: 139
5.10 Cattle Bioresources 139
5.10.1 Hallikar Breed 140
5.10.2 Breeding, Feeding and healthcare management 140
5.10.3 Observations and farmers views 141
5.11 Amrithmahal breed 141
5.11.1 Origin and historical development 141
5.11.2 Present status and performance 142
5.11.3 Breeding practices 142
5.11.4 Management Practices 142
5.12 Krishnavalley breed 143
5.12.1 Present status and performance 144
5.12.2 Breeding, Feeding and healthcare management 144
5.13 Deoni breed 144
5.14 Khillari breed 145
5.15 Malnad Gidda breed 146
5.15.1 Characteristics and performance 146
,5.16 BUFFALO 147
5.16.1 South Kanara (Kanara, Malabar Type) buffaloes 148
5.16.2 Dharwari buffaloes 149
5.16.3 Pandharpuri buffaloes 149
5.17 Small Ruminant (Sheep & Goat) Genetic resources 151
5.17.1 Sheep Genetic bioresources 152
5.17.1.1 Bellari 152
5.17.1.2 Hassan 152
5.17.1.3 Mandya/Bannur 152
5.17.1.4 Deccani breed 152
5.17.1.5 Kenguri Sheep 152
5.17.1.6 Yalaga sheep 153
5.17.1.7 Mouli Sheep 153
5.17.2 Goat Genetic Resources 153
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5.17.2.1 Osmanabadi breed 153

5.18 PIG genetic resources 154
5.19 Poultry genetic resources 154
5.20 Tradable bio-resources of livestock origin 155
5.21 Conflict between intensive system of livestock rearing and sm 156
holder livestock production system
5.22 Indigenous livestock and IPR regime 156
5.23 Implications of TRIPs agreement 157
5.24 Bioprospecting and biopiracy 158
5.25 Patenting in Livestock Sector 158
5.24 Patenting of Livestock Breeds 159
5.25 Indian IPR Scenario in Livestock Sector 160
5.26 Trademarks 161
5.27 Geographical Indications 162
5.28 Trade Secrets 162
5.29 Need For a Sui Generis System 163
5.30 Epilogue 163
5.31 References 166
6. Chapter 6 : Livestock resources - Deoni CATTLE 170 – 175
6.2 Breeding tract 170
6.3 Population 171
6.4 History of the breed 171
6.5 Physical characteristics 171
6.6 Performance 171
6.7 DEONI CATTLE 172
6.7.1 Special characteristics of the Deoni breed: 173
6.7.2 Livestock Research and Information Centre (Deoni) 173
7. Chapter 7 : Mudhol breed of dog and its history 176 – 182
7.2 Canine Research & Information Centre: 176
7.2.1 Mandates of Canine Research and Information Centre, 177
Timmapur:
7.2.2 History 177
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7.2.3 General Characteristics of Mudhol 178

8. Chapter 8 : Tradable bio-resources related to medicinal plants in 183 – 202
Karnataka
8.1 Introduction: 183
8.2 Reference: 202
9. Chapter 9 : Microbial biodiversity- livestock 203 – 227
9.2 Present status of animal microbiology research in India. 204
9.3 Future animal microbiology research 204
9.4 Benefit from exploring animal microbial diversity. 205
9.4.1 Short term benefits: 205
9.4.2 Long term benefits: 206
9.5 Microbial biodiversity of livestock with reference to 207
pathogenic microbes in Karnataka
9.5.1 Microbial biodiversity associated with bovine mastitis in 207
Karnataka
9.5.2 Microbial diversity of predominant bacteria from bovine 208
mastitis in Karnataka with reference to Staphylococcus aureus
9.5.3 Microbial diversity of E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis 209
cases in Karnataka
9.5.4 Microbial diversity with reference to antibiogram studies of 209
S.aureus and E. coli isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in
Karnataka
9.5.5 Microbial diversity with reference to serotypes, genotypes, 209
virulence and Outer Membrane Protein profiles of E.coli
mastitis strains in Karnataka and their molecular
characterization.
9.5.6 Microbial diversity of Streptococcal species isolated from 210
bovine mastitis cases in Karnataka with reference to virulence
genes.
9.6 Microbial diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained 211
from bovine mastitic cases in Karnataka with reference to their
in-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of planktonic and
biofilm producing and their virulence and antibiotic resistance
genes by molecular methods.
9.7 Microbial diversity of Streptococcal species prevailing in 212
subclinical cases of bovine mastitis
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9.8 Microbial diversity of major bacterial pathogens viz. 213

Streptococcus agalactiae, S.dysgalactiae, S.uberis.
Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli causing subclinical bovine
mastitis in Karnataka by a multiplex PCR assay
9.9 Microbial diversity of Coagulase negative staphylococci 213
CoNS) associated with bovine mastitis in Karnataka and their
antimicrobial resistance patterns.
9.9.1 Microbial diversity in Bubaline mastitis in Karnataka 214
9.9.2 Microbial diversity in Brucella organisms in livestock in 215
Karnataka
9.9.3 Microbial diversity in Salmonella organisms in Karnataka 216
9.9.4 Microbial diversity in Pasturella multocida organisms in 216
Karnataka
9.9.5 Microbial diversity in bovine Leptospira organisms in 217
Karnataka
9.9.6 Microbial diversity in Classical Swine Fever virus in 217
Karnataka
9.9.7 Microbial diversity in Foot and Mouth Disease virus in 217
Karnatak
9.9.8 Microbial diversity in Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 217
(Bovine Herpes virus -1) in Karnataka
9.10 Microbial biodiversity of livestock with reference to rumen 218
microbial population in Karnataka and application of
Biotechnology for Improving Fibre Digestibility and
development of probiotics
9.10.1 Application of biotechnology for improving fibre digestion 218
9.10.1.1 Transgenic approaches in animals and microbes for improved 218
nutrition and metabolism
9.10.2 Production of fibrionolytic enzymes in repeat batch culture 219
using immobilized zoospores of anaerobic rumen fungi
9.10.3 Manipulation of the rumen ecosystem through modified rumen 219
microbes encoding novel fibrolytic enzymes using nucleic
acid based technologies for the improved utilization of the crop
residues”
9.11 Impact on Environmental and Social Safeguard Framework 221
9.11.1 Increasing the productivity of cattle with rumen fungal 221
treatments
9.11.2 Probiotics for improved growth 222
9.11.3 Microbes of gastro intestinal tract as probiotics for improved 222
growth
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9.12 Conclusion 223

9.13 Future perspectives 223
10. Chapter 10 : List of agriculturally important insects 228 – 240
10.1 List of cultures available in different laboratories of National 228
Bureau of Agricultural Insects Resources (NBAIR), Bangalore
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LIST OF TABLES
Sl. No. LIST OF TABLES Pg. No.

1. Table 1.1 : Estimates of Area, production, Yield and Value per 14
unit of important Agricultural Crops of Karnataka
2. Table 1.2 : District specific cultivation of crops and their 16
commercial utilization
3. Table 1.3 : List of Local Land Races, Varieties and Hybrids of 20
Karnataka
4. Table 2.1 : Demand of green and dry fodder – projected estimates 24
(In million tones/ annum)
5. Table 2.2 : Dry fodder production (crop residues*) – projected 24
estimates (In million tonnes)
6. Table 2.3 : The conversion ratios used are as follows: 25
7. Table 2.4: Green fodder production – projected estimates (Area 25
in million ha and production in million tonnes)
8. Table 2.5: Important grasses and legumes grown and traded in 26
Karnataka
9. Table 2.6 : Forage crops grown and their area and productivity in 27
India
10. Table 2.7 : Table: the district wise area and yield of crop residue 28
in Karnataka
11. Table 2.8 : Grazing resources in India (2009- 2011) 29
12. Table 2.9 : Percentage Area under Fodder Crops To the Total 30
Cultivated Area
13. Table 2.10 : Percent age area under natural grasses and yield per 31
ha per annum.
14. Table 2.11 : Forage crop varieties/cultivars released / notified 35
15. Table 2.12 : Agri by-products as tradable bio-resources: 41
16. Table 2.13 : Agri by-products as tradable bio-resources: 42
17. Table 2.14: Crop residues and Agro-Industrial by – Products 42
available for Livestock Feeding expressed as
Proportion of Productivity.
18. Table 2.15 : Concentrate feeds from all sources (000MT) 43
19. Table 2.16 : Dry Fodder (000 MT) 44
20. Table 2.17 : Green fodder from all sources excluding forest grasses 45
(000 MT)
21. Table 3.1 : Commercially important fishes of karnataka 50
22. Table 3.2 : Food fishes - fresh water 63
23. Table 3.3 : Fresh water crustaceans 72
24. Table 3.4 : Food fishes - marine (coastal karnataka) 72
25. Table 3. 5 : Crustaceans and cephalopods 87
26. Table 4.1 : Details of Horticultural Bio-Resources, Use, Quantity, 96
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Value, In Karnataka (District-Wise)

27. Table 4.1.1 : Fruits 96
28. Table 4.1.2 : Plantation crops: 100
29. Table 4.1.3 : Spice crops: 102
30. Table 4.1.4 : Vegetable crops: 106
31. Table 4.1.5 : Cultivated medicinal plants: 114
32. Table 4.1.6 : Aromatic plants: 118
33. Table 4.1.7 : Floriculture crops: 119
34. Table 4.1.8 : Edible mushrooms: 123
35. Table 5.1 : Annual Livestock Production in India (CSO, 2010) 133
36. Table 5.2 : Proportion of various species of livestock in Indian in 134
Comparison to world population
37. Table 7.1 : Basic Breed Information 180
38. Table 7.2 : List of Bio-resources-Use, Quality and Value 180
39. Table 8.1 : Tradable medicinal plants in Karnataka 184
40. Table 9.1 : Microbial biodiversity- (livestock) 224
41. Table 10.1 : List of cultures available in different laboratories of 128
National Bureau of Agricultural Insects Resources
(NBAIR), Bangalore
42. Table 10.1.1: Host Insects 228
43. Table 10.1.2: Parasitoids 230
44. Table 10.1.3 : Predators 238
LIST OF FIGURES
Sl. No. LIST OF FIGURES Pg. No.

1. Fig 3.1 : State fish of karnataka 49
2. Fig 5.1 : Proportion of various species of livestock in indian in 134
comparison to world population
3. Fig 5.2 : Cattle bio-resources 150
4. Fig 5.3 : Sheep genetic bioresources 154
5. Fig 6.1 : Deoni cattle 172
6. Figure 6.2: Facilities and activities at lric (deoni) 174
7. Figure 7.1: Origin of mudhol hound – the pride of karnataka 179
8. Figure 7.2: Mudhol hound with its litters 181
9. Figure 7.3: Mudhol hounds with different morphological 182
characters
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AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN
KARNATAKA

Chapter 1
TRADABLE BIO-RESOURCES IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN

KARNATAKA
Chaithra. N, Senior Research Fellow,
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesarghatta Lake Post, Bangalore- 560089
Email: chaithra.kbb@gmail.com
1.1 Introduction
Agro-biodiversity “encompasses the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-
organisms which are necessary to sustain key functions of the agro-ecosystem, its structure and processes
for, and in support of, food production and food security”. It further "comprises genetic, population,
species, community, ecosystem, and landscape components and human interactions with all these.
Agro-biodiversity is central to overall Biodiversity
Many farmers, especially those in environments where high-yield crop and livestock varieties do
not prosper, rely on a wide range of local crop and livestock types. This helps them maintain their
livelihood in the phase of pathogen infestation, uncertain rainfall and fluctuation in the price of cash
crops, socio-political disruption and the unpredictable availability of agro-chemicals. So-called minor or
under-utilized crops, more accurately, companion crops, are frequently found next to the main staple or
cash crops in such areas. They often grow side by side and their importance is often misjudged. In many
cases, from a livelihood perspective, they are not minor or under-utilized as they can play a
disproportionately important role in food production systems at the local level. Plants that will grow in
infertile or eroded soils, and livestock that will eat degraded vegetation, are often crucial to household
nutritional strategies. In addition, rural communities, and the urban markets with which they trade, make
great use of these companion crop species.
Therefore agro-biodiversity is a vital sub-set of biodiversity that is the result of natural selection
processes and the careful selection and inventive developments of farmers, herders and fishers over
millennia.
Agricultural Biodiversity includes:
 Domesticated crops and crop wild relatives including woody perennials (forest genetic resources)
and aquatic (used for food and other natural resources based products), domestic and
wild animals (used for food, fiber, milk, hides, furs, power, organic fertilizer), fish and other aquatic
animals, within field, forest, land and aquatic ecosystems.
 Domesticated livestock species and their wild relatives.
 Non‐harvested species that support production include soil micro‐organisms, Predators,
pollinators, etc. and in the wider environment that support agro‐ecosystems as well as the
diversity of the agro‐ecosystem includes agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic ecosystems)
1

1.1.1 Distinctive features of agro-biodiversity, compared to other components of
biodiversity
 Agro-biodiversity is actively managed by male and female farmers-many components of

agricultural diversity would not survive without this human interference
 Local knowledge and culture are integral parts of agro-biodiversity management
 Many economically important agricultural systems are based on ‘alien’ crop or livestock species
introduced from elsewhere (for example, horticultural production systems or Holstein Friesian
cows from North Holland and cows in Africa). This creates a high degree of interdependence
between countries for the genetic resources on which our food systems are based.
 As regards crop diversity, diversity within species is also important as diversity between the
species.
 The conservation of agro-biodiversity in production systems is inherently linked to sustainable
use and in industrial-type agricultural systems; much crop diversity is now held ex-situ in gene
banks or as breeder’s materials rather than on-farm.
Role of Agrobiodiversity
 Increase productivity, food security, and economic return
 Reduce the pressure of agriculture on fragile areas, forests and endangered species
 Make farming systems more stable, robust, and sustainable
 Conserve soil and increase natural soil fertility and health
 Contribute to sustainable intensification
 Diversify products and income opportunities
 Reduce or spread risks to individuals and nations
 Help maximize effective use of resources and the environment
 Reduce dependency on external inputs
 Improve human nutrition and provide sources of medicines and vitamins
 Conserve ecosystem structure and stability of species diversity.
1.1.2 Genetic erosion in agro-biodiversity
Genetic erosion in agricultural biodiversity is the loss of genetic diversity, including the loss of
individual genes, and the loss of particular combinations of genes (or gene complexes) such as those
manifested in locally adapted landraces.
The FAO United nations (Food and Agricultural Organization) estimates that there are roughly a
quarter million plant varieties available for agriculture and around 50,000 edible plants all over the world,
but less than 3% of these are in use today i.e., just 3 crops (rice, wheat, maize) provides 60% of the
world’s food energy intake. Hence, with disuse comes neglect and possibly extinction.
1.1.3 Facts about agricultural diversity
 Modern agriculture is concentrated on a small number of varieties designed for intensive farming.
This has dramatically reduced the diversity of plants available for research and development. This
trend and the increasing industrialization of agriculture are key factors in what is known as
“genetic erosion.”
2

 The world’s food supply depends on about 150 plant species. Of those 150, just 12 provide three-
quarters of the world’s food. More than half of the world’s food energy comes from a limited
number of varieties of three “mega-crops”: rice, wheat, and maize.
 The other driving forces behind genetic erosion in crops are variety replacement, land clearing,
overexploitation of species, population pressure, environmental degradation, overgrazing, policy
and changing agricultural systems. The main factor, however, is the replacement of local varieties
by high yielding or exotic varieties or species. Also genetic and ecological uniformity imposed by
the development of modern agriculture into traditional farming systems for more and more raw
materials consistency.
 Farmers and researchers too often work in different realities. Researchers breed hybrids in the
laboratory under ideal conditions with right inputs of water, fertilizer and pesticides. But for the
farmers, such conditions simply don’t exist. As a result, instead of obtaining poor yields using
such hybrids, the farmers continue cultivate their own local varieties.
 The world’s poor depend on plants for as much as 90 percent of their needs - food, fuel,
medicine, shelter, transportation. Approximately 1.4 billion people, mostly resource-poor
farmers, use and improve their own crop seeds. This helps to maintain and enhance the genetic
diversity of crops.
 Agriculture diversity helps to provide stability for resource -poor farmers who grow a range of
crops. It’s like having insurance against unfavorable conditions, if one particular crop fails, than
the other helps to make up the difference.
 Millions of resource-poor farmers scrimp and scrap their livelihoods on small or marginal land in
remote, mountainous, or arid regions. Yet it is estimated they produce as much as 20 percent of
the world’s food, largely without the benefit of modern agricultural research.
 The majority of the world’s resource-poor farmers are women, and women produce more than
half of all the food that is grown around the world as much as 80 percent. Also, preserve the best
seed for planting, they play key role in managing plant genetic resources.
Loss of Genetic and Cultural Diversity ‐ National Geographic 2011
Study conducted in 1983 by the Rural Advancement Foundation International compared USDA
listings of seed varieties sold commercially by US seed houses in 1903 with those in the National
Seed Storage Laboratory in 1983.

The survey which included 66 crops, found that about 93% of varieties had gone extinct.
Karnataka is an agrarian state known worldwide for its production of coffee, raw silk and
sandalwood. The state is situated between 110 31’ and 180 45’ North latitude and 740 12’ and 780 40’ East
longitude and lies in the west-central part of peninsular India. Karnataka stands as India’s eighth largest
state in geographical area covering 1.92 lakh sq. km and accounting for 6.3 per cent of the geographical
area of the country. The state is delineated into 30 districts and 176 taluks spread over 27,481 villages.
The topography of the state ranges from the coastal plains to gentle slopes and culminates in the
spectacular heights of the Western Ghats.
3

Greater part of Karnataka lies between 450 and 900 meters above mean sea level. In places, however,
the elevation reaches over 1,800 meters, in Bababuda ranges followed by Kudremukh at 1,892 meters.
The general elevation of this table land is about 600 meters but in central parts it is considerably higher at
places between the Krishna and Cauvery river systems particularly in Chikmagalur, Kodagu and Hassan
districts.
Also, Karnataka is blessed with abundant water wealth with as many as seven major rivers and a
number of tributaries and streams. The important rivers are Sharavathi, Kali, Nethravathi, Varahi, Bedthi,
Aghansani, Krishna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra and Cauvery. These rivers swell in
monsoons and a majority of them mere trickle after the monsoons. The total catchment area of these river
basins is 1, 91,773 sq km and the estimated average flow is 97,800 M cum.
1.2 Agricultural profile of Karnataka
The agricultural sector of Karnataka comprises of drought prone regions and sporadic patches of
irrigated areas with wide crop diversification and remains highly dependent on the southwest monsoon.
Regardless of the vagaries of monsoon with severe agro-climatic and resource constraints, agriculture
remains the primary occupation and main source of livelihood for the rural population in the state. A total
of 123,100 sq. km of land is cultivated in Karnataka constituting 64.60% of the total geographical area of
the state. Also, as per the population Census 2011, agriculture supports 13.74 million workers, of which
23.61% are cultivators and 25.67% agricultural workers (i.e., employs more than 60% of workforce in
Karnataka).
Despite area under irrigation is about 26.5 % (30,900 sq. km) out of total cultivable area of
64.60%, the state is highly progressive with regard to vegetable production. It ranks fifth in India in terms
of total area under horticulture and also fifth in production of vegetable crops (15.21 lakh hectares with an
annual production of about 96.60 lakh tonnes).Karnataka is also the second largest producer of grapes in
the country, and accounts for the production of 12 per cent of total fruits (third in Fruit crop production),
8 % of total vegetables and 70% of coffee in the country. It is the largest producer of spices, aromatic and
medicinal crops and tropical fruits.In floriculture; Karnataka occupies the second position in India and
fifth in the production of oilseed crops. It is second largest milk-producing state after Gujarat and third
largest producer of sugar, ranking fourth in sugarcane production.it is the major silk producing state in the
country and leads in the export of silk in India with an approximate share of 25% of the total Indian
export market. The fisheries sector is now emerging in the state as one of the most important allied
agriculture activities in the state with a coastline of 320 km yielding an annual marine production of
425,000 MT with 276 varieties of fish.
Agriculture plays an important role in the overall growth of Karnataka’s economy. Agricultural
growth rate (constant prices 2004-05) has fluctuated from a low of 2.8 percent during 2006-07 (over
2005-06) to a high of 13.3 per cent in 2010-11 (over 2009-10) and again down to 2.9 per cent in 2011-12.
Despite a fall in its share in the state domestic product, agriculture contributed 15.94 per cent (at constant
prices) to the state’s GSDP (Gross State Domestic product) in 2011-12.
There has been a decline in GSDP generated from the agricultural sector and consequently, the
SDP (State Domestic product) per worker in the sector has been declining at a faster rate in the recent past
when compared to the last decade. Although per capita income has shown considerable increase owing to
the growth in manufacturing and service sectors, the per capita GSDP in rural areas from agricultural
activities remains low and hence the inter sectoral inequalities are growing sharply. A large number of
workers depend on agriculture relative to the output it generates, resulting in lower labour productivity
4

compared to non-agricultural sectors i.e., less than one-fifth of the SDP comes from more than 50 per cent
of the workforce in the state. This has serious implications for improving the welfare of rural population
and alleviation of poverty.
One of the great economic significance in Agriculture Biodiversity of the state is the
domesticated diversity of plant species developed by farmers. The age old farming traditions, soil
features, topography and rainfall variation have contributed and permitted to the development of diverse
agricultural ecosystems and enormous agro-biodiversity in the region. The Cauvery Basin, Coastal
Region and Leeward Deccan Plateau are the agro-biodiversity hotspots of Karnataka. Also, the state is
bestowed with ten distinct agro-climatic zones depending on the rainfall pattern, topography, soil
characteristics, and climate in general and cropping patterns. These zones serve as focal areas for
conducting location specific research on diversification of agricultural crops.
From the earliest time, rice, wheat and millets have been the staple food for the vast population of
the country and the occurrence of charred grains in most of the excavations sites proves the same. The
literature available states that, the evolution of mankind, with parallel evolution of animals especially
herbivores gave clues to man that what he can depend upon for his survival. It was this simple
understanding that led to recognition of certain plant species that could meet the food requirements of
mankind. Man also recognized certain key stone species have a large influence on the character of an
ecosystem which made him to identify zones of his survival habitats. Nature does everything so perfectly
that life can exist in all different hospitable zones of this planet earth.
The agricultural crop diversity of Karnataka includes i) Cereals & Millets-paddy, ragi, jowar,
bajra, maize, foxtail millet ii) Pulses- chickpea, pigeon pea, green gram, horse gram, urd, field bean iii)
Oilseed crops-groundnut, sunflower, castor, niger, sesame, safflower and iv) Cash crops- cotton,
sugarcane, tobacco, cashew, coconut, areca nut, cardamom, chilies v) Spices and medicinal plants vi)
Plantation crops vii) Forage crops.Also, agriculture in the state is mainly done over three seasons i.e.,
Kharif (April to September), Rabi (October to December) and summer (January to March).
The kharif crops in Karnataka comprise millets, paddy, maize, pulses, groundnut, cotton,
soybean, sugarcane, red chillies and turmeric which are known as the autumn harvest as it is cropped
during first rains in the month of July (beginning of monsoon). While wheat, barley, mustard, sesame, and
peas are the major Rabi crops. It is popularly known as the spring harvest in parts of Karnataka.
Karnataka is one of the major producers of rice among all other states in India and sugarcane is the major
cash crop. The cool slopes of Western Ghats are well‐ known for coffee and tea plantations whereas the
eastern regions are widely known for producing sugarcane. The northwestern region of Karnataka has
black soil which supports oilseeds, cotton, and ground nuts.
1.2.1 What is happening to Agricultural biodiversity?
The landraces and traditional farmer’s varieties are invaluable reservoir of genes that are needed
by plant breeders for development of superior crop varieties. However, the agricultural biodiversity is
being lost from the “natural” habitat which is one of today’s most serious environmental concerns by the
FAO. According to some estimates, if current trend persist, as many as half of all plant species could face
extinction. Among the many threatened species are wild relatives of many crops species that could
contribute invaluable traits to future crop varieties. It has been estimated that 6% of wild relatives of
cereal crops (wheat, maize, rice, sorghum etc.) are under threat as are 18% of legume species (the wild
relatives of beans, peas and lentils) and 13% of species within the family that includes potato, tomato,
eggplant, and pepper. Today, 75 percent of the world’s food is generated from only 12 plants and five
5

animal species. Of the 4 percent of the 250 000 to 300 000 known edible plant species, only 150 to 200
are used by humans. Only three mega crops (rice, maize, wheat) contribute nearly 60 percent of calories
and proteins obtained by humans from plants.
Therefore, scientific management via breeding programs for these invaluable landraces, wild
species and close relatives of crops is of greater importance, as these resources are likely to play a unique
role in the development of new cultivars and also in restructuring the existing ones which lack one or the
other attributes (inheritance factor for biotic and abiotic stresses).
1.2.2 Cereals
Paddy: It is one of the major cereal crops grown and also highly challenging crop for the researchers to
work with the problems of diversified rice cultivation in the state. Large varieties especially traditional
varieties of paddy are grown in wetlands of coastal regions compared to any other ecological regions of
Karnataka. The unique feature of rice culture in the state is that, either sowing or transplanting is seen in
all seasons of the year.
In Karnataka, black gram/green gram is cultivated after two crops of rice in a year. The first crop
is cultivated from June-July and harvested during December and the second crop is sown during January
and harvested in the month of April- May. In canal irrigated areas of the state the Rice-Rice-fallow, Rice-
Ragi or Rice-Pulses cropping pattern are being followed. While in low land paddy-green manure crop-
paddy and in plane land, Paddy-fallow-hybrid maize/ragi/groundnut/sunflower/sesame/cowpea or
ragi/pulses-sunflower/paddy seen in practice.
1.2.3 Traditional paddy crops grown in Karnataka
Traditional land races are important reservoirs of valuable traits and need special attention for
future conservation. More than 50% of rainfed rice in Karnataka is under traditional rice, thus sheltering a
potential genetic diversity.
Drought stress is the major limiting factor for rice production and yield stability under rainfed
regions. Whereas diversity is evident in our traditional variety collection, which is more so in Uttara
Kannada district. It possesses valuable traits, viz. medicinal properties, nutrition, taste, aroma, tolerance to
drought and submergence, and other special uses. Majority of traditional varieties in rainfed uplands
tolerate moisture stress and possess strong root system under field conditions. Land races like Dodiga and
Navalisali in early and medium maturity groups respectively, were found significantly superior for yield
and productivity traits under varied moisture stress situations over three years. Other traditional variety
like Kagga variety of rice was found to be salt tolerant. Hence, these land races are identified as good
donors for drought tolerance in future breeding programs.
Mr. Deva Rao of mittabagilu village in Belthangadi taluk of Dakshina Kannada district has
maintained 47 local varieties of paddy with a small seed bank.
Also, Parimalasannakki, Gulwadisannakki, Gandsale, Girsale are scented varieties of rice and
Kanwa a nutrient rich rice of Karnataka. Some local paddy varieties are associated with the culture and
tradition of local areas and are used on different occasions based on their special characters like
Parimalasannakki rice for preparing eatables and sweets and some paddy varieties only for the preparation
of dosa/idly as these varieties are easily mashable with little boiling.
6

1.2.4 Paddy that survives the flood
Farmers in the varada river belt have adapted to the fury of rivers that flows in sagar, soraba and
sirisi taluks. The varada wreaks havoc and destroys thousands of acres of paddy fields when continuous
rain swells the waterways. Flooding is an annual phenomenon here. However, it does not mean farmers
do not grow anything during the flood. They possess a unique wealth that enables them to grow paddy
even in the flooded conditions, and the varieties of rice can subsit deep standing water for long period.
Over centuries, farmers of these regions have carefully developed and conserved varieties that
can survive when their lifeline, the river Varada, invades their fields. The Varada basin is home to
deepwater rice varieties like Nereguli, Karibatha, Sannavaalya, Karijadda, Kanisomasale, Jenugoodu,
Nettibatha, Karikantaka, Edikuni and Karekaldadiga.
The most popular among these varieties is Nereguli which has proven the best deep-water variety
for years. It is organically cultivated using traditional methods and is highly nutritious in terms of health
quotient. Also, the variety is in great demand from Kerala and Goa.
Now while scientists are pondering over developing submergence tolerant varieties of paddy,
farmers around in sagar, soraba and sirisi taluks are much ahead of them when it comes to cultivating
flood resistant varieties. Also, at a time when agriculture itself is considered to be a tough occupation,
farmers have found a way out by cultivating of these rare varieties.
What can be done?
 Declare the paddy fields along the Varada basin as ‘Seed Heritage Zone’
 Document agricultural practices associated with it
 Set up community seed banks at rural panchayats level and encourage seed exchange among
farmers
 Ensure RaithaSamparkaKendras possess good quality flood resistant varieties
 Provide value addition and market facilities for deep water rice varieties
 Undertake reforestation programs and plant native trees along the varada to check soil erosion
1.2.5 Extinction of indigenous varieties and threat to the deep water rice:
Deep water varieties are extracted from nature and nurtured over generations in flooded
conditions only through the efforts of farmers. These flood resistant varieties have a significant place in
the agricultural biodiversity. However, most of the germplasm with unique flood resistance that existed in
this area is being lost. Yet the government and agriculture departments have failed to design programs to
support the indigenous rice varieties growing in this belt. Hardly any research and development has been
done in this field of deep water varieties of rice.
Moreover, despite the demand for local strains, government agencies continue to promote modern
high yielding varieties with subsidies through RaithaSamparkaKendras; not only these varieties
unsuitable/do not survive in this flooded conditions, they also destroy native biodiversity.
Further, in the name of progress, new types of seeds, high yielding varieties (HYVs) have been
introduced with changed cultivation practices, whilst they have not solved the problems of crop losses and
famine. Also, a new threat looms with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) developing a deep
7

water variety by introducing a gene called SUB1 through marker assisted selection (MAS) into some of
the varieties already in use.
Karnataka has its own deep water rice varieties that have stood the test of time and survived for
decades. The fury of the monsoons and the flooding of the fields on the banks of rivers have not been able
to destroy these varieties. But in face of mounting pressure from corporates, how long farmers hold onto
their heritage is a question and to be time tested.
Motivated by a concern for conservation of these nearly extinct varieties, Sahaja Samrudha has
developed farmer breeding practices for multiplication of the varieties and documentation of
existing practices and the culture associated with them has been undertaken. Also, on‐farm
participatory trials to characterize and evaluate rice varieties have been carried out in Yelkundli
in Sagar taluk and Mogalli in Sirsi taluk
1.2.6 Pulses
Pulses are an integral part of many diets across the globe and they have great potential to improve
human health, conserve our soils, protect the environment and contribute to global food security.
Pulses have been in focus in recent times due to the continuous upswing in their prices. Stagnant
productivity coupled with declining availability has created substantial demand supply gap, forcing heavy
import bill on the exchequer and affecting nutritional security of majority of the population for whom
pulses are the one of the cheapest sources of protein.
Besides serving as an important source of protein for a large portion of the global population,
pulses contribute to healthy soils and climate change mitigation through their nitrogen-fixing properties.
Bengal Gram (DesiChickPea / Desi Chana), Pigeon Peas (Arhar / Toor / Red Gram), Green Beans
(Moong Beans), Black Gram (Urad / Mah),cowpea (Black eyed pea), Lentils (Masoor), White Peas
(Matar) are major pulses grown and consumed in the state.
National Food Security Mission (NSM) was implemented in 13 districts (Bagalkot, Belgaum,
Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Gadag, Gulbarga, Koppal, Mysore, Raichur and Tumkur)
for promoting production of pulses. As a result of implementation and also, the release of Rs. 41.81 corer
to the state to take up two crops under NSM by the Union Government, production of pulses in the state
registered a spectacular growth of over 30% during 2010-11(14.69 lakh tonnes) compared to 2009-10
(11.16 lakh tonnes). While productivity per hectare increased from seven quintals a hectare to a 10
quintals a hectare.
Further, Accelerated Pulse Production Program (A3P) of NSM during 2010-11as well increased
area under pulse crops in six major pulse growing districts (Bidar, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Gadag, Raichur and
Dharwad).
Besides increasing the area and production of pulses, the mission helps to restore soil fertility and
productivity in individual farms by disseminating improved technologies and farm management practices
and enhance farm profits, to restore confidence among farmers.
The United Nations, declared 2016 as “International Year of Pulses” (IYP) to heighten public
awareness of the nutritional benefits of pulses as part of sustainable food production aimed at
food security and nutrition
8

1.2.7 Agricultural relevance of Millets/Coarse cereals
Millets are astonishingly low water consuming crops. The rainfall needed for Sorghum, Pearl
Millet and Finger Millet is less than 25% of sugarcane and banana and 30% that of rice. One kg of rice
uses 4000 liters of water to grow while all millets grow without irrigation. This can turn out to be a
tremendous national gain especially in the ensuing decades of climate crisis. In a future, where water and
food crisis stares us in the face, millets can become the food of security. Also they do not burden the state
with demands for irrigation or power.
The most significant importance of the millets, which present them as focus for the major
agricultural research & development efforts, is their widespread adaptation in marginal production &
niche areas. Millets are adapted to a wide range of ecological conditions often seen growing on skeletal
soils that are less than 15 cm deep. It does not demand rich soils for their survival and growth. Most
millet can be grown on low fertility soils. Millets such as Pearl millet can also be grown on sandy soils, as
is done in Rajasthan. In fact, finger millet grows well in saline soils. Barnyard millet too thrives in
problem soils, where other crops like rice, struggle to grow in such soils. Many of them are also grown to
reclaim soils. Poor farmers especially in dryland India are owners of very poor lands. Much of the
cultivable fallows and low fertility farms have been handed to them through the process of land reforms.
Hence, for the vast dryland/rainfed area as seen in Karnataka, they are a boon.
Millets do not demand chemical fertilizers. In fact, under dry land conditions, millets grow better
in the absence of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, most millet farmers grow them using farmyard manure
under purely ecofriendly conditions. In recent years farmers have also started using biofertilisers such as
vermicompost produced in their backyard and growth promoters such as panchagavya, amritpani etc.
These practices make millet production not only ecofriendly but stays under the control of farmers. Also,
the legume crops which are companion crops for millets are prolific leaf shedders. This leaf fall acts as
natural manure and maintains soil fertility. Thus, millet fields not just use soil fertility for their growth but
also return this fertility to the soil. Therefore, they can significantly reduce the huge burden of fertilizer
subsidy borne by the government.
Growing traditional local landraces under traditional methods, no millet attracts any pest such as
foxtail millet is totally pest free. And hence do not need any pesticides. Even in storage conditions, most
millet such as foxtail not only not need any fumigants, but act as anti pest agents to store delicate pulses
such as green gram. Thus, they are a great boon to the agricultural environment.
While single crops such as rice and wheat can succeed in producing food security for India. Millets
produce multiple securities i.e., including food security, fodder, fiber, health, livelihood and ecology
securities. Most millet has edible stalks which are the most favoured fodder for cattle. Many a time, crops
such as sorghum and pearl millet are grown only for their fodder value.
Besides fodder, millets are storehouses of nutrition and hence produce nutrition security. Each
one of the millets has more fiber than rice and wheat. Finger millet has thirty times more Calcium than
rice while every other millet has at least twice the amount of Calcium compared to rice. In their Iron
content, foxtail and little millet are so rich that rice is nowhere in the race. While most of us seek micro-
nutrients such as Beta Carotene in pharmaceutical pills and capsules, millets offer it in abundant
quantities. The much privileged rice, ironically, has zero quantity of this precious micronutrient. In this
fashion, nutrient to nutrient, every single millet is extraordinarily superior to rice and wheat and therefore
is the solution for the malnutrition that affects a vast majority of the Indian and Karnataka population.
9

1.3 Millets as Climate Change Compliant Crops
In view of all these features that they so amazingly combine, millets can only be called as Miracle
Grains and our agricultural answer to the climate crisis that the world is facing to today.Climate Change is
expected to confront us with three challenge i.e., increase in temperature up to 2-5 degree Celsius,
increasing water stress and severe malnutrition.
It is important to note that with the projected 2 degree celsius temperature rise, wheat might
disappear from our midst, since it is an extremely thermal sensitive crop. Similarly, the way rice is grown
under standing water makes it a dangerous crop under climate change conditions. Methane emanating
from water-drenched rice fields is a greenhouse gas that severely threatens our environment.
If there is any cropping system that can withstand these challenges, survive and flourish, it is the millet
system. Since they are already capable of growing under drought conditions, they can withstand higher
heat regimes. Millets can grow under non-irrigated conditions and also in low rainfall regimes with 200
mm and 500 mm of annual rainfall. Thus, they can also face the water stress and grow. Each of the millets
is a storehouse of dozens of nutrients in large quantities. They include major and micro nutrients needed
by the human body. Hence they can help people withstand malnutrition.
1.3.1 Akkadi Cropping System of Millets:
A mixed cropping system with finger millet is practiced widely. The popular combinations are
ragi as a main crop is mixed with mustard, niger, field bean, castor, cow pea, red gram, sorghum and
millets like foxtail, pearl and little millet. Mixed cropping ensures security in the event of monsoon failure
and increases the returns from the land. It enhances nutrient availability, water holding capacity, with the
numerous crop combinations.
Usually small farmers in Karnataka practice mixed cropping with a few combinations like with
finger millet (Ragi)and mustard ; groundnut, sorghum, pigeon pea and cowpea combination; finger millet,
field bean in combination and another mixed cropping combination of amaranth, castor (for oil purpose),
sorghum, chillies.
It is perceived as a viable tool to increase on-farm biodiversity and a potentially important

component for sustainable cropping system. Apart from increasing total farm productivity, mixed
cropping can bring many important benefits such as improvement of soil fertility and suppression of pests
and/or diseases.
1.3.2 Disappearing Millet system
In spite of all these extraordinary qualities and capacities of millet farming systems, the area
under millet production has been shrinking over the last five decades and rapidly, since the Green
Revolution period focusing on high yielding and high input utilization crops such as wheat and rice to
meet the demand of food security resulted in policies favoring their cultivation. Further, these crops
received research, extension and market support. Between 1966 and 2006, 44% of millet cultivation areas
were occupied by other crops signifying an extraordinary loss to India’s food and farming systems.
Declining state support in terms of crop loans and crop insurance has significantly contributed to
this decline and fall of millets in Indian agriculture. Unless this is halted urgently through a slew of policy
and financial incentives, millets might disappear from the agrarian landscape of India over the next fifty
10

years. This will not only be a loss to India’s food and farming systems, but will also prove to be a
civilization and ecological disaster. Also, most common myth in Karnataka – eating Ragi makes you dark
in color!
Despite 40% area reduction of coarse cereals, the production has almost doubled during 2011-12
as compared to 1965- 66.The production of coarse cereals has sustained due to use of hybrid/high
yielding varieties, providing technical/extension services, timely availability of credit support by banks.
Also, as millets can grow & thrive under difficult conditions, even producing some seeds in years with
minimal rainfall has become essential for food security in areas where the major cereals fail to give
sustainable yields. In many instances, they have become a dependable & staple food of the poor.
Therefore, there is an urgent need for Indian policy makers to refocus their attention
towards millet farming systems and enact policies that create an enabling environment for millet
farmers.
1.3.3 Promotion of Millets in Karnataka
Inspired by the concern for conservation and objective of popularizing these invaluable miracle
grain crops and urge farmers to cultivate these as they require little investment, SahajaSamrudda, an NGO
of organic farmers collective and Pipal Tree, a private organization had organized a Millet Saver’s Mela
during 2012.
As the outcome of mela, Pipal Tree had decided to establish Millet Diversity Block to
demonstrate the different millet varieties to farmers and also decided to take up guliragi, similar to the
system of Rice Intensification, under which 25 quintals of millet can be harvested in one acre of land.
Further, Pipal Tree and SavayavaKrishikara Sangha would provide marketing and value addition to
millets.
Besides, the farmers were apprised of the importance of ‘akkadi' or mixed cropping in millet
cultivation and the potential for income generation from minor millets such as same, navane, ragi,
baraguand odalu.

1.4 Conservation and Management of Agro-biodiversity
The traditional farming systems of India were relatively stable and at equilibrium. The species
complexes in traditional farming systems exemplify co-existence of plants and human tribes, draught
animals, friendly birds, beneficial insects, pollinators, earthworms, soil microorganisms and biocontrol
agents. Modern farming systems, which evolved in response to the growing needs of the human society to
ensure food and nutritional security, have progressively replaced traditional agriculture. More than half of
the cultivated area under major crops is now covered by improved varieties and farming practices. Biotic
diversity is maintained in modern agricultural systems primarily through cultivation of ‘mosaic of
improved varieties’. It is important that diversity is assured while attaining high production levels and
profitability.
1.4.1 Action plan:
 High priority should be given to developing a sound and workable National/ State Action Plan on
Agro-biodiversity.
11

 Agro-biodiversity and the available indigenous knowledge (formal & Informal) should be
documented through a well-organized approach.
 A comprehensive mission mode programs should be implemented for all areas related to agro-
biodiversity. The pace of collection and conservation of agro-biodiversity should be accelerated.
Efforts on bio-prospecting and effective utilization of the collections should be intensified and
secured, i.e., what is conserved must be protected as a national heritage/ concerned State
Heritage.
 Modern technologies, such as in vitro and cryopreservation, are needed for conservation of non-
orthodox seed species, vegetatively propagated crop plants, medicinal and aromatic plants and
other high value crops. The required support should be provided for research to develop the
needed technologies.
 In situ on-farm conservation of traditional cultivars/landraces, traditional practices and systems

should be promoted. A system at the national and State level is required to be evolved to assess
farmer’s views on and expectations from in situ on-farm conservation of genetic diversity. Also,
suitable modes and mechanisms for providing needed incentives to farmers should be evolved so
as to ensure safe and effective conservation of genetic heritage through on-farm practices.
 High priority must be accorded to various researchable issues relating to agro-biodiversity, which
could be pursued through active involvement of the National Agricultural Research System
(NARS) and other stakeholders, such as the NGOs and the farming communities.
1.4.2 Community-based agricultural Biodiversity Conservation Programme of Karnataka
Both the National Seeds policy of 2002 and the seed Bill of 2004 sought to encourage private
sector investment in seed production, while policy makers clearly exhibited a favoring attitude towards
technology and high cost solution. Also, the agriculture extension workers were trained to promote
mainly high external input agriculture with hybrid seeds and chemicals rather than low external input-
based sustainable agriculture with traditional seeds and organic inputs.
Further, both the National Horticulture Mission (NHM) and the National Food Security Mission
(NFSM) had a thrust on technology as a means of enhancing production. While the former talks of a
holistic approach of covering production, post production and post-harvest management, processing and
marketing, it nevertheless had the promotion of research and development (R&D) technologies as a major
strategy. As the NFSM aims to increase the production of rice, wheat and pulses in the country and makes
no mention and inclusion of coarse grains or minor millets (ragi, sajje, and navane) that are the preferred
diet for rural populace in the Public Distribution System of the country.
Thus, against this backdrop, Green foundation pioneered Community-based agricultural

Biodiversity Conservation programme by recognizing the need for conservation of agro-biodiversity
while building self-reliance and livelihood securities for the communities involved.
The programme was initiated by Dr.VanajaRamaprasad in 1996 with five women farmers, a
handful of seeds in Dharampuri district of Tamil Nadu, with dedication to the cause of conservation of
biodiversity and improvementin the livelihoods of marginal and subsistence farmers. But presently, its
activities spread across different districts and agro-climatic zones of Karnataka (i.e., over 65 villages
12

across Karnataka). The focus of the programme is over 60 villages in Kanakapura taluk and 3 newly
formed North Karnataka network.
The primary objective of the programme is to strengthen the capacity of farming communities in
Karnataka to conserve, utilize and benefit from their genetic resources through appropriate technical
support, institutional mechanisms and policy interventions.The crux of programme lies on maintaining
diversity in seed varieties by on-farm conservation through community seed banks. Accordingly, (seed
banks in Kanakapura and 14 in total across Karnataka has been established. Apart from these, a gene pool
housing nearly 420 varieties of seeds has been maintained and till date approximately 4000 farmers have
been benefited from various initiatives within the programme.
Based on the philosophy that the ‘farmers are the best scientists’, the programme includes
activities like seed mapping, seed yatras and seed fairs, exposure visits, setting up seed banks, capacity
building and training, seed and crop improvement, Kitchen gardens. Community gardens, vermin-
compost production, income generation programmes, organic farming certification, field farmer’s school
programmes and organization farmers into a federation named Janadhanya. All of these activities revolve
around enhancing participation of the farming community.
1.4.3 What is done in the programme?
 The indigenous knowledge of the farmers is used for identifying traditional seeds and seed banks
are formed after due consultation with them.
 Women Self Help Groups (SHGs) form the Seed Bank Management Committees and are
completely responsible for the sorting and labelling of seeds, maintenance of seed stocks, and
maintenance of records of seeds borrowed from and returned to the bank.
 Under the Societies Act, the farmers are now organized into an independent federation named
Janadhanya. The federation is a governing body involved in providing seed and food security
tothe community. It collects and sells local varieties of seeds to farmers outside the region and in
some cases, grains as well. It has provided an avenue to farmers to earn an extra income by
selling their surplus seeds at an approximate rate of INR 12 per kilogram.
Women farmers are given particular attention under the programme. It is aptly believed that while
women are equally, and even more, competent than men in agriculture-related knowledge and practices,
their work is hardly recognized. Therefore, community women have been involved in income generating
programmes like handicrafts in order to enhance their position within the community.
1.4.4 Seed related activities of the programme
1. Seed mapping: Seeds are mapped to quantify genetic diversity available with the community
based on participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique. Here, the entire community especially,
the senior members are invited to discussions and their collective knowledge of indigenous seeds
present in a particular area is documented. This approach gives good indication of the extent of
biodiversity loss.
2. Seed yatras and Seed fairs: Seed yatras are means of spreading message of sustainable farming
through a traditional Indian medium of storytelling, music, dance and theater to raise awareness
through entertainment. During yatras samples of indigenous seeds are distributed for farmers to
13

grow in their own fields. While in earlier days traditional ‘village santhes’ used to be organized
by farmers for information exchange and mutual learning. But this tradition has slowly fallen
away and with it has disappeared an opportunity for farmers to improve knowledge of farming
practices through networking. Therefore, Community-based agricultural Biodiversity
Conservation Programme is trying to revive this culture through seed fares usually organized at
the end of harvest season allowing farmers to learn different methods of sustainable and organic
farming through networking.
3. Community Seed Banks: Once seeds are collected through the seed yatras and seed fairs, the
members of the chosen SHG start storing indigenous varieties of seeds and form a community
seed bank. These SHG groups are responsible for promoting the use of local varieties of seeds.
4. Janadhanya: It is an association of farming community members with vision to maintain

biodiversity, create strong market linkage for chemical free produce and determine farmer
friendly procurement prices through independent and sustainable community based organizations.
Under janadhanya during 2008, Community-based agricultural Biodiversity Conservation
Programme initiated Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) for the certification of organic
produce, thus, providing an opportunity to increase the economic returns of farming. It serves as a
platform for the collection and sale of varieties of seeds and grains. If the mechanism is made to
function properly, farmers would not need to approach middlemen for selling their produce.
Impact of the programme:
 Increase in the number of traditional seeds revived
 Currently, gene pool of the programme in Kanakapura houses approximately 420 varieties of
seeds. While 9 community seed banks collectively house 160 varieties of paddy, 86 varieties of
ragi and 60 varieties of vegetables
 Strong networks have been established among the seed banks
 Karnataka State government rolled out its Organic Farming Mission in 2009 to protect, promote
and strengthen agro‐biodiversity and farmers knowledge systems within the state.
Table 1.1: Estimates of Area, production, Yield and Value per unit of important
Agricultural Crops of Karnataka
Total-2012-13 Value/Unit approx.

Sl Common & Local
Scientific Name Minimu Maximum
No. Name of the crops Area Production Yield
m price price
Cereals & Millets
1 Paddy/Rice Oryza sativa L. 12.69 32.83 2724 1600 3000
2 Ragi/Finger millet Eleusine coracana (L.) 6.22 9.60 1626 1240 2300
Gaertn.
3 Sorghum/Jowar/Great Sorghum bicolor (L.) 13.74 14.24 1091 1211 3200
millet Moench.
4 Maize Zea mays L. 13.09 34.29 2757 1000 1800
5 Bajra/Sajje/Pearl millet Pennisetumglaucum (L). 3.12 3.23 1089 1200 1800
R.Br.
6 Wheat Triticumaestivum L. 2.34 1.72 773 1401 3400
14

Coarse cereals/ Small millets
7 Foxtail millet/Navane Setariaitalica (L.) P. 0.1 0.03 326 1200 3200
Beauvois.
8 Little millet/Same Panicumsumatrense Roth 0.13 0.09 766 2750 3000
ex Roem. &Schult.
9 Proso millet/Baragu Panicummiliaceum L. 0.00 0.00 0.00 - -
10 Barnyard millet/oodalu Echinochloacolona (L.) Neg Neg 562 2500 2500
Link.
11 Kodo millet/Harika Paspalumscrobiculatum L. Neg Neg 462 2400 2400
Total Cereals & Millets 51.2 95.91 10060 - -
Pulse crops
12 Red gram/Pigeon Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 6.66 4.69 741 4300 6000
pea/Tur
13 Bengal gram/Chickpea Cicerarietinum L. 10.25 6.52 670 3000 7000
14 Horse gram Macrotylomauniflorum 1.93 0.90 492 1800 4118
(Lam.) Verdc.
15 Black gram/Urad Vignamungo (L.) Hepper. 1.10 0.53 506 4300 4300
16 Green gram/ Mung bean Vignaradiata (L.) R. 1.79 0.54 317 4500 9500
Wilczek.
17 Dolichos bean/Hyacinth Lablab purpureus (L.) 0.66 0.73 1169 1464 5400
bean/Field bean Sweet.
18 Cowpea/Black pea Vignaunguiculata (L.) 0.84 0.25 315 2700 5000
Walp.
Other pulses/legumes 0.06 0.02 338 2900 2900
Total pulses 23.28 14.18 641 - -
Total food grains 74.48 110.09 10701 - -
Oilseed crops
19 Groundnut/Peanut Arachishypogaea L. 6.48 4.12 669 1570 5389
20 Sesame Sesamumindicum L. 0.40 0.13 358 4109 7000
21 Sunflower Helianthus annuus L. 5.19 3.24 658 2500 3600
22 Castor Ricinuscommunis L. 0.11 0.07 663 2000 3620
23 Niger Guizotiaabyssinica (L.f.) 0.14 0.05 300 3500 3500
Cass.
24 Mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 0.02 0.01 307 2500 5000
25 Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. 1.72 1.80 1150 2000 6000
26 Safflower Carthamustinctorius L. 0.45 0.23 542 2170 3129
27 Linseed Linumusitatissimum L. 0.07 0.02 352 2900 3075
Total oilseeds 14.58 9.67 398 - -
Commercial crops
28 Cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. 4.95 10.38 375 3700 8000
29 Sugarcane Saccharumofficinarum L. 4.25 357.32 88.50 210 210
30 Tobacco Nicotianatabacumn L. 1.08 0.69 673 - -
Total commercial 10.28 368.39 1136.50 - -
crops
*Units: Area in Lakh Hectares, Production in Lakh Tonnes, Yield in Kgs/Hectares and Value per unit in Rs. per Quintal
* Cotton production in Lakh bales of 170 Kgs each in lint form, Sugarcane yield in Tonnes/Hectares
15

Table 1.2: District specific cultivation of crops and their commercial utilization
Sl Commercial Uses
Crops District
No Food products Industrial/other products
Cereals & Millets
1 Paddy Shimoga, Bangalore (U & R), Barn oil for cooking, Rice Husk Ash (fuel for
Tumkur, Chitradurga, fermented food products, boilers, formation of
Davanagere, Mysore, rice noodles, flour, activated charcoal,
Mandya, Chamarajanagar, brewing processing of steel, cement
Coorg, Hassan, and refactory industries),
Chickamagalore, Uttar barn oil for paint industries,
Kannada, Dakshin Kannada, rice starch (substrate for
Udupi,, Dharwad, Haveri, flavor, colour,
Belgaum, Raichur, Koppal, pharmaceuticals), animal
Bidar, Bellary, Chikaballapur, feed & fodder
Yadgiri
2 Ragi Bangalore (U & R), Mysore, Rotis, dumplings, Malting, brewing (lager
Mandya, Kolar, Tumkur, popped millet, malt food, beer),infant food, bakery,
Shimoga, Chitradurga , thin porridge, value added products for
Davanagere, Chamarajanagar, noodles/vermicelli diabetics
Chickmagalore, Hassan,
Bellary, Chikaballapur
3 Sorghum Chitradurga, Davanagere, Roti,ugali, popped Malting, high fructose
Chamarajanagar, Mysore, millet, malt food, syrup, starch, jaggery, value
Hassan, Dharwad, snack/roasted mixed added products for diabetics,
Chickmagalore, Gadag, grains, porridge, alcohol distillers (liquid
Haveri, Belgaum, Bijapur, noodles, semolina glucose, ethanol, dextrose),
Bellary, Bidar, Baglkote, biofuel, animal feed &
Raichur, Koppal, Yadgiri fodder
4 Maize Bangalore (U & R), Kolar, Rotis, Chapatis, ladoo, Brewing, biofuel (ethanol),
Mysore, Tumkur, Shimoga, halva, kheer, sev, mathi, forage, silage, livestock feed
Chitradurga, Chamarajanagar, popcorn, corn syrup
Davanagere, Coorg,
Dharwad, Hassan, Gadag ,
Haveri, Bijapur, Belgaum,
Bellary, Bagalkote,
Chikaballapur
5 Bajra Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkote, Rotis, ugali, fermeted Brewing starch, biofuel,
Raichur, Koppal, Bellary, food products, weaning animal feed and fodder
Gulbarga, Bidar, Yadgiri foods, roasted mixed
grains, bakery products
(pizza, pasta, bisuits,
dhokla, instant idli)
6 Wheat Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Flour, bakery products Straw (news print, paper
Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkote, (bread, pastries, etc), board), wheat grain starch
Raichur, Koppal, Bellary, bread, rotis, semolina, (paste, oil, alcohol, gluten),
Gulbarga, Bidar pasta, wheat germ essential oil,
livestock feed

16

Coarse cereals / Small Millets
7 Foxtail Belgaum, Bagalkote, Roti, puddings, cooked Poultry & animal feed
millet Bangalore (R ), Bellary, millets, value added
Chitradurga, Chikaballapur, food products for
Koppal, Davangere, diabetics
Chickamagalore, Haveri,
Raichur, Tumkur
8 Little Belgaum, Bidar, Bangalore Roti, puddings, cooked Poultry & animal feed
millet (R ), Chitradurga, Haveri, millets, value added
Chikaballapur, food products for
Chikamagalore, Tumkur, diabetics
Dharwad, Davanagere,
Gadag, Gulbarga, Kolar,
Ramanagar
9 Proso Ramanagar, Tumkur Roti, puddings, cooked Poultry & animal feed
millet millets, value added
food products for
diabetics
10 Barnyard Ramanagar, Tumkur, Haveri Roti, puddings, cooked Poultry & animal feed
millet millets, value added
food products for
diabetics
11 Kodo Bidar, Tumkur Roti, puddings, cooked Poultry & animal feed, cover
millet millets, value added crop
food products for
diabetics
Pulse crops
12 Red gram Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur, Flour, curries, green Forage crop, cover crop,
Bellary, Chitradurga, Haveri, vegetable green manure crop, woody
Tumkur, Dharwad, Davanagere, stem for thatching & fencing
Gulbarga, Mysore,
Chamarajanagar, Hassan,
Raichur, Koppal, Yadgiri
13 Bengal Chickmagalore, Dharwad, Flour, curries, leaves Animal feed
gram Gadag, Belgaum, Bijapur, in salads
Bagalkote,Raichur, Koppal,
Bellary, Gulbarga, Bidar
14 Horse Bangalore (U & R), Kolar, Curries, soups Ayurvedic medicines, value
gram Tumkur, Shimoga, Chitradurga, added products for diabetics,
Mysore, Chamarajanagar, livestock feed
Davanagere, Mandya, Hassan,
Chickmagalore, Udupi,
Haveri,Belgaum, Bijapur,
Bagalkote, Bellary, Raichur,
Koppal
15 Black Shimoga, Udupi, Uttar Idli, dosa, Vada -
gram Kannada, Dakshina Kan nada,
Gulbarga, Bidar
17

16 Green Tumkur, Shimoga, Dharwad, Salads, curries, -
gram Gadag, Haveri, Uttar Kannada, porridge, noodles
Belgaum, Bagalkote, Bidar,
Koppal, Raichur, Gulbarga,
Yadgiri
17 Field bean Bangalore (U & R), Tumkur, Curries, bean sprouts Cover crop, livestock feed
Kolar, Chitradurga, Mysore,
Mandya, Chamarajanagar,
Hassan, Belgaum,
Chickmagalore
18 Cowpea Shimoga, Mysore, Mandya, Curries Cover crop, livestock feed
Haveri, Uttar Kannada,
Belgaum, Bellary, Koppal
Oilseed crops
19 Groundnut Bangalore (R ),Kolar, Peanut oil, flour, Groundnut cake as animal
Tumkur, Shimoga, dried/boiled peanuts as feed, oil for (paint, varnish)
Chitradirga, Davangere, snack lubricating oil, lether
Mysore, Mandya, dressing, furniture polish,
Chamarajanagar, Hassan, manufacturing of
Chickmagalore, Udupi, insecticides, nitroglycerin,
Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, peanut shell (plastic,
Bijapur, Belgaum, Bellary, wallboard, abrasives, fuel,
Bidar, Bagalkote,Raichur, cellulose, mucilage)
Koppal, Gulbarga, Yadgiri
20 Sesamum Chitradurga, Mysore, Crackers as snacks, -
Chamarajanagar, Mandya, cookies, cooking oil
Hassan, Chickamagalore,
Bagalkote, Bellary, Bidar,
Raichur, Koppal, Gulbarga
21 Sunflower Tumkur, Chitradurga, Refined cooking oil, Medicinal ointments, dyes,
Davangere, Mysore, sunflower butter body paints
Chickamagalore, Dharwad,
Gadag, Haveri Bagalkote,
Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur,
Raichur, Koppal, Gulbarga,
Yadgiri
22 Castor Bangalore (R ), Kolar, Food additives, Manufacturing of soaps,
Tumkur, Mysore, Mandya, flavouring, candies lubricants, hydraulics, brake
Hassan, Chamarajanagar, fluids, paints, dyes, coatings,
Koppal inks, cold resistant plastics,
waxes, polishes, nylon,
biodesel, pharmaceuticals,
lubricants & perfumes
23 Niger Bangalore (R ), Kolar, Dry chutney, curries Soap, paints, emulsions
Tumkur, Mysore, Mandya,
Hassan, Chamarajanagar,
Koppal, Bellary Bidar
18

24 Mustard - Cookimg oil, sauce Green manure crop, cover
crop, phytoremidiation
25 Soybean Dharwad, Bagalkote, Soya oil, soya milk, soya Oils, soap, cosmetics, resin,
Belgaum meal, flour, infant plastics, inks, crayons,
formula, soya cheese, solvents, biodesel
soya icreceam, soynut
butter
26 Safflower Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri, Vegetable oil, nutritional Medicines, red & yellow
Belgaum, Bijapur, Bellary, suppliments dye, bird feed
Bidar, Bagalkote, Gulbarga,
Raichur, Koppal
27 Linseed Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkote, Oil as nutritional Textiles, drying oil in paints
Bidar, Gulbarga, Koppal suppliment & varnishes, cattle feed
Commercial crops
28 Cotton Shimoga, Chitradurga, Refined cotton seed oil Textiles, fish nets, coffee
Davangere, Mysore, filters, tents, explosive
Chamarajanagar, Hassan, manufacture, cotton paper,
Chickmagalore, Dharwad, cotton seed meal for
Gadag, Uttar kannada, livestock
Belgaum, Bijapur, Bellary,
Bagalkote, Gulbarga,
Raichur, Koppal
29 Sugarcane Shimoga, Mysore, Cane sugar, molasses Sugar refining, bagasse for
Chamarajanagar, Mandya, syrup as food & dietary biofuel (ethanol), paper
Hassan, Chickmagalore, supplement board, filter cake as animal
Haveri, Uttar Kannada, feed
Belgaum, Bijapur, Bellary,
Bagalkote, Bidar, Gulbaraga
30 Tobacco Mysore, Hassan, Belgaum - Used in insecticide,
smokable tobacco
preparatins, drying oi from
seeds
19

Table 1.3: List of Local Land Races, Varieties and Hybrids of Karnataka
Sl
Crops Local land races Varieties & Hybrids
No
Cereals & Millets
1 Paddy Gandsale, parimalasanna bhatta, Jaya, Mangala,Rasi, MTU 1001,
Gulwadisannakki, Basmathigidda, Onasiri, Hemavathi, Annapurna, KRH-
Basmathiudda, Girisale, Karekagga, Bile 1, KRH-2
kagga, Kembhuti, Bangarsali, Kaddi,
Bangakaddi, Doddabairanellu, Navara, Jolga,
Kari kalave, Belli nellu, Kari jaddu,
Mundaga,Jerasanna, Haluballu, Anekombu,
Bellary sanna, Bangarakovi, Nereguli,
Karisomasale, Jenugoodu,
karekaldadiga,Karikantaka, Sannavaalya
2 Ragi Pichachakaddiragi, Bili ragi, INDAF-1,3,5,8,9, GPU-26, GPU-28,

Konanakombinaragi, Kari kaddiragi, Kolar giddaragi, Rathna, Poorna,
jenubonda, Karimundaga, Hasirukaddiragi, Hamsa, Cauvery
Bondaragi, Kolimotteragi,Gutakindala Ragi,
Benne mudderaagi,Kapputene Ragi
3 Sorghum Maldandi, Gundadeni, Chelaldeni, Jawari jola, M-35-1,CSH 7R,CSH 19R,CSV 8R,
Bili jola, Hawada jola, Muthuthi CSV 14R, DSH-1 (SPH-196), DSV 6,
DSV-4, DSV-5 (GRS-1), RSH-1, SB-
1079,
4 Maize - DMH-1, DMH-2, EH-43402 (DH-1),
NAC 6004, NAC 6002, NAH 2049
5 Bajra - -
6 Wheat Local durum Amruth (DURUM), Bijaga Red
(DURUM), Bijaga Yellow (DURUM),
DWR-1006, DWR-185, Pusa Lerma
Coarse cereals/ Small Millets
7 Foxtail Kari navane, Kuchunavane, Kempu navane, H.1,H.2,HMT-100-1,K-221-1,RS-118
millet Jade navane, Hullu navane, Haluanvane
8 Little - -
millet
9 Proso - GPUP-8 (DHPM-1)
millet
10 Barnyard - -
millet
11 Kodo - -
millet
Pulse crops
12 Red gram Gullyal red BRG-4 (BRG-10-2), ICPH 2671, TS-
3R, ICPH 2740, Asha, BRG-1, BRG-2,
F-52, GS-1, PT-221, Selection-31, TS-3,
WRP-1
13 Bengal Jawari BGD-103
gram
20

14 Horse - GPM-6, Hebbal Hurli-1, Hebbal Hurli-
gram 2, PHG-9, DCS 47-1
15 Black - DBGV-5,Rashmi(LB-625)
gram
16 Green - DGGV-2,BGS-9 (Somnath),KKM-3
gram
17 Field bean - Hebbal avare-3
18 Cowpea - IT-38956-1, KBC-2, Lalitha, PKB
6, PKB4, S-488
Oilseed crops
19 Groundnut Gejjeshenga, shengahabbu, Gungri, DH-3, DSG-1, KRG-1, R-9251, S-206,
Naatishenga S-230 (Virginia Group), TGLPS-3
(TDG-39)
20 Sesamum - DS-1, DSS-9
21 Sunflower - DSH-1, KBSH-41, KBSH-42, KBSH-
53, RSFH-1
22 Castor - MC-1, ROSY
23 Niger - KBN-1, NO.71(KRN-1), RCR-66
24 Mustard - DNS 4
25 Soybean - DSB-1,DSb-21, HARDEE, SNEHA
(KB-79)
26 Safflower - A-2, A-300, ANNIGERE-1, S-144
27 Linseed - S-36, S-48
Commercial crops
28 Cotton - DDHC-11, DHB-105, DHH-11, DHH-
543 (Suvidha), DLSA-17, GS-23,
Hampi, Jayalaxmi (DCH-32), Laxmi,
Mysore Vijay, RAH-100, RAHB-87,
RAHH-95, RAMPBS-155, RAS-299-
1,Sahana (JK-276-8-2), Soubhagaya
(DS-59), Sharada ( CPD 8-1),
Suyodhor, Varalaxmi
29 Sugarcane - C0-94012, SNK-004,Sankeshwar 049
(Co Snk 05103), Sankeshwar 814 (Co
Snk 05104)
30 Tobacco - NBD-43
21

1.5 References:
1. Government of Karnataka (2012). “Economic survey 2011-12”. Directorate of Economicsand

Statistics, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
2. Government of Karnataka (2012) Statistical Abstract of Karnataka, various Issues, Directorate of

Economics and Statistics, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
3. Government of Karnataka (2003). “Economic survey 2002-03”. Directorate of Economicsand

Statistics, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
4. NABARD, (2010), State Focus Paper 2011-12 Karnataka, NABARD, Karnataka RegionalOffice,
Bangalore.
5. Food and Agricultural Organization – www.fao.org
6. http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/imp_agri_stat.html
7. http://www.indiaagristat.com
8. http://www.iipr.res.in/e-pulse-data-book.html
9. http://dmd.dacnet.nic.in/10year_maize.htm
10. http://dacnet.nic.in/farmer/new/dac/StateSeedVariety.asp?SCod=08
11. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/farmers-get-an-insight-into-
benefits-of-millets/article3302286.ece
22

0

TRADABLE BIO-RESOURCES
OF FORAGES AND FEEDS IN
KARNATAKA
1

Chapter- 2
TRADABLE BIO-RESOURCES OF FORAGES AND FEEDS IN
KARNATAKA
C.R Ramesh, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,
Hessaraghatta lake post, Bengaluru-560 089
Email: ramesh_rao@hotmail.com
2.1 Introduction
Indian sub-continent is one of the world's mega centers of crop origin and crop plant diversity, as
it presents a wide spectrum of eco-climate ranging from humid tropical to semi-arid, temperate to alpine.
The Indian gene centre possesses a rich genetic diversity in native grasses and legumes. There are
reports of 245 genera and 1,256 species of Gramineae of which about 21 genera and 139 species are
endemic. One-third of Indian grasses are considered to have fodder value. Most of the grasses belong to
the tribes Andropogoneae (30%), Panicaceae (15%), and Eragrosteae (9%). Similarly, out of about 400
species of 60 genera of Leguminosae, 21 genera are reported to be useful as forage. The main centers of
genetic diversity are peninsular India (for tropical types) and North-Eastern Region (for sub-tropical
types) besides some micro- centers for certain species.
Major forage genera exhibiting forage biodiversity include legumes like Desmodiuml, Lablab,
Stylosanthes, Vigna, Macroptelium, Centrosema, etc.; grasses like Bothriochloa, Dichanthillm, Cynodon,
Panicum, Pennisetum, Cenchrus, Lasiurus, etc. and browse plants such as Leucaena, Sesbania, Albizia,
Bauhinia, Cassia, Grewia, etc. These genera besides many others form an integral part of feed and fodder
resources of the country. The country is further endowed with the rich heritage of traditional know-how
of raising, maintaining and utilizing forage, feed and livestock resources.
2.2 Fodder Demand and Supply in India

Livestock play a key role in Indian agricultural economy and forms an integral part of the farming
system. They provide draught power, rural transport, manure, fuel, milk and meat. They provide income
and employment to the small holder farmers and other weaker section of the society including women and
the landless. Most often livestock is the only source of cash income for subsistence farms and also serves
as insurance in the event of crop failure. However, low productivity of livestock is a matter of concern.
This is mainly due to the inadequate supply of quality feeds and fodder.
The country accounts for 16% of the world’s livestock population with only 2% of the world’s
geographical area. This indicates the animal pressure in the country. The available fodders are poor in
quality, being deficient in available energy, protein and minerals. To compensate for the low productivity
of the livestock, farmers maintain a large herd of animals, which adds to the pressure on land.
The terms fodder here includes herbages from cultivated fodders, grazing material from
grasslands and, crop residues. Pastures and forests are also sources of fodders for livestock. Due to
population pressure, parts of the forest and grassland area are being brought under cultivation. In addition
to this shrinkage, there is severe degradation of these areas. The high grazing pressure which is often
manifold higher than the carrying capacity has contributed to this trend. Limited area (about 4$ of the
cultivated area) is under fodder crops, mainly because of the small size of farms and subsistence nature
for farming.
23

There have been several reports including the one by a committee constituted by the Planning
Commission. Most of the reports give an alarming gap between demand and supply. The National
Commission on Agriculture (1976) estimated the availability of fodder in the country for the year 2000
AD as 256.8 mt dry fodder and 575 mt green fodder. The Committee on fodder and grasses (1986)
estimated production of 441 and 150 million tones dry and green fodder respectively. It is generally
accepted that demand for livestock feeds far outstrips the availability.
Table 2.1: Demand of green and dry fodder – projected estimates (In million tones/ annum)
Total Dry Matter
Year Green Fodder Dry Fodder
Requirement
1998 702.5 936.6 520.3
2003 728.0 970.7 539.3
2008 753.6 1004.8 558.2
2013 779.1 1038.9 577.1
2018 804.7 1072.9 596.1
2023 830.3 1107.0 615.0
Source: Based on X Five Year Plan Document, Government of India
Area under different heads projected using historical growth trends
* Green fodder demand is estimated based on the norm that ideally one-third of the dry matter requirement should
come from green fodder and that the dry matter in green fodder is 25% of the biomass
* Dry fodder is estimated on the assumption that dry matter forms 90% of the biomass.
2.3 Fodder supply

The data/estimates of fodder production in the country vary widely. Fodder production and its
utilization depend on the cropping pattern, climate, social-economic conditions and type of livestock. The
cattle and buffaloes are normally fed on the fodder available from cultivated areas, supplemented to a
small extent by harvested grasses and top leaves. Grazing and harvested grasses are the chief fodder
source for equines. While camels usually subsist on top feeds, either browsed or lopped from shrubs and
trees. The tree major sources of fodder supply are crop residues, cultivated fodders and fodder from
common property resources like forest, permanent pastures and grazing lands. The potential supply of
crop residues was estimated using the production data of various crops and applying the respective
conversion ratios between the grain and agricultural waste (i.e. residual biomass). The estimated supply of
fodder from crop residues is given in Table.
Table 2.2: Dry fodder production (crop residues*) – projected estimates (In million tonnes)
Year Cereals1 Pulses2 Oilseeds3 Sugarcane Total
1998 396.57 50.03 7.79 62.09 516.5
2003 407.94 54.83 8.57 68.34 539.7
2008 419.31 52.84 9.34 74.59 556.1
2013 430.69 57.64 10.14 80.84 579.3
2018 442.06 55.64 10.95 87.09 595.7
2023 453.44 60.45 11.76 93.34 619.0
Source: Based on X Five Year Plan Document, Government of India.
Production of various crops projected using growth trends
* Crop residue production estimated using standard conversion ratios
1
Cereals include paddy, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, millets and barley
2
Pulses include gram, tur and other
3
Oilseeds include castor, sesamum, rapeseed & mustard, linseed, niger seed, sunflower, safflower and soybean. It is
assumed that only 35% of the crop residues are used as feeds in case of oilseeds.
24

Table 2.3 : The conversion ratios used are as follows:
Grain: Grain:
Crop Straw/Stover Crop Straw/Stover
Wheat 1:01 Cassava 1:04
Rice 01:01.3 Tur 01:00.2
Barley 01:01.3 Gram 1:04
Maize 1:03 Other pulses 1:04
Millet 1:04 Sugarcane 01:00.3
Sorghum 1:04 Groundnut 1:02
Bajra 1:04 Sesame 1:02
Ragi 1:04 Niger seed 1:02
Rapeseed 1:02 Sunflower 1:02
Safflower 1:02 Soya bean 1:02
Linseed 1:02
Area under forest, permanent pastures and grazing lands and, under fodder cultivation was
projected to 2023 AD using historical growth trends. The green fodder supply from these sources was
estimated assuming an average yield of 40 tonnes/ha spanning both legumes and non-legumes from
irrigated and rainfed conditions.
The fodder production from the common property areas is very location specific. However,
basing on various studies, the average fodder supply from these areas was assumed to be 1.5 and 0.15
tonnes/ha respectively from forest areas and permanent pastures (& others). The estimated green fodder
supply is given in Table
Table 2.4: Green fodder production – projected estimates (Area in million ha and production
in million tonnes)
Permanent Area
Total green
Fodder pastures & Fodder under Fodder
Year Forest fodder
production grazing production fodder production
production*
lands crops
1998 65.63 98.44 11.50 8.63 8.06 322.50 429.6
2003 65.12 97.67 11.34 8.51 8.19 327.42 433.6
2008 64.60 96.91 11.18 8.38 8.31 323.31 437.6
2013 64.09 96.14 11.02 8.26 8.43 337.19 441.6
2018 63.58 95.37 10.85 8.14 8.55 342.08 445.6
2023 63.07 94.60 10.69 8.02 8.67 346.96 449.6
* Green fodder production was estimated assuming an average yield per hectare of 1.5 tonnes from the forest area,
0.75 tonnes from permanent pasture and grazing lands and, 40 tonnes from cultivated area.
2.4 Major cultivated grasses and legumes

There are about 620 and 650 genera and 10,000 and 18,000 species of grasses (Poaceae) and
legumes (Leguminoseae) respectively, in the world. Of these, only about 40 grasses and legumes are used
to appreciable extent in the establishment of sown pastures. Moreover, it has been found that livestock
25

prefer indigenous forage species in comparison to selected varieties of grasses and legumes despite the
fact that indigenous species may be low in productivity and nutritive value.
On the basis of following characters, the grasses are considered suitable as forage plants for
grazing/mowing and soil and water conservation: (i) grasses should have wider range of adaptability from
humid tropics, arid areas and alpine peaks, (ii) species those are able to reproduce fresh shoots by tillering
and able to withstand / recover from grazing or cutting, (iii) grasses that maintain continuous vegetative
growth even during drought or cold, (iv) grasses that spread by rhizomes or stolons, which readily form
adventitious roots and give rapid ground coverage and soil and water conservation in terms of
sustainability point of view, (v) the root system binds the soil particles together forming a sod and brings
to the surface layer nutrients, which have been leached into the subsoil by heavy rainfall, and (vi) in
addition to above, the pasture species should possess the qualities of higher productivity, palatability, high
nutritive value and adaptation to local soil and climatic conditions. The important grasses and legumes
grown in India are given:
The sources of green fodder availability for livestock feeding are
(i) Cultivated green fodder.
(ii) Natural grasses and weeds from fallow lands, bunds and road sides.
(iii) Green Tops from Sugarcane, Pulse crops, Oilseed crops and Fruits and Vegetable crops.
(iv) Industrial wastes from Horticulture and Sericulture Industry.
(v) Grasses from pastures / grasslands and
(vi) Grasses from forests.
Green Tops and industrial wastes could be estimated from the production of respective crops as a
proportion.
Table 2.5: Important grasses and legumes grown and traded in Karnataka
Area Productivity of green
Grass Botanical name
('000 ha) forage (tonnes/ha)
Napier grass (Elephant grass) Pennisetum purpureum 100 70-100
Guinea grass (Green panic) Panicum maximum 100 70-140
Setaria grass Setaria anceps 40 50-95
Deenanath grass Pennisetum pedicellatum 20 50-95
Para grass (Angola grass) Bracharia mutica 100 100-190
Ruzi grass (Congo signal grass) B. ruziziensis 15 70-90
Signal grass (Palisade grass) B. brizantha 10 50-80
Dharaf grass (Goria) Chrysopogon fulvus - 50-80
Anjan grass (Bultel) Cenchrus ciliaris 200 15-40
Yellow anjan grass (Birdwood) Cenchrus setigerus 30 10-30
Grass Botanical name Area Productivity of green
('000 ha) forage (tonnes/ha)
Sewan grass Lasiurus hirsutus 100 7-25
Rhodes grass Chloris gayana * 20-35
Marvel grass (Karad grass) Dichanthium annulatum * 20-35
26

Sabai grass (Little para grass) Urochloa mosambicensis * 40-60
Sudan grass Sorghum sudanense 100 50-80
Legume
Lablab bean Lablab purpureus 10 15-30
Kulthi (Horsegram) Dolichos biflorus 10 15-25
Moth bean Vigna aconitifolia 10 15-30
Subabul Leucaena leucocephala * 60-120
Shevri (Common sesban) Sesbania sesban * 50-110
Agathi Sesbania grandiflora * 40-60
Dasrath grass (Hedge lucerne) Desmanthus virgatus * 50-90
Aparjita (Butterfly pea) Clitoria ternatea * 30-50
Siratro Macroptilium * 15-25
atropurpureum
Stylo Stylosanthes hamata * 30-55
Brazilian Lucerne S. guianensis * 30-55
S. humilis S. humilis * 40-50
Axillaris Macrotyloma axillare * 25-40
Desmodium (green leaf) Desmodium intortum * 25-45
Silver leaf D. uncinatum * 25-35
Centro Centrosema pubescens * 15-35
Glycine Glycine wightii * 20-35
* Area not known.
Table 2.6 : Forage crops grown and their area and productivity in India
Area Green fodder
Crop Legumes Botanical name
(‘000 ha) productivity (tones/ha)
Berseem (Egyptian clover) Trifolium alexandrinum 1,900 60-110
Lucerne (Alfalfa) Medicago sativa 1,000 60-130
Senji (Sweet clover) Melilotus indica 5 20-30
Shaftal (Persian clover) Trifolium resupinatum 5 50-75
Metha (Fenugreek) Trigonella foenum –graecum 5 20-35
Labia (Cowpea) Vigna unguiculata 300 25-45
Guar (Clusterbean) Cyamopsis tetragonaloba 200 15-30
Rice bean Vigna umbellate 20 15-30
Grasses
Jai (Oat) Avena sativa 100 35-50
Jau (Barley) Hordeum vulgare 110 25-40
Jowar / Chari (Sorghum) Sorghum bicolor 2,600 35-70
Bajra (Pearl millet) Pennisetum glaucum 900 20-35
Makka (Maize) Zea mays 900 30-35
Makchari (Teosinte) Zea mexicana 10 30-50
Chara sarson (Chinese cabbage) Brassica pekinensis 10 15-35
27

Table 2.7 : Table: the district wise area and yield of crop residue in Karnataka
Ragi Millets
Crop Crop
Crop Area (000’ ha) Area(000’ha)
Residue(000’ha) Residue(000’ha)
Bangalore(Urban) 134265 167831 99 198
Bangalore (Rural) 292600 365750 435 870
Belgaum 2600 2458 1835 3670
Bellary 18602 39530 49412 9301
Bidar - - 975 1950
Bijapur - - 704 1408
Chickmagalur 102520 135650 790 1580
Chitradurga 92504 115630 8011 16442
Dakshina Kannada - - - -
Dharwad 4305 5381 7840 15680
Gulbarga 100 125 2169 4338
Hassan 159390 199238 30 60
Kodagu 846 1058 - -
Kolar 211452 26315 729 1458
Mandya 168542 210667 98 196
Mysore 180153 225191 229 458
Raichur - - 4119 8234
Shimoga 40010 50050 229 458
Tumkur 263057 328821 2177 4354
UK 100 125 - -
Ramesh, C. R1. Sridhar K.2 and Seetharam,A.(2001)
Table 2.8 : Grazing resources in India (2009- 2011)

Resources Gross area (million ha) Percentage
Forests 69.41 22.7
Permanent pastures/grazing lands 10.9 3.6
Cultivable wastelands 13.66 4.5
Fallow lands 24.99 8.1
Fallow land other than current 10.19 3.3
fallows
Barren uncultivable wastelands 19.26 6.3
Total common property resources 54.01 17.7
other than forests
2.5 Requirements of fodders and feeds in Karnataka

The demand for fodders and feeds depends upon the composition of Livestock species. Age
group, Physiological status, Productivity etc. the total requirements of Green fodder, Dry fodder and
Concentrates for years 1996-97 to 2016-17 is given in Table
28

2.5.1 Green fodder requirements.
Green fodder forms one of the important items in the feed basket of livestock. The requirements
in different districts differed according to size and composition of livestock species maintained. All the
districts except Dharwar and Kodagu showed an increase in the requirements over years ranging from 3.8
to 0.06 percent per annum. Dharwar district showed a negative trend of 0.88 percent and Kodagu -0.05
percent per annum over years.
2.5.2 Dry fodder requirements

The use of green fodder alone in the feeding basket of livestock is limited due to its high water
content. Some quantity of dry fodder is essential to provide the bulk material to the ruminants to meet the
dry matter requirements. Accordingly the feed basket provides certain quantity of dry fodder The
requirements have been estimated on this basis (Table 9). The annual requirement of dry fodder was
worked out to be 23.99 million MT for Karnataka State during 1997-98 and it decreased gradually at an
average growth rate of 0.19 percent. Though the total requirements for Kamataka State showed a
declining trend, 13 out of 20 districts revealed an increasing trend in requirements. The highest increasing
trend of 2.5 percent per annum was observed in Bangalore Urban and the lowest in Belgaum district (0.2
percent). Among the districts showing the declining trend of requirements, Kodagu showed the highest
decline of 1.16 percent per annum and Bidar the lowest decline of 0.01 percent per annum.
2.5.3 Concentrate requirements.

Green fodder and dry fodder provide mainly the Metabolisable Energy requirement. The animal
also needs crude protein for a balanced feed basket. Though these two types of fodders contain small
quantities of crude protein, it is not sufficient to meet adequately the requirements. Hence concentrates
which are rich in crude protein have to be supplemented along with green and dry fodders.
The annual requirement of concentrates in Kamataka was 6.36 million MT during the year 1997-
98 and it increased at an annual rate of 0.43 percent. The variations in the trends in requirements over
district were due to the composition of the livestock population. The increasing trend was observed in 16
districts, the highest being ill Bangalore Urban (3.83 percent) and the lowest in Dakshina Kannada (0.67
percent). Of the four districts which showed a declining trend, Kodagu showed the lowest declining trend
of O. 71 percent while Chitradurga showed the higher of 1.08 percent.
2.6 Role of coarse grain cereals as crop residues

In animal feed supply, coarse cereals have a major role and four major cereals, viz. maize, barley,
sorghum and pearl millet, account for about 44% of the total cereals. Production of these cereals is
stagnating at around 30 million tonnes. Of the total coarse cereals, maize accounts for almost three-
fourths and barley accounts for 15%. Sorghum and millets account for 11%. India's production of these
cereals is stagnating around 30 million tonnes, which is less than 3% of the world's production. Most of
the coarse cereals in the developed countries are mainly used for cattle feed and some of the cereals like
barley are used in breweries. However, in India their use is mainly for direct consumption mostly by poor
in the villages. Many minor millets, viz. finger millet / ragi(Eleusine coracana), little millet (Panicum
miliare), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculufum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), barnyard millet
(Echinochloa frumentacea), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), and savan millet (Echinochloa colona),
are also important for fodder. The role of food grains and especially of the coarse cereals in providing the
balanced nutrition to the livestock for ensuring higher productivity needs no emphasis.
29

2.7 Area and production of cultivated green fodders
Area under fodder crops as percentage of the total cultivated area and its distribution over
different fodder crops are presented in Table below
Table 2.9 : Percentage Area under Fodder Crops To the Total Cultivated Area
Percentage Average
SI Percentage Area under different Fodder Crops
Zone area under area per
No
fodder crops village % Maize Sorghum Oats Perennial Others
1 High rain fall 1.38 2.71 15.41 51.77 0.30 32.52 -
zone
2 Medium 0.63 2.71 58.57 28.39 2.63 9.95 0.46
rainfall zone
3 Low rainfall 0.61 1.65 35.66 28.80 7.58 24.98 2.98
zone
Karnataka 0.70 2.49 38.55 33.43 4.54 21.90 1.58
State
In Zone 1, Sorghum was the major fodder crop covering for more than half the area under fodder
crops followed by perennial crops (32.52%) like Hybrid Napier, Guinen etc., Maize (15.41%) and Oats
(0.3%).
Zone 2 and 3 showed almost the same pattern of cultivated fodder crops grown where Maize was
the major fodder crop followed by Sorghum, Perennials, Oats and others like Bajra, Navane, Harika etc. It
is interesting to note that nearly one third in Zone 1 and one fourth in Zone 3 were under perennial fodder
crops, while it was only one tenth in Zone 2. Oats was more popular in low rainfall region.
The area under fodder crops in the State was 73,127 Ha comprising (28,187 Ha under Maize,
24,447 Ha under Sorghum, 16,014 Ha under perennial grasses 3,321 Ha under Oats and the rest (1,158
Ha) under other fodder crops.
Total production of cultivated green fodder in the State during 2012-2013 was 3.091 million MT.
Maize contributed 1.102 m MT. Sorghum 0.978 m MT, Perennial grasses 0.849 m MT, Oats 0.133 m MT
and others 0.029 m MT.
2.8 Availability of natural grasses

The estimated percentage under natural grasses and its yield per Ha per annum are presented in
Table below:
30

Table 2.10 : Percent age area under natural grasses and yield per ha per annum.
SI Percent area over Yield per ha/ annum
Zone
No cultivated area (tonnes)
1 High Rainfall 12.96 5.00
2 Medium rainfall 9.34 2.50
3 Low Rainfall 4.79 1.67
Overall for Karnataka State 5.00 2.55
2.9 Availability of Green Fodders from all sources other than Grasses from Pastures /
Grasslands and Forests.
Agricultural by-products like green tops, mulberry wastes after feeding silk worms and fruits and
vegetable wastes are available for livestock feeding along with cultivated green fodders and natural
grasses. The availability of these by-products were estimated and added to the availability of Green
Fodders from agricultural operations.
The availability of green fodder from Agricultural Operations was 15.13 million MT in 1997-98
and it increased at an average growth rate of 3.0 percent for the State as a whole. Among districts, the
availability was the highest in Belgaum (61.30 MT) and the lowest in Kodagu (0.15 MT). Positive growth
rates were observed in 14 districts ranging from 0.6 percent (Kodagu) to 3.27 percent (Mysore) and
negative growth rates in the 6 district ranging from -5.37 (Bijapur) to -0.39 (Gulbarga).
The potential availability of green fodder was assessed as 39.58 m MT in 1997 and this increased
at the rate of 0.86 percent per annum for the State as a whole. However the situation differed significantly
across districts. While 14 districts showed an increasing trend ranging from 0.02 percent (Uttara
Kannada) to 0.93 percent (Bangalore Rural), the remaining 6 districts showed a declining trend, the
highest decline being in Bijapur (-1.88%) and the lowest in Gulbarga (-0.34%). On close examination of
availability, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada and Mysore districts increased its availability substantially. This
was due to larger forest cover of 10.6 percent, 27.0 percent and 11.0 percent respectively in these districts.
In addition to higher forest cover in Shimoga, the area under pastures / grasslands also contributed to
higher availability of green fodder in the said district.
A large number of crop residues from cereals, pulses, oilseeds and horticultural crops are
available for livestock feeding which provides the bulk dry fodder.
2.10 Tradable by products used as concentrates of feed

The production of ingredients of concentrates in the State is not adequate to meet the
requirements of livestock population. The export of oil cakes, particularly groundnut cake reduces the
availability even further. However large amount of ingredient like Wheat bhusa, Rice polish, Maize,
Chunni are irnpOIted from other States for the manufacture of compounded feeds. Some amount of non-
conventional feed sources (like Ambadi cake, Babul seeds, Mahua cake, Cocoa pods, Karanj cakes,
Kokum cake, Kosum cake, Mango seed kernel, Sal seed cake and industrial by-products etc.) are also
being used till the manufacture of compounded feeds. Urea is also used extensively in readymade
concentrate mixes. These measures would reduce the gap. It was not possible to estimate the exact
availability of compounded feeds, readymade concentrate mixes as well quantity of non-conventional
feed resources available and utilized in the State.
31

2. 11 Green fodder production
The area under cultivated fodder crop production is limited to only 0.70 percent of net cultivated
area in Karnataka State compared to national average of 3.9 percent
However, if the green fodder produced seasonally (rain fed) from pastures. grasslands and bunds
etc. which cover nearly 5 percent of the cultivated area in the State is judiciously utilized, the gap between
requirements and availability which is presently 58.30 percent, is estimated to reduce to 55.66 percent by
the year 2000-01 and further down to 42.74 percent by the year 2016-17. This is assumed on the basis that
the management system which is exploitative is not further deteriorated leading to serious degradation.
The fodder grasses recommended in such areas are: Cenchrus ciliaris, Blue and Green Panic
(Penicum antidotale), Rhodes (Chloris gayana), Spear grass (Heteropogan contortus), Setaria, Marvel,
Thin Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), Paspalum, Pennisetum clandestinum and Signal grass.
The legumes recommended are: Stylosanthus scabra, Stylosanthus hamata, Siratro, Desmodium
silverleaf, Desmodium Greenleaf, Glycine, Centrocema, Calopogonium and Rice bean. Multipurpose tree
species (fodder and fuel) recommended are: Soobabul, Sesbania egyptica, Sesbania grandiflora,
Caliandra, Albizzia lebbach, Albizzia amara, Acacia arabica, Zuzubus zuzuba, Sirsoo and Hardwikia
binata.
2.12 Dry fodder production

The requirements of dry fodder is mainly met through stovers and by-products of cereal crops, oil
seeds etc. The prospects of change of total area under such crops are meagre. However as discussed
earlier with intensification of use of HYV of shorter duration, multiple cropping programmes due to
possible enhancement of irrigation facilities etc., the dry fodder available from these sources is expected
to increase. The presently assessed gap is 20.13 percent (1997-98). This is likely to reduce to 10.31
percent by 2000-01 and render the State surplus by 47.21 percent by the year 2016-17.
2.13 Concentrate feeds availability

There is a huge gap of 71.20 percent between requirements presently (1997-98) and availability
of concentrates. These are mainly sourced from industrial and agro-industries by-products such as oil
meals, bran, chunnies, spent grains, molasses and the like. The gap is estimated to reduce marginally to
69.64 percent by the year 2000-01 and later to 61.41 percent by the year 2016-17. Many of the
constituents of the concentrates e.g. wheat bran, solvent extracted and ghani produced oil seed meal and
cakes are being imported from outside the State; especially by the organized sector of compounded
livestock and poultry feed factories. Efforts to exploit Non-Conventional Feed resources within the State,
like Mango seed kernel, spent brewers grain, Tamarind seeds (decorticated), Acacia seeds, Water melon
seed cake, and Kokum cake would curtail the gap between demand and availability.
2.14 Biodiversity in forage resources

2.14.1 Wild forage plants
A rich diversity of wild herbage legumes occurs in different phyto-geographical regions of India
(Arora and Chandel, 1972). About 400 species belonging to about 60 genera are known. Some of these
taxa possessing large number of species (given for each genus in parenthesis) are: tropical/sub-tropical
types; Alysicarpus (12), Atylosia (16), Crotalaria (82), Desmodium (44), Indigofera (44), Mucuna (10),
Rhynchosia (23) and Smithia (13); temperate types - Astragalus (36), Lespedeza (13), Trigonella (10) and
32

Vigna (10). Several genera possessing small number of species such as Canavalia (4), Caragana (6),
Clitoria (3), Dolichos (5), Hedysarum (4), Medicago (4), Melilotus (2), Teramnus (3); and even those
with single species representation in India, e.g., Heylan dia, Rothia, Cicer and Parochetus, constitute
equally promising resources.
The grasses constitute another important group represented by about 245 genera and 1,256
species, of which 21 genera and 139 species are endemic. About 600 species belonging to 58 genera are
referred as palatable to livestock (Arora et al., 1975) - tropical/sub-tropical types with large number of
species such as Aristida (15), Arundinella (16), Bothriochloa (16), Brachiaria (15), Digitaria (22),
Dimeria (18), Eragrostis (28), Eulalia (13), Ischaemum (32), Panicum (24), Pennisetum (10), Setaria
(11), Sporobolus (14) and Themeda (17); and temperate types such as Agrostis (20), Bromus (10),
Festuca (12) and Poa (35). Genera holding small number of species are Andropogon (5), Cenchrus (6),
Coix (4), Dichanthium (8), Echinochloa (5), Iseilema (4), Sehima (4), Urochloa (4); and temprate types
such as Calamogrostis (5), Phleum (4) and Koeleria (2).
This diversity, both in herbage legumes and grasses, is largely distributed in the Western Ghats,
Eastern Ghats, north-eastern region and the Himalayas. Species of proven utility mainly belong to
legumes and grasses.
2.14.2 Legumes:
Temperate species, such as Cicer microphyllum, Lespedeza floribunda, Medicago falcata, M.

denticulata, Trigonella gracilis, Vicia pallida, V. tenuifolia, Lotus corniculatus, Parochetus communis;
and tropical/subtropical types like Pueraria phaseoloides, Mucuna pruriens, Clitoria ternatea, Teramnus
labialis, Desmodium triflorum, D. gyroides, D. floribundum, Smithia ciliata, S. setulosa, Alysicarpus
vaginalis and Zornia diphylla.
2.14.3 Grasses:
Temperate species, such as Agrostis gigantea, A. munroana, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus

inermis, Muhlenbergia himalayensis, Phleum alpinum, Poa alpina and Dactylis glomerata;
tropical/subtropical types like Apluda mutica, Dichanthium annulatum, D. caricosum, Panicum repens,
Oplismenus compositus, Digitaria adscendens, D. cruciata, Bothriochloa intermedia, Ischaemum
pilosum, I. laxum, Setaria pallide-fusca, Sehima nervosum, Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus, Centotheca
lappacea and Themeda triandra.
2.14.4 Tree fodders:
Exotic tree species have found their way into Indian farming systems since long. In dry tropical
areas, the traditional practice of farmers has been to plant species like neem and mango within the
cropping area, but include the exotics along the fence and on farm bunds. Hence, species such as
Jatropha curcas and Prosopis juliflora are usually found on farm boundaries. In due course, small
farmers brought some of these species with adaptation to a wider environmental range to semi-arid areas.
Initially, the focus was to produce fodder in hedges. The vigorous growth seen in some of them,
particularly in Leucaena leucocephala, shifted the interest to fodder trees.
33

2.14.5 Production Systems with Multipurpose Tree Species
The MPTS preferred for this purpose are mostly exotics like Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia
sepium, Acacia species and Sesbania species. The main reason for the instant acceptance of exotic MPTS
by farming communities is their fast-growing nature. There are some exotic species such as Eucalyptus
tereticornis and Acacia auriculiformis that have gained popularity among farmers in semi-arid areas.
2.14.6 Leucaena leucocephala
Leucaena leucocephala (subabul) The Hawaiian Giant type of subabul made an immediate
impact on its introduction because of its unusually high rates of growth and biomass accumulation. The
value of this biomass as fodder, wood and manure appealed to small farmers throughout the country. The
K-8 variety of subabul adapted extremely well to semi-arid conditions and soon became one of the most
popular species for all types of forestry programmes in India. Subabul did have certain shortcomings as
an agroforestry species. Unlike Prosopis cineraria and Butea monosperma in the native agroforestry
systems, in intensive systems such as alley cropping, subabul causes substantial yield losses of annual
crops. Globally, in most planting programmes K-8 was discontinued and was replaced by K-636. Under
Indian conditions, the differences in the growth characteristics between the two varieties are not too
evident, but growers have reported K-636 to be superior.
2.14.7 Gliricidia sepium
In spite of its familiarity, the use of gliricidia by small farmers is limited. In Karnataka, it is
referred to as the green manure plant and this is perhaps the main use of this species in India. In other
countries, gliricidia is regarded as an excellent fodder. The Oxford Forestry Institute of United Kingdom
conducted a long-term international provenance trial of gliricidia (OFI, 1996). Results of this trial
showed three provenances of gliricidia from its native range of Guatamala to be more productive than
other entries. These provenances – Retalhuleu, Belen Rivas and Monterrico - have been introduced in
India
2.14.8 Sesbania species
There are two Sesbania species of interest: S. sesban (sesban) and S. formosa. The commonly
occurring S. sesban in India tends to have an upright growth with limited lateral spread. In contrast, a
cultivar named Mount Cotton, obtained from Australia, has a bushy spreading habit. This cultivar
produces more biomass than the erect-growing type (Gutteridge and Shelton, 1995). Whereas the earlier
type is suitable for farm bunds and borders, Mount Cotton can be used for intensive fodder production
systems and planting as hedgerows.
2.14.9 Other species
The commonly found Casuarina species in India is C. equisetifolia. In its Karnataka, C.

Cunninghamiana has been tried and the results are very encouraging. The Karnataka Forest Department
has established block plantations of C. cunninghamiana while many small farmers have been planting it
on bunds and as live fencing. Calliandra calothyrsus is another species for humid tropical conditions; the
genetic variation in adaptability to dry conditions was examined with five genotypes obtained from the
Oxford Forestry Institute, United Kingdom. In both locations, the growth was not to the level of yielding
high quantities of fodder, which is the main utility of the species.
34

Table 2.11 : Forage crop varieties/cultivars released / notified
Year of Institution
Crop / variety release / responsible for the Area of adaptation
notification development
Cultivated fodder – legumes
Berseem / Eyptian clover
Mescavi 1975 CCS HAU, Hisar Entire growing area
BL 1 1980 PAU, Ludhina Punjab, H.P., Jammu
Wardan 1981 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire growing area
Jawahar Berseem 1 (JB 1) 1981 JNKVV, Jabalpur Central India
JB 2 1982 JNKVV, Jabalpur Central India
JB 3 1983 JNKVV, Jabalpur Central India
BL 22 1987 PAU, Ludhiana Sub-temperate, hill regions
of North India
BL2 1989 PAU, Ludhiana Northern India
UPB 110 1993 GBPUA&T, Southern zone
Pantnagar
Bundel Berseem 2 1997 IGFRI, Jhansi North-west zone
Bundel Berseem 3 2000 IGFRI, Jhansi North-east, Eastern region
BL 42 2003 PAU, Ludhiana North-west India
HFB 600 2004 CCS HAU, Hisar North-west India
BL 180 2006 PAU, Ludhiana North-west India
Hisar Berseem 1 (HFB 600) 2006 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana
Lucerne
GAUL 1 (Anand 2) 1975 GAU, Banaskantha Gujarat, Rajasthan, M.P.
Chetak (S 244) 1975 IGFRI, Jhansi Central Zone
T 9 (Type 9) 1978 CCS HAU, Hisar Entire growing area
GAUL 2 (SS 627) 1980 GAU, Banaskantha Gujarat
CO 1 1980 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
LLC 3 1985 PAU, Ludhiana Entire growing area
LLC 5 1987 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
Anand 3 1991 GAU, Banaskantha H.P.
RL 88 1991 Rahuri, MPKV Entire country
Senji / sweet clover
HFWS 55 1989 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana
Shaftal (Trifolium
resupinatum)
Shaftal48 1991 PAU, Ludhiana H.P.
SH 69 1995 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
SH 48 1987 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
Cowpea
Kohinoor (S 450) 1975 IGFRI, Jhansi Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat,
U.P.
HFC 42-1 (Hara Lobia) 1976 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana, Punjab
GFC 1 (Gujarat Forage 1979 GAU, Banaskantha Gujarat
Cowpea 1)
35

Year of Institution
Cowpea 2)
Cowpea 4)
UPC 5286 1981 GBPUA,& T, Whole country
Pantnagar
Cowpea 3)
C05 1986 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
UPC 5287 1986 GBPUA&T, North India
Pantnagar
Sweta (No. 998) 1987 MPKV, Rahuri Maharashtra
Charodi 1989 GAU, Anand Gujarat
UPC 287 1989 GBPUA& T, Entire country
Pantnagar
Gujarat Cowpea 3 1990 GAU, Anand Gujarat
UPC 4200 1991 GBPUA&T, North-east zone
Pantnagar
Cowpea 88 1992 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
Bundel Lobia 1 (IFC 8401) 1992 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire country
Bundel Lobia 2 (IFC 8503) 1993 IGFRI, Jhansi North-west zone
UPC 8705 1996 GBPUA& T, Entire country

Pantnagar
DFC 1 1996 UAS, Dharwad Maharashtra
CS 88 (Haryana Lobia 88) 1996 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana
UPC 9202 1999 GBPUA& T, Central zone
Pantnagar
UPC 618 2006 GBPUA&T, North-west India
Pantnagar
CL 367 2006 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
UPC 622 2006 GBPUA&T, North-west, North-east
Pantnagar Hill Zone
Guar/ clusterbean
FS 277 1974 CCS HAU, Hisar Entire guar-growing tract
HG 75 1981 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana
HFG 119 1981 CCS HAU, Hisar Entire guar-growing tract
HG 182 1982 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana

HFG 156 1987 CCS HAU, Hisar Entire growing tract
Guara 80 1990 North Zone Punjab
Bundel Guar 1 1993 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire growing tract
(IGFRI212-1)
Bundel Guar 2 1994 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire growing tract
(IGFRI 2395-2)
36

Year of Institution
Bundel Guar 3(IGFRI1019-1) 1999 IGFRI, Jhansi Arid and semi-arid regions
Lablab bean
Bundel Sem 1 (JLP 4) 1993 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire country
Rice bean
BL 1 1997 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
Bidhan 1 (BC 15/ K1) 2000 BCKV, Kalyani North-east zone
KRB 4 2000 BCKV, Kalyani
Cultivated fodder - cereals
Jowar
SSG 59-3 1977 CCS HAU, Hisar Sorghum-growing areas in
North
Jawahar Chari 6 1978 JNKVV, Jabalpur M.P. (medium & heavy
soils)
Jawahar Chari 69 1979 JNKVV, JabaJpur M.P.
Pusa Chari 6 1979 IARI, New Delhi Sorghum-growing areas in
North
Ruchira 1982 MPKV, Rahuri Maharashtra
HC 136 1982 CCS HAU, Hisar Entire Country
UP Chari 1 (IS 4776) 1983 GBPUA.&T, U.P.
Pantnagar
GFS 3 1984 GAU, Banaskantha, Gujarat
Pusa Chari 9 1984 JARI, New Delhi Sorghum-growing areas in
North
Rajasthan Chari 1 1984 MSUAT, Udaipur Rajasthan
UP Chari 2 1984 GBPUA.&T, U.P.
Pantnagar
Pusa Chari 23 1984 IARI, New Delhi Sorghum-growing areas in
North
PCH 106 (Hybrid) 1985 PAU, Ludhiana Sorghum-growing areas in
North
MP Chari 1985 JNKVV, Jabalpur Entire country
Rajasthan Chari 2 (SU 45) 1986 RAU, Udaipur Rajasthan
CO 27 1986 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
HC 260 1987 CCS HAU, Hisar Entire country
HC 171 1987 CCS HAU, Hisar Entire country
Gujarat Forage Sorghum 1989 GAU, Anand Gujarat
(AS 16)
Gujarat Fodder Sorghum 4 1990 GAU, Anand Gujarat
Pant Chari 3 (UPFS 23) 1991 GBPUA.& T, U.P.
Pantnagar
CSH 13 R Hybrid 1991 NRC Sorghum, Hyderabad
Maharashtra
Proagro Chari (SSG 988) 1991 Pro Agro Seed Co Entire country
Aurangabad
CSV15 1992 NRC Sorghum, Maharashtra
37

Year of Institution
Hyderabad
GFSH 1 1992 GAU, Banaskantha Gujarat
MFSH 3 1993 Maharashtra Hybrid Entire country
Seed Co.
Punjab Sudex Chari 1994 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
1 (LX250)
Harasona 855 F 1995 Pro Agro Seed Co Sorghum growing areas in
Aurangabad North
HC 308 1996 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana
SPV 669 1998 PRKVP, Akola Maharashtra
Safed Moti (FSH 92079) 1999 Pro Agro Seed Co; Sorghum Tract in South &
Aurangabad North
SSV 74 2000 UAS, Dharwad South Zone
COFS 29 2001 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
HJ 523 2004 CCS HAU, Hisar North-west India
Pusa Chari Hybrid 2005 IARI, New Delhi North India
109 (PCH 109)
CSH 20 MF (UPMCH 1101) 2005 GBPUA&T, North India
Pantnagar
Bajra / pearl millet
Giant Bajra 1980 Rahuri, MPKV Entire country
FBC 16 1990 PAU, Ludhiana North-west India
Raj Baira Chari 2 1990 Jobner, RAU Entire growing area
PCB 164 1991 PAU, Ludhiana North-west India
C08 1992 TNAU, Coimbatore Entire growing area
TNSC 1 1995 TNAU, Coimbatore Entire growing tract
APFB 2 1997 ANGRAU, Hyderabad South Zone
GFB 1 2005 AAU, Anand North-west India
Avika Bajra Chari (AVKB 2006 IGFRI-RRS, Entire growing tract
19) Avikanagar
Maize
African tall 1981 MPKV, Rahuri Whole country
J 1006 1993 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
APFM 8 1997 ANGRAU, Hyderabad South Zone
Teosinte
Improved Teosinte 1987 CCS HAU, Hisar North, North-west &
central
TL 1 1994 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
Barley
Azad 1979 CSAUT, Kanpur North, North-east & central
VLB 1 1995 VPKAS, Almora Hill Zone
Oat
HFO 114 (Haryana Javi 114) 1974 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana
Palampur I 1980 CSK HPKV, Hill Zone
Palampur
38

Year of Institution
OS 6 1981 CCS HAU, Hisar Whole country
OS 7 1981 CCS HAU, Hisar Whole country
UPO 94 1981 GBPUA.&T, Whole country
Pantnagar
BundelJai 822 1989 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire country
OL9 1990 PAU, Ludhiana North, North-west and
south hills
UPO 212 1990 GBPUA.&T, Entire Country
Pantnagar
OL 125 1995 PAU, Ludhiana Entire Country
HJ 8 1997 CCS HAU, Hisar Haryana
SKO 7 (SABZAAR) 1997 SKUA& T, Sri nagar Hill Zone
Bundel Jai 851 1998 IGFRI, Jhansi Northern & North-west
regions
Bundel Jai 99-2 (JHO 99-2) 2002 IGFRI, Jhansi North-east & North-west
Bundel Jai 2004 2004 IGFRI, Jhansi South, North-west & Hill
Zones
JO 1 2004 JNKVV, Jabalpur Central Zone
Harita (RO 19) 2005 MPKV, Rahuri Entire country
Bundel Jai 99 1 (JHO 99-1) 2007 IGFRI, Jhansi North-east Central &
North-west
Cultivated fodder - grasses
Napier x Bajra Hybrid
CO 1 1982 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Gujarat
Hybrid Napier 3 (Swetika) 1983 IGFRI, Jhansi North & Central Zone
NB 21 1987 New Delhi, IARI Whole of India & tropics
Yeshwant (RBN 9) 1987 MPKV, Rahuri Maharashtra

PBN 83 1989 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
Pusa Giant 1990 New Delhi, IARI Whole of India & tropics
CO2 1991 TNAU, Coimbatore Entire Country
NB 37 1994 PAU, Ludhiana North-west
C03 1996 TNAU, Coimbatore South Zone
KKM 1 1999 TNAU, Coimbatore South Zone
APBN 1 2001 Hyderabad, ANGRAU North-west India
Guinea grass
PGG 1 1982 PAU, Ludhiana Hill, North-west &
North, central India
PGG 9 1986 PAU, Ludhiana Hill, North, North-west &
central India
PGG 13 1987 PAU, Ludhiana Central India & Hills
PGG 14 1988 PAU, Ludhiana Entire country
PGG 19 1989 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
Haritha 1990 KAU, Vellayani Kerala
39

Year of Institution
Marathakam 1993 KAU, Vellayani South Zone
PGG S18 1997 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab
CO2 2000 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
Bundel Guinea 1 2004 IGFRI, Jhansi North-west & Hill Zone
(JHGG 96-S)
Bundel Guinea 2 2008 IGFRI, Jhansi All India
Oinanath grass
Jawahar Pennisetum 12 1974 JNKVV, Jabalpur Central Zone
Bundel1 1987 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire Country
Bundel 2 1990 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire Country
TNDN 1 1996 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
IGFRI4-2-1 1987 IGFRI, Jhansi Whole country
IGFRI43-1 1988 IGFRI, Jhansi Whole country
Range species - Legumes
Stylo (Stylosanthes scabra 1991 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
Vog.) Stylosanthes scabra
RS 9S 2004 MPKV, Rahuri Western Region
White clover
Palampur Composite-1 1986 CSK HPKV, H.P.

Palampur
Red clover
PRC 3 2003 CSK HPKV, Hill Zone
Palampur
Range species - grasses
GAUD 1 1979 GAU, Banaskantha Gujarat, Central & western
India
Marvel grass
GMG 1 (Gujarat Marvel 1980 GAU, Banaskantha Gujarat, Central & western
Grass 1) India
Setaria grass
PSS 1 1989 CSK HPKV, Sub-temperate hill region
Palampur
S 92 2003 CSK HPKV, Hill Zone
Palampur
Anjan grass
Bundel Anjan 1 1989 IGFRI, Jhansi Arid & Semi-arid regions
CO 1 Neela Kalu Kattai 1991 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu & other semi-
arid areas
Bundel Anjan 3 2006 IGFRI ,Jhansi North-west, West & South
40

Year of Institution
Fescue grass
Hima 1 1998 CSK HPKV, H.P.
Palampur
Hima 4 2003 CSK HPKV, Hill Zone
Palampur
Sain Grass
Bundel Sen Grass (IGS 2007 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire growing area in the
9901) country
Dhawalu grass
Bundel Phulkara Ghas 1 (IGC 2007 IGFRI, Jhansi Entire growing area in the
9903) country
Table 2.12 : Agri by-products as tradable bio-resources:
SI Dry
Crop Tops Waste
/No. Fodder
1 Mango - - 0.02
2 Banana - - 0.05
3 Pineapple - - 0.02
4 Guava - - 0.01
5 Grapes - - 0.02
6 Sapota - - 0.02
7 Citrus - - 0.02
8 Papaya - - 0.05
9 Cashew - - 0.02
10 Other Fruits - - 0.02
11 Beans 0.25 0.1 -
12 Tomato 0.2 - 0.02
13 Potato 0.1 1 0.02
14 Onion - - 0.01
15 Sweet Potato 0.1 1 -
16 Tapioca - 0.1 -
17 Brinjal - - 0.02
18 Gourd 0.1 0.5 -
19 Leafy Veg - 0.1 -
20 Carrot - 0.25 0.02
21 Beet Root - 0.25 0.02
22 Raddish - 0.25 0.02
Cole Crops (Cabbage, Knol
23 - 0.25 0.02
Kol Cauliflower)
24 Peas 0.1 0.1 0.05
41

Table 2.13 : Agri by-products as tradable bio-resources:
Dry
SI/No. Crop Tops Meal Grain
Fodder
1 Groundnut 0.75 0.1 0.449 -
2 Niger Seed 0.25 - 0.394 -
3 Seasmum 0.25 - 0.394 -
4 Sunflower 0.25 - 0.317 -
5 Soyabean 0.25 - 0.295 -
6 Safflower 0.25 - 0.35 -
7 Rape & Mustard 0.2 - 0.557 -
8 Linseed 0.2 - 0.67 -
9 Cotton - - 0.104 0.1
10 Coconut - - 0.032 -
11 Sugarcane - 0.25 - -
12 Mesta 0.25 - -
13 Sunhemp 0.25 0.1 - -
Table 2.14 : Crop residues and Agro-Industrial by – Products available for Livestock
Feeding expressed as Proportion of Productivity.
SI Husk /
Crop Dry Fodder Tops Broken Grain
/No. Bran
A Cerals & Pulses
1 Paddy 1.25 - 0.021 - 0.01
2 Ragi 1.25 - - - 0.05
3 Jowar 2.6 - - - 0.05
4 Maize 2.5 - - - 0.2
5 Bajra 2.4 - - - 0.05
6 Wheat 1.6 - 0.06 - 0.02
7 Minor Millets 2 - - - 0.05
8 Tur 0.5 - 0.1 0.05 -
9 Black Gram 0.25 0.7 0.1 0.05 -
10 Green Gram 0.25 0.5 0.1 0.05 -
11 Bengal Gram 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.05 -
12 Aavare 0.5 1 0.1 0.05 -
13 Horse Gram 0.5 1 - - 0.1
14 Other Pulses 0.5 0.05 - - 0.05
42

Table 2.15 : Concentrate feeds from all sources (000MT)
SI
Name of District 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2001-01 2001-02 2006-07 2011-12 2016-17
/No.
1 Bangalore (Urban) 12.083 12.229 12.373 12.521 12.666 12.815 13.609 14.342 15.073
2 Bangalolre (Rural) 39.714 40.255 40.795 41.334 41.871 42.411 45.399 48.094 50.791
3 Belgaum 135.765 136.684 137.597 138.52 139.437 140.354 145.773 150.361 154.948
4 Bellary 121.156 122.138 123.115 124.092 125.07 126.049 131.863 136.752 141.64
5 Bidar 42.336 43.27 44.201 45.131 46.064 46.994 52.573 57.234 61.891
6 Bijapur 144.905 147.959 151.014 154.067 157.122 160.17 178.498 193.772 209.046
7 Chikmagalur 34.783 35.34 35.901 36.45 37.015 37.575 40.721 43.512 46.306
8 Chitradurga 168.374 167.021 165.671 164.321 162.97 161.618 151.999 145.245 138.486
9 Dakshina Kannada 32.889 33.177 33.468 33.758 34.049 34.337 35.774 37.223 38.671
10 Dharwad 192.889 195.15 197.42 199.683 201.949 204.212 217.807 229.13 240.459
11 Gulbarga 144.182 143.171 142.159 141.148 140.135 139.127 133.041 127.982 122.927
12 Hassan 53.091 54.944 56.801 58.657 60.513 62.368 72.572 81.851 91.127
13 Kodagu 8.551 8.562 8.571 8.584 8.593 8.605 8.655 8.708 8.76
14 Kolar 88.312 92.217 96.117 100.015 103.918 107.816 131.006 150.508 170.12
15 Mandya 41.151 41.998 42.846 43.691 44.535 45.385 50.206 54.436 58.665
16 Mysore 115.501 117.662 119.822 121.98 124.14 126.3 138.994 149.793 160.587
17 Raichur 131.321 134.782 138.248 141.709 145.176 148.64 169.408 186.726 204.046
18 Shimoga 61.243 61.715 62.189 62.662 63.131 64.606 66.214 68.576 70.938
19 Tumkur 178.165 185.794 193.427 201.054 208.682 216.315 259.649 297.795 335.942
20 Uttara Kannada 17.016 17.242 17.475 17.699 17.929 18.156 19.5 20.64 21.783
21 Karnataka 1788.88 1830.283 1871.689 1913.094 1954.498 1995.901 2236.674 2443.696 2650.719
43

Table 2.16 : Dry Fodder (000 MT)
SI
Name of District 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2001-01 2001-02 2006-07 2011-12 2016-17
/No.
1 Bangalore (Urban) 233.472 233.708 237.944 240.173 242.407 244.638 257.636 268.794 279.953
3 Belgaum 1406.967 1423.298 1439.635 1455.969 1472.303 1488.638 1584.401 1666.074 1717.744
4 Bellary 1273.172 128.211 1291.254 1300.285 1309.321 1318.355 1371.907 1417.087 1462.268
5 Bidar 515.917 505.68 495.444 485.197 474.957 464.714 403.267 352.059 300.856
6 Bijapur 1888.631 1952.15 2015.659 2079.171 2142.686 2206.195 2587.453 2905.019 3222.582
7 Chikmagalur 400.408 408.163 415.921 423.672 431.425 439.179 485.21 523.968 562.732
8 Chitradurga 1164.68 1145.983 1127.288 1108.599 1089.906 1071.213 959.154 865.692 722.225
10 Dharwad 1496.52 1522.482 1584.547 1574.419 1600.383 1626.354 1799.943 1909.786 2039.632
11 Gulbarga 1070.439 1051.553 1032.674 1013.796 994.918 976.034 863.19 767.783 673.382
12 Hassan 638.308 664.412 690.516 716.614 742.718 768.824 922.211 1052.728 1183.24
13 Kodagu 194.823 195.187 195.549 195.911 196.27 196.631 198.815 200.621 202.435
14 Kolar 637.937 658.461 678.989 699.511 720.035 740.556 863.952 966.569 1069.183
15 Mandya 720.462 732.879 745.295 757.709 770.123 782.538 856.345 918.414 98.47
16 Mysore 1346.88 1392.047 1437.211 1482.383 1527.551 1572.721 1844.082 2069.919 2295.759
17 Raichur 1851.447 1913.031 1974.607 2036.19 2097.77 2159.347 2528.402 2836.301 3144.217
18 Shimoga 1109.486 1128.248 1147.026 1165.786 1184.543 1203.312 1315.277 1409.099 1502.917
19 Tumkur 676.911 695.108 713.303 731.494 749.68 767.874 876.866 967.827 1058.782
20 Uttara Kannada 315.741 319.605 323.459 327.321 331.174 335.034 358.1 377.389 396.673
21 Karnataka 18417.66 19160.57 19903.45 20646.38 21389.28 22132.47 26587.8 30293.31 34007.82
44

Table 2.17 : Green fodder from all sources excluding forest grasses (000 MT)
SI
Name of District 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2001-01 2001-02 2006-07 2011-12 2016-17
/No.
1 Bangalore (Urban) 274.54 277.331 280.182 283.059 285.983 288.958 298.406 308.12 318.123
3 Belgaum 2613.631 2583.627 2553.649 2523.707 2493.776 2463.851 2273.91 2123.998 1974.212
4 Bellary 318.038 314.676 311.342 307.992 304.588 301.319 270.088 262.29 245.388
5 Bidar 558.108 545.925 533.808 521.711 509.643 497.478 424.088 363.493 303.027
6 Bijapur 1487.596 1451.74 1415.859 1380.009 1344.104 1308.281 1091.84 912.466 733.069
7 Chikmagalur 1827.723 1830.858 1834.047 1837.211 1840.362 1843.504 1857.645 1873.36 1889.321
8 Chitradurga 606.14 607.127 608.116 609.146 610.189 611.222 618.324 622.688 627.199
10 Dharwad 758.761 763.611 768.571 773.453 778.428 78.398 804.621 829.181 85.757
11 Gulbarga 431.873 429.226 426.615 423.992 621.416 418.829 402.139 388.907 375.86
12 Hassan 186.373 1501.343 1516.424 1531.38 1546.493 1561.604 1636.464 1710.34 1784.383
13 Kodagu 377.092 377.921 378.852 379.674 380.562 381.517 385l.716 390.05 394.513
14 Kolar 1054.869 106.141 1073.491 1082.804 1092.282 1101.81 1141.488 1182.007 1222.971
15 Mandya 1643.425 1623.892 1604.466 1585.129 1565.752 1546.555 1431.251 1330.792 1230.58
16 Mysore 2201.494 2220.888 2240.557 2260.325 2280.208 300.207 2419.859 2505.482 2591.903
17 Raichur 352.705 353.686 354.67 355.61 356.606 357.575 360.635 365.56 370.444
18 Shimoga 4404.848 4412.818 4420.901 4428.968 4436.986 445.095 4489.795 4530.426 4571.161
19 Tumkur 690.875 692.898 694.983 697.052 699.15 701.293 708.289 716.502 724.799
20 Uttara Kannada 571.478 573.986 576.485 579.035 581.43 583.883 596.293 608.683 621.157
21 Karnataka 23868 24203.71 24539.88 24876.41 25213.24 25550.48 27534.94 29180.1 30828.81
45

2.15 References:
1. Kapur D. 2010. Dependence of Livestock Rearers on Common Lands: A scoping Study. South
Asia Pro Poor Livestock Policy Program FAO-NDDB. Pp. 23
2. Planning commission. 2001. Draft report of working group for X plan for AHCD, Government of
India
3. Raju S S, Anandan S, Angadi U B, Ananthram K, Prasad C S and Ramachandra K S. 2002.

Assessment of animal feed resources availability in Southern Karnataka region. Indian Journal of
Animal Science 72: 1137- 40
4. Rao P P and Hall A J. 2003. Importance of crop residues in crop- livestock system in India and
farmers perceptions of fodder quality in coarse cereals. Field Crops Research 84: 189- 98
5. Singh K, Habib G, Siddiqui M M and Ibrahim M N M. 1997 Dynamics of feed resources in

mixed farming systems of south Asia. Crop Residues in Sustainable Mixed Crop/ Livestock
Farming Systems. Pp 113- 130. (Ed.) Renard C. CAB International, New York.95
6. Gutteridge R C. and H. M. Shelton (1995). New herbage plant cultivar: (a) Sesbania sesban (L.)
Merrill (sesban) cv. Mount Cotton. Tropical Grassland 29(3): 188- 189. Dep Agri., Univ.
Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
7. Hughes C. E. 1998. The Genus Leucaena: A Genetic Resources Handbook. Tropical Forestry
Paper 37. Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford U. K.
8. Oxford Forestry Institute. 1996. Gliricidia sepium: Genetic Resources for Farmers. Tropical
Forestry Paper 33. (J. L. Stewart. G. E. Allison and A. J. Simon, eds). Oxford Forestry Institute.
Oxford U. K.
46

0

TRADABLE AND
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT
FISHES OF KARNATAKA

0

Chapter- 3
TRADABLE AND COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISHES OF
KARNATAKA
K. N. Prabhudeva, Professor and Head, Fisheries Research & Information Center,
Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University (Bidar)
Hebbal, Bangalore – 560094
Email: knprabhudeva@gmail.com
3.1 Introduction
Fish is a nutritious food to mankind and provides livelihood security to large number of
population in the world. It is a rich source of protein, useful fatty acids, essential minerals and vitamins.
Apart from excellent food, varieties of valuable by-products like fish meal, oil, gelatin, insulin etc. are
produced from fish. In India, fish and fisheries contribute nearly 2% to the National GDP. In addition to
this, fish contributes more than 17% to the National Agricultural export. For its excellent role to human
beings, fish has been continuously exploited all over the world, both from marine and inland waters,
resulting in over exploitation decline of many valuable species and in some cases total diminishing of
species.
India is one of the mega diversity countries with respect to fish species. India is the 8th and 3rd
largest in the world and Asia, respectively in fish diversity. The Biodiversity scenario of plants and
animals, including fishes of India in general and Karnataka in particular finds a special status in the
world. More than 21,730 species of fish have been recorded in the world and of which, around 11.7 % are
found in Indian waters. Till date in India more than 2500 fish species have been recorded. Of which, 1570
inhabit marine and brackish waters and remaining 930 species live in fresh and brackish waters. In
Karnataka, 405 fish species have been recorded from marine and brackish waters and 300 fish species are
known to live in fresh and brackish waters. These fishes of Karnataka have been classified under 23
Orders, 106 Families and 241 Genera.
Our country has a long coast line of 8118 km. In the inland sector, there are innumerable rivers
(45,000 km) and associated canal system (126,334 km). The total area under reservoirs is 3.15 million
hectors. In addition to this, there exist more than 2.35 million hector area under ponds and tanks. The
extent of area under estuaries in India is 0.29 million hector with associated brackish water area to the
tune of 1.24 million hector.
Karnataka is bestowed with vast and varied aquatic resources with rich biodiversity. The Western
Ghats is the richest region in India with respect to endemic fresh water fishes. Karnataka is one of the
most beautiful states of the country with geographical area with 1,92,204 sq. kms accounting for 5.85% of
the total area of the country. The state lies between the latitudes 110 12’ N and 180 12’ N and longitudes
730 48’ E and 780 18’ E. The state as 320 km coast line with 26 estuaries with more than 70,000 hectors
water spread area and 8,000 hector brackish water area. In the inland sector, the state has 4.75 lakh hector
inland waters in the form of reservoir (2.22 lakh hector), ponds and tanks (2.35 lakh hector). The river
stretch of the state is 5,813 kms with more than 3,000 km of irrigation canals.
Fish is the second largest food item eaten in the world after dairy products. Apart from ensuring
nutritional security, fish helps to combat malnutrition and cures many aliments and disorders. Since time
immemorial, fish has been extensively used in many therapeutic applications. Fisheries provides
47

nutritious food, sizeable employment generation, opportunities to utilize natural aquatic resources, scope
for earning foreign exchange and also supplies raw materials to many pharmaceutical and other
industries.
India is the third largest and second largest freshwater fish producer in the world. Apart from this,
our country is blessed with more than 10% of the fish and other aquatic animal resources of the globe. It
means the Indian biodiversity of fish and fisheries is unique and magnificent. Karnataka blessed with
Western Ghats, rivers and other aquatic resources, the biodiversity of tradable fishery resources of our
state is also of huge magnitude. Notwithstanding this, it is extremely difficult to predict and fix the price
for each and every species of fish because of varigated nature of their availability in different seasons,
different regions and its perishability, supply and demand. Since fish and fisheries come under
agricultural sector, we are unable to define a fixed price for different species of fishes.
Compared to agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry sectors, the fishery in India is still in
infancy stage coupled with multifaceted society. Under these circumstances, it is difficult even at
Government level to fix uniform price for fish and other aquatic species for all the seasons and at all
places. On the other hand, the price of fish and other aquatic species is decided and fixed on daily basis
depending on their availability, size, quantity and demand.
There are plenty of cultivable fishes with commercial value in marine, brackish and fresh waters.
It is necessary to protect the existing indigenous fish stocks and take steps for enhancing the quantity of
the cultivable species rather than going for indiscriminate introduction of exotic species.
An attempt has been made to document commercially important fishes inhabiting marine,
brackish and fresh waters of Karnataka. This document also includes tradable ornamental fishes and
crustaceans and molluscous. In this document, 174 species of marine, 120 species of fresh water, 85
species of brackish water food fishes are recorded. In addition to this, 185 ornamental fish species
available in fresh, brackish and marine waters which are native to Karnataka are also included in this
report. Care has been taken to include the fish names in local language (Kannada) and trade/ common
name in English. Sincere effort has been made to collect every bit of information from literature,
scientists and organizations but still there could be some additions and deletions to the list.
Of late, the Government of Karnataka has initiated programmes to conserve native fishes.
Dr. N. Basavaraj, Professor of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore has succeeded in captive
breeding of Puntius fish.
Scientific Name: Puntius carnaticus (Jerdon, 1849)
Synonym(s): Barbus carnaticus Jerdon, 1849
Systomus carnaticus (Jerdon, 1849)
Barbodes carnaticus (Jerdon, 1849)
Puntius carnaticus, popularly known as Carnatic carp or Cauvery carp. The fish was declared
State fish of Karnataka due its endemic nature to the Cauvery River and decline in its natural stocks in
the river. It belongs to cyprinidae family, endemic to Western Ghats and inhabits riffles and larger pools
in rapidly flowing rivers and streams. The fish is known to occur in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
including rivers of Cauvery and Krishna. It can reach a length of 60 centimetres (24 in) and weighs
upto12 kilograms (26 lb). It is a commercially important fish and is also farmed. The life span is
48

estimateed to be 4-5 years.
y Maless and females attain 286.9 mm and 345.18 mm, rrespectively at the end off
one yeaar.Higher groowth rate off P. carnaticcus in the first
f year of its life spann makes this species an n
excellennt candidate for
f freshwateer aquaculturre.The adultss migrate upsstream for sppawning andd breed in thee
flood waters
w along rivers duriing the monnsoons. Thiis Cauvery carp formedd significannt fishery inn
Krishnarrajasagar resservoir. P. caarnaticus is a much prefeerred food fissh and form m
minor fisheriies in severall
reservoirrs located inn the Cauverry drainage. The fish is threatened by b a wide raange of factoors includingg
decline in habitat quuality due too destructive fishing pracctices such asa poisoning and dynamiiting, altered d
river flow due to connstruction off dams, comppetition with exotic and transplanted
t carps and poollution fromm
point souurces.
P
Puntius carnnaticus (wild caught) Puntiius carnaticuus (Captive bbred and reareed)
L
Labeo fimbriiatus (Captivve bred) Labeo fimb
briatus (Wildd caught)
Puntius orr Systomus saarana Puntius carnaticcus (wild cauught in Coorg

g)
Omppak bimaculaauts
Fig 3.1: State fish of
o Karnataaka
49
9

Table 3.1 : COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISHES OF KARNATAKA
Ornamental Fishes - Freshwater/Marine/Brackish water
Sl. No Trade name/Local Name/English Name Scientific Name District Commercial use
Super Class: Gnathostomata, Class: Actinopterygii, Subclass: Neopterygii, Division: Teleostei
Family
Notopteridae
1 K: Chithala Notopterus chitala Western Ghats Food/ Ornamental
E: Indian Feather back, Clown Knife-fish (Hamilton)
2 K: Chappali Meenu/Chamari/Pappari Notopterus notopterus All districts of Food/ Ornamental
E: Gray Feather back, Razor fish (Pallas) Karnataka
Anguillidae
3 K: Hari Meenu, Hanchu Meenu, Malaga Anguilla bengalensis All districts of
E: Indian Longfin Eel bengalensis (Gray) Karnataka
4 K: Hari Meenu, Hanchu Meenu, Malaga Anguilla bicolor bicolor All districts of Food/ Ornamental
E: Indian Shortfin Eel (McClelland) Karnataka
Cyprinidae
5 K: Enapu Pakke Amblypharyngodon mola All districts of Weedfish/Ornamental
E: Mola carplet (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
6 K: Bilchi, Agasa-gitti, Elu-kaddi Barilius bendalisis All districts of Weedfish/Ornamental
E: Hamilton's baril (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
7 K: Bilchi Barilius canarensis (Jerdon) Krishna/ west flowing Ornamental
E: Jerdon's Baril rivers
8 K: Agasa-gitti Meenu,Kerekalyani Barilius gatensis Krishna/ west flowing Ornamental
E: River Carp Baril, Mettallic Hill Trout (Velenciennes) rivers
9 K: Patte Meenu Brachydanio rerio Krishna/ Cauvery river Ornamental
E: Zebra Danio (Hamilton-Buchanan) system
10 K:Catla, Dodda Gende Catla catla All districts of Food
E: Catla, Thicklips (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
11 K: Borle Meenu Chela cachius Krishna/ Tributaries Ornamental
E: Silver Hatchet Chela (Hamilton-Buchanan)
50

12 K: Danio Chela dadiburjori (Menon)
E: Orange Hatchet Fish, Burjor's Brilliance Western Ghats Weedfish/Ornamental
13 K: Borle Meenu Chela labuca (Hamilton)
E: Indian Glass Hatchet
14 K: Mrigal, Bangari Cirrhinus mrigala All districts of Food
E: Mrigal, Red-Tail Grass Carp (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
15 K: Bidrele Saslu, Arshina Patte Danio aequipinnatus Western Ghats Weed/Ornamental
E: Giant Danio (McClelland)
16 K: Bidrelga Danio devario Krishna /Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Devario Danio, Malabar Danio (Hamilton-Buchanan)
17 K: Bidrele Saslu Danio fraseri Krishna/Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Fraser Danio (Hora & Mukerji)
18 K: Saslu Danio malabaricus (Jerdon) Krishna river system Food/Ornamental
E: Malabar Danio
19 K: Meese Pakke Esomus barbatus Krishna river system Food/Ornamental
E: South Indian Flying Barb (Jerdon)
20 K: Meese Pakke, Meese Saslu, Hidaba Esomus danricus (Hamilton- All districts of Weed/Ornamental
E: Flying Barb Buchanan) Karnataka
21 K: Mukkarti Garra bicornuta Krishna river system Food/Ornamental
E: Tunga Garra (Rao)
22 K: KalluKorava, Kalmura, Kalmoggu Garra gotyla stenorhynchus Krishna river system Food/Ornamental
E: Nilgiris Garra (Jerdon)
24 K: Kallukorava, Kalmoggu Garra mullya Cauvery/Krishna river Food/Ornamental
E: Mullya Garra (Sykes) system
25 K: Koracha Meenu Gonoproktopterus curmuca Cauvery/Tributaries, Food
E: Curmuca Barb, Red-Tailed Silver Shark (Hamilton - Buchanan) Western Ghats
26 K: Kuri-meen Gronoproktopterus lithipidos South Karnataka Ornamental
E: Canara Barb (Day)
27 K: Kolchumeenu, Bata Labeo bata All districts of Food
E: Bata, Black Line Shark (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
28 K: Kage, Kapparsu Labeo cylindricus Cauvery/Krishna river Food/Ornamental
E: Redeye labeo (Peters) system
51

29 K: Kage, Kapparsu Labeo kawrus Krishna/ Tributaries Food
E: Deccan Labeo, Silver Labeo (Sykes)
30 K:Rohu Labeo rohita All districts of Food
E: Rohu, Indian Rohu (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
31 K: Khavli Oreichthys cosuatis Krishna/ West flowing Ornamental
E: Cosuatis Barb (Hamilton- Buchanan) rivers
32 K: Ogari, Konti Osteochilichthys nashii (Day) Western Ghats Ornamental
E: Nash’s Barb
33 K: Koona, Kembalgi, Kapati Osteobrama neilli All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Nilgiri Osteobrama (Day) Karnataka
34 K: Golai Parluciosoma daniconius All districts of Weed/Ornamental
E: Slender Rasbora (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
35 K: Kolkane Parluciosoma labiosa All districts of Weed/Ornamental
E: Blank Line Rasbora (Mukerji) Karnataka
36 K: Gende, Parake Puntius amphibius Krishna/ West flowing Food/Ornamental
E: Scarlet Banded Barb (Valenciennes) rivers
37 K: Kempu Puthri, Aruli Puntius arulius arulius Krishna/ West flowing Food/Ornamental
E: Long Fin Barb (Jerdon) rivers
38 K: Gende, Parake Puntius bovanicus Cauvery river drainage Food/Ornamental
E: Bovani barb (Day)
39 K: Barb Puntius bimaculatus Cauvery river drainage Food/ Ornamental
E: Two Spot Barb (Bleeker)
40 K:Koracha, Gende, Machalu Puntius carnaticus (Jerdon) Cauvery river drainage Food/Ornamental
E: Carnatic Carp
41 K: Cauvery Gende Puntius cauveriensis (Hora) Cauvery river drainage Ornamental
E: Cauvery Barb
42 K: Dodda Karse, Parke, Jabbu Puntius chola Cauvery river drainage Food
E: Swamy Barb (Hamin-Buchanan)
43 K: Pakke Puntius conchonius All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Rosy Barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
44 E: Two Spot Barb Puntius cumingii (Gunther)
45 K: Karase, Katli Puntius coorgensis (Jayaram) Cauvery river drainage Ornamental
E: Kooli Barb
52

46 K: Pakke Puntius crescentus Cauvery river drainage Ornamental
E: Crescentus carp (Yazdani and Singh)
47 K: Pakke Puntius denisoni West flowing rivers Food/Ornamental
E: Denison Barb (Day)
48 K: Sanna Gende, Mooti Gende Puntius dorsalis All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Long-snout Barb (Jerdon) Karnataka
49 K: Pakke Puntius fasciatus fasciatus All districts of Ornamental
E: Melon Barb (Day) Karnataka
50 K: Kijan, Karse, Filamentous Barb Puntius filamentosus Cauvery/ West flowing Food/Ornamental
E: Black Spot Barb, Indian Tiger Barb (Valenciennes) river
51 K: Pakke Puntius guganio Krishna/ West flowing Ornamental
E: Glass Barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) rivers
52 K: Pakke, Parke Puntius mahecola Ornamental
E: Wayanad Barb (Velenciennes)
53 K: Pakke, Parke Puntius melanostigma (Day) All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Wayanad Barb Karnataka
54 K: Narayani Pakke Puntius narayani Cauvery river drainage Ornamental
E: Narayan Barb (Hora)
55 K: Pakke, Parke, Jabbu Puntius parrah Cauvery river drainage Food/Ornamental
E: Parrah Barb (Day)
56 K: Gende Puntius pinnauratus Cauvery river drainage Food/ Ornamental
E: Olive Barb (Day)
57 K: Mooru Pakke Puntius puckelli All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Kelli Barb (Day) Karnataka
58 K:Haragi, Biliharagi, Hullu Gende Puntius pulchellus (Day) Krishna river system Food/Ornamental
E: Pulchellus
59 K: Khavli Puntius sahyadrensis Silas West flowing rivers Ornamental
E: Khavli Barb
60 K: Gende, Kijan Puntius sarana sarana All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Olive Barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
61 K: Gende Puntius sarana subnasutus Krishna/ Cauvery river Food/Ornamental
E: Paninsular Olive Barb (Velenciennes) system

53

62 K:Gudda-Pakke, Boora Puntius sophore All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Spot-fin Swampy Barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
63 E: Tambarapani Barb Puntius tamberparnies (Silas)
64 E: One spot Barb Puntius terio (Hamilton)
65 K: Bud-Pakke, Naya Paisa Puntius ticto All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Ticto barb, Tic-Tac-Toe-Barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
66 K:Karse Puntius vittatus All districts of Ornamental
E: Kooli Barb (Day) Karnataka
67 K: Saslu Rasbora caverii (Jerdon) Krishna/ Cauvery river Weed/Ornamental
E: Scissor-tail Rasbora system
68 K: Saslu, Golai, Kol-kijan, Kol-kane, Rasbora daniconius Cauvery river system Weed/Ornamental
Hidaba, Midun (Hamilton-Buchanan)
E: Striped Rasbora, Black-line Rasbora
69 K: Miduva, Saslu Rasbora labiosa All districts of Food
E: Slender Rasbora (Mukerji) Karnataka
70 K: Saslu Rasbora rasbora Kalburgi, Raichur Weed/Ornamental
E: Scissor-tail Rasbora, Yellowtail (Hamilton-Buchanan)
Scissorstail
71 K: Sipri, Koona Rohtee ogilbii Krishna/ West flowing Food/Ornamental
E: Vateni Rohtee (Sykes) rivers
72 K: Bilachi Salmostoma untrachi (Day) Krishna/ Cauvery river Ornamental
E: Mahanadi razor- Belly Minnow system
73 K: Sampaj Salmostoma acinaces Bengaluru urban district Ornamental
E: Silver Razor- Belly Minnow (Valenciennes)
74 K: Orali, Chalake, Chitlus Salmostoma clupeoids West flowing rivers Ornamental
E: Black Razor- Belly Minnow (Bloch)
75 K: Bilachi Salmostoma belachi Jayaraj Cauvery river system Ornamental
E: Minnow et.al.
76 K: Mukurthi, Hoo-bali, Haru-gadse Schismatorhynchus nukta Shimoga district Food
E: Nukta, Double Mouth Tor (Sykes)

54

Balitoridae
77 E: Red Tailed, Striped Sand Loach, Red Abroichthys elongatus (Hora) All districts of Ornamental
Tailed Squirrel Loach Karnataka
78 K: Kalla Balitora mysorensis Krishna/Cauvery river Ornamental
E: Slender stone Loach (Hora) system
K: Kalla
79 E: Western ghats Loach Bhavania australis (Jerdon) West flowing rivers Ornamental
80 K: Murangi, Mali, Hunase Meenu Botia striatus Krishna river system Ornamental
E: Tiger Loach (Rao)
81 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Mesonemacheilus guentheri Krishna river drainage Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach (Day)
82 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Mesonemacheilus Cauvery/West flowing Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach petrubaarescui (Menon) river
83 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Mesonemacheilus pulcheilus West flowing rivers Ornamental
84 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Mesonemacheilus Cauvery/West flowing Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach triangularis (Day) river
85 K: Murangi Meenu, Malli Nemacheilus anguilla Krishna river system Ornamental
E: Nemachelius Loach, Black Line Loach (Annandale)
86 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus bhimachari Krishna river system Ornamental
E: Nemacheilus (Hora)
87 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus denisoni Ornamental
E: Nemacheilus, Loach (denisni Day)
88 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus evazardi Ornamental
E: Nemacheilus, Loach (Day)
89 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus guentheri (Day) Ornamental
E: Nemacheilus, Loach
90 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus kodaguensis Cauvery river sysstem Ornamental
E: Nemacheilus, Loach (Menon)
91 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus moreh (Sykes) Ornamental
55

92 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus pulchellus Ornamental
93 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus rubidipinnis Ornamental
E: Nemacheilus, Loach (Blyth)
94 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus ruepelli (Sykes) Ornamental
95 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus semiarmatus Ornamental
96 K:Kallumullu Meenu Nemacheilus striatus (Day) Krishna/West flowing Food
E: Nemacheilus, Loach rivers
97 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Nemachilichthys rueppelli West flowing rivers Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach (Sykes)
98 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Nemachilichthys shimogensis Krishna/West flowing Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach (Rao) rivers
99 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Schistura denisoni denisoni Krishna river drainage Ornamental
100 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Schistura denisoni Cauvery/West flowing Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach mukambbikaensis (Menon) river
101 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Schistura kodaguensis Cauvery/West flowing Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach (Menon) rivers
102 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Schistura semiarmatus (Day) Cauvery river system Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach
103 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Longischistura bhimachari Krishna river system Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach (Hora)
104 K: Murangi, Malli, Hunase Lepidocephalus thermalis Krishna/West flowing Ornamental
E: Malbar Loach (Valenciennes) rivers
Bagridae
105 K: Tengali Mystus keletius West flowing rivers Food/Ornamental
E: Keletius Mystus (Ramakrishnaiah)
106 K: Haddu Meenu Mystus krishnensis Krishna/Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Krishna Mystus (Ramakrishnaiah)
107 K: Chittu, Girlu, Jalla, Kelati Mystus vittatus All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Stripped Dwarf catfish (Bloch) Karnataka
56

108 K: Gokra, Kechhklu, Kantaka, Gaggarika Rita gogra Krishna/Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Deccan Rita (Sykes)
109 K: Gokra, Kechhklu, Arshina Gaggarika Rita pavimentata All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Gogra Rita (Valenceennes) Karnataka
110 K:Girlu, Bili Suragi Sperata seenghala (Sykes)) All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Giant river Catfish Karnataka
111 K:Kappu Suragi Sperata aor All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Long Whisked Catfish (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
Siluridae
112 K: Bale Meenu, Padam Wallage attu All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Fresh Water Shark (Schneider) Karnataka
113 K: Godle Ompak bimaculatus (Bloch) All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Butter Fish Karnataka
114 K: Godle Ompak malabaricus West flowing rivers Food/Ornamental
E: Goan Cat Fish (Valenciennes)
115 K: Godle Ompok pabo West flowing rivers Food/ Ornamental
E: Pabo Cat Fish (Hamilton-Buchanan)
Schilbeidae
116 K: Halathi Pseudeutropius atherinoides Krishna/Cauvery river Food/Ornamental
E: Indian Potasi (Bloch) system
117 K: Halathi, Antaka Proeutropiichthys taakree Krishna/West flowing Food/Ornamental
E: Indian Taakree taakree (Sykes) rivers
118 K: Ili Meenu Neotropius khavalchor Krishna/Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Khavalchor (Kulkarni)
Pangasidae
119 K: Lykalthi Pangasius pangasius All districts of Food/Ornamental
E:Pangas (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
Sisoridae
120 K: Kuldi, Kurudi Meenu Bagarius yarrellii (Sykes) Krishna/Cauvery river Food/Ornamental
E: Goonch system
121 K: Kanta Glyptothorax lonah (Sykes) Krishna/Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Glyptothorax
57

122 K: Koona, Kembalgi, Kapati Osteobrama neilli Cauvery river system Food/Ornamental
E: Nilgiri Osteobrama (Day)
123 K: Parake Osteobrama cotio cunma Krishna/Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Cunma Osteobrama (Day)
Clariidae
124 K: Ane Meenu/Murugodu Clarias batrachus All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Magur (Linnaeus) Karnataka
125 K: Murugodu Clarias dussumieri All disrticts of Food/Ornamental
E: Valenciennes Clarie (Valenciennes) Karnataka
Heteropneustidae
126 K: Chelu Meenu, Kappu Thode Heteropneustes Fossilis All districts of Food/Ornamental
E :Singhi (Bloch) Karnataka
Mugilidae
127 K: Natti Kannu Rhinomugil corsula Cauvery river system Food/Ornamental
E: Corsula Mullet (Hamilton-Buchanan)
Adrianichthyidae
128 K: Solle Meenu Horaichthys setnai (Kulkarni) Krishna/Cauvery Larvicidal/Ornamental
E: Thready top Minnow, Thready Killifish
129 K: Kuda Baddu, Kuddian Oryzias melastigma Cauvery river drainage Ornamental
E: Estuarine Rice Fish (McClelland)
Belonidae
130 K: Surali Kandai Strongylura strongylura West flowing rivers Food/Ornamental
E: Spot tail Needle fish (van-Hasselt)
131 K: Konti, Kokkare, Kali-holaya Xenontodon cancila West flowing rivers Ornamental
E: Fresh water Garfish (Hamilton-Buchanan)
Hemiramphidae
132 K: Surali Kandai Hyporhamphus limbatus Krishna/ West flowing Ornamental
E: Congaturi Hal (Valenciennes) rivers
Aplocheilidae
133 K: Moogu Malli, Kolkan Thare, Kudian Aplocheilus lineatus All distircts of Larvicidal/Ornamental
E: Killi Fish (Valenciennes) Karnataka

58

Poecilidae
134 K: Gambusia, Hechigepakke, Solle Meenu Gambusia affinis All districts of Larvicidal/Ornamental
E: Mosquito Fish (Baird & Girrad) Karnataka
135 K: Solle Meenu Poecilia (Lebistes) reticulatus All districts of Larvicidal/Ornamental
E: Mosquito fish (Schender) Karnataka
Mastacembelidae
136 K: Havu Meenu, Hare Batti Macrognathus aral All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Spiny Eel (Bloch & Schneidar) Karnataka
137 K: Haavu Meenu, Haavu Batti Macrognathus pancalus Krishna river system Food/Ornamental
E: Spiny Eel (Hamilton-Buchanan)
138 K: Havu Meenu, Havu Batti Mastacembelus armatus All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Spiny Eel (Lacepede) Karnataka
Ambassidae
139 K: Bachanike Meenu, Burate Chanda nama All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Elongate Glass Perchlet (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
140 K: Bachanike Meenu, Burate Parambassis ranga All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Glass fish (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
141 K: Bachanike, Burate, Seepari, Gajina Parambassis thomassi (Day) West flowing rivers Food/Ornamental
E: Western Ghat Glassy- Perchlet
142 K: Borle Meenu Chela cachius Krishna/ West flowing Ornamental
E: Silver Hatchet Chela (Hamilton-Buchanan) rivers
143 K: Borle Meenu Chela labuca (Hamilton) All districts of Ornamental
E: Indian Glass Hatchet Karnataka
Cichlidae
144 K: Matak, Madake Etroplus canarensis (Day) UK, DK, Udupi Food/Ornamental
E: Canara Pearlspot
145 K: Matak, Chandra Madake Etroplus maculatus (Bloch) All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Orange Chromid Karnataka
146 K: Eli, Ersa, Erpe, Kaggalase, Eri Meenu Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Pearlspot Karnataka
147 K: Jilebi Menu, Badavara Meenu Oreochromis mossambicus All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Tilapia (Peters) Karnataka
59

148 K:Tiger Jilebi, Oreochromis noliticus All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Nile Tilapia (Linnaeus) Karnataka
149 K:Bili Meenu, Yellu Tor khudree All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Deccan Mahseer (Sykes) Karnataka
150 K:Bili Meenu, Yellu Tor khudree mussullah All districts of Food/Ornamental
151 K:Bili Meenu, Yellu Tor neilli (Day) Krishna/ Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Blue Mahseer
152 K: Malale, Bhangi Sidda, Glossogobius giuris giuris All districts of Food/Ornamental
Nettikannukorava (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
E: Tank Goby
153 K: Koru Stigmatogobius sadanundio West flowing rivers Ornamental
E: Gobius (Hamilton-Buchanan)
Anabantidae
154 K: Koru Meenu Anabas testudineus (Bloch) All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Climbing Perch Karnataka
Belontidae
155 K: Gouramy Colisa fasciatus (Schneider) Krishna river system Food/Ornamental
E: Dwarf Gouramy
156 K: Gouramy Colisa laila (Hamilton)
E: Dwarf Gouramy
157 K: Champarke, Kumbal Meenu Pseudosphromenus cupanus All districts of Ornamental
E: Paradise Fish (Valenciennes) Karnataka
Osphronemidae
158 K: Gourami Osphronemus goramy All districts of Ornamental
E: Gourami Lacepede Karnataka
Channidae
159 K: Avulu, Hoo-Kuchu, Aiyyu Channa gachua (Hamilton) All districts of
E: Dwarf Snakehead; Frog Snakehead; Karnataka
160 K: Avulu, Hoo-Kuchu, Aiyyu Channa marulius All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Murrel, Gaint Snake Head (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
161 K: Mottu, Hole- Korava Channa orientails All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Asiatic Snake head (Schneideer) Karnataka
60

162 K: Korava, Bili Korava Channa punctatus (Bloch) All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Spotted Snake Head Karnataka
163 K: Kuchu, Kandu Channa striatus (Bloch) All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Stripped Snake Head Karnataka
164 K: Banga, Bangade Thynnichthys sandkhol Krishna /Tributaries Food/Ornamental
E: Sandkhol Carp (Sykes)
Scatophagidae
165 K: Baraayi, Hachhupaiya Scatophagus argus West Coast Food/Ornamental
E: Spotted Scat (Linnaeus)
Triacanthidae
166 K: Thonde Meenu Tetradon travancoricus West Coast Ornamental
E: Ralas Puffer Fish (Hora & Nair)
167 K:Kudure Meenu Tetradon fluviatilis West Coast Ornamental
E: Green Puffer Fish (Hamilton)
168 K:Kudure Meenu Tetradon biocellatus (Tirant) West Coast Ornamental
E: Eye Spot Puffer Fish
ORNAMENTAL FISHES - MARINE/BRACKISH WATER

Sl.No Trade name/Local Name/English Name Scientific Name District Commercial use
Terapontidae
169 K: Baikeeli Terapon jarbua Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Jarbua Terapon (Forsskal)
Carangidae
170 K:Peeyada Trachinotus blochii Uttara Kannada Ornamental/Commercial
E: Snub Nose Pompano (Lecepede)
Siganidae
171 K:Bara Payye Siganus canaliculatus Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E:White-Spotted Spinefoot (Park)
Scatophagidae
172 K:Uchi Paiyya Scatophagus argus Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Spotted Scat (Linnaeus)
Pempheridae
173 K: Pakki Meenu Pempheris mangula Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Black-Edged Sweeper (Cuvier)
61

Sl.No Trade name/Local Name/English Name Scientific Name District Commercial use
Scaridae
174 K: Rapha Chlorus sp. (Bloch) Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Parrot Fish
Ariidae
175 K: Thedae Arius jella (Day) Uttara Kannada Ornamental/Commercial
E: Black Fin Sea Catfish
Pomacentridae
176 K: Irpe Abudefduf Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Banded sergeant septemfasciatus (Cuvier)
177 K: Irpe Pomacentrus sp Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Nion Demsel
178 E: Sergeant Major Abudefduf saxatilis Uttara Kannada Ornamental
(Linnaeus)
Chaetodontidae
179 K: Rapha Heniochus accuminatus Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Butterfly fish (Linnaeus)
180 K: Rapha Chaetodon decussatus Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Indian Vagabond Butterfly Fish (Cuvier)
181 K: Rapha Chaetodon collare (Bloch) Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Redtail Butterfly Fish
182 K: Rapha Heniochus monoceros Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Masked Banner fish (Cuvier)
183 K: Rapha Heniochus diphreutes Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: False Moorish Idol (Linaeus)
Diodontidae
184 K: Thondhe Diodon holocanthus Uttara Kannada Ornamental
E: Long Spined Porcupine Fish (Linnaeus)
Balistidae
185 K: Kappu handi Odonus niger (Ruppell) Uttara Kannada Ornamental/Commercial
E: Redtoothed Trigger Fish
62

Table 3.2 : FOOD FISHES - FRESH WATER
Trade name/Local Name/English Commercial

Sl. No. Scientific Name District Remarks
Name use
Super Class: Gnathostomata, Class: Actinopterygii, Subclass: Neopterygii, Division: Teleostei
Family
Notopteridae
1 K: Chithala Notopterus chitala Western Ghats Food Food fish used for
E: Indian Feather back (Hamilton) Ornamental purpose
2 K: Chappali Meenu/Chamari/Pappari Notopterus notopterus All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Gray or Bronze Feather Back, (Pallas) Karnataka
Razor fish
Anguillidae
3 K: Hari, Hanchu, Malaga Meenu Anguilla bengalensis All districts of Food
E:Indian Long Fin Eel (Gray & Hardwick) Karnataka
4 K:Hari, Hanchu, Malaga Meenu Anguilla bicolor All districts of Food
E:Indian Short Fin Eel McClelland Karnataka
Cyprinidae
5 K: Enapu Pakke Amblypharyngodon mola All districts of Food Weedfish/Ornamental
E: Mola Carplet (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
6 K: Bilchi, Agasa-Gitti, Elu-Kaddi Barilius bendalisis All districts of Food Weedfish/Ornamental
E: Hamilton's Baril (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
7 K:Catla, Dodda Gende Catla catla All districts of Food
E: Catla (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
8 K:Bitiha Chela chela All districts of Food Weedfish/Ornamental
E: Silver Hatchet Chela Karnataka
9 K: Mrigal, Bangari Cirrhinus mrigala All districts of Food
E: Mrigal (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
10 K: Arja, Aruja Cirrhinus cirrhosa Mysore, Mandya, Food
E: Cauvery Carp (Bloch) UK, DK, Udupi
11 K: Arja Cirrhinus fulungee Mysore, Mandya Food
E: Deccan White carp (Sykes)
12 K: Arja, Thari, Bathili Cirrhinus reba All districts of Food
E: Reba (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
63

Name use
13 K: Gouri Cyprinus carpio All districts of Food
E: Scale Carp communis (Linnaeus) Karnataka
14 K: Gouri Cyprinus carpio All districts of Food
E: Mirror Carp specularis (Linnaeus) Karnataka
15 K:Gouri Cyprinus carpio nudus All districts of Food
E:Leather Carp (Linnaeus) Karnataka
16 K:Hullu Gende Ctenopharingadon idella All districts of Food
E:Grass Carp (Valenciennes) Karnataka
17 K: Bidrele Saslu, Arshina Patte Danio aequipinnatus Western Ghats Food Weed/Ornamental
E: Giant Danio (McClelland)
18 K: Meese Pakke, Meese Saslu, Esomus danricus All districts of Food Weed/Ornamental
Hidaba (Hamilton-Buchanana) Karnataka
E: Flying barb
19 K: Kallu Korava Garra mcClellandi Cauvery river Food
E: Cauvery Korava (Jerdon) system
20 K: Kallu Korava, Kalmura,Kalmoggu Garra gotyla gotyla Krishna river Food
E: Nilgiri Garra (Gray) system
21 K: Kolasa, Konasa Gonoproktopterus kolus All districts of Food
E: Kolus (Sykes) Karnataka
22 K: Koracha Meenu Gonoproktopterus Cauvery/ Food
E: Curmuca Barb curmuca Tributaries
(Hamilton - Buchanan)
23 K: Koorlu Meenu, Ogrlu Gonoproktopterus dubius Cauvery/ Food
E: Nilgiri Carp (Day) Tributaries
24 K: Kuri Meenu Gonoproktopterus West flowing Food
E: Canara Barb lithopidos (Day) rivers
25 K: Chitta Koorlu Gonoproktopterus Cauvery/ Food
E: Korhi Barb micropogon micropogon Tributaries
(Valanciennes)
26 K: Kempu Parival Gonoproktopterus West flowing Food
E: Red Canarese Barb thomassi (Day) rivers
27 K: Belli Gende Hypophthalmichthys All districts of Food
E: Silver Carp molitrix (Valenciennes) Karnataka
64

Name use
28 K: Kolchumeenu, Bata Labeo bata All districts of Food
E: Bata (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
29 K: Gubali Labeo boggut All districts of Food
E: Boggut ( Sykes) Karnataka
30 K: Kage, Kolasa, Keddallu Labeo calbasu All districts of Food
E: Calbasu (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
31 K: Kemmeenu Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch) All districts of Food
E: Fimbriatus Karnataka
32 K: Machulu Labeo gonius Krishna/ Food
E: Kuria Lablo (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tributaries
33 K: Moogi Halala Labeo kontius All districts of Food
E: Pig Mouth Carp (Jerdon) Karnataka
34 K: Kage, Kapparsu Labeo kawrus Krishna/ Food
E: Deccan Labeo (Sykes) Tributaries
35 K: Mulvel, Kuri Meenu Labeo nigrescens Cauvery/ Food
E: Karnataka Labeo (Day) Tributaries
36 K: Oggara Halala, Hoo Bali Labeo potail Cauvery/ Food
E: Potail (Sykes) Tributaries
37 K:Rohu Labeo rohita All districts of Food
E: Rohu (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
38 K: Koona, Kembalgi, Kapati Osteobrama neilli (Day) All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Nilgiri Osteobrama Karnataka
39 K:Parake Osteobrama cotiocumna Cauvery/ Food
E: Cunma Osteobrama (Day) Tributaries
40 K: Parke Meenu Osteobrama vigorsii Krishna/ Food
E: Bhima Osteobrama (Sykes) Tributaries
41 K: Golai Parluciosoma daniconius All districts of Food Weed/Food
E: Blackline Rasbora (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
42 K: Kempu Puthri, Aruli Puntius arulius arulius Cauvery/ Food Food/Ornamental
E: Long Fin Barb (Jerdon) Tributaries
43 K: Gende, Parake Puntius amphibius Krishna/ West Food Food/Ornamental
E: Scarlet Banded Barb (Valenciennes) flowing rivers
65

Name use
44 K:Koracha, Gende, Machalu Puntius carnaticus Cauvery/ West Food Food/Ornamental
E: Carnatic Carp (Jerdon) flowing rivers
45 K: Pakke Puntius conchonius Cauvery/ Food Food/Ornamental
E: Rosy barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tributaries
46 K: Cauvery Gende Puntius cauveriensis Cauvery/ Food Ornamental
E: Cauvery Barb (Hora) Tributaries
47 K: Sanna Gende, Mooti Gende Puntius dorsalis(Jerdon) All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Long-Snout Barb Karnataka
48 K: Kijan, Karse Puntius filamentosus Cauvery/ Food Food/Ornamental
E: Black Spot Barb, Indian Tiger (Valenciennes) Tributaries
Barb
49 K: Pakke, Parke Puntius melanostigma Cauvery/ Food Food/Ornamental
E: Wayanad Barb (Day) Tributaries
50 K:Haragi, Biliharagi, Hullu Gende Puntius pulchellus (Day) Krishna/ Food
E: Pulchellus Tributaries
51 K: Gende, Kijan Puntius sarana sarana All districts of Food
E: Olive Barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
52 K:Gudda-Pakke, Boora Puntius sophore All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Spot-Fin Swampy Barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
53 K: Bud-Pakke, Naya Paisa Puntius ticto All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Ticto Barb (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
54 K: Saslu, Golai, Kol-kijan, Kol-kane, Rasbora daniconius Cauvery/ Food Weed/Ornamental
Hidaba, Midun (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tributaries
E: Striped Rasbora, Black-Line
Rasbora
55 K: Saslu Rasbora rasbora Krishna/ Food Weed/Ornamental
E: Scissor-Tail Rasbora (Hamilton-Buchanan) Tributaries
56 K: Saslu Rasbora caverii (Jerdon) All districts of Food Weed/Ornamental
E: Scissor-Tail Rasbora Karnataka
57 K: Mukurthi, Hoo-Bali, Haru-Gadse Schismatorhynchus nukta Krishna/ Food
E: Nukta (Sykes) Tributaries
66

Name use
Balitoridae
58 K: Murangi, Malli, Hunase Lepidocephalus thermalis Krishna/West Food Ornamental
E: Malbar Loach (Valenciennes) flowing rivers
59 K: Murangi Meenu, Mali, Hunase Schistura denisoni Krishna river Food Ornamental
E: Nemachelius, Loach denisoni (Day) drainage
60 K: Murangi Meenu Nemacheilus striatus Krishna/West Food
E: Nemachelius, Loach (Day) flowing rivers
Bagridae
61 K: Girlu, Meese Girlu, Jella Mystus cavasius All districts of Food
E: Gangetic Mystus (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
62 K: Chinkode Mystus gulio All districts of Food
E: Long Whiskered Catfish (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
63 K: Haddu Meenu Mystus krishnensis Krishna/ Food
E: Krishna Mystus (Ramakrishnaiah) Tributaries
64 K: Girlu Mystus malabaricus Krishna/ Food
E: Jerdon's Mystus (jerdon) Tributaries
65 K: Girlu Mystus montanus (Jerdon) Cauvery/ West Food
E: Wayanad Mystus flowing rivers
66 K: Kattalu Mystus punctatus (Jerdon) Cauvery/ Food
E: Nilgiri Mystus Tributaries
67 K: Thorwi Mystus seenghala (Sykes) Krishna/
E: Giant River Catfish Tributaries
68 K: Chittu, Girlu, Jalla, Kelati Mystus vittatus (Bloch) Cauvery/ Food
E: Stripped Dwarf Catfish Tributaries
69 K: Gokra, Kechhulu, Kantaka, Rita gogra (Sykes) All districts of Food
Gaggarika Karnataka
E: Deccan Rita
70 K: Gokra, Kechhklu, Arshina Rita pavimentata All districts of Food Ornamental
Gaggarika (Valenciennes) Karnataka
E: Gogra Rita
71 K:Girlu, Bili Suragi Sperata seenghala All districts of Food
E: Giant River Catfish (Sykes) Karnataka

67

Sl. No. Trade name/Local Scientific Name District Commercial use Remarks
Name/English Name
72 K:Kappu Suragi Sperata aor All districts of Food
E: Long Whiskered catfish (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
Siluridae
73 K: Bale Meenu, Padam Wallage attu All districts of Food Ornamental
E: Fresh Water Shark (Schneider) Karnataka
74 K: Godle, Pabda Godli Ompak bimaculatus All districts of Food Ornamental
E: Butter Fish (Bloch) Karnataka
75 K: Godle Ompak malabaricus West flowing Food Ornamental
E: Goan cat fish (Valenciennes) rivers
76 K: Godle Ompok pabo West flowing Food Ornamental
E: Pabo Catfish (Hamilton-Buchanan) rivers
Schilbeidae
77 K: Halathi Pseudeutropius Krishna/Cauvery Food Ornamental
E: Indian Potasi atherinoides (Bloch) river system
78 K: Halathi, Kantaka Proeutropiichthys Krishna/West Food Ornamental
E: Indian Takree taakree taakree (Sykes) flowing rivers
79 K: Ili Meenu Neotropius khavalchor Krishna/Tributaries Food Ornamental
E: Khavalchor (Kulkarni)
80 K: Halathi Eutropiichthys Krishna/Tributaries Food
E: Goongwaree Vacha goongwaree (Sykes)
81 K: Halathi Eutropiichthys vacha Krishna/Tributaries Food
E: Batchwa Vacha (Hamilton-Buchanan)
82 K:Bilihalati Meenu, Chiduvi, Silonia childreni All districts of Food
Chidubi (Sykes) Karnataka
E: White Catfish
Pangasidae
83 K: Lykalthi, Polgoker Pangasius pangasius All districts of Food
E: Pangas (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
Sisoridae
84 K: Kuldi, Kurudi Meenu Bagarius yarrellii Krishna/Tributaries Food
E: Goonch (Sykes)
Name/English Name
68

85 K: Koona, Kmbalgi, Kapati Osteobrama neilli Food Food/Ornamental
E: Nilgiri Osteobrama (Day)
86 K: Parake Osteobrama cotio All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Cunma Osteobrama cunma (Day) Karnataka
87 K: Uri Kantaka Nangra itchkeea Krishna/Tributaries Food Dry fish exported
E: Deccan Nangra (Sykes) Burma
88 K: Bili Meenu, Ellu Neolissochilus Cauvery/West Food
E: Katli Mahseer, Chocolate hexagonolepis flowing rivers
Mahseer (McClelland)
Clariidae
89 K: Ane Meenu/ Murugodu Clarias batrachus All districts of Food
E: Magur (Linnaeus) Karnataka
90 K: Murugodu Clarias dussumieri All districts of Food
E: Valenciennes Clarie Valenciennes Karnataka
91 K: Ane Meenu Clarias gariepinus All districts of Food
E: African catfish, African Magur (Burchell) Karnataka
Heteropneustidae
92 K: Chelu Meenu, Kappu Thode Heteropneustes fossilis All districts of Food
E :Singhi (Bloch) Karnataka
Mugilidae
93 K: Natti Kannu Rhinomugil corsula All districts of Food
E: Corsula Mullet (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
Adrianichthyidae
94 K: Solle Meenu Horaichthys setnai Krishna/Cauvery Food Larvicidal/Ornamental
E: Thready top Minnow, (Kulkarni)
Thready Killifish
Belonidae
95 K: Surali kandai Strongylura strongylura West flowing Food Ornamental
E: Spot Tail Needle Fish Van-Hasselt rivers
96 K: Konti, Kokkare, Kali-Holaya Xenontodon cancila West flowing Food Ornamental
E: Freshwater Garfish (Hamilton-Buchanan) rivers
Trade name/Local
Sl. No. Scientific Name District Commercial use Remarks
Name/English Name
69

Hamiramphidae
97 K: Surali kandai Hyporhamphus Krishna/West Food Ornamental
E: Congaturi Hal limbatus (Valenciennes) flowing rivers
Aplochelidae
98 K: Moogu Malli, Kolkan Thare, Aplocheilus lineatus All districts of Food Larvicidal/Ornamental
Kudian (Valenciennes) Karnataka
E: Killi Fish
Poecilidae
99 K: Gambusia, Hechigepakke, Gambusia affinis All districts of Larvicidal/Ornamental Used for mosquito
Solle Meenu (Baird & Girrad) Karnataka control
E: Mosquito fish
100 K: Solle Meenu Poecilia (Lebistes) All districts of Larvicidal/Ornamental Used for mosquito
E: Mosquito fish reticulatus (Schender) Karnataka control
Mastacembelidae
101 K: Havu Meenu, Hare Batti Macrognathus aral All districts of Food
E: Spiny Eel (Bloch & Schneidar) Karnataka
102 K: Havu Meenu, Havu Batti Mastacembelus armatus Krishna/ Food
E: Spiny Eel (Lacepede) Tributaries
Ambassidae
103 K: Bachanike Meenu, Burate Chanda nama All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Elongate Glass Perchlet (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
104 K: Bachanike Meenu, Burate Parambassis ranga All districts of Food/Ornamental
E: Glass Fish (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
Cichlidae
105 K: Matak, Madake Etroplus canarensis West flowing Food Food/Ornamental
E: Canara Pearlspot (Day) rivers
106 K: Matak, Chandra Madake Etroplus maculatus All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Orange Chromid (Bloch) Karnataka
107 K: Eli Meenu, Ersa, Erpe, Etroplus suratensis All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
Kaggalase, Eri Meenu (Bloch) Karnataka
E: Pearl Spot

70

Name/English Name
108 K: Jilebi Menu, Badavara Meenu Oreochromis All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Tilapia mossambicus (Peters) Karnataka
109 K:Tiger Jilebi Oreochromis niloticus All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Nile Tilapia (Linneaus) Karnataka
110 K:Bili Meenu, Yellu Tor khudree All districts of Food Food/Game fish
111 K:Bili Meenu, Yellu Tor khudree mussullah All districts of Food Food/Game fish
112 K:Bili Meenu, Yellu Tor neilli (Day) Krishna/ Food Food/Game fish
E: Blue Mahseer Tributaries
Gobidae
113 K: Malale, Bhangi Sidda, Glossogobius giuris All districts of Food
Nettikannukorava giuris Karnataka
E: Tank goby (Hamilton-Buchanan)
Anabantidae
114 K: Koru Meenu Anabas testudineus All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Climbing Perch (Bloch) Karnataka
Osphronemidae
115 K: Gourami Osphronemus goramy All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Gourami Lacepede Karnataka
Channidae
116 K: Avulu, Hoo-kuchu, Aiyyu Channa marulius All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Murrel, Gaint Snake Head (Hamilton-Buchanan) Karnataka
117 K: Mottu, Hole- Korava Channa orientails All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Asiatic Snake head (Schneideer) Karnataka
118 K: Korava, Bili Korava Channa punctatus All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: Spotted Snake Head (Bloch) Karnataka
119 K: Kuchu, Kandu Channa striatus All districts of Food Food/Ornamental
E: stripped Snake Head (Bloch) Karnataka
120 K: Banga, Bangade Thynnichthys sandkhol Krishna/ Food Food/Ornamental
E: Sandhkol carp (Sykes) Tributaries
Table 3.3 : FRESH WATER CRUSTACEANS
71

Trade name/Local
Sl. No Scientific Name District Commercial use
Name/English Name
Phylum: Arthopoda, Subphylum: Crustacea, Class: Melacostraca, Order: Decapoda
Family
Paleomonidae
121 K: Scampi Macrobrachiun rosenbergii (De Man) All districts of Karnataka Food
E: Giant Freshwater Prawn
122 K: Scampi Macrobrachiun malcolmsonii (Johnson) All districts of Karnataka Food
E: Monsoon River Prawn
Table 3.4 : FOOD FISHES - MARINE (COASTAL KARNATAKA)
Trade name/Local Production Value

Sl. No Scientific Name District Year
Name/English Name Quantity (in tons) per unit
SYSTEMATICS
Class: Chondrichthyses, Subclass: Elasmobranchii, Order: Orectolobiformes
Family: Muraenesocidae
Eels 523
1 K: Arol Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indian Pike Conger
2 K: Arol Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton- DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Common Pike Conger Buchanan)
3 K: Arol Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Daggertooth Pike Conger
Ambassidae
4 K: Gajina Meenu Ambassis natalensis (Gilchrist & DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Slender Glassy Perchlet Thompson)
Ariidae
Catfishes 1993
5 K:Shede Arius arius (Hamilton) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Threadfin Sea Catfish
6 K: Hoge Shede, Galingi Arius caelatus (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Engraved Catfish
72

7 K: Mogara Shede Arius dussumieri (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Blacktip Sea Catfish
8 K: Kargi Shede Arius jella DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Blackfin Sea Catfish (Day)
9 K: Shede Arius maculatus (Hamilton) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Spotted Catfish
10 K: Shede Arius platystomus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Flatmouth Catfish (Day)
11 K: Shede, Thede Arius subrostratus (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Shovelnose Sea Catfish
12 K: Shede, Shede Galiya Arius tenuispinis (Ruppel) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Thinspine Sea Catfish
13 K: Kaggi Shede, Mogeru Shede, Arius thalassinus (Ruppell) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
Hoge Shede
E: Giant Sea Catfish
Synodontidae
Lizardfish 13954
14 K: Bombil, Banguli Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Bombay Duck
15 K: Aranai Meenu Saurida tumbil DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Greater Lisard Fish (Bloch)
16 K: Arane Meenu Saurida undosquamis (Richardson) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Brushtooth Lizard Fish
17 K: Arane Meenu Synodus indicus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indian Lizard Fish (Day )
18 K: Nayi Arane Trachinocephalus myops (Forster) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Bluntnose Lizard Fish
73

Serrranidae
Perches Rock cods 10501
19 K: Muri Meenu, Guri Epinephelus chlorostigma DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Brownspotted Grouper (Valenciennes)
20 K: Muri Meenu, Guri Epinephelus diacanthus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Spiny Cheek Grouper (Valenciennes)
21 K: Muri Meenu Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Black Tip Gropuer
22 K: Muri Meenu Epinephelus flavocaeruleus (Lacepede) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Blue & Yellow Grouper
23 K: Muri Meenu Epinephelus latifasciatus (Temminck DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Striped Grouper & Schlegel)
24 K: Muri Meenu Epinephelus longispinis (Kner) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Longspine Grouper
Nemipteridae
Threadfin breams 45038
25 K: Rane Meenu Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Japanese Threadfin Bream
26 K: Madmul Nemipterus randalli (Houttuyn) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Golden Threadfin
27 K: Madmul Parascolopsis aspinosa (Rao and DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Smooth Dwarf Monocle Rao)
Bream
28 K: Madmul Scolopsis vosmeri (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: White Cheek Bream
Priacanthidae
Bull's eye Bull'seye
29 K: Disco Meenu Heteropriacanthus cruentatus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Glassyeye Bull's Eye (Lecepede)
30 K: Disco Meenu Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Moontail Bulls Eye
74

Polynemidae
Threadfins
30 K: Bale Meenu, Ravase Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Black Spot Threadfin Schneider)
Platycephalidae
Spiny Flathead
31 K: Balchet, Abroni Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Bartail Flat head
Lutjanidae
Snappers 37
32 K: Kemberi, Chamballi Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Mangrove Red Snapper
33 K: Cavage Lutjanus bitaeniatus (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indonesian Snapper
34 K: Cavage Lutjanus Bohar (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Two spot Red Snapper
35 K: Cavage Lutjanus dodecacanthoides (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Sunbeam Snapper
36 K: Cavage Lutjanus fulvus (Forster) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Blacktail Snapper
37 K: Cavage Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Humpback Red snapper
38 K: Cavage Lutjanus guilcheri (Fourmanoir) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Yellowfin Red snapper
39 K: Muri Meenu, Chamballi Lutjanus johnii DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: John's snapper (Bloch)
40 K: Cavage Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Common bluestripe snapper
41 K: Cavage Lutjanus lemniscatus (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Yellow Streaked snapper
42 K: Cavage Lutjanus lutjanus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Bigeye snapper (Nichols & Murphy)
75

43 K: Cavage Lutjanus madras (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Indian snapper
44 K: Chamballi, Malabar Blood Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch & DK, Udupi, UK 2013
Snapper Schneider)
E:Saddletail snapper
45 K: Cavage Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Blubberlip snapper
46 K: Kem-Masu, Chamballi Lutjanus russelli (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Russell's Snapper
47 K: Cavage Pristipomoides filamentosus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Crimson Job fish (Valenciennes)
48 K: Cavage Pristipomoides typus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Sharptooth Jobfish ( Bleeker)
Lethrinidae
Other perches 3973
K: Eri-Meenu
49 Gymnocranius griseus (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Green Jobfish
50 K: Eri-Meenu, Kokkare Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepede) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Pinkear emperor
51 K: Udade Lethrinus mahsena (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Sky Emperor
52 K: Udade Lethrinus microdon (Klunzinger) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Benin nen waeo
53 K: Cavage Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Spangled Emperor, Green
Snapper
54 K: Cavage Lethrinus ornatus (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Ornate Eperor
Mullidae
Goatfishes 200
55 K: Kallu Meenu Parupeneus indicus (Shaw) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 154
E: Indian Goatfish
76

56 K: Kurli Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Goldband Goatfish
57 K: Kallugara, Kurli, Purli Upeneus vittatus (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Yellow Striped Goatfish
58 K: Kurli Upeneus indicus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Tall-Fin Goatfish (Uiblein & Heemstra)
Lobotidae
58 K: Apanas Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Tripple Tail
Sciaenidae
Croakers/Jewfish 5978
59 K: Ghoti Johnius carouna (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Caroun croaker
60 K: Kallur Johnius dussumieri (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Sin Croaker
61 K: Kallur Johnius glaucus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Pale Spotfin Croaker (Day)
62 K: Koran Nibea maculata DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Blotched Croaker (Bloch & Schneider)
63 K: Koddai Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Lesser tigertooth croaker
64 K: Kudrali, Koddi Otolithes ruber DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Tigertooth Croaker (Bloch & Schneider)
65 K: Balde, Ghoti Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepede) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Blackspotted Croaker
Leiognathidae
Silverbellies 2324
66 K: Guruku, Kurchi Leiognathus bindus (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Berber Ponyfish, Orange Fin
Ponyfish
67 K: Guruku, Kurchi Leiognathus blochii (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Twoblotch Ponyfish
77

68 K: Guruku, Kurchi Leiognathus brevirostris DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Shortnose Ponyfish (Valenciennes)
69 K: Guruku, Kurchi Leiognathus equulus (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Common Ponyfish
70 K: Guruku, Kurchi Leiognathus lineolatus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Ornate Pony fish (Valenciennes)
71 K: Guruku, Kurchi Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Black Strip Ponyfish
72 K: Guruku, Kurchi Secutor insidiator DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Pugnose Ponyfish (Bloch)
Lactariidae
Whitefish
73 K: Saundala, Adai Meenu Lactarius lactarius (Schneider) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Big Jawed Jumper/ Whitefish
Cynoglossidae
Soles 7542
74 K: Sude Nangu Cynoglossus arel DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Largescale Tonguesole (Bloch & Schneider)
75 K: Nangu Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepede) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Fourlined Tonguesole
76 K: Guddel, Nangu, Malabar Cynoglossus macrostomus Norman DK, Udupi, UK 2013
Tongue Sole
E: Largescale Tonguesole
K: Nangu
77 Cynoglossus punticeps (Richardson) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Speckled Tonguesole
Psettodidae
Halibut
78 K: Dodda Nangu, Kolli Nangu Psettodes erumi (Schneider) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indian Spiny Turbot
78

Clupeidae
Clupeids Oil sardine
79 K: Boothai, Boige Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 98453
E: Indian Oil Sardine
80 E: Other Sardines Lesser sardines DK, Udupi, UK 2013 18352
81 K: Erebai Sardinella albella (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: White sardinella
82 K: Pedi, Erabai Sardinella brachysoma (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Deepbody sardinella
83 K: Erebai Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Goldstripe Sardinella
84 K:Erebai, Chatte Baige, Swathi, Sardinella fimbriata (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
Padi
E:Fringescale Sardinella
85 K: Erebai Sardinella jussieu (Lacepede) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Mauritian Sardinella
Other sardines 18352
86 K: Seriande Dussumieria acuta (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Rainbow sardine
87 K: Berjal Swadi Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: White Sardine
Shads 118
88 K: Swadi Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Hilsa shad
89 K: Swadi Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Toli Shad
90 K: Kurunthodi Swadi Anodontostoma chacunda DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Chacunda Gizzard Shad (Hamilton)
91 K: Kodal Swadi Hilsa kelee (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Kelee Shads
92 K: Nadi Swadi Nematalosa nasus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Bloch's Gizzard Shad (Bloch)
79

93 K: Ollai Managu, Unkaikae Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Tardoore
94 K: Sisi-gende, Umbalika, Mai Pellona ditchela (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
Kanun Swadi
E: Indian Pellona
Engraulidae
Anchovies/Whitebaits Anchovies DK, Udupi, UK 2013
95 K: Bette, Nai Manangu, Bimbuli Coilia dussumieri (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 2
E: Gold Spotted Grenadier
Anchovy
Stolephorius Stolephorus DK, Udupi, UK 2013 5019
96 K: Kollatharu, Golai Encrasicholina devisi (Whitley) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Devi's Anchovy
97 K: Kollatharu, Golai Encrasicholina punctifer (Fowler) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Buccaneer Anchovy
98 K: Jabbu Stolephorus commersonnii DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Commerson's Anchovy (Lacepede)
99 K: Kollatharu, Golai Stolephorus insularis (Hardenberg) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Hardenberg's Anchovy
100 K: Kollatharu, Golai Stolephorous waitei DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Spotty Face Anchovy (D. S. Jordan & Seale)
K: Bolingei Kollathur Stolephorus indicus
101
E: Indian Anchovy (van Hasselt)
Thryssa 3876
102 K: Neel Manangu Thryssa dussumieri (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Dussumier's Anchovy
103 K: Manangu Thryssa malabarica (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Malabar Thryssa
104 K: Manangu Thryssa mystax DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Moustached Thryssa (Bloch & Schneider)
105 K: Manangu Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Longjaw thryssa
80

106 K: Manangu Thryssa vitriostris DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Orangemouth Anchovy (Bloch & Schneider)
107 K: kurli Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 819
E: Wolf Herring
Belonidae
Other clupeids 4471 69-79
Halfbeaks and fullbeks 469
108 K: Kaandai Ablennes hians (Valenciennes) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Flat Needle fish
109 K: Pache Kaandai Strongylura leiura (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Banded Needlefish
110 K: Pache Kaandai Strongylura strongylura DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Roundtail alligator gar, (van Hasselt)
Roundtail needlfish
Sl. No Trade name/Local Scientific Name District Year Production Value
111 K: Konti Tylosurus crocodilus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Hound needlefish (Peron & Lesueur)
Trichiuridae
112 K: Pambole Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 25223 78-88
E: Ribbonfish, Lage Head, Hair
Tail
Carangidae
Carangids 52-62
113 K: Pakki Meenu Alectis ciliaris (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: African Pompano
114 K: Pakki Meenu Alectis indicus (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indian Threadfish
115 K: Manjal Kaduvayi Alepes djedaba (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Shrimp Scad
116 K: Ootu Bare Alepes kleinii (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Razorbelly Scad
81

117 K: Ootu Bare Alepes melanoptera (Swainson) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Blackfin Scad
118 K: Kokar Atropus atropos DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Cleftbelly Trevally (Bloch & Schneider)
119 K: Thideramby, Thakate Atule mate (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Yellowtail Scad
120 K: Bonke Koduvai Carangoides armatus (Ruppell) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Longfin Trevally
121 K: Kokkar Carangoides chrysophrys (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Longnose Trevally
122 K : Baleodu Carangoides coeruleopinnatus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Coastal Trevally (Ruppell)
123 K: Baleodu Carangoides equula (Temminck & DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Whitefin trevally Schlege)
124 K: Baleodu Carangoides fulvoguttatus (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Barcheek Trevally
125 K: Koduvai, Bonke Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch & DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Malabar Trevally Schneider)
126 K: Koduvai Carangoides oblongus (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Coachwhip Trevally
127 K: Kodavai, Bonke Carangoides praeustus (Bennett) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Brownback Trevally
128 K: Haluguruku Caranx praeustus (Bennett)
E: Brownback Trevally
129 K: Kokkar Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Giant Trevally
130 K: Kokkar Caranx melampygus (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Bluefin Trevally
131 E: Blacktip Trevally Caranx sem (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
132 K: Gondlu, Bonke Caranx sexfasciatus DK, Udupi, UK 2013 43105
E: Bigeye Trevally (Quoy & Gaimard)
82

Scads DK, Udupi, UK 2013
133 K: Thidimba Decapterus macrosoma (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Shortfin Scad
134 K: Thidumpu Decapterus russelli (Ruppell) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indian Scad
135 K: Thidimba Decapterus tablberry DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Roughear Scad
136 K: Kodanate, Goukae Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 5366
E: Horse Mackerel-Torpedo
Scad
137 K: Kappu Manji Parastromateus niger (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 1776
E: Black Pomfret
Other carangids 6293
138 K: Cahi Meenu Elagatis bipinnulata DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Rainbow Runner (Quoy & Gaimard)
139 K: Kaduvai, Kokkare Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Golden Trevally
140 K: Palai-Meenu Scomberoides commersonnianus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Talang Queenfish (Lecepede)
141 K: Palai-Meenu Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Double Spotted Queenfish
142 K: Palai-Meenu Scomberoides tala (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Barred Queenfish
143 K: Palai-Meenu Scomberoides tol (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Needle Scaled Queenfish
144 K: Bangada Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Bigeye Scad
145 K: Konande Bonke Seriolia nigrofasciata (Ruppell) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Blackbanded Trevally
146 K: Kaduvai, Kokkare Trachinotus baillonii (Lecepede) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Small Spotted Dart
147 K: Kaduvai, Kokkare Trachinotus blochii (Lecepede) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Snub Nose Pompano
83

148 K: Kaduvai, Kokkare Trachinotus mookalee (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indian Pompano
149 E: White Tongue Jack Uraspis helvola (Forster) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
Ephippidae
150 K: Pakki Meenu Batfish DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Batfishes
151 K: Pakki Meenu Platax orbicularis (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Orbicular Batfish
152 K: Pakki Meenu Platax teira (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Longfin Bat fish
Stromataeidae
Pomfrets 580
153 K: Bili Manji Pampus argentius (Hamilton) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Silver Pomfret
154 K: Manji Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 7
E: Chinese Pomfret
Scombridae
Seer fishes
155 K: Bangade Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 50942
E: Indian Mackerel
156 K: Dandi, Bawan, Arkale Scomberomorus commersoni DK, Udupi, UK 2013 3605
E: Narrowbarred Spanish (Lacepede)
Mackerel
157 K: Anjal Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & DK, Udupi, UK 2013 322
E: Indo-Pacific King Mackerel Schneider)
158 E: Wahoo Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
TUNAS
159 K: Peepa, Kedar, Gedar, Surai Euthynnus affinis (Cantor) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 1192
Meenu
E: Kawakawa, Little Tuna
160 K: Sheerad Kedar, Bugudi Auxis. Spp DK, Udupi, UK 2013 413
E: Bullet Tuna (A.rochei + A.thazard)
84

161 K: Gedare Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 3
E: Skipjack Tuna
162 K: Gethal, Kedar Bugadi Thynnus tongol (Bleeker) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 1
E: Lomg tail Tuna
163 K: Kedar, Sooral Meenu Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre) DK, Udupi, UK 2013 15
E: Yellowfin Tuna
Istiophoridae
Bill fishes 13
Sailfishes
164 K:Hai Meenu, Madal Meenu Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw & DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indo-Pacific Sailfish Nodder)
165 K: Madal Meenu Makaira indica DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Balck Marlin (Cuvier)
Sphyraenidae
Barracudas 4061
166 K: Kaandai Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Great Barracuda.
167 K: Obantol, Kanake Sphyraena jello DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Pickhandle Barracuda (Cuvier)
168 K:Kandai, Surli Kandai, Tol Sphyraena obtusata DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Obtuse Barracuda (Cuvier)
169 K: Kaandai Sphyraena putnamae DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Saw Tooth Barracuda ( Jordan & Seale)
Rachycentridae
170 K: Malagu Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Cobia
Sillaginidae
Sand whiting (ladyfish)
171 K: Kane Sillago sihama (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Silver Sillago
172 K: Kane Sillago vincenti (Forsskal) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Vincent's Sillago
85

Mugilidae
Mullets 500
173 K: Male, Pare, Sherta Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Gray Mullet
174 K: Mala, Malu, Pare Liza parsia (Hamilton) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Gold Spot Mullet
86

Table 3. 5 : CRUSTACEANS AND CEPHALOPODS
Trade name/Local Production Quantity

Name/English Name (in tons)
Prawns 10514
1 K: Bili sigadi Penaeus indicus DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: White prawn
2 K: Huli sigadi Penaeus monodon DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Tiger prawn
3 K: Thembel Metapenaeus dobsoni DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Kadal shrimp
4 K: Mande yetty Metapeaneus monoceros DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Speckled shrimp
5 K: Mande yetty Metapenaeus affinis DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Brown shrimp
6 K: Karikaadi Parapenaeus stylifers DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Kiddi prawn
7 K: Solenocera choprai DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Ridgeback shrimp
Crabs
8 K: Denji Portunus pelagicus
DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Reticulate crab
9 K: Denji Portunus sanguinolentus
DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Spotted crab
10 K: Denji Charybdis cruciata
DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Ridged swimming crab
11 K: Kallu Denji Scylla serrata
DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Mud crab
12 K: Kallu Denji Scylla tranquebarica
DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Green Mud crab
Stomatopods
14 K:Puche
Oratonepa squilla DK, Udupi, UK 2013 10777
E:Mantis shrimp

87

MOLLUSCS
Clams
15 K: Maruvai Meretrix casta DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Grey clam
16 K: Maruvai Meretrix meretrix DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Hard Clam
17 K: Maruvai Paphia malabarica DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Short neck Clam
18 K: Maruvai Villorita cyprinoides DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Black clam
Mussels
19 K:Kalla Perna indica DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Brown mussel
20 K:Kalla Perna viridis DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Green mussel
Edible Oyster
21 K: Chippu Crassostrea madrasensis DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Indian backwater oyster
22 K: Chippu Saccostrea cucullata DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E:Indian rock oyster
Gastropod
23 K: Shanka Babylonia spirata DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Spiral Babylon, Whelk Shell
Cephalopods
Cuttlefish 8242
24 K: Kappe bondas Sepia pharaonis DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Pharaoh cuttlefish
25 K: Kappe Bondas Sepia prashadi DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Hooded cuttlefish
26 K: Kappe Bondas Sepia trygonina DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Trident cuttlefish
88

27 K: Kappe bondas Sepiella inermis DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Spineless cuttlefish
Squids 20401
28 K: Bondas DK, Udupi, UK 2013
Loligo singhalensis
E: Needle squid
29 K: Bondas Uroteuthis (Photololigo) DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Indian squid duvaucelii
30 K: Bondas DK, Udupi, UK 2013
Loligo edulis
E: Squid
31 K: Bondas Symplectoteuthis DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Deep sea squid oualaniensis
Octopus 555
32 K:Nagel
Octopus aegina DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Marbled octopus
33 K:Nagel
Octopus dollfusi DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Coastal octopus
34 K: Nagel
Octopus lobensis DK, Udupi, UK 2013
E: Lobed octopus
89

3.2 References:
1. Freshwater and marine fishes of Karnataka. 2002. Society for advancement of aquaculture,
Bengaluru. Pp: 214.
2. H. N. Chandrashekaraiah and M. F. Rehaman. 1998. Ornamental fish genetic resources of Karnataka.

Infoaquaria. Pp: 5-8.
3. Marine fin fishes of Karnataka – an Illustrated Compendium, 2013. CMFRI, Kochi. Pp 409.
4. Thirumala. S, Kiran. B.R and Kantaraj. G. S. 2011. Fish diversity in relation to physico-chemical
characteristics of Bhadra reservoir of Karnataka, India. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2
(5):34-47.
5. B.R.Kiran. 2011. Diversity, Distribution and Abundance of Murrels and Catfish Resources in Some
Wetlands of Karnataka, India. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci. 2(2).
6. Indigenous freshwater fish resources of Karnataka state and their potential for Aquaculture.1998.
Working paper 8-Institute of Aquaculture, University of Sterling, Scotland, and UK. 20.
7. Ramachandra T.V., Subash Chandran M.D., Joshi N.V., Mahima Bhat, Prakash N. Mesta, Sreekanth
Naik, 2013. Estuarine Fish Diversity and Livelihoods in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka State,
Sahyadri Conservation Series 34, ENVIS Technical Report 64, CES, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore.
8. Archana Naik and V. N. Naik. 2013. Studies on Fish seed resources of Kali Estuary, Karwar. Dept.
of Marine Biology, PG Centre, Karnataka University, Karwar.
9. CMFRI marine fish data, 2013.
10. J.D. Marcus Knight, Ashwin Rai & Ronald K.P. D’souza. 2013. Rediscovery of Hypselobarbus
pulchellus, an endemic and threatened barb (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) of the Western Ghats, with notes
on H. dobsoni and H. jerdoni. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 5(17): 5194–5201.
11. J. D. Marcus Knight, Ashwin Rai & Ronald K.P. D’souz. 2013. Re-description of Hypselobarbus
lithopidos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), based on its rediscovery from the Western Ghats, India, with
notes on H. thomassi. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 5(13): 4734–4742.
12. J. D. Marcus Knight, Ashwin Rai & Ronald. K. P. D’souza. 2013. On the identities of Barbus
mussullah Sykes and Cyprinus curmuca Hamilton with notes on the status of Gobio canarensis
Jerdon (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 3750 (3): 201–215.
13. MPEDA report on Ornamental fishes (Internet literature)

90

3.3 Acknowledgements
The Assistance and help rendered by the following Scientists in completing this task is gratefully
acknowledged.
1. Mr. M.F. Rahman, The retired Scientist, CICFRI, Hesaraghatta

2. Dr. D. Seenappa, Chief Scientific Officer, MRS, UAS, Bengaluru
3. Dr. D.S. Krishna Rao, Principal Scientist, CIFRI, Hesaraghatta
4. Dr. (Miss). Prathibha Rohit, Principal Scientist, CMFRI, Hesaraghatta
5. Dr. V.N. Nayak, Retired Reader, PG center, Dept. of Marine biology, Karwar.
6. Dr. K.K. Philipose, Officer in-Charge, CMFRI Centre, Karwar.
7. Dr. C. K. Murthy, Joint Director (Marine), Dept. of Fisheries, Bengaluru.
8. Dr. S. Benakappa, Professor, College of Fisheries, Mangalore.
9. Dr. N. Basavaraj, Professor, Dept. of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore (For
good photos of fishes)
10. Dr. E. G. Jayaraj, Professor, Dept. of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Mangalore.
11. Mr. Siddaiah, Sr. ADF, Dept. of Fisheries, Bengaluru.
12. Mr. K. B. Rajanna, Assistant Professor, FRIC, Hebbal, Bengaluru
13. Dr. N. Manjappa, Assistant Professor, FRIC, Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru
14. Dr. N Chethan, Assistant Professor, FRIC, Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru
91

HORTICULTURE SECTOR IN
KARNATAKA

0

Chapter – 4
TRADABLE BIO-RESOURCES IN HORTICULTURE SECTOR IN
KARNATAKA
S.V. Hitalmani, (Retired Additional Director of Horticulture)
No.14, 2nd Cross, Akkamma Block, Dinnur Main Road, R.T. Nagar Bangalore- 560032
Email: svhittalmani1953@gmail.com
4.1 Introduction
Horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, spices, condiments, flower crops,
aromatic and medicinal plants form a major chunk of the tradable bio-resources in the state of Karnataka,
as they do elsewhere in the country, as well in the entire world. These crops contribute to food, industrial
raw materials, pharmaceuticals, and aesthetics and even to beautification. The mankind is highly obliged
to this sector as this sector provides staple food and supporting food items. The fruits and vegetables are
the important sources of essential vitamins such as Vitamin-A,B,C etc., and vital minerals, and their role
in keeping the well being of the people is proved beyond doubts, and that's why these are called
"Protective foods". These are the rich sources of sugars and other carbohydrates and are the contributors
of energy and calorie to the human beings. The horticultural produce is also processed into various
processed products, and the food-processing sector derives its major raw material from the horticulture
sector. This sector also provides employment to a large number of people wherever they are grown. The
horticulture crops are highly remunerative in nature and therefore, help in elevating the economic levels
of the farmers. They are traded locally, nationally and inter-nationally. Their trade is taking place
everywhere right on roadsides to the most advanced and modern super markets. A well organised export
trade of these commodities is spread all over the globe.
4.2 Facts about Horticultural Tradable Bio-Resources produced in Karnataka

The horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, spices, commercial flowers,
aromatic and medicinal crops are grown throughout the length and breadth of the State, in every districts,
taluks and villages. They are omnipresent!
The total area of horticultural crops grown in the State is 18.36 lakh hectares and the total annual
production amounts to about 150 lakh tonnes. The value of this produce is as much as Rs.29, 741 crores
per annum.
This income is about 40% of the combined income that is coming from the Agriculture Sector as
a whole! The contribution of horticulture produce to the State's GDP is about 7%.
The importance of the sector with regard to employment generation is also no less important. It is
estimated that as much as 12 lakh farm families in the state are totally involved in the cultivation of
horticulture crops and double this number of people is engaged in the trade of horticulture crops and in
processing sector.
Thus, looking at the importance of this sector and its contribution to the well being of the
populace, economy and trade, the State government has identified horticulture as a "Priority Sector" and
is providing every help and assistance to boost this sector. Several assistances, subsidies etc. are made
available to the growers, processors and traders to handle the horticultural produce in the state.
92

Thus, horticulture crops/produce form one of the most important and significant tradable and
renewable bio-resources in the State.
4.3 Development and Conservation Strategy related to Horticultural Bio-Resources

In light of the great importance that is attached to the tradable horticultural resources, well
planned and executed strategies are put on place in the State for their sustained development and
conservation. Through various schemes and programmes, supported both by the State Government as
well as the Government of India, all out efforts are being made to enhance the area under cultivation of
these crops, to improve their productivity, quality, value-addition etc.
4.3.1 Conservation of the local types and native varieties
In every tradable horticulture crops, both the traditional types and the improved (hybrid) varieties
occur side by side, but of course in the recent years the local types are slowly vanishing because of the
inclination of the growers towards improved/hybrid types on the economic grounds. Hence, it is
imperative that the conventional types/local varieties need to be conserved and perpetuated for the
posterity.
Keeping this objective in mind, the Department of Horticulture, Government of Karnataka is
providing Geographical Indications (GI) registration to the endangered local/conventional horticultural
types and varieties, and accordingly GI. Registration has been conferred to several local fruits, vegetables,
plantation crops, spices and commercial flowers. Among these, the following are note worthy:
1. Nanjangud Rasbale
2. Mattugulla Brinjal
3. Devanahalli Pummelo
4. Mysore Mallige (Jasmine)
5. Hadagali Mallige
6. Udupi Mallige
7. Mysore Chigurele (Betel leaf)
8. Byadagi Chillie
9. Kamalapura Red Banana
10. Bangalore Rose Onion etc.
Apart from the above, efforts are underway to confer GI certificate to several other local varieties
and types in horticulture crops.
After GI registration, the Department of Horticulture has made special efforts to develop and
perpetuate these local varieties by forming the Crop-Associations and entrusting the developmental
responsibilities to such groups, by providing financial assistance and technical support. Through this
important step, the Department of Horticulture is able to save the local types/varieties, achieve their
development and ensure perpetuation effectively. This example of the Karnataka State is much applauded
and others are following our examples.
4.3.2 Seed Production/ Vegetative/ Clonal Propagation
Ensuring systematic production of the planting materials such as seeds, clonal materials such as
grafts, budding, air layers, rooted cuttings, T.C. plants etc., is extremely vital for the perpetuation of the
tradable horticultural bio-resources.
93

i. Seed Production: Seed production of various horticultural varieties is essentially undertaken by a
chain of seed producing companies in the State, which are operating under private sector. Both
local types and the improved varieties are handled by these private seed companies. Several
companies are producing F-1 hybrid seeds and distributing to the needy farmers in the State as
well as the country. Several companies are also exporting their seeds to several countries abroad.
The Karnataka State is self sufficient with regard to seeds requirement of the horticultural crops.
ii. Clonal (vegetative) Propagation: A number of horticultural crops are perpetuated clonally.
Almost all the fruit crops, several plantation crops and a large number of vegetables and
ornamental flower crops are vegetative propagated by employing various techniques such as
grafting, budding, cutting, air layering and the like, while some are multiplied through
underground parts such as tubers, rhizomes, tuberous roots, corms, bulbs, runners, stolons etc.,
while some others are multiplied by dividing/separating the suckers, slips etc.,
The Department of Horticulture has undertaken a massive programme of clonal propagation of
various horticulture crops in its farms and nurseries which spread over the length and breadth of
the State. These quality planting materials are distributed to the interested growers at the
reasonable prices. This effort of the Horticulture Department has helped a lot to increase the area
and production of several horticulture crops in the state. A large number of private nurseries are
also producing quality planting materials clonally.
iii. In-vitro multiplication of planting material:- The Department of Horticulture has established
a modern and well-equipped tissue culture laboratory at Hulimavu, Bangalore to produce quality
planting materials of selected horticultural crops such as Banana, Ornamental Flower crops,
foliage crops etc., In private sector too, a large number of Tissue Culture labs are actively
producing disease free, genetically identical planting materials. For example- in Banana, a
revolution has been set in by improving the productivity in Banana through the cultivation of
Tissue Culture banana plants.
4.4 Technical and extension Support
The Department of Horticulture, which is responsible for the development of Horticulture sector
in the State, is providing the technical guidance and extension support to the producers of all the
horticulture crops. Some private companies which are promoting contract cultivation and seed-production
are also giving these supports to the farmers with whom they are contracting. (viz. Gherkins).
4.4.1 Problems and Challenges the Tradable Horticultural Bio-resources are facing in the
production front
Like any other sectors, the horticultural production sector is also facing some critical problems
and challenges and these are as follows:
a. Global warming phenomenon which is responsible for various weather abnormalities leading to
disasters in the field, such as failure of rains, excess rains and floods, hail storms, cyclones,
storms, untimely rains etc.
b. Increasing incidences of insect pests and diseases, causing greater crop loss and threat to the
production efforts.
c. Burning labour problem: Getting both skilled and unskilled labour in the production and post-
production fronts is increasingly becoming difficult in almost all parts of Karnataka – and this has
threatened the production of various tradable bio-resources in the State.
d. Hike in the cost of production of inputs and increased cost of production of bio-resources: In the
recent past, there has been noticed a steep and continuous rise in the cost of various inputs such as
94

manures, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation inputs, tools, implements etc., and this has robbed away
the competitive selling of the bio-resources in the local and international markets.
e. Residual toxicity in the horticultural produce: Due to indiscriminate and wide spread usage of
different types of pesticides, weedicides, port-harvest chemicals and preservatives, the risk of
leaving higher levels of residual toxicity in the produce has been noticed everywhere and in every
crop-produce. This has resulted in greater health risks and also jolted the export trade.
f. Migration to urban areas: Another major threat to the production front of the horticultural produce
is related to large scale migration of the rural populace to the urban areas, and this is happening in
an alarming magnitude. This factor is certainly causing a severe setback to the production of
food, including the horticultural produce.
g. Violation of Quarantine norms: Many private companies, individual farmers are importing
various planting materials not correctly confirming to the plant quarantine standards and
restrictions and due to this several pests and diseases have gained entry into the State/country,
posing a dire threat to the production front.
h. Adverse policies of the Government: Certain policies are posing visual threat to the horticultural
production process, such as Land Reforms Act, APMC Act, Seeds Act, Pesticides Act etc,.
4.4.2 Usage and Trade of Bio-Resources

Most of the horticultural bio-resources, especially fruits and vegetables and flowers, are highly
perishable in nature and thus need careful harvest practices, effective port-harvest and market chain
management. This warrants quick disposal of the produce and the support of the cold-chain.
The present trade is taking place in the local shandies, road-side markets, and APMC market
yards and also in the field with the crop/produce contractors/aggregators. Whatever may be the trading
place, the presence of exploitive middlemen is robbing greater share in the consumer rupee and by putting
the producer proper in distress and agony. Thus, market disincentives are also another factor responsible
for the distress of the farmers.
Therefore, if at all the horticulture production front has to continue and make sustained progress,
thorough market reforms are needed in the State.
4.4.2.1 The Scenario of Tradable Horticultural Bio-Resources in the State:-

A detailed account of the horticultural bio-resources is given in the following tables.
95

Table 4.1 : Details of Horticultural Bio-Resources, Use, Quantity, Value, In Karnataka (District-Wise)
Table 4.1.1 FRUITS
Area
Sl. Scientific Production value/UNIT
Name Varieties District Taluks Commercial Use Grown
No Name (tonnes) (2 Per Tonne)
(HA.)
1 Mango Mangifera Alphanso (Badami), All 30 districts: All 176 taluks Edible fruit, raw 1,70,308 16,56,191 Rs.26,500/tonne
indica. Raspuri, Malgoa, Major: Kolar, and ripe fruits
ªÀiÁªÀÅ Anacardiaceae Totapuri, Neelum, Chickballapura, processed into
Mallika, Amrapali, Bangalore rural, various products –
Sendura, Appemidi Tumkur, Haveri, jam, jelly, squash,
Dharwad, Belgaum, fruit bar, pickles,
Mysore etc., juice, pulp etc.,
2 Banana 1.Musa Nanjangud rasbale, All 30 districts: All 176 taluks Edible fruit, raw 97,823 25,48,223 Rs.12,766/tonne
¨Á¼É cavendishi Poovan, Sugandi, Major: and ripe fruits
Karibale, Rajabale, Chamarajnagar, processed into
2.Musa Dwarf Cavendish, Mysore, various products –
paradisiaca Robusta, Chickmagalur, dried slices, banana
(Musaceae) Grandanaine Tumkur,Shimoga, powder, chips etc.,
Chitradurga, Bagalkot,
Bellary etc.,
3 Lime Citrus Kagazi lime, All 30 districts: All 176 taluks Edible fruit and 11,145 2,60,408 Rs.12,174/tonne
¤A¨É aurantifolia Balaji Major: processed into
(Rutaceae) Bijapura, Kalburgi, pickles,
Bagalkot,Belgaum, manufacturing of
Kodagu, citric acid etc.,
Chikamagalur etc.,
4 Citrus Kodagu Kittale, Kodagu, Hassan, Madikeri, Edible fruit, ripe 3,311 73,676 Rs.17,713/tonne
Nagpur Santra, Chickmagalur etc., Somwarpet, fruits processed into
Mandarin
reticulata
Virajpet, squash, coridial,
QvÀÛ¼É
(Rutaceae) Mudigere, juice, RTS drinks

Sakleshpur, etc.,
Belur, Alur
96

Area
(HA.)
5 Citrus sinensis Sathgudi, Chitradurga, Bellary, Hiriyur, Fresh fruits used as 2,033 30,619 Rs.16,200/tonne
(Rutaceae) Washington Navel, Raichur, Bidar, Molakalmuru, edible fruits,
Sweet orange, Sathgudi Valentia Late, Kalburgi, Koppal, Bellary, Raichur, processed into juice,
Bijapur etc., Bidar, squash, cordial etc.,
Humnabad,
Chincholi,
Mosambi
Kalburgi, Aland,
ªÉÆÃ¸ÀA©
Sindagi, Koppal,
Yelburga,
Gangavati
6 Guava Psidium Allahabad Safeda, All 30 districts: Bangalore urban, Fresh edible fruit, 6,395 1,16,853 Rs.21,364/tonne
¹Ã¨É, guajava L-49, Navalur, Major: Doddaballapur, ripe fruits, processed
¥ÉÃgÀ® (Myrtaceae) Pink Flesh, VNR, Bangalore urban, Devanahalli, into jam, jelly,
Seedless Bangalore rural, ChikballapuraSid squash, RTS etc.,
Dharwad, laghatta,
Chickballapura, Kolar, Dharwad, Hubli,
Haveri, Koppal, Haveri, Hangal,
Mandya etc., Shiggaon,
Nagamangala,
Koppal,
Gangavati,
Yelaburga
7 Sapota Achras zapota Cricket Ball, All 30 districts: Bangalore north, Edible fresh fruit, 28,140 3,35,331 Rs.13,745/tonne
¸À¥ÉÆÃl (Sapotaceae) Culcutta Round, Major: Bangalore south, processed into jam,
Kalipatti, Bangalore rural, Devanahalli, jelly etc.,
DHS-1, 2 ,3 Dharwad, Sidlaghatta,
PKM-1, 2, 3 Chickballapura, Kolar,
Kolar, Gadag, Srinivasapura,
Haveri, Bellary, Dharwad, Hubli,
Hassan, Mysore etc., Gadag, Bellary,
Hassan, Mysore
97

Area
(HA.)
8 Kew, Shimoga, Uttar Sorab, Sagara, Fresh edible fruit 2,662 1,54,169 Rs.22,118/Tonn
Giant Kew, Kannada, Dakshin Sirsi, Udupi, and processed into e
Anans comosus
(Bromeliaceae)
Maurtius, Kannada, Udupi, Coondapura, slices, squash,
Pineapple
Queen Hassan, Kodagu, Mudbidri, cordial, dried pulp

C£Á£À¸ï
Chickmagalore Karkala,
Mudigere,
Virajpet,
Madikeri,
Somwarpet
9 Punica Bhagwa (Kesar), Chitradurga, Tumkur, Hiriyur, Edible fresh fruit 16,137 1,30,270 Rs.50,000/tonne
granatum Ganesh, Bellary, Koppal, Hosadurga, Sira, and processed into
Pomegranate
(Punicaceae) Mrudula, Bagalkot, Raichur, Madhugiri, squash, cordial,

Madhugiri, Bidar, Belgaum, Bagalkot, Bijapur, Frozen arils
zÁ½A¨É
Ruby, Bijapur, Davangere Sindgi, Athani,

Raichur, Koppal,
Yelburga, Jagalur,
Bidar, Humnabad,
Aland
10 Jack Artocarpus Tubigere, Dakshin Kannada, Mangalore, Fresh edible fruit 4,705 1,64,586 Rs.11,375/tonne
fruit integrifolia Janagere, Uttara Kannada, Belthangadi, (Ripe)-
ºÀ®¸ÀÄ (Moraceae) Byrachandra, Udupi, Belgaum, Puttur, Sirsi, tender/unripe fruit
Swarna, Mandya, Hassan, Siddapura, used as vegetable,
Lalbagh Madura, Tumkur, Yellapura, Gubbi, bulps processed into
Mankali Red, Chikkaballapur, Koratagere, Belur, various products,
Rudrakshi, Bangalore rural, Chikkaballapura, dehydrated flakes
Ramanagara Doddaballapura,
Ramanagara,
Magadi,
Devanahalli,
Nagamangala,
Mandya
11 Papaya Carica papaya Taiwan Red(786) All 30 districts: Bellary, Fresh edible fruit, 6,379 4,48,380 Rs.6,550/tonne
¥À¥ÁàAiÀÄ (Caricaceae) (Red Lady), Major: Chitradurga, Tutifruity from un-
Coorg Honey Dew, Bangalore rural, Hiriyur, Jagalur, ripe fruits papin
Solo, Bellary, Chitradurga, Chamarajnagar, enzyme production
Davangere, Yelandur, Aland,
98

Area
(HA.)
Chamarajnagar, Kustagi,
Kalburgi, Koppal, Yelaburga,
Mandya etc., Nagamangala,
Devanahalli,
Doddaballapur
12 Ber Zizypus jujuba Gola, Bijapura, Bellary, Bijapur, Indi, Fresh edible fruit, 663 19,014 Rs.1,525/tonne
¨ÉÆÃgÉ, (Rhamnaceae) Seb, Bidar, Belgaum, Sindagi, Athani, dehydrated fruit
¨ÁgÉ Umran, Kalburgi, Raichur, Aland, Kalburgi,
J®a Yadagiri Bidar, Aurad,
Shahpur, Raichur,
Manvi etc.,
13 Custard Annona Balnagar, Bidar, Kalbugi, Humnabad, Fresh edible fruit 1,426 11,931 Rs.7,870/tonne
Apple squamosa Red Sitaphal, Yadagiri, Chincholi,
¹ÃvÁ¥sÀ® (Annonaceae) Mammoth, Ramanagara, Ramanagar,
Tumkur, Belgaum, Magadi,
Chikaballapura, Kanakapura,
Bangalore rural, Chickaballapur,
Mandya, Raichur Bagepalli,
Gudibande,
Doddaballapur,
Nagamangala
14 Grapes Vitis vinifera Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Rural, Devanahalli, Fresh edible fruit, 19,764 2,92,653 Rs.24,951/ton
zÁæQë (Vitaceae) Dilkush, Bangalore Urban, Bangalore North, Dehydrated fruits
Thompson Seedless, Chikaballapura, Hoskote, (Raisins), Processed
Sonaka, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Sidlaghatta, products – Squash,
Tash-e-Ganesh, Belgaum, Bidar, ChickballapurAth Juice, wine etc.,
Bangalore Blue, Kalburgi, Kolar, ani, Bagalkot,
Red Globe, Koppal, Gadag Badami, Bidar,
Flame Seedless, Koppal, Yelburga,
Gulabi, Gadag
Wine varieties,
15 Fig Ficus carica Puna, Bellary, Bidar, Bellary, Bidar, Fresh edible fruits, 1,262 8,551 Rs.16,664/ton
CAdÆgÀ (Moraceae) Bellary, Kalburgi, Bijapur Aurad, Aland, Dehydrated fruits
Ganjam, Basavakalyan,
Excel, Bijapur, Sindagi,
Dienna Indi
99

Table 4.1.2 : PLANTATION CROPS:
Area
(HA.)
1 Coconut Cocos nucifera Arisikere Tall All 30 districts: Tumkur, Tiptur, Fresh nuts, Tender 4,97,399 48,483 Rs.5.37/nut
vÉAUÀÄ (Arecaceae) (Tiptur Tall), Major: Gubbi, Arasikere, nuts, Copra, Neera million nuts
West Coast Tall, Tumkur, Hassan, Mandya, Maddur, coconut oil, Coir,
Chowghat Orange Chitradurga, Kanakapura, Coirdust (cocopeat),
Dwarf, Ganga Chickamagalur, Kadur, Tarikere, Broom and various
Bondam, Mandya, Mysore, Channagiri, products and by-
TxD Hybrid, Ramanagara, Honnali, products, Timber
DxT Hybrid Davangere, Bhadravati,
DakshinKannada, Udupi, Mangalore
Uttara Kannada, etc.,
Shimoga, Udupi etc.,
2 Areca catechu Thirthahalli Local, Shimoga, Channagiri, Nut used for 2,46,058 4,00,907 Rs.1,17,473 per
(Arecaceae) Sirisi Local, Davanagere, Honnali, chewing and ton for raw nuts
Hirehalli Local, Chickamagalore, Tirthahalli, processed into
Uttara Kannada, Tarikere, Sirsi, supari, pan parag
Arecanut
Dakshin Kannada, Tumkur, Gubbi, etc., Leaf sheath for

CrPÉ
Tumkur, Udupi, Tiptur, Arasikere, making plates etc.,

Hassan, Kodagu, Udupi, Somvarpet, trunk for logs and
Mysore etc., Virajpet, reepers
Madikeri, Mysore,
Nanjangud etc.,
3 Oil Elaeus Tenera X Dura Davangere, Shimoga, Channagiri, Edible oil, Palm oil 12,125 10,266 tons Rs.7,072/ton of
palm guinensis Hybrid varieties, Bagalkot, Kodagu, Shimoga, (pulp oil), Kernel of FFB FFB
vÁ¼É (Arecaceae) Mysore, Bhadravati, oil and various (Fresh Fruit
JuÉÚ Chickamagalur, Bagalkot, products and bye Bunch)
Chamarajnagar, Somvarpet, Virajpet, products
ªÀÄgÀ Chamarajnagar
Bellary, Haveri etc.,
Kollegal, Nanjangud,
HD kote, Bellary,
Hospet, Hangal,
Hirekerur
100

Area
(HA.)
4 Cocoa Theobroma Forastero, Dakshin Kannada, Puttur, Sullia, Coco beans 3,502 12,439 Rs.20,588/ton
PÉÆÃPÉÆÃ cocoa Criolla Uttar Kannada, Chennagiri, processed into of fresh pods
Sterculiaceae Shimoga, Davangere, Tirthahalli, various products
Chickmagalur, Bhadravati, and by-products,
Kodagu, Mandya, Mudigere, Koppa, confectionary,
Mysore etc Sringeri, Drinking chocolate
Somvarpet, etc.,
Virajpet, Kodagu,
Mysore, Mandya,
Maddur
5 Betel Piper betel Kariyele, Haveri, Davangere, Svanur, Haveri, Fresh leaves used 7,584 1,49,494 Rs.18,912 per
leaf (Piperaceae) Ambadiyele, Tumkur, Hangal, for chewing lakh leaves lakh leaves
«Ã¼ÀåzÉ¯É Nagaballi, Dakshin Kannada, Davangere,
Calcutta Mitha, Uttar Kannada, Honnali,
Ramnagar, Channagiri,
Chitradurga etc., Chitradurga,
Ramanagar,
Mangalore,
Kanakpur
6 Ullal-1,2,9,11, Dakshin kannada, Puttur, Mangalore, Processed kernels, 70,397 96,216 tons Rs.1.086 lakh
Anacardium occidentale
Vengurla-4, Uttar kannada, Belthangadi, CNSL, Fenny, Fuel per ton of raw
Belgaum, Udupi, Udupi, Kundapur, wood, Squash from nuts
Shimoga, Kolar, Karwar, Sirsi, cashew apple
UÉÆÃqÀA©
Cashew
(Anacardiaceae)
Chikaballapur, Bidar, Gudibande,

Kodagu Shidlaghatta,
Srinivasapura,
Bidar, Madikeri,
Smovarpet,
Virajpet,
Tirthahalli
101

Table 4.1.3 : SPICE CROPS:
Sl. Scientific Commercial Area Grown Production value/UNIT

Name Varieties District Taluks
No Name Use (HA.) (tonnes) (2 Per Tonne)
1 Black Piper Karimanisara, Kodagu, Madikeri, Dried berries 26,618 Ha 10,751 tons Rs.2.456
Pepper nigrum Udrangotta, Chickamagalur, Somvarpet, used as spice, lakhs/ton
PÀjªÉÄt¸ÀÄ (Piperaceae) Maligesara, Hassan, Dakshin Virajpet, Sullia, oleoresin etc.,
Panniyur-1,2 Kannada, Uttar Puttur,
Kannada, Shimoga, Belthangadi,
Udupi, Mysore etc., Udupi, Mudigere,
Sringeri,
Sakleshpur, Belur,
Mysore, Hunsur
2 Cardamom Elettaria Mysore, Vujukka, Kodagu, Hassan, Madikeri, Dried pods 20,126 Ha 2,396 tons Rs.4.463
K®QÌ cardamomi Manjarabad, Chickmagalore, Somvarpet, (capsules) used lakhs/ton
Mudigere-1 Uttara Kannada, Virajpet, as spice, oil and
Dakshin Kannada, Sakleshpur, other products
Shimoga Mudigere, Sullia,
Belthangadi,
Puttur,
Thirthahalli,
Sringeri, NR
pura, Sirsi,
Siddapura etc.,
3 Tamarind PKM-1, All districts, except Srinivaspur, Dried fruits, 14,805 Ha 73,598 Tons Rs.35,846/ton
(Leguminacea
(Caesalpinace
ºÀÄt¸É Vantoor, Kodagu Kolar, Fresh undried

Tamarindus
Red Tamarind, Major: Kolar, Chintamani, Sira, fruits, Tamarind

Sweet Tamarind, Chickballapur, Madhugiri, paste, powder,
indica
Local Types, Tumkur, Chitradurga Chitradurga, Timber

ae)
Urigum, Hiriyur, Hosdurga
102

4 Ginger Rio-de-Geniro, Shimoga, Hassan, Shimoga, Sagar, Fresh and dry `20,891 Ha 2,16,253 tons Rs.20,140 per
±ÀÄAp Local Types Kodagu, Mysore, Sorab, Madikeri, rhizomes as ton of fresh
Bidar, Haveri, UK, Somwarpet, spice, oleoresin, rhizome
Zingiber officinale
Chickmagalur etc., Virajpet, Hassan, for medicinal
(Zingiberaceae)
Belur, Alur, purpose, dry
Sakleshpur, ginger powder
Haveri, Hangal,
Hirekerur, Sirsi,
Yellapur,
Mundgod, Bidar,
Humnabad,
Mysore, Hunsur,
Periapatna
5 Turmeric Satyamangala Chamarajnagar, Chamarajnagar Dry rhizone 21,144 Ha 1,34,069 tons Rs.30,950/ ton
Cj²£À Local Bagalkot, Belgaum, Gundlupet, converted into of processed/dry
Kalburgi, Bidar, Yelandur, Kollegal, powder, rhizomes
Mysore, Mandya, Hunsur,Nanjangud Oleoresin et.,
,
(Zingiberaceae)
Curcuma longa
Hassan etc., Medicinal

Belgaum,Mudhol,Ja properties,
mkhandi, colour
Raibagh, Chikkodi, extraction
Gokak, Mandya,
Maddur,
SrirangapatnHass
an,Belur,
Arkalgud,
Holenarsipura
6 Mango Curcuma Indiscript local Throughout western In all the taluks in The rhizomes NA NA NA
ginger amada varities ghats and coastal the listed areas are aromatic-
CA¨É ¨ÉÃgÀÄ areas smelling mango,
used for
pickling
7 Garlic Allium Gujrat Giant, Haveri, Belgaum, Haveri, Byadagi, Fresh 5,440 Ha 41,385 tons Rs.19,722/ton
¨É¼ÀÄî½î sativum Haveri Local, Bagalkot, Bidar, Savanur, bulbs/cloves are
(Liliaceae) Regalle Davangere, Shimoga Ranebennur, used as spice,
etc., Shiggoan, garlic paste and
Hirekerur, medicinal
103

Bagalkot, properties
Raibagh, Gokak,
Bhailahongal,
Shikaripura,
Honnali, Bidar,
Aurad
8 Red chillies Capsicum Byadagi Kaddi, Haveri, Bellary, Kundgol, Red/dry chillies 51,582 Ha 1,22,938 ton Rs. 38,220/ ton
(dry) annum Byadagi Dabbi, Gadag, Dharwad, Byadagi, Haveri, are used as of dry chillies
MtªÉÄt¹£À (Solanaceae) Gowribidanur, Belgaum, Ranebennur, spice, chillic
PÁ¬Ä Guntur, Chitradurga Hirekerur, powder,
Sankeshwar, Savanur, Oleoresin,
Hybrid Varieties Bailhongal, colour etc
Saundatti, Gokak,
Chitradurga,
Holalkere, Gadag,
Mundargi
9 Coriander Coriander Local Varieties, Bellary, Chitradurga, Bellary, Fresh leaf used 7,424 Ha 7,205 tons Rs.46,190/ton of
PÉÆÃvÀÛA§j, sativum Multicut type, Bidar, Belgaum, Hagaribommanah as dry seeds
zsÀ¤AiÀiÁ Apiaceae/ Kolar, Kalburgi etc., alli, Hadagali, spice/flavouring
Umbellifera Bidar, Aurad, agent, Dry
e (old) Aland, Gokak, seeds – as spice
Raibagh
10 Clove Eugenia Indiscript Local Chickmagalore, DK, Sakleshpur, Dried flower 202 Ha 88 tons Rs.1.5 lakh per
®ªÀAUÀ aromatica types, Uk, Udupi Koppa, NR pura, buds used as tonne of dried
(Myrtaceae) Sirsi, Siddapura, spice, powdered buds
Udupi, Puttur, spice,
Sullia, Oleoresin, Oil,
Belthangadi Medicinal
properties
11 Nutmeg Indiscript Local Chickmagalore, UK, Mudigere, Koppa, Dried nut (seed) 253 Ha 235 tons Rs.1.064
Myrstica fragrans
eÁ¬ÄPÁ¬Ä types, DK, Udupi, Shimoga NR pura, Sringeri, and aril (mace) lakh/tonne of
(Myrsticaceae)
Chickmagalur, used as spice, nut

Udupi, oil, Oleoresin,
Coondapura, Medicinal
Sagara, Sorab, properties
Sirsi, Siddapura
104

12 Cinnamon Cinnamomum Indiscript Local Udupi, DK, Udupi, Dried bark used 35 Ha 2 tons Rs.3.00 lakh per
zÁ°Ñ¤ß, ZÀPÉÌ zealanicum types, Chickmagalore, Coondapura, as spice, oil, ton of dried bark
(Myrtacea) Shimoga Mudigere, Medicinal
Sringeri, NR Pura, properties
Koppa,
Thirthahalli
13 Vanilla Vanilla Indiscript Local Chickmagalur, DK, Mudigere, Vanillin 1,095 Ha 4200 tons Rs.18,666 per
ªÉ¤¯Áè fragrans types, UK, Shimoga, Udupi N.R.Pura, Koppa, extracted from ton of wet beans
(Orchidaceae) etc., Tirthahalli, Sirsi, cured beans
Siddapura, Udupi,
Belthangadi
105

Table 4.1.4 : VEGETABLE CROPS:
Sl. Commercial Area Grown Productio value/UNIT

Name Scientific Name Varieties District Taluks
No Use (HA.) n (tonnes) (2 Per Tonne)
1 Potato Solanum Kufri Jyothi, Hassan, Hassan, Belur, Fresh tubers 38,953 Ha 5,16,715 Rs.8,816 per ton
D®ÆUÀqÉØ, tuberosum Kufri Chickmagalur, Channarayapatna, used as tons
§mÁmÉ (Solanaceae) Chandramuki, Kolar, Dharwad, Chickmagalur, Arasikere, vegetable,
Kufri Badshaha, Belgaum, Dharwad, Belgaum, chips, powder,
Chikkaballapura Bhailahongal, flour, starch,
ChikaballapuraSidlaghatt glucose etc.,
a, Kolar, Srinivaspura,
Chintamani, Malur,
Mulbagal
2 Tomato Lycopersicum Pusa Rubi, All over the state A large number of taluks Fresh fruits 58,500 Ha 19,84,825 Rs.8,425 per ton
mÉÆÃªÀiÁåmÉÆÃ esculentum Madanapalli Major: Kolar, in every of these districts used as tons
(Solanaceae) Local, Arka Chickballapura, vegetable,
Saurabh, Belgaum, Mysore, Fruits processed
F-1 Hybrids Davanagere, into sauce,
Hassan, Mandya, ketchup, puriee,
Chamarajnagar powder etc.,
etc.,
3 Brinjal Solanum Erengere, All the districts Àll the taluks in the state Fresh fruit as 15,223 Ha 3,87,029 Rs.8,605/ ton
§zÀ£É PÁ¬Ä melongena Malapur, Major:- Kolar, vegetable tons
(Solanaceae) Kudchi Local, Belgaum, Haveri,
Mattugulla, Mandya etc.,
F-1 Hybrids
4 French Phasiolus Bangalore Almost all the Many taluks in each of Fresh pods used 12,053 Ha 1,25,920 Rs.14,480/ton
beans vulgaris Local, Arka districts in the the major districts and in as vegetable, tons
wAUÀ¼À (Fabaceae) Komal, state other areas in scattered dried seeds as
CªÀgÉ, Pole Bean Major:- Kolar, way pulse
wAUÀ¼À Types, Chickballapura,
ºÀÄgÀ¼É Chamarajnagar,
Chickmagalore,
Hassan, Mandya,
Mysore, Belgaum,
Bangalore urban,
Bangalore rural
106

5 Onion Allium cepa Nasik Red, Bijapur, Haveri, Bijapur, Fresh bulbs 1,32,662 Ha 20,06,247 Rs.12,670 per
FgÀÄ½î (Liliaceae) Bellary Red, Chitradurga, Basavanabagewadi, used as tons ton
Rampur Red, Gadag, Dharwad, Bagalkot, Biligi, Gadag, vegetable,
Bangalore Rose Bagalkot, Kolar, Mundargi, Navalgund, Dehydrated
Onion, Bellary, Nargund, Hubli, onion flakes,
Arka Niketan, Chamarajnagar, Kundgol, Bellary, onion powder
Arka Kalyan, Chickmagalore ChamarajnagarChikkabal
lapurSidlaghatta,
Gauribidnur, Kolar,
Srinivaspura
6 Green Capsicum annum Gowribidanur Belgaum, Haveri, All the taluks in districts Fresh fruits 41,585 Ha 5,67,746 Rs.14,555/ton
chillies (Solanaceae) Local, Bellary, Hassan, Listed Major:- Bellary, used as tons
ºÀ¹ªÉÄt¹£À F-1 Hybrids, Bagalkot, Kolar, Belgaum, Bhailhongal, vegetables
PÁ¬Ä Bajji Mirchi, Chickaballapur, Hassan, Molakalmuru,
chitradurga, Aland, Mysore etc.,
Raichur, Koppal,
Gulbarga, Mysore
etc.,
7 Tapioca Manihot esculenta Local Types, Chickmagalore, Chickmagalore Tarikere, Fresh tuberous 1,150 Ha 13,333 Rs.4,132 per ton
ªÀÄgÀUÉt¸ÀÄ (Euphorbiaceae) Improved DK, Kodagu, Kadur, Mangalore, root cooked as tons of fresh
Varieties Chamarajnagar, Puttur, Sullia, Kodagu, vegetable, tuberous roots
released from Mysore Somvarpet, Virajpet, Processed into
research Chamarajnagar, Kollegal, flour, Saboo
stations Gundlupet, Nanjangud grains, Starch,
Glucose etc.,
8 Sweet Ipomea batatus Hosur Local, Belgaum, Belgaum, Khanapur, Fresh roots used 2,288 Ha 33,812 Rs.7,633 per ton
Potato (Convolvulaceae) Chickmagalore, Raibagh, Chikkodi, as vegetables, tons
¹»UÉt¸ÀÄ Dakshina Nagamangala, Bijapur, Processed into
Kannada Kolar, Malur, Udupi, flour
Mandya, Udupi, Mangalore
Bijapur, Kolar
etc.,
9 Colecrops Brassica Spp. F-1 Hybrids, Kolar, Belgaum, Kolar, Malur, Hoskote, Fresh heads are 17,758 Ha 3,46,025 Rs.9,860 per ton
(Cabbage, (Brassica Chickballapura, ChickballapuraDevanahal used as tons
Cauliflower, oleraceae) Bangalore rural, li, Haveri, Hirekerur, vegetables
Knolkhol) Brassicaceae Haveri, Bidar, Ranebennur, (Frozen
J¯ÉPÉÆÃ¸ÀÄºÀ Hassan, ChamarajnagarGundlupet vegetables)
107

ÆPÉÆÃ¸ÀÄ Chamarajnagar, , ChickmagaloreTarikere,
UÉqÉØPÉÆÃ¸ÀÄ Chickmagalur, Kadur, Mysore, Hunsur,
Mandya, Mysore Periapatna
etc.,
10 Peas Pisum sativum Magadi Local, Belgaum, Kolar, Dharwad, Hubli, Kolar, Fresh 1,280 Ha 18,897 Rs.20,030 per
§mÁtÂ (Fabaceae) Lincoln, Arka Dharwad, Bidar, Malur, Bidar, pods/seeds used tons ton of green
Ajit, Chickmagalore Chickmagalore as vegetables, pods
seeds dried into
pulses, frozen
peas/seeds
11 Ladies Abelmoschus Pusa Sawani, F- All over state Several taluks in the Tender:- Fresh 8,740 Ha 72,736 Rs.14,688 per
finger/ esculentus 1 Hybrid types, Major:- Haveri, listed districts pods used as tons ton
Bhendi (Malvaceae) Belgaum, vegetables
¨ÉAqÉ PÁ¬Ä Davangere, Kolar,
Chickballapur,
Mandya, Mysore,
Bangalore Rural
etc.,
12 Radish Raphanus sativus Ice Burg, All over the state In all the taluks in the Fresh roots used 5,338 Ha 59,476 Rs.7,625 per ton
ªÀÄÆ®AV Brassicaceae Nantes, Major: Kolar, listed districts as salad, and tons
F-1 Hybrid Chickballapur, vegetable
types, Belgaum, Haveri, leaves also used
Bidar, Kalburgi, as salad
Chamarajnagar,
Chickamagalur,
Mandya, Mysore
etc.,
13 Beet root Beta vulgaris Crimson Globe, Kolar, Kolar, Malur, Fresh tubers 2,541 Ha 41,738 Rs.8,086 per ton
©ÃmïUÀqÉØ (Chinapodiaceae) New Hampshire Chickaballapur, Srinivaspura, Bangarpet, root used as tons
Red, Hassan, Belgaum, Khanapura, vegetables
F-1 Hybrids Bangalore rural, Haveri, Hangal,
Belgaum, Haveri, ChickmagaloreHassan,
Chamarajnagar, Gundlupet etc.,
Chickamagalur
etc.,

108

Sl. Commercial Area Grown Production value/UNIT
No Use (HA.) (tonnes) (2 Per Tonne)
14 Carrot Dacus carota Super Taki, Kolar, In all the taluks in the Fresh roots are 4,643 Ha 87,220 tons Rs.10,368 per
UÀdÓj, Ambelliferace Delhi Red, Chickballapura, major districts used as ton
UÁd®ÄUÀqÉØ (Apiaceae) F-1 Hybrids Chamarajnagar, vegetables
Belgaum, Haveri, (frozen
Hassan, vegetables)
Bangalore Rural
15 Capsicum Capsicum annum F-1 Hybrids of All over the state In several taluks in all Fresh fruits 3,042 Ha 46,747 tons Rs.28,072 per
zÀ¥Àà ªÉÄt¸ÀÄ (Solanaceae) Green, Red and in both open and the major districts (green/coloure) ton
Yellow in green houses used as
varieties Major: Kolar, vegetables
Haveri,
Davangere, Bidar,
Raichur,
Chickballapura,
Chamarajnagar,
Chickmagalore,
Hassan, Mandya
etc.,
16 Cluster Cyamopsis Local Types Koppal, Bellary, In several taluks in Fresh pods 3,621 Ha 27,761 tons Rs.9,783 per ton
beans tetragonaloba UK, Haveri, districts listed (tender) used as
UÉÆÃjPÁ¬Ä (Fabaceae ) Belgaum, vegetables, dry
ZÀªÀ¼É Bagalkot, seeds used for
Davangere, extraction of
Chitradugra, gum
Mandya etc.,
17 Drumstick Moringa PKM-1, All over the In several taluks all over Fresh pods used 2,075 Ha 6,455 tons Rs.47,993 per
£ÀÄUÉÎPÁ¬Ä pterigophyta Dhanraj, state: the state as vegetable, oil ton of pods
(Moringaceae) Bhagya, Major: Haveri, extracted from (fresh)
Indiscript Local Davangere, seeds, Tender
types, Mandya, Bellary, leaf as
Raichur, Koppal, vegetable
Kalburgi, Bijapur

109

18 Water Citrullus Vulgaris Kiran, All over the state In several taluks in the Fresh fruit is 9,049 Ha 3,02,178 Rs.6,848/ton
melon (Cucurbitaceae) F-1 Hybrid Major: Haveri, major districts edible dessert tons
PÀ®èAUÀr types, Kolar, Mandya, fruit
ºÀtÄÚ Mysore, Koppal,
Davangere, Bidar,
Bellary,
Chamarajnagar etc.,
19 Muskmelon Cucumis melo Cantalope, All over the state In several taluks in the Fresh fruits are 781 Ha 12,177 tons Rs.11,308 per
PÀgÀ§ÆdzÀ (Ccurbitaceae) Honeymelons, Major: Raichur, listed districts eaten as desert ton
ºÀtÄÚ F-1 Hybrid Bellary,Davangere, fruits
types Tumkur,
Chamarajnagar,
Chickaballapura
20 Ash Gourd Benincasa Co-1, Co-2, F-1 Kolar, Hassan, In several taluks in the Fresh fruits as 1478 Ha 32,973 tons Rs.6,550 per ton
§ÆzÀUÀÄA§¼À hispida Hybrids Mandya, Bang(U), listed districts vegetable,
Davangere, Haveri, Candy(Peta),
Mysore, Udupi etc., Toffies, Halwa
etc.,
21 Snake Trichosanthes F-1 Hybrids, All over the state In several taluks in the Fresh fruits as 1143 Ha 14,928 tons Rs.8,800 per ton
Gourd cucumerina Unnamed local Major: Mandya, listed districts vegetable
¥ÀqÀªÀ®PÁ¬Ä varities Mysore, Bijapur,
Haveri, Bang(U),
Bang(R), Hassan,
Bellary etc.,
22 Bottle Lagenaria Arka Bahar, Bang(U), C.B.Pura, In several taluks in the Fresh fruits as 556 Ha 7269 tons Rs.12,100 per
Gourd siceraria ArkaMeghdoot, Mandya, Bidar, listed districts vegetable ton
¸ÉÆÃgÉPÁ¬Ä Pusa Summar Gulberga, Mysore
Prolific Long, etc.,
Pusa Hybrid-3,
Pusa Manjari,
Several other F-
1 Hybrids

110

23 Bitter Momordica Arka Harit, All over the state In several taluks in the Fresh fruits as 3042 Ha 33,141 tons Rs.9,160 per ton
Gourd charantia Coimbatore Major: listed districts vegetable,
ºÁUÀ®PÁ¬Ä Long, Priya, Mandya, Gulberga, Dehydrated
Hirkani, F-1 Bidar, U.K, vegetables,
Hybrids Belgaum, Dharwad, Processed
C.B.Pura, Bang(U), savouries like
Bang(R), Kolar etc., Chips etc.,
24 Ridge Luffa acutangula Raichur Local, All over the state In several taluks in the Fresh fruits as 4758 Ha 48,008 tons Rs.8,900 per ton
Gourd Pusa Nasdar, Major: listed districts vegetable,
»ÃgÉPÁ¬Ä Selection 4-12, Koppal, Haveri,
Arka Sujatha, Mandya, Bang(U),
Arka Sumith, Bang(R),
Pusa Hybrid, F- Chitradurga,
1 Hybrids Davangere, Kolar,
Belgaum, Bagalkote,
Bidar etc.,
25 Sponge Luffa cylindrica Local varieties All over the state, In several taluks in all Fresh fruits as NA NA NA
Gourd in Household the districts vegetable,
vÀÄ¥ÀàzÀ»ÃgÉ Gardens
26 Amorphop Amorphophalus Indiscrpt Local Chickmagalore, Chickmagalore, Koppa, Fresh corms are 468 Ha 21,547 tons Rs.12,744 per
halus (Araceae) types, Kodagu, DK, UK, Sringeri, N.R.pura, eaten as ton
¸ÀÄªÀtðUÀqÉØ Shimoga, Davangere, Tirthahalli, Sagara, vegetable,
Mysore etc., Davangere, Mysore, Medicinal use –
Hunsur, Periapatna against piles
27 Pumpkin Cucurbita Arka All over the state In several taluks in all Fresh fruits as 2,343 Ha 54,199 tons Rs.7,180 per ton
¹»UÀÄA§¼À moschata Suryamuki, Major: Mandya, the districts vegetable, Halwa
Arka Chandan, Koppal, Haveri, etc.,
Co-1, Co-2, Chikkaballapur,
Ambali, F-1 Bang(U), Bang(R)
Hybrids etc.,
28 Summer Cucurbita pepo F-1 Hybrids Bang(U), Bang(R) Bang. South, Bang. Fresh fruits as NA NA NA
Squash etc., North, Anekal, Hoskote vegetable
(Zuccuni) etc.,
dÄPÀ¤
Sl. Name Scientific Name Varieties District Taluks Commercial Area Grown Production value/UNIT
111

29 Cucumber Cucumis sativus Japanese Long All over the state In several taluks in all Fresh fruits as 6,438 Ha 1,01,499 Rs.8,000 per ton
¸ËvÉÃPÁ¬Ä Green, Belgaum Major: Mandya, the districts vegetable, Salads tons
Local, Hassan Haveri, Belgaum,
White, Mysore Bijapur, Bagalkote,
Local, Himangi, Hassan, Mysore,
F-1 Hybrids Udupi,Bidar,Bellary,
Kolar, Bang(R) etc.,
30 Gherkins Cucumis anguria F-1 Hybrids Bellary, Davangere, In several taluks in the Processed in 2,262 Ha 38,055 tons Rs.9500 per ton
«Är¸ËvÉ Chitradurga, Bidar, listed districts Braine/Salt
Chikkamagalur etc., solution, Pickles,
Fresh vegetables
31 Little Coccinia indica, DRC-1, DRC-2, D.K, Hassan, In several taluks in the Fresh fruits as 910 Ha 20,360 tons Rs.9,660 per ton
Gourd Coccinia grandis Sulabha, Arka Kodagu, Kolar, listed districts vegetable
vÉÆAqÉPÁ¬Ä Nilanchal Bang(U), Bang(R),
Kunki, Arka Udupi etc.,
Nilanchal
Sabhuja, etc.,
32 Chow Sechium edule Unnamed Bang(U), Bang(R), In several taluks in the Fresh fruits as NA NA NA
Chow, varities Kolar, listed districts vegetable
Chayote, belonging to Chikkabalapur,
¹ÃªÉÄ§zÀ£É Green types and Tumkur etc.,
White types,
33 Curry leaf Murraya koenigi Suvasini, All over the state. In almost all the taluks Fresh leaves are 2,035 Ha 13,201 tons Rs.11,430 per
PÀj¨ÉÃªÀÅ (Rutaceae) Indiscript Local Major: Bellary, in a scattered way used for ton of green
types, Haveri, Kolar, flovouring the leaves
Belgaum, Bijapura, dishes
Bidar, Koppal, Dried/dehydrated
Raichur, Mandya leaves powder,
etc., leaf oil
34 Methi Phoeniculum Local types All over the state In several taluks in each Fresh leaves are 3,767 Ha 38,725 tons Rs.8,855 per ton
ªÉÄAvÉ vulgare Major: Mandya, of the listed districts cooked and of fresh
Fabaceae Kolar, Bagalkot, eaten, salad, dry leaves/herbage
(Old:Leguminace Belgaum, Bijapur, seeds are used
ae) Dharwad, Haveri, for various
Bellary, Bidar, culinary
Hassan, Kalburgi, purposes
Koppal, Raichur etc.,
35 Palak Spinacia Local types All over the state. In many taluks in Fresh leaves are 3,111 31,267 tons Rs.9,805 per ton
112

¥Á®Pï oleraceae Major: Kolar, districts used as of fresh
(Chinapodiaceae) Belgaum, Haveri, vegetable, salad leaves/herbage
Bellary, Bidar,
Kalburgi, Koppal,
Mandya
36 Amaranthus Amaranthus Local types All over state. Almost all the taluks Fresh leaves 2,935 Ha 48,180 tons Rs.5,780 per ton
zÀAlÄ, viridis Major: Kolar, used as leafy
ºÀjªÉ (Amaranthaceae) Chickaballapur, vegetables
Ramanagar, Bellary,
mandya, Haveri,
Tumkur
113

Table 4.1.5 : CULTIVATED MEDICINAL PLANTS:

1 Baje Acorus calamus Indiscript Local Tumkur Tumkur, Koratagere, Dried rhizomes 64 Ha 575 tons Rs.80,000 per
(Fweet types Gubbi etc. used for ton
flag) extraction of
§eÉ medicinal
principles
2 Coleus Coleus forksoli Indiscript Local Koppal, Koppal, Yelburga, Dried roots used 155 Ha 250 tons Rs.8,400 per ton
ªÀiÁPÀ½ types Chamarajnagar, Yelandur, Dharwad, for extraction of
¨ÉÃgÀÄ Dharwad, Sirsi etc., medicinal
Dakshina principles
Kannada
3 Long Piper longum Indiscript Local Dakshina Khanapur, mangalore, Dried catkins 20 Ha 7 tons Rs.28,570 per
Pepper types Kannada, Sullia, Belthangadi, used as medicine ton
»¥Àà½ Belgaum,Udupi Udupi
4 Periurinkle Catharanthus Indiscript Local Koppal, Koppal, Yelburga, Dried roots 22 Ha 52 tons Rs.30,770 per
PÁ²PÀtUÀ¯É roseus types Bangalore urban Bangalore South, herbage used for ton
Anekal, Bangalore extraction of
North alkaloids
5 Kokum Garcinia indica Indiscript Local Chickmagalur, Mudigere, Koppa, Fruits processed 25 Ha 15 tons Rs.80,000 per
ªÁmÉÃºÀÄ½ types Uttar Kannada, N.R.pura, Sringeri, into squash, ton of dried
Dakshina Sirsi, Puttur, Sullia, concentrate, fruits
Kannada, Udupi Udupi, Kundapur dried fruits used
as souring agent
6 Ashwa Withania Indiscript Local Gadag, Bellary, Gadag, Mundaragi, Dried herbage 874 Ha 537 tons 53,070 per ton
ghanda somnifera types Dharwad Bellary, Sondur, used for
C±ÀéUÀAzsÀ Dharwad, Khalghatagi, extraction of
Kundgol medicinal
principles
7 Amla Emblica Krishna, Shimoga, Shimoga, Sorab, Fruit processed 153 Ha 845 tons Rs.1.89 lakh per
¨ÉlÖzÀ£É°è officinalis Kanchan, Bangalore rural, Doddaballapur, into various ton
Banarasi, Tumkur, Tumkur, Sira, products,
Chamarajnagar, Yelandur, Gundlupet, Dehydrated
Mysore Mysore, Hunsur etc., flakes and many
medicinal
preparations
114

8 Sacred Ocimum sanctum Indiscript Local Bellary, Gadag, Bellary, Sondur, Leaves used for 696 Ha 543 tons Rs.26,335 per
Basil types Ramnagar, Hagaribommanahalli, pooja purpose, (Dry ton
vÀÄ¼À¹ Bangalore urban Anekar etc., Dried leaves as herbage)
etc., medicine and
extraction of oil
9 Coleus Coleus forskohlii Indiscript Local Bang.Rural, In selected taluks of the Roots used for NA NA NA
ªÀiÁPÀ½ types Tumkur, listed districts extraction of
¨ÉÃgÀÄ Chitradurga etc., alkaloides which
have medicinal
properties
10 Aloe Aloe vera Indiscript Local Mysore, In selected taluks of the Fleshy leaves NA NA NA
¯ÉÆÃ¯É¸ÀgÀ types Chamarajnagar, listed districts used for
Chikkaballapur, extraction of
Chikkamagalur Jelly which has
several
medicinal
properties
11 Mint Mentha arvensis Indiscript Local Bangalore urban, Anekal, Bangalore Fresh leaves 32 Ha 154 Tons Rs.24,025 per
¥ÀÄ¢£À types Ramanagara etc., South, Ramanagar, used as (Fresh ton
Chennapatna, Magadi flavouring agent, leaves)
etc., oil extracted
from herbage
12 Asparagus Asparagus Indiscript Local Growing wild in In all the taluks in dry Fleshy roots are NA NA NA
±ÀvÁªÀj racemosus types all the dry tracts zone dried and used
of Karnataka for extraction of
medicinal
principles
13 Long Piper longum Indiscript types Western ghats NA Dried inflorens- NA NA NA
Pepper areas cences are used
»¥Àà° for extracting
medicinal
principles
14 Senna Cassia Indiscript types Bang.Rural, NA Dried herbage NA NA NA
¸ÉtÚ angustifolia Kolar, used for
Chikkaballapur extraction of
medicinal
principles
115

15 Stevia Stevia rebaudiana Indiscript types Throughout the NA Dried leaves are NA NA NA
ªÀÄzsÀÄªÀAw state in scattered used for
way extraction of
sweeting
properties
16 Kokum Garcinia indica Indiscript Local Western ghats and Found grown in Fruits used for NA NA NA
ªÁmÉºÀÄ½, types coastal areas orchards, household extraction of juice
DªÀÄ¸ÉÆÃ¯ï gardens and also found which is processed
and bottled, which
growing in forests
as several
medicinal
properties – anti
cholesterol,
cooling effect
17 Camboge Garcinia Indiscript Local Western ghats and Found grown in Fruits used for NA NA NA
PÉÆÃqÀA¥ÀÄ½ cambogia types coastal areas orchards, household extraction of
gardens and also found juice which is
growing in forests processed and
bottled, which as
several
medicinal
properties – anti
colestral, cooling
effect
18 Ashwagand Withania Indiscript Local Bangalore, Kolar, In selected taluks in the Roots used to NA NA NA
ha somnifera types Chikkaballapur, listed districts extract
C±ÀéUÀAzsÀ Chitradurga, alkaloids/steroid
Gadag s which have
several
medicinal
properties
19 Periwinkle Catharanthus Indiscript Local Gadag, Gulberga, In selected taluks in the Roots used to NA NA NA
ªÉÄÃtªÀÄ°èUÉ, roseus types Yadgiri, Koppal listed districts extract
¸ÀzÁªÀÄ°èUÉ alkaloids/steroid
s which have
several
medicinal
properties
116

20 Glory lily Gloriosa superba Indiscript Local Growing wild NA Tubers roots are NA NA NA
²ªÀ±ÀQÛ ºÀÆ types everywhere and the source of
cultivated in several
scattered areas medicinal
principles
21 Sarpa Rauvolfia Indiscript Local Gadag, Gulberga, In selected taluks in the Dried fruits are NA NA NA
ghandhi serpentina types Yadgiri, Koppal listed districts the source of
¸À¥ÀðUÀA¢ü several
medicinal
principles

117

Table 4.1.6 : AROMATIC PLANTS:
Sl. Name Scientific Name Varieties District Taluks Commercial Use Area Grown Productio value/UNIT
No (HA.) n (tonnes) (2 Per Tonne)
1 Davana Artemisia pallens Indiscript Local Kolar, Mulbagal, Kolar, Dried herbage 892 Ha 9,082 tons Rs.8,600 per ton
zÀªÀ£À types Chikkaballapura, Malur, Srinivaspura, used for aromatic of dried of herbage
Chamarajnagara, Chintamani, oil extraction herbage
Bangalore Urban Bagepalli, Yelandur,
etc., Bangalore North
2 Lemon Cymbopogan Indiscript Local Koppal, Bellary, Koppal, Sondur, Aromatic oil 295 Ha 1,977 tons 11,532 per ton
grass flexuosus, types Bijapur, Dakshina Mangalore, Puttur, extracted from of fresh of herbage
¤A¨É ºÀÄ®Äè C.citratus, Kannada, Sullia, Mudigere, leaves herbage
C.pendulus Chickmagalur, Udupi, Kundapur
Udupi
3 Lavender Lavendula Indiscript Local Koppal, Koppal, Yelburga, Aromatic oil from 103 Ha 502 tons 20,380 per ton
¯ÁåªÉAqÀgï Officinalis types Bangalore urban Gangavathi, dried herb, also dried of dried herbage
Bangalore North used as edible herbage
herbs for
flavouring foods
4 Vetiver Veteveria Indiscript Local Dakshina Sirsi, Yellapur, Aromatic oil 43 Ha 79 tons of 63,290 per ton
(Khus) zizanoides types Kannada, UK, Mundgod, Udupi, extracted from dried roots of dry roots
¯ÁªÀAZÀÀ Udupi, Belgaum Mangalore, Sullia, dried roots, caps,
Puttur, Khanapur etc., bags, curtains etc.,
are prepared out of
roots
5 Citronella Cymbopogan RRL(B)-15, Udupi, Gadag, Udupi, Coondapura, Aromatic oil 51 Ha 1228 ton 12,052 per ton
grass nardus, Jor.Lab.C-2 , Belgaum Karkala,Gadag, extracted from fresh of fresh herbage
¹mÉÆæÃ£É¯Áè C.confertiflorus, Bio-13 and Mundargi, Khanapur fresh herb herbage
C.winterianus Local types
6 Palmarosa Cymbopogan Motia, Sofia Western ghats NA Aromatic oil NA NA NA
grass martinii extracted from
¥ÁªÀÄgÉÆÃd fresh herb
7 Scented Pelargonium Indiscript Local Kolar, Belgaum Malur, Mulbagal, Aromatic oil 65 Ha 927 tons of 5,070 per ton of
Geranium aromaticus types Kolar, Khanapur, extracted from fresh fresh leaves
¥À¤ßgÀÄ J¯É Belgaum fresh/dried leaves herbage
8 Patchouli Pogestemon Indiscript Local Uttar kannada, Sirsi, Siddapura, Aromatic oil from 12 Ha 210 tons of 29,048 per ton
¥ÀmÉÆÃ° patchouli types Dakshina kannada Mundgod, Mangalore, dried herbage dry of dry herbage
puttur etc., herbage
118

Table 4.1.7 : FLORICULTURE CROPS:
Sl. Area Grown Productio value/UNIT

Name Scientific Name Varieties District Taluks Commercial Use
1 Aster Callistephus Kamini, Poornima, Bang.(U), Hosakote, Loose flowers, cut 1,701 15,967 Rs.15,800 per
(China aster) chinensis White cushion, C.B.pura, Devanahalli, flowers, pooja ton
D¸ÀÖgï Shashank, Phule Davanagere, Shiddlaghatta, purpose, Bouquet
§l£ïì Ganesh, Kolar, Ramnagar, Tumkur, Kortagere, etc.,
Tumkur, Haveri, Magadi, Ranebennur,
Hassan, C.R.Patna, Tarikere,
Chikkamagalur, Nagamangala
Mandya
2 Crossandra Crossandra Red, Orange, C.B.Pura, C.B.Pura, Loose flowers, 2,484 10,738 Rs.62,900 per
PÀ£ÀPÁA§gÀ infundibuliformis Yellow, Delhi, Chitradurga, Gouribidanur, Anekal, Garland purpose, ton
Lutia, Soundarya, Bang.(U), Kolar, Malur, Haveri, Gubbi, pooja purpose,
Arka Ambar, Arka Tumkur, Haveri, Tiptur, Bellary, Stage decoration
Kanaka Bellary, Koppal, Koppal, Nagamangala, etc.,
Mandya, Mysore Mysore, Nanjangud
3 Marigold Tagetes erecta Pusa Basanthi Chamarajnagar, Gundlapet, Haveri, Loose flowers, 8,824 72,706 Rs.10,000 per
ZÀAqÀÄ ºÀÆ (African Genda, Pusa Haveri, Kolar, Hangal, Malur, pooja purpose, ton
marigold) Narangi Genda, C.B.Pura, Gouribidanur, Jagalur, Garland making,
Tagetes patula F-1 Hybrids Davangere, Honnali, Kodlagi, Stage decoration
(French marigold) Belgaum, Bellary, H.B.Halli, etc.,
Mandya, Mysore Nagamangala,
Malavalli, H.D.Kote
4 Jasamine Jasaminum Mysore Mallige, Haveri, Tumkur, Shirahatti, Savanur, Loose flowers, 6,395 42,285 Rs.46,000 per
ªÀÄ°èUÉ sambac Suji Mallige, Ramanagar, Kortagere, Madugiri, pooja purpose, ton
(Gundu Mallige), Hadagali Mallige, Bellary, Koppal, Sira, Gangavathi, Garland making,
Jasaminum Arka Surabhi Raichur, Bang(U), Raichur, Manvi, Stage decoration,
ariculatum Udupi, Mysore, Anekal, Udupi, Head decoration
(Vasantha Mandya, D.K Mangalore, Mysore, ,Oil extraction etc.,
Mallige) Nanjangud
Jasaminum
multiflorum
(Kakada)
Jasaminum
grandiflorum
(Jaji Mallige)
119

5 Chrysanthemum Kurnool, Tumkur, Sira, Madugiri, Jagalur, Loose flowers, 4,639 59,826 Rs.44,000 per
morifolium Coimbatore, Chitradurga, Hiriyur, Gouribidanur, pooja purpose, ton
Chrysanthemum
Yellow gold, C.B.Pura, Kolar, Malur, Ranebennur, Garland making,

Indira, Dundi, Belgaum, Haveri, Kadur, Tarikere, Stage decoration,
¸ÉÃªÀAwUÉ
Mattur, Jayanthi, Chikkamagalur, Nagamangala, Hunsur, Head decoration,

Basanthi, Kasturi, Mandya, Mysore Mysore Bouquet, Cut
Marigold, flowers etc.,
Rajawhite,
Chandrika,
Himani,
6 Tube Rose Polianthes Single varities Chitradurga, Hiriyur, Chitradurga, Loose flowers, 2,019 17,307 Rs.69,000 per
¸ÀÄUÀAzsÀgÁd tuberosa (Mexicon, Haveri, Gulberga, Shirahatti, Nanjangud, Garland making, ton
Shringar, Mysore, Shimoga, Bhadravathi, Badami, Stage decoration,
Rajathlekha, Bijapur, Dharwad, Dharwad, Anekal, Bouquet, Cut
Prajwal, Arka Bang(U), Kolar, Malur, Mulbagal, flowers, Oil
Nirantar), Double Bellary Kudligi,Bellar extraction etc.,
varities
(Suhasini, Swarna
Rekha, Vaibhav)
7 Gladiolus Gladiolus Friendship, C.B.Pura, C.B.Pura, Anekal, Stage decoration, 232 291 Lakh Rs.3 per stick
UÁèöårAiÉÆÃ splendens American Beauty, Bang(U), Belgaum, Kanapur, Bouquet, Cut Sticks
®¸ï Poonum, Arathi, Belgaum, Kolar Bailhongal, Malur flowers, etc.,
Meera, Shobha,
Sapna, Apsara,
Triloki, Mayura,
Arjuna, Melody,
White Friendship,
Summer Sunshine,
Pacifica
8 Green Rosa hybrida Grand Gala, Bang(U), Bang. North, Cut flowers, Stage N.A. N.A. N.A.
House (Hybrid Tea Tajmahal, First Bang(R), Kolar, Bang.South, Anekal, decoration,
Rose Types) Red, Lambada, C.B.Pura, Hosakote, Bouquet, etc.,
ºÀ¹gÀÄªÀÄ£É Nobless Pink, Tumkur, Mysore Devanahalli,
UÀÄ¯Á© Miracle, Tineke, D.B.Pura, C.B.Pura,
Confetti, Ravel, Mysore
Deplomat
120

9 Out Door Rosa hybrida Charisma, Bang(R), Bang. North, Loose flowers, 2640 6320 Lakh Rs. 7 per stick
Roses (Hybrid Tea, Gladiator, Mullu Bang(U), Bang.South, Garland making, Flowers
ºÉÆgÁAUÀt Floribunda, Hybrid, Sophia C.B.Pura, Kolar, Anekal,Hosakote,Devana Stage decoration,
halli, D.B.Pura,Malur,
UÀÄ¯Á¨É Polyantha and Loren, Yellow Davangere, Bouquet etc.,
Davangere,
Miniature Types) Baby, Ruby Star, Ramanagar, Magadi,Ramanagar,Chen
Arka Parimala Tumkur, napatna, Tumkur,
Dharwad, Haveri, Kortagere,Haveri,
Bellary, Mandya, Bellary,
Gulberga Mandya, Nagamangala,
Sedam
10 Bird of Strelitzia regia No named varities Bang(R), Bang. North, Cut flowers, Stage 54 72 Lakh Rs.4 per stick
Paradise Bang(U), Bang.South, Anekal, decoration, Flowers
§qïð D¥sï C.B.Pura, Hosakote, Bouquet, etc.,
¥ÁågÀqÉÊ¸ï Devanahalli,
D.B.Pura, C.B.Pura
11 Golden Solidago capensis No named varities Bang(R), Bang. North, Cut flowers, Stage 22 44 Lakh Rs.2 per stick
Rod Bang(U), Bang.South, Anekal, decoration, Sticks
UÉÆÃ®ØA£ï C.B.Pura, Hosakote, Bouquet, etc.,
gÁqï Devanahalli,
D.B.Pura, C.B.Pura
12 Calla Lilly Zantedeschia No named varities Bang(U), Bang. North, Cut flowers, Stage 9 15 Lakh Rs.1.3 per stick
PÁå¯Á °°è aethiopica Bang.South, decoration, Flowers
Bouquet, etc.,
13 Orchids Plants belonging Kodagu, Shimoga, Madakeri, Virajpet, Cut flowers, Stage 3 5.28 Lakh Rs.19 per stick
¹ÃvÁ¼É to various Genera Tumkur, Bang(U) Somarpet, decoration, Sticks
such as Thirthahalli, Shimoga, Bouquet, etc.,
Dendrobium, Bang. North, Bang.
Phalanopsis, South
Cymbidium, etc.,
14 Carnation Dianthus Dovar, Cherry Bang(R), Bang. North, Cut flowers, Stage 55 142 Lakh Rs.16 per stick
PÁ£ÉðÃμÀ£ï caryophyllata Solar, Yellow Bang(U), Bang.South, Anekal, decoration, Flowers
solar, Domingo, C.B.Pura, Kolar, Hosakote, Bouquet, etc.,
Sugar baby, Alma, Devanahalli,
Candy, Arka D.B.Pura, Malur
Flame etc.,
121

Sl. Name Scientific Name Varieties District Taluks Commercial Use Area Grown Productio value/UNIT
No (HA.) n (tonnes) (2 Per
Tonne)
15 DAxÉÆÃjA Anthurium Tropical Red, Kodagu, Madakeri, Virajpet, Cut flowers, Stage 45 28 Lakh Rs.8 per stick
Anthuriu
andreanum Hawaiian Red, Shimoga, Hassan, Somarpet, Thirthahalli, decoration, Sticks

iÀÄA Casino, Lincoln, Chikkamagalur, Shimoga, D.B.Pura, Bouquet, etc.,
m
Arizona, Midori, Belgaum, Koppa, Shringeri,

Pistachi Bang(R) Sakaleshpur, Belgaum
16 Gerbera Gerbera Clementine, Bang(R), Bang. North, Cut flowers, Stage 79 93 Lakh Rs.3 per stick
d¨ÉðgÀ jamesonii Fleming, Delphi, Bang(U), Bang.South, Anekal, decoration, Flowers
Vesta, Uranus, C.B.Pura, Hosakote, Devanahalli, Bouquet, etc.,
Bonny, Tumkur, D.B.Pura, Belgaum,
Belgaum Kanapur, Tumkur,
Gubbi, C.B.Pura
17 Annual Limonium No named varities Bang(U), Bijapur Bang. North, Cut flowers (Fillar 124 21 Lakh Rs.3 per stick
Statice sinuatum Bang.South, Anekal, material), Sticks
ªÁ¶ðPÀ Hosakote, Bijapur Bouquet, Dry
¸ÁÖnÃ¸ï flowers etc.,

122

Table 4.1.8 : EDIBLE MUSHROOMS:
Sl. Name Scientific Name Varieties District Taluks Commercial Area Grown Productio value/UNIT
1 Button Agaricus biflorus No named Bang(U) Bang.North, Edible purpose, NA NA NA
mushrooms varities Bang.South, Making
Bang.East dehydrated
mushrooms
etc.,
2 Paddystraw Pleurotus No named Bang(U), Bang.North, Edible purpose, NA NA NA
mushrooms sujercaju varities Mandya, Mysore, Bang.South, Making
Belgaum Bang.East, dehydrated
Manday, Mysore, mushrooms
Belgaum, etc.,
3 Milky Calocybe indica No named Bang(U) Bang.North Edible purpose, NA NA NA
mushrooms varities Making
dehydrated
mushrooms
etc.,
123

4.5 Geographical Indications (G.I) and G.I. Registration of Horticultural Crops/
varieties
4.5.1 Coorg Orange (Citrus reticulata) G.I. Registration no. 33. Year of Registration: 2005
Geographical Location: Coorg

Longitude: 75o 17’ 27” E to 76o 10’ 37” E
Latitude: 11o 46’ 09” N to 13o 11’ 46” N
 Grown in and around Coorg district (around 240 kms from Bangalore), Karnataka
 Historically Coorg Orange was introduced by the Britishers between 1830 and 1840
 Excellent blend of acid and sugar in juice
 It has tight skin compared to Nagpur Orange
 Ripe fruits are greenish-yellow/orange in colour
 Maintains its unique taste and aroma with good keeping quality when it is grown under high
rainfall areas, hilly terrains (around 3000 ft. from MSL) and deep well-drained soils
4.5.2 Mysore Betel Leaf (Piper betel) G.I. Registration no. 34. Year of Registration: 2005
Geographical Location: Mysore

Longitude: 76o 26’ 34” E to 76o 50’ 23” E
Latitude: 12o 07’ 43” N to 12o 27’ 01” N
 Popularly called as Mysore Chigurele (tender leaf)

 Historically grown in the backyard of Mysore Palace and the surrounding areas of Mysore city
 Specific hot taste (pungent) and smooth texture
 Requires tropical climate with high atmospheric humidity
 Suitable for cultivation in both uplands and wetlands
124

4.5.3 Nanjanagu ud Banana (Musa paraadisiaca) G
G.I. Registration no. 35. Year of
Registratioon: 2005
Geographicaal Location: Nanjanagud

N
Longitude: 776o 25’ 37” E to 77o 11’ 21”
2 E
Latitude : 111o 52’ 41” N to 12o 13’ 03” N
 Grown in Deevarasanahallli and surrouunding villagges of Nanjannagud Talukk (around 1600 kms from
Bangalore) in
i Mysore diistrict, Karnaataka
 Historically Nanjanagudd Banana fruiits were beinng offered to Lord Sree Srrikanteshwarra at
Nanjanagud Temple
 Black clay, alluvial
a and saline soils are
a responsibble for its uniique fruit chaaracters
 Fruits are goolden-yellow
w, delicious inn taste with uunique aromaa and long shhelf life
 Occurrence of hard lumpps and loss of unique arom
ma when it is
i grown outsside Mysore bio-climate
 Maintains itss high qualitty only underr organic method of cultivation
125
5

4.5.4 Mysore Mallige (Jasminum trifolium) G.I. Registration no. 69. Year of Registration:
2006
Geographical Location: Mysore

Longitude: 76o 23’ 55.22” E to 76o 51’ 39.19” E
Latitude : 11o 54’ 27.63” N to 12o 24’ 16.6” N
 This variety is predominantly grown in and around Mysore (around 140 kms from
Bangalore), Karnataka
 Mythologically, Mysore Mallige was referred in the great epic, MahabharataMainly used
in garlands and other decorative purposes
 High fragrance is the unique feature of this flower
 Fragrance in this variety is influenced by bio-climatic conditions of Mysore and its
surrounding areas
 Buds have good keeping quality with shelf-life of 2-3 days
 The dry and warm weather of the region is also responsible for the unique fragrance of
this variety
4.5.5 Kamalapur Red Banana (Musa sp.)
 Unique to Kamalapur and surrounding areas of Gulbarga district (around 650 kms from
Bangalore), Karnataka
 Grows 15 to 18 feet in height, with a strong and thick trunk
 It is an 18-month crop
 Colour of the raw fruit is greenish-purple and turns to red on maturity
 Fruits have sweet taste and unique flavour
126

4.5.6 Byadagi Chilli (Capsicum annuum)
 Extensively grown in Byadagi taluk of Haveri District (around 335 kms from Bangalore),
Karnataka
 Expresses its unique characters when it is grown in S-W monsoon season, under rainfed
conditions
 Grows best in well drained, sandy loam, red or black soils
 Fruits are long (up to 15-20 cms), slender, wrinkled and have attractive deep red colour
 Less pungent and contains less capsaicin
 Unique feature of this variety is its wrinkled pericarp, which makes seeds adhere to it even if the
fruit is broken
 Highly preferred for oleoresin extraction
 Lends attractive red color to dishes
127

4.5.7 Sagar Appe Midi Mango (Mangifera indica)
 A special category of mango characterized by bunch bearing, small size and strong aroma
 It is grown in Sagar Taluk of Shimoga district (around 400 kms from Bangalore), Karnataka
 Immature fruits are exclusively used for making pickles
 Available in an array of strong aroma, ranging from jeera(cumin) to Karpoora (camphor)
 Several types of Appe midi exist in Sagar area, viz. Barige Jeerige Appe, Adderi Jeerige Appe,
Dombesara Jeerige Appe, Genasinakuni Jeerige Appe, Barigemane Appe, Kuppe Bordgal Appe,
Sudurugate Appe, Kamchappe, Huklu Appe, Kambaduru Appe etc.
4.5.8 Devanahalli Pummelo (Citrus grandis)

 Unique to Devanahalli Taluk (around 30 kms from Bangalore) and surrounding areas in
Bangalore Rural District, Karnataka
 Owes its name to Devanahalli, where its cultivation is mainly centered
 Shallow, well drained, deep loamy soils are highly Suited
 Shape of fruit ranges from round to oblate (top-shaped) Fruit size varies from 20 to 30 cm in
diameter, attains yellow colour on maturity. The rind is thick, loose and spongy
 The vesicles are pinkish to red in colour, moderately juicy to fairly dry and segments can be
easily separated
 Juice has a characteristic blend of sweet and sour taste
128

4.5.9 Mattu Gulla Brinjal (Solanum melongena)
 It is grown in Mattu, a small village in Udupi District (around 400 kms from Bangalore),
Karnataka
 A unique variety of brinjal with small spines on the stalk
 Fruits are round in shape, green in colour with white stripes
 Invariably used in dishes prepared at the festival held every alternate year since 15th century at the
Udupi Sri Krishna temple
 It has thin skin, which virtually gets dissolved on cooking
 Low astringency
129

4.5.10 Bangalore Mango (Mangifera indica)
 Also called as Totapuri

 Widely grown in Bangalore Urban, Rural and Kolar districts in Karnataka
 A regular, heavy bearing and late variety
 Soils with good drainage, and good water holding capacity to a depth of 3- 4m. are ideal
 Fruits are medium to large in size, with prominent sinus (beak)
 Fruits attain yellowish colour with pink tinge on maturity
 Flesh is cadmium yellow in colour, fibreless and firm
 Sub acidic in taste, moderately sweet, less juicy with good keeping quality
 Stone is oblong, curved with short, soft and sparse fiber
 Fruits are preferred for processing Raw fruit is used in many delicious chats
4.5.11 Bangalore Blue Grape (Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca)
 Widely grown in and around Bangalore and Kolar districts (around 60 kms from Bangalore)in
Karnataka
 Highly tolerant to Downey Mildew and Anthracnose diseases
 Berries are spherical to slightly oval in shape
 Berries on ripening turn to deep blue colour
 Retains its unique colour and taste only under Bangalore Bio- Climate
 Taste is sub-acidic with strong foxy flavour Fruits have good keeping quality and mainly used for
making juice and wines
 Two commercial crops can be taken annually (Feb-Mar & Aug-Sep)
130

4.5.12 Janagere Jack Fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia)
 A distinct variety with high fruit quality, grown in and around Janagere village in Magadi taluk
(about 60 kms from Bangalore), Ramanagara District, Karnataka
 This variety is valued for its high quality fruits, which were even appreciated by Sri. Krishna Raja
Wadeyar, the then Maharaja of Mysore
 The fruits are big sized (15-20 kg) and oblong in shape, without any undulations
 The bulbs are large (5-7 cms), light yellow in colour, crisp, firm and devoid of fibres, with
excellent aroma and sugar acid blend
 The seeds are medium in size
 The fruits are available mainly between April and july
 Bulbs are mainly used for table purpose
 Pulp is suitable for dehydration and canning also
131

4.5.13 Udupi Mallige (Jasminum sambac)
 Predominantly grown in Shankarapura and surrounding villages (around 400 kms from
Bangalore) in Udupi district, Karnataka
 Historically Udupi Mallige flowers were offered to Asta (8) Mutts, including the world famous
Lord Krishna Temple, since the 12th century
 Flowers are highly fragrant and used for making garlands
 Buds have good keeping quality with shelf-life of 3-4 days
 Fragrance is influenced by lateritic soils, heavy S-W monsoon rains, warm and humid conditions
4.5.14 Hadagali Mallige (Jasminum azoricum)
 Predominantly grown in Hadagali Taluk (around 300 kms from Bangalore) in Bellary District,
Karnataka
 Historically the flowers of Hadagali Mallige were being sent daily to Sree VeerupakshaTemple at
Hampi
 Used mainly for garland making
 Strong fragrance is its distinct trait, hence used in cosmetic industry also
 The unique characteristics of this variety is influenced by dry sandy soils and dry climate of the
region
132

0

LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BIO-
RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA AND
THEIR FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR
ACCESS BENEFIT SHARING
MECHANISM
0

Chapter – 5
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY BIO-RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

AND THEIR FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR ACCESS BENEFIT
SHARING MECHANISM
K.P.Ramesha, Principal Scientist, Southern Regional Station,
ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560030,
Email:kpragb@gmail.com
5.1 Introduction
India has rich and diverse livestock and poultry bio-resource in the form of a large number of species,
breeds, and strains within a species. India is bestowed with rich genetic resources of livestock and poultry
with 37 breeds of cattle, 13 of buffalo, 39 of sheep, 23 of goat, 6 of horse and ponies, 8 of camel, 2 of pig, 1
of donkey and 15 of poultry in addition to many more not characterized and accredited so far, besides other
species like mules, yaks, mithuns, ducks, quails etc. India has contributed richly to the international livestock
gene pool and improvement of animal production in the world. Brahman cattle are found in 45 countries
while Sahiwal breed is found in 29 countries (Ramesha et al., 2007). India with only 2.5 percent of the land
area-accounts for 7.8% of recorded species. India possesses one of the largest livestock populations in the
world, which is more than 484.9 million. As per the BAHS, 2012, In India there are about 56.7% of world’s
buffaloes (105.05 million) with 1st position, 12.5% cattle (199.07 million) with 2nd position, 20.4% small
ruminants comprising 144million goats and 72 million sheep with 2nd and 3rd position respectively in the
world. The total livestock of the country comprised of 37.6% cattle, 19.9% buffalo, 13.5% sheep, 26.5% goats
and 2.1% other livestock species. The position of India for different livestock population can be visualized as
shown in the Fig 1. The livestock sector alone contributes nearly 25.6% of value of output at current prices of
total value of output in Agriculture, Fishery & Forestry sector. The overall contribution of livestock sector in
total GDP is nearly 4.11% at current prices during 2012-13. The annual livestock production and value of
output in India is depicted in Table 1 and 2.
Table 5.1. Annual Livestock Production in India (CSO, 2010)

Milk 128 Million MT
Fish 7.13 Million tonnes
Egg 59.8 billion eggs
Meat 4 Million tonnes
Wool 43.2 Million Kg
Poultry meat 2.02 Million tonnes
5.2 Animal Genetic Resources
The assemblage of the breeds and populations having traits and unique characters is a source of food,
fiber and a host of other services, and this assemblage is phrased as Animal Genetic Resource (AnGR). The
term AnGR encompasses the genetic material of animals, covering semen, egg and live animals, DNA
molecules, RNA, proteins and other micro physical genetic material (Tvedt et al., 2007). Indian National
Plan of Action for AnGR presents the scenario of livestock and poultry breeds in the country narrating the
presence of 144 registered breeds (Livestock and poultry). The main objectives of the Indian National Plan
133

of Actioon for AnGR R is to ensurre a strategicc and comprrehensive appproach in acchieving the sustainable use,
developm ment and connservation of animal gennetic resourcees, to increasse and improove food prodduction and food f
security,, alleviate pooverty and coontribute to rural
r developpment and itss role in socieety for culturral values.
Item 1998--99 1999--2000 20000-01 2001-02 22002-03 2011-12

Milk & Milk
M Productts 798766 876088 944991 100019 11,07544 313,484
Meat 176944 196477 208559 22519 221372 83,641
Meat Prooducts 747 859 726 691 7707
By-Produucts 2489 2532 25800 2797 22796 NA
Eggs 3516 3853 44433 4975 55238 17,803
Wool & Hair
H 286 290 319 294 3300 318
Manure 9804 109377 117331 12653 112737 NA
Total 1,14,4412 1,25,7726 1,35,,149 1,443,948 11,50,694 459,051
Adaptations of native livvestock breedds in relationn to their abiility to toleraate heat and parasites as well
as their ability to suurvive and prroduce and capacity
c to work
w in harshh conditions under poor quality feed and
fodder is yet to be fully undersstood, and ex xploited for further imprrovements. G Genes respon nsible for unique
characteeristics in somme species/b
breeds, and potential
p to yield
y certain unique prodducts in indiggenous livestock
could bee identified aand protecteed through apppropriate Inntellectual Property
P Righhts (IPRs) fo
or the beneffit of
livestockk keepers unnder Access and Benefitt Sharing (A ABS) mechaanism. If prooper internatiionally accepted
legal syystem is devveloped witth respect to o use of annimal genetiic resourcess and associated traditional
knowled dge, the liveestock keepers could gett economic benefits
b throough benefit sharing in the modern IPR
regime.
5.3 Role of liveestock sectoor in India
Livestock aand poultry sector is crritically impoortant compponent of Inndian Agricu ulture, proviiding
growth and sustainability. Thiss sector maay be considdered as driiving force for nutritionnal security and
sustainabble agricultuure in India by providinng livelihoodd and nutritional securityy to 350 miillion peoplee (70
1344

million rural households). Livestock sector besides providing milk and meat also provide a diverse range of
output for agriculture, irrigation, manure and transport; fiber and leather goods. Livestock agriculture is the
only way to produce food in many of the world’s harshest environments–deserts, steppes and mountains.
Locally adapted breeds enable these vast areas to be used in sustainable manner. Livestock and poultry
genetic resources with high diversity are essential for food security, to utilize environment unsuitable for crop
agriculture and to respond to changes in production systems, impending climatic change, emergence of new
diseases and market demand. The loss of livestock and poultry genetic diversity puts in jeopardy the
sustainability of animal agriculture and the ability of the sector to respond to changing environmental
conditions, such as disease, climate, production systems as well as future consumer preferences and food
security particularly during disaster. At a localized agro-climatic zone, loss of breed means loss of livelihood
strategy and loss of indigenous knowledge. In our country distinctive animal rearing systems, dominant
species and breeds characterizes each region/zone. The drought prone semi-arid regions are characterized by a
major animal component, as animals can exploit resources that cannot support intensive crop cultivation on a
sustainable basis. The hilly regions are characterized by the predominance of smaller livestock including
dwarf breeds of cattle. Animals are natural capital which acts as insurance against income shocks of crop
failure and natural calamities. Presently we are facing the problem of failure to match the genetic resources to
the production environment.
5.4 Indian breeds abroad
India has contributed richly to the international livestock gene pool and improvement of animal
production in the world. Brahman cattle are found in 45 countries while Sahiwal breed is found in 29
countries (Ramesha et al., 2007 and Ramesha et al., 2008). The Indian breeds are suited to tropical climatic
conditions, are able to resist the heat of summers, need less water, can walk long distances, live on local
grasses and resist tropical diseases. They can be also turned into high milk producers given the right kind of
feed and environment. Many cattle breeds of Indian origin have made major contribution to the development
of composite breeds elsewhere in the world. The world’s best Gir cows (Fig. 2) today give 5500 litres of milk
on an average per lactation of 307 days (Sharma, 2011). Brazil has in recent years emerged as the world’s
biggest supplier of improved cattle embryos and semen of Indian origin. The demand for Indian breeds is
particularly high from the African and Southeast Asian countries. As these breeds are suitable for the tropical
conditions, these countries find the improved cattle germplasm to be ideal for their cattle breeding
programmes (Sharma, 2011).
5.5 Special characteristics of Indigenous livestock
India has some of the best breeds of cattle and buffaloes with traits for dairy, draught power and dual
purposes, several carpet wool breeds of sheep, highly prolific breeds of goats and adaptive breeds of poultry.
These breeds are essentially the products of long term natural selection and are better adapted to tropical
fodder, environment and diseases, and perform under low and medium inputs. Some of these breeds are suited
to particular agro-climatic conditions in the country. The existing indigenous breeds have been evolved over
the centuries through natural selection for adoption to harsh and poor management conditions in different
ecological niches. Thus indigenous breeds are well adapted to harsh climate, resistant to common tropical
diseases and can subsist on poor quality crop residual roughages, grasses and scanty drinking water.
Indigenous breeds are well known for heat tolerance, hardiness and ability to survive and perform even
under stressful conditions and low input regimes. Zebu cattle have the ability to convert low protein, high
fiber roughage materials into high-grade foodstuffs with the aid of omasal symbionts, so thrive and performs
well on inferior fodders. They have the ability to reverse down metabolism during extremes of scarcity but
show quick response in the form of better reproductive and productive efficiency when nutrients are plenty.
135

This will be of great use in situations like drought, famine etc. Zebu cattle are efficient forager and their tight
sheath and small teats avoid injuries during grazing. The sloppy rumps in draft breeds make them suitable for
quick and hard work. The white or light colored, short, sleek, densely, reflecting and glistering coat in
indigenous cattle which will not attract vectors and dislodge them. Flexible tail tip helps as a brush to repel
vectors. Premunity is high and reticulo endothelial system well developed in zebu cattle.
They have highest ability to self-preserve and longevity is more than 15 years, while many animals survive up
to 20 years with high reproduction rates and more number of lifetime calves and many have given more than
15 calves in their life time. Ramesha et al., 2013 reported that Malnad
Gidda cows have the reproductive uniqueness of regular calving (inter calving period of 396+ 33 days)
under low input regime. Good number of cows calved more than 15 calves in their life time. Nagi – the
wonder cow has already given 20 calves in 25 years (Fig 3). They have outstanding mothering ability. They
calve with ease and dystokia is rarely reported. There is a great degree of genetic variation in indigenous
breeds of livestock with respect to their size, productivity, growth rate, reproductive efficiency which can be
made use for the improvement of livestock worldwide. In India most of the livestock feed is non-human feed,
thus they don’t compete with man for food. Indigenous cattle have lower basal metabolic rate, better capacity
for heat dissipation through cutaneous evaporation and thus adaptation to tropical heat and resistance to
diseases specially the tick-borne diseases than taurus cattle. Indigenous cattle possess natural resistance to
various insects, as their skin has a dense texture, making it difficult for blood sucking insects to penetrate.
Several studies indicate the differential disease resistance of indigenous cattle compared to exotic cattle on
Theileria parva (Ndungu et al., 2005), on tick infestation (Mwangi et al., 1998), on symptoms of babesiosis
(Aulakh et al., 2005). The CRC (2006) work in Australia confirms tick resistance but also shows the poorer
temperament in Brahman cattle. Most of the indigenous cattle can withstand and graze even at atmospheric
temperatures of 40oC. Aggarwal and Singh (2006) reported Upper (UCT) and Lower Critical Temperatures
(LCT) for different breed types as 38ºC and 10ºC respectively for Indigenous breeds, 24ºC and 2ºC for Jersey
and crosses, 20ºC and 10ºC respectively for Holsteins. Ghosh et al. (2006) reports temperatures at which
milk production starts to reduce as 21ºC for Holsteins, 24/27ºC for Jersey and Brown Swiss and 32ºC for
Zebu type. The extensive area covered by the dewlap, loose body skin, more sweat glands and hair coat play a
vital role in its heat tolerance. The Indigenous breeds of cattle generally have more number of bigger and
functional sweat glands per unit area of the skin which helps them to survive under higher temperature. They
have highest cutaneous and lowest respiratory heat loss, as such panting is less. Their low level of metabolism
also contributes to their ability to withstand for long without food and water, which makes them more suitable
for drought prone areas. Indigenous cattle consume food frequently but less at a time, generating less internal
heat which makes them more resistant to heat. They can switch its body skin and drive away flies, fleas and
mosquitoes. Native cattle also have a well-developed subcutaneous muscle layer, which enables them to
remove insects simply by shaking their coat. The sweat also acts as a repellant to these insects due to its
peculiar smell. The cholesterol level in milk and other products of indigenous cattle reared under grazing
system is lower than in crossbreds. Milk from Indian zebu cattle and buffaloes contain only A2 allele of beta-
casein protein which is considered to be safe for human consumption whereas A1 allele of beta casein is
found to have higher frequency in most of B. taurus breeds which has been implicated in certain diseases,
namely type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), ischemic heart disease (IHD), arteriosclerosis and neurological
disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. In sheep “Booroola” gene regulates the ovulation rate in sheep.
A New Zealand company, Agmark, has claimed a patent on the “Booroola” gene. The Booroola gene can be
traced back to Bengal sheep which were imported from Kolkata and crossed with Merinos (Kohler-Rollefson,
2005). Certain Indian sheep breeds are reported to have natural resistance against certain internal parasites.
Indigenous livestock and poultry breeds have unique genes which could be utilised for improvement of
livestock worldwide and earn revenue to the custodians of these breeds under the modern IPR era if proper
unbiased legally binding internationally accepted system for access and sharing of benefits from the use of
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AnGR and associated traditional knowledge is implemented. There is a need for recognition of community
rights over knowledge and biodiversity.
5.6 Indigenous livestock and impending climate change
Potential impacts of climate change on livestock production in India are yet to be thoroughly studied.
Indigenous livestock generally require low maintenance energy. Thus the impact of climate change will be
minimal on low and medium producing animals as compared to high yielding animals. Climate change is
likely to impact housing, feeding, health care, etc in livestock sector. Climate change is likely to affect disease
pattern and epidemiology, feed and fodder availability (Pilling and Hoffmann, 2011). Livestock and poultry
biodiversity will become handy to identify suitable breed and improve their production in the changed
climatic condition. It is essential to map the suitable breed for a particular area based on the likely changes in
climate. There could be shift in the suitability of breeds from one place to another place. Local breeds have
the risk of exposure to unfamiliar diseases.
5.7 Improvement and Conservation of AnGR
The best way of conservation of the genetic resources is to sustainably utilize them in their ecological
niches so that these are continuously evolved to produce, while adaptating in the changing environments
(NPA). Both in vivo (live animal) and in vitro conservation in the form of gametes and embryo is desirable. It
is also essential to identify genes responsible for unique traits and breeds possessing such genes should be
utilized for breeding and research. Select group of experts representing various stake holders participated in a
Brainstorming workshop on Strategy for Conservation of Farm Animal Genetic Resources, organized jointly
by the Trust for the Advancement of Agricultural Sciences (TAAS) and Birsa Agriculture University (BAU)
at Ranchi from April 10-12, 2009, participants unanimously adopted Ranchi Declaration with 11 resolutions
aimed for taking speedy action and having National Plan of Action for management & conservation of farm
animal genetic resources in accordance with Interlaken Declaration.
In India development and improvement of indigenous breeds has been taken up by various agencies
from time to time. These programmes had assisted in increasing the productivity of the AnGR and also helped
in conservation of indigenous germplasm. Some of the important programmes aimed at genetic improvement
livestock include National Project for Cattle & Buffalo Breeding of Dept. of Animal Husbandry and Dairying,
GOI; ICAR Network and AICRP Programmes for genetic improvement of native farm animal breeds.
Presently programmes are in operation for cattle (Gir, Sahiwal, Hariana and Ongole), buffalo (Murrah, Nili
Ravi, Jaffarabadi, Pandharpuri, Surti and Bhadawari), Goat (Marwari, Sirohi, Surti, Jamunapari, Barbari,
Ganjam, Black Bengal, Osmanabadi, Malabari Chegu and Changthangi), Sheep (Gaddi, Nali, Chokla,
Patanwadi, Nilgiri, Bonpala, Muzzafarnagri,Malpura, Sonadi, Deccani, Mandya and Nellore), Pig
(Ghoongroo, Desi). Some state Govts and NGOs are also making sincere efforts to conserve AnGR
(Kamadhuga Project of Ramachandrapura Matha, Hania, Shimoga; Seva,in Tamilnadu).
5.8 Karnataka state

The state of Karnataka was formed on November First, 1956 by merging the Kannada speaking areas
of old Hyderabad state and Bombay province with the erstwhile Mysore state. It is the seventh largest Indian
state by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by
population, comprising 30 districts and is situated between 11o 31’ and 18o 45’ North latitude and 74o 21’ and
78o40’ East longitude in Deccan plateau. The state has three principal geographical zones viz. The coastal
region of Karavali, The hilly Malenadu region comprising the Western Ghats and The Bayaluseeme region
comprising the plains of the plateau. The bulk of the state is in the Bayaluseeme region, the northern part of
which is the second-largest arid region in India. Karnataka has rich heritage of culture and natural resources
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including livestock. Integrated crop-livestock farming has been an age old practice with Karnataka farmers.
They excel in livestock rearing as is evident from a number of breeds of livestock developed in the state.
5.8.1 Contribution of livestock and poultry sector to Karnataka's GSDP
In Karnataka, the share of Animal Husbandry in GSDP of Agriculture and Allied activities during
2009-10 was 26 percent. State's share in livestock and poultry population of India was 6.2 percent and 6.48
percent, respectively. The milk production in the state increased from 4.5 million tonnes in 2008-09 to 5.72
million tonnes in 2012-13. Similarly meat production increased at a rate of 4 percent from 1.14 lakh tonnes in
2008-09 to 1.66 lakh tonnes in 2012-13. The state has very rich livestock and poultry resources comprising of
about 27.7 million livestock and 53.44 million poultry (19th Livestock census, 2012). Cattle and buffalo
population in Karnataka is 129.87 lakhs, consisting of 65.87 lakhs indigenous, 28.99 crossbreed and exotic
and 34.62 lakhs buffaloes (Livestock census 2012). There is a decline of 12.4% in bovine population over
previous census 2007. The number of milch animals (in – milk and dry) in cows and buffaloes has decreased
from 62.88 Lakh to 58.30 Lakh numbers, a negative growth of 7.3%. The indigenous milch cattle decrease
from 26.56 lakh to 22.00 lakh numbers, a decrease of 17.1% while the exotic/crossbred milch cattle increased
from 12.59 lakh to 17.32 lakh numbers, giving rise to an increase of 37.6%. The buffaloes population has
decreased from 43.27 lakh to 34.70 lakh numbers showing a negative growth of 19.8%. The estimated total
numbers of milch animal is 70.10 lakhs (2012-13) which includes 28.11 lakh indigenous cattle, 15.24 lakhs
crossbred and exotic cattle as well as 26.75 lakhs buffaloes. Estimated (2012-13) milk yield/day for
indigenous cattle, Crossbred cattle and buffaloes in Karnataka is 1.402, 4.858 and 1.838kgs respectively with
overall productivity of 2.699 kg/day which clearly indicates that the productivity is low. Karnataka is 11th
largest milk producer in India and owns the 9th largest bovine population but ranks 14th in milk yield
indicating high potential for increase in milk productivity. The population of sheep and goats is 95, 83,761
and 47, 96,147 respectively. Karnataka is also home to 3,04,798 pigs, 12,976 horses & ponies, 16,312 mules
& donkeys (Livestock Census, 2012). Estimated milk, meat, wool and egg production as per ISS 2012-13 was
5718 thousand tonnes (valued Rs 14,76,390 lakhs), 1,66,059 tonnes (valued Rs 19,24,991 lakhs), 8,020
tonnes (valued Rs 1,123 lakhs) and 36,773 lakhs (valued at Rs 1,28,706 in lakhs) respectively. Besides they
produce dung and skin valued about Rs 6, 35,235 lakhs and Rs 9,516 lakhs respectively. The total estimated
value of major livestock in Karnataka according to the rates fixed as on 1-7-2013 was 27, 79,108 lakhs. The
total contribution of livestock products in Karnataka during the year 2012-13 was estimated as Rs.19,24,991
lakhs through their products viz., milk, meat, wool and eggs and the estimated valued of livestock byproducts
( skin and dung) was 6,44,751 lakhs. The estimated value of animal power used in Karnataka was 1,48,272.
Besides, they also provide employment to a vast majority of under privileged unemployed rural masses. Milk
products account for more than 50 per cent of the total value of livestock output, while meat and meat
products, eggs and other products account for the remainder.
5.8.2 Livestock and poultry genetic resources of Karnataka
Livestock sector plays a vital role in the rural economy and in the socio economic development of
Karnataka. Livestock provide a diverse range of output for agriculture, irrigation, transport, fiber and leather
goods, and manure for fertilizer besides milk and meat. Karnataka is the home tract for the finest draft
breeds such as Amrithmahal, Hallikar and Khillari with respective population (Livestock Census,2007) of
95,931, 19,98,886 and 4,52, 586; dual purpose breeds - Krishnavalley (population 2,325 and Deoni (
population 68,828); one dwarf breed - Malnad Gidda (population 12,81,313) , buffalo types/breeds- Gowli,
South Kanara and Dharwari, five breeds of sheep-Hassan, Deccani, Bellary and Chitradurga and Bannur;
Osmanabadi breed of goat. Karnataka is also home to 3,04,798 pigs, 12,976 horses & ponies, 16,312 mules &
donkeys (Livestock Census, 2012).
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The total bovine population (cattle and buffalo) in Karnataka as per 19th Livestock census 2012 is
129.87 lakh numbers which showed a decline of 12.4 percent over previous census of 2007. The exotic &
crossbred contribute 22.4 % of total bovines as against 14.8 percent in 2007. The number of milch animals
(cows and buffaloes) decreased from 40.91 lakh to 38.91 lakh numbers during the period with a negative
growth of 7.3% from 2007 to 2012. The buffalo population showed 19.8% decline from 2007 to 2012 from
43.27 lakh to 34.70 lakh numbers. The UAS, Bangalore is accredited with evolving one synthetic strain of
poultry- Giriraja which is exclusively developed for backyard poultry farming. In the north-eastern Karnataka
region and With regard to livestock production, the production of eggs by improved hens has grown better
than by desi hens. The production of pork has been highest across the state while mutton and chevon
production has registered a dismal growth. However, production of cow milk has been higher than of buffalo
milk in the state.
5.9 Cattle and buffalo genetic resources:
Bovine (Cattle and buffalo) production systems in majority of the areas in Karnataka are mostly based
on traditional knowledge, low cost agricultural residues and agro-by-products leading to lower productivity.
The different production systems like zero input – low output, low input – moderate output, intensive input –
high output are characteristics of dairy production system in Karnataka. Our state is one of the first states to
adopt crossbreeding in India In order to increase the milk production. Best Crossbred cattle are concentrated
in Kolar, Bengaluru rural & urban, Mysore, Tumkur and Ramnagara districts; buffaloes are concentrated in
Northern Karnataka while Amrithmahal and Hallikar cattle are concentrated in Southern Karnataka while
Deoni and Khillar cattle are found in Northern Karnataka. The dwarf breeds Malnad Gidda cattle are found in
Malnad and coastal region. Krishnavalley breed is in endangered category. In Karnataka, the grazing facilities
available are meager. Individual farmers generally do not own grazing fields of their own. Animals in the
village are taken for grazing on wastelands, tank beds, roadsides etc. according to the convenience. Each
category of bovines are playing important role in the livelihood security of the rural masses in Karnataka.
As per 2012 cattle census, cattle & buffalo population in Karnataka is 130.12 lakhs which consists of
65.87 lakhs indigenous, 28.99 cross breed & exotic and 34.62 lakh buffaloes. The estimated total number of
milch animals is 70.10 lakhs (2012-13) which includes 28.11 lakhs indigenous cattle, 15.24 lakhs Crossbred
and exotic cattle as well as 36.75 lakhs buffaloes. Estimated (2012-13) milk yield/day for indigenous cattle,
Crossbred cattle and buffaloes in Karnataka is 1.402, 4.858 and 1.838kgs respectively with overall
productivity of 2.699 kg/day which clearly indicates that the productivity is low. Karnataka is 11th largest milk
producer in India and owns the 9th largest bovine population but ranks 14th in milk yield indicating high
potential for increase in milk productivity. Productivity per animal has to be increased to meet the increasing
demand for animal products. There is also need to increase the percentage of breedable females in milk with
improved lifetime productivity.
Indigenous cattle of Karnataka are well known for their unique characteristics as detailed for
indigenous cattle of India and the genes responsible for them will be of value under access of genetic
resources and benefit sharing regime. Amrithmahal milk is believed to have therapeutic value in the treatment
of gastritis. Malnad Gidda cattle have been reported to show differential disease resistance (higher) Foot &
Mouth Symptoms as compared to exotic cattle (Ramesha et al., 2013). They are found to have reproductive
uniqueness and their milk was reported to have high lactoferrin content.
5.10 Cattle Bioresources

Various breeds of indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) have been evolved over centuries to meet
requirements under different agro-climatic situations. The native breeds have unique morphological
features viz., prominent hump, a long face, upright horns, drooping ears, dewlap and slender legs. They
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have relatively low basal metabolic rate and better ability for heat dissipation. Karnataka state has rich
cattle bioresources in the form of 6 recognized breeds.
5.10.1 Hallikar Breed
The Hallikar breed has its origin in Deccan plateau nearly 600 years ago. Golla tribals and their sub
tribe Hallikars, with their superior cattle, believed to have migrated in ancient times from Northern India and
settled in different parts of Chitradurga and Tumkur districts contributed to the evolution of Hallikar breed.
These cattle were involved in the development of most of the cattle breeds in Southern India including
Amrithmahal, Khillari and Kangayam. The home tract of Hallikar cattle lies mainly in Chitradurga,
Chikamagalur and Tumkur and adjoining taluks of Mysore, Mandya and Hassan districts. Hallikar breed is
medium sized with a long, slender and compact body. Colour varies from gray to dark gray with deep
shading on fore and hindquarters and light gray/white markings on face, especially around eyes. Horns are
long and emerge from top of poll closely together, carried backwards and slightly upwards terminating in
pointed ends. Hump and dewlap are moderately developed. Sheath is small and tugged up to the body. Both
cows (Fig. 4) and bullocks (Fig. 5) are fierce and temperamental. These cattle are considered as champion of
the draft breeds. Bullocks are known for light, fast and steady agricultural operations. They have good
trottability and suitable for road and field works. They can travel more than 40 kms in a day on rough roads
carrying heavy loads. However, cows are poor milk yielders but posses excellent mothering ability to protect
their young ones.
The survey by Scientists of NDRI indicated that Hallikar bullocks are used for 124 days in a year
with the duration of use ranging from 2 to10 hours per day (Obi Reddy et al., 2001). Hallikar cows are very
poor milk producers, with most of them (more than 95%) yielding less than 2 litres per day. The Hallikar
cows are rarely milked if the calf born is a male, while cows with female calves are usually milked. Another
notable feature of this breed is that 60% of the dry cows are also used for work. It is further noticed that
nearly 20% of farmers use Hallikar cows instead of bullocks for draft purpose, as they could not afford to
purchase the bullocks.
Among the indigenous breeds of cattle of Karnataka the population of Hallikar is highest. Their
population was 34,90,271 during 1997 census which reduced to 21,08,399 by 2003 census and further
reduced to 19,98,886 by 2007. However the latest data of 2012 indicate that their population has increased to
21,96,698. The State Government maintains a farm of Hallikar cattle at Kunikenhalli in Tumkur district for
providing superior germplasm for breeding purpose.
5.10.2 Breeding, Feeding and healthcare management

The animals mostly depend on grazing for their sustenance. In many villages animals graze for 6-7
hrs a day on poor and over grazed lands. Other than grazing, farmers feed Ragi straw ad libidum besides the
kitchen waste, Jowar Kadbi, green grass and horse gram. Bullocks are given small quantities (upto 2 kg) of
concentrates during work season. However bulls meant for breeding (natural service) are offered 2-3 kg of
concentrate daily throughout the year. Male calves receive special attention and are allowed all the milk
from the mothers. Few farmers maintain breeding bulls for breeding purpose and also render breeding
services for cows from neighborhood. Presently, the farmers maintaining breeding bulls charge about Rs.100
to 200 per cow for natural service with a provision of free service in case of repeat breeding. All these
factors are leading to a gradual degeneration of this important breed.
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5.10.3 Observations and farmers views
It was observed by the Scientists of NDRI, Bengaluru that there is great demand for Hallikar
bullocks from all categories of farmers Though large number of Hallikar type animals are available,
majority of them are not true to breed and hence there is a need to select good bulls for breeding purposes.
Majority of the farmers face difficulties in grazing their cattle because of the encroachment of Gomalas and
common grazing lands. Farmers in the home tract opined that they prefer Hallikar bullocks over
Amrithmahal cattle due to their small size (requiring less feed) and easy availability of bulls for natural
service. About 90 percent of the farmers are keeping these cattle for draft purpose. However, it was
observed that there are cows giving upto 5-6kgs of milk per day. Majority of the farmers are interested in
Hallikar cattle capable of giving around 2 liters of milk (sufficient for family needs) without compromising
on superior draft traits. The genes for draft ability traits if identified and utilized could be useful under ABS
system.
5.11 Amrithmahal breed

Amrithmahal is one of the famous and best-known draught breeds of India. They are also called as
Dhuyu and Nambri in villages. The animals have established over centuries as most hardy and active in the
field as well as on the road. They were described as fiery and said to walk faster than troops.
The home tract of this breed is semi-arid and spread over Chickmagalur, Chitradurga, Shimoga,
Tumkur and parts of Mandya, Mysore and Hassan districts of Karnataka. Coat colour of Amrithmahal cattle
(Fig.6) vary from almost white to nearly black with some shades of grey. They have soft, thin and mellow
skin with short glossy coat. The muzzle, feet and switch are usually black. The head is well shaped, long and
tapers towards the muzzle. Forehead is prominent with a furrow in the middle. The horns emerge from the
top of the poll, fairly close together in an upward and backward direction, and terminate in sharp points. The
eyes look bloodshot, very bright and appear like torchlight. These are medium sized animals with tucked in
body and long legs. The neck is strong and fairly long and the hump is well developed. The body is compact
and muscular body with straight back and broad loins and rump. They have well arched short ribs and
powerful sloping quarters. The skin is tight with a thin dewlap. The sheath and naval flap are very small
and close to the body. The animals have well-proportioned strong muscular legs and very hard, small and
compact hooves with very close clefts. It is observed that Amrithmahal bullocks (Fig. 7) are able to work
without shoeing. The average body length, height at withers and heart girth are 139.0 and 138.5 and 188.0
cm in bulls and 119.3, 117.1 and 148.3 cm in cows respectively (Ramesha et al., 2002)
5.11.1 Origin and historical development
The credit for developing Amrithmahal breed goes to the viceroy of Vijayanagar dynasty of
Karnataka during 1572-1617 AD. Cattle of Amrithmahal establishment originally comprised of three distinct
varieties viz. Hallikar, Hagalvadi and Chitaldoorg (Kristnasamiengar and Pease, 1912). Establishment of
large herds of cows (Benne chavadi) was initiated by Mysore King Chikka Devaraya Wodeyar (1672-1704
AD). He reserved 240 huge grazing lands measuring 4,13,539 acres for their grazing and was called as
Amrithmahal kavals. The Benne Chavadi was reconstituted by Haider Ali and his son, Tippu Sultan (Rulers
of Mysore during 1704-1799 AD) thoroughly organized and renamed them as Amrithmahal and the kavals
as Amrithmahal kavals. The Amrithmahal bullocks were extensively used for military operations for the
transport of artillery and ammunition both by Mysore rules and Britishners. In 1923, the job was entrusted to
the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Mysore and the control was finally transferred to Dept. of Animal
Husbandry and Veterinary Services in 1945. The state Amrithmahal cattle breeding station is located at
Ajjampura, Chikamagalur district and subcentres at Birur, Basur, Habbanaghatta, Lingadhalli, Kyadigere and
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Chikkayammiganur. The Amrithmahal kavals were distributed in different districts of Karnataka state, but
within easy reach of each other. The kavals are often located within the catchment areas of water reservoirs
built for irrigation purpose. This area is undulated and receives an annual rainfall of 250 mm to 750 mm
from both Southern (June to August) and north east (September to November) monsoon. The kavals are
covered mainly with indigenous varieties of grasses like Heteropogan, Themida and Discanthium. These
kavals are classified as summer, Rainy and winter kavals and are used for gazing of Amrithmahal cattle
around the year. The cattle are maintained on ranch system.
5.11.2 Present status and performance
Presently, the breeding plans for improvement of Amrithmahal breed is formulated and implemented
by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Karnataka. However,
constraints in the implementation of programmes resulted in decline in numbers in government farms and
genetic dilution of the breed in farmer's herds. In the Government sector, from a total area of 1,72,800
hectares and herd strength of 60,000 in the17th century, Amrithmahal kavals have now declined to about
21,700 hectares in 56 kavals supporting a total number of about 1,200 animals ( Govindaiah et al., 2001).
There is intermixing of Amrithmahal and Hallikar cattle. Amrithmahal cattle are generally owned by well to
do cultivators who maintain large herds in the vicinity of hills where ample grazing facilities are available.
Due to indiscriminate cross breeding with exotic (Jersey and Holstein) and Hallikar bulls, which are easily
available, the number of Amrithmahal animals in farmers’ herds declined over the years.
5.11.3 Breeding practices
Amrithmahal heifers are bred when they are 2 to 3 years old. Bulls (Fig.7) are put to service at the
age of 4 years and they are used upto the age of 10 to 11 years. They are usually bred by natural service. In
their home tract, the females normally conceive in three periods namely, April to May when early spring
showers bring forth abundance of pasture, October to December when the pasture is at its best and January to
February when the cattle are fed on the refuse of the threshing floors.
5.11.4 Management Practices
The well being of Amrithmahal cattle in kavals depends upon the green cover in the kavals.
Amrithmahal cattle are maintained on ranch system. Concentrate feeding is not common. However, bullocks
are normally fed with little concentrates and agricultural by-products during work season. Normally, calves
are not weaned and allowed to suckle all the milk from their dams. However, if the calf is female, farmers
milk the animals to collect small quantity of milk for their household use. When the calves are three months
old, they are allowed to go for the grazing areas and begin to subsist partially on pasture.
The males are castrated around the age of 18 months, mostly during cold season. The farmers sell
them when they are about 1 to 1 1/2 year of age. The buyers rear them for the next two or three years and
train them for yoke. After training, they are usually sold in cattle fairs. They normally do not need shoeing as
they have a very hard hoof. The animals in the state farms and large herds maintained by farmers are kept in
open all the time. The only protection they receive from sun and rain is from the trees, thereby weeding out
any weaklings automatically. They normally move in herds only. Generally bulls provide security to the herd
mates. Mothering instinct is very high in these cows. Whenever they calve in the forest, the mother waits at
the same location till the calf is capable of walking.
Amrithmahal cattle because of their ranch system of rearing are highly temperamental and show
wild and unruly disposition. With proper training they become fine bullocks with great endurance especially
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for quick transportation. They continuously work upto 14 hours without much difficulty. Well-trained pairs
of bullocks carry ordinary loads of about 1 ton at a speed of 5 to 6 kms per hour. It was observed that
bullocks keep going with such loads for a period of 8 to 10 hours without rest (Mc Issac, 1941, a, b;
Ramesha et al., 2002). The bullocks are put to work from about 4 years of age and are used for the next 10 to
11 years. They generally survive upto 17 to 18 years.
The cows are very poor milkers, the milk being just sufficient for calves. However, there are few
Amrithmahal cows, which give 3-4 liters of milk per day after feeding their calves. However other
researchers reported that Amrithmahal cows yielded upto 27 pounds of milk per day in addition to that taken
by the calf at the Mysore palace dairy farm (Mc Issac, 1941, a, b). The butter fat content ranges from 4.5 to
5.5 percent. The people in the home tract believe that the milk of Amrithmahal cows has the therapeutic
value and is good for the people suffering from acidity and gastric problems. The age at first calving ranged
from 1275 to 3252 days with an average of 2077.35  497.20 (n=92) and the average calving interval of
610.76 145.70 with a range of 321 to 1458 days. The average birth weight during the period 1970 to 1975
was 13.98  1.35 kg (n=131) and 14.61  0.96 kg (n=102) for female and male calves respectively ( Rao and
Ramesha , 2001). Amrithmahal animals in the past were as an integral part of the agricultural economy of
Karnataka. They also played a major role in military combats.
5.12 Krishnavalley breed
Krishnavalley is a massive and powerful breed developed during 19th century. This breed is
mostly found in the valley of river Krishna and its tributaries in the present Karnataka and Maharasthra
states of India. The original home tract of the breed comprises of Sangli, Miraj and Satara districts of
Maharastra, Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkot and Dharwad districts of Karnataka State. The area is taken by
low ranges of hills and shallow valleys. The climate is generally dry. The cold and dry season lasts from
the middle of October to the middle of February. The summer season extends over the period from
February to June, while the rainy season is usually from June to the middle of October. The annual
rainfall ranges from 30 to 50 inches.
Maharaja of Sangli contributed substantially to evolve the desired type of animals, which
eventually became Krishnavalley breed. Wide variation is seen in the morphological characteristics of
animals, as the breed is an admixture of at least three distinct types Gir from Kathiawar, Ongole from
erstwhile Madras state and local cattle of the native tract having Hallikar blood (Oliveri, 1936). The
animal is large with a massive frame and deep broad chest but is loosely built (Ramesha et al., 2000).
Color is variable, but mostly it is gray-white with darker shades on the fore and hindquarter in males. The
forehead is wide and concave. The muzzle is large and black. The eyes are wider and dark and give a
docile expression. The ears are small and pointed with inside being block. The horns are short, thick, flat,
blunt and take an outward curve slightly upwards and inwards. The neck is short, thick, and gives
massive appearance. The dewlap is well developed and pendulous. It is joined by a fold of loose and
pendulous skin hanging between the forelegs to the sheath. In cows, navel sheath is substituted by a
pendulous fold of skin. The chest is wide, deep and capacious. The lower half of scrotum is usually
black. The limbs are well set and are quite muscular. The feet are fairly compact and well shaped, but in
old animals are inclined to spread. However, hoofs are said to be soft. The tail is long, fine and tapering,
and the switch is black almost reaches the ground. In general Krishnavalley animals are massive and
heavy. In bulls (Fig. 8), the lower half of the scrotum is usually black. The average body length, height at
withers and heartgirth were 129.4, 121.4 and 144.8 cms in bulls and 113.20, 106.96 and 136.96 in cows (
Fig. 9) respectively (Ramesha et al.,2001c).
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The Krishna valley bullocks were highly valued for their good working qualities in heavy black
cotton soils, which require heavy draft animals to do the agricultural operation thoroughly. Bullocks are
powerful animals best suited for work in heavy black cotton soils. Over short distances a pair of Krishna
valley bullocks can carry loads of even two tons while over long distances they transport a load of about
one ton for 8 to 10 hours a day at a speed of 4 kms per hour. The major crops grown in the area at present
are sugarcane and sorghum. Earlier cotton used to be grown extensively in the area. Tobacco, beetal vines
and various other horticultural crops are also grown in the irrigated lands. Shevri (Sesbania aegyptiaca) is
grown extensively along the banks of rivers and its loppings are used for feeding cattle.
5.12.1 Present status and performance
Periodical surveys conducted by the Scientists of NDRI, Bangalore indicated that presently the
breed is on the verge of extinction. The animals true to breed are available only in Jamakandi, Mudhol and
Athani Taluks of Karnataka. Presently there are only 2314 animals (Livestock Census, 2012) as against
above 6,50,000 in 1946 as a result of indiscriminate crossbreeding with exotic (Holstein Friesian and
Jersey) and Khillari bulls (another draft breed of the area) and paucity of Krishnavalley bulls, the number of
Krishnavalley animals declined over the years. The reasons attributed by the farmers for the present status
are the non-availability of Krishnavalley bulls/semen in the area, preferences of farmers for Khillari males
because of their suitability for work in wider area and easy availability of exotic semen. Despite this, one
comes across even today Krishnavalley cows yielding 5 –6 lts of milk per day with 5 to 6 percent fat
maintained mostly on Sorghum stovers and Sugarcane tops. The average milk production of Krishnavalley
cows is 2.3 kgs with a fat percentage of 5.2 (Ramesha et al., 2000). Crossbreeds in general, replaced
Krishnavalley cows in most of the areas for milk production purposes. Because of softness of the hooves
and heavy weight, the animals are not preferred by the farmers in areas other than in the home tract of the
breed.
5.12.2 Breeding, Feeding and healthcare management

Krishnavalley heifers are bred when they are about 2 ½ to 3 years old. Bulls are put to service at
the age of 4 years and they are used upto the age of 10years. Krishnavalley cows are regular calvers with
an intercalving period of 13 –14 months. Grazing lands in the Krishnavalley tract are extremely limited, as
the traditional grazing lands have been converted for growing commercial crops. Due to the non-availability
of grazing facilities and utilization of most of the land for intensive cultivation, only a few animals are
being maintained. Most of the animals are stall fed throughout the years and they sustain chiefly on the
supply of sugarcane tops and sorghum stovers which are grown in large areas in the breeding tract. The
working bullocks are well looked after and get concentrates along with roughages. Milking cows are also
given small quantities of concentrates but others do not get any concentrates. The usual practice is to feed
the concentrates before or after milking. The male calves are allowed to suckle two teats, while female
calves are allowed only one teat. Generally males are castrated at the age of 3 years and are put to work.
In the past, Krishnavalley animals were an integral part of the agricultural scenario of black cotton
soil areas of Karnataka and Maharashtra states of India. However, increasing mechanization of agriculture,
indiscriminate crossbreeding to improve milk production and absence of suitable breeding programmes for
their improvement led to the depletion of their number to a critical stage. Unless suitable measures are
immediately taken, this breed is likely to become extinct within a few years.
5.13 Deoni breed
Deoni (Fig. 10 and Fig. 11) breed a medium sized, dual purpose indigenous cattle of Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Deoni breed has a history of over 300 years. This breed was evolved
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through crossing of Gir cattle with the local Dangi and Dongari breeds of Marathwada and local desi cattle
of Bidar and Osmanabad districts. This breed was earlier referred to also as Dongari or Surti breed of
cattle. The home tract is mainly hilly with an average altitude of 480 to 705 meters above mean sea level.
The minimum ambient temperature in the home tract ranges from 9o C to 26o C and the maximum ambient
temperature from 29o C to 44o C. The average annual rainfall in these areas varies from 736 to 919 mm.
Based on the morphological characters; the animals are classified into 3 types viz. Balankya (pure white),
Waghya (white and black spots on the body) and Wannera (animals with complete white body and black
face). This breed is hardy and well adapted for tropical draught prone areas.
The breeding tract of Deoni includes mainly Bidar district in northern part of Karnataka and Latur
district in south- eastern part of Maharashtra. Deoni cattle are also found in small numbers in the
neighboring districts of Gulbarga in Karnataka and Parbhani, Nanded, Osmanbad districts of Maharastra
and Me dak district of Andrea Pradesh. Productive and reproductive performances of Deoni cattle at
NDRI-SRS herd showed that mean lactation yield, mean lactation Deoni cattle at NDRI-SRS herd showed
that mean lactation yield, mean lactation length, average daily milk yield, highest yield recorded/cow/day,
calf mortality, birth weight of calves, age at first calving and calving interval was 911.14kg, 206.03days,
4.42kg, 14.0kg, 2.17 per cent, 20.81kg, 38.73 months and 447.22days (Das et al., 2012). Pure Deoni breed
of cattle are maintained at Southern campus, NDRI, Bangalore & Deoni breeding farm, UAS, Dharwad,
Karanja, Bidar District, Udgir Veterinary college, Maharashtra, College of veterinary Science, Hyderabad.
Under field conditions calves are generally allowed to suckle liberally and male calves in particular are
given preferential treatment in terms of concentrates and better feeding practices. Oil cakes specially
linseed, safflower, groundnut and cotton seed cake along with broken pulses and damaged grains are fed as
concentrate feed (Dani mixture) in rural areas. Animals are taken for grazing during day time along the
road sides, gomalas and other vacant lands. At night they are given sorghum/ stover, gram husk, straws and
other other agricultural bi-products ad libidum. Average milk yield is about 3 kg/day with a lactation period
of about 300 days. Deoni bullocks are powerful and well suited for agriculture operations like ploughing,
harrowing and other heavy works and road transportation (Patil Vivek, 2015). Deoni bullocks are able to
pull maximum load of 2.8 –3.0 tons when light steel bullock cart with pneumolic wheels are used for
carrying the load and for about 10-15 km distance without rest. The bullocks have endurance to plough in
black cotton soil for about 7-8 hours a day and half an acre of land can easily to plough per day.
5.14 Khillari breed
Khillari/Khillar breed owes its origin to Hallikar breed. Khillar means a herd of cattle and Khillari
means belonging to Khillar. Herdsman is known as Khillari and in some areas Thillari. There is a tribe of
cattle breeders in the Satpura range of hills known as Thillaris who maintain Khillari cattle. There are four
types of Khillari cattle (Joshi and Philips, 1953) found in Maharashtra and Karnataka. The type having
similarity with Hallikar and Amrithmahal cattle and found in Bijapur, Bagalkote, Belgaum, Haveri and
surrounding areas of Karnataka are known as Hanam Khillar or Atpadi Mahal. The Khillari cattle found in
Sholapur, Satara and the surrounding areas is known as Mhaswad variety. The variety found in Satpura
range of hills is called as Tapi Khillari or Thillari. The tribals who are professional cattle breeders of this
area are known as Thillaris. Another variety is Nakali Khillari which is found in adjacent areas of original
home tract and is of more recent origin. There could be some intermixing of blood with the local cattle of
the area Normaly; Thillaris produce bulls (Fig. 12) and bullocks. There is a great demand for males for
work purpose. They fetch very good price. The bullocks are mostly used for agricultural operations and
transport of goods. They have hard hoof and are extremely good for draught purpose. Except Thillaris in
Satpura range of hills, other areas the herd size of Khillari cattle is usually small. Khillari cattle have a
compact body. They are tight skinned. The hair is short and glassy. Their appearance is like a compact
cylinder with stout, strongly set limbs. The trunk is of barrel shape. They have a quick and spirited gait.
Atpadi and Mhaswad variety of Khillaris are greyish white in colour. The males have deeper colour over
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forequarters and hind quarters, with peculiar grey and white mottled markings on the face. The Tapi
Khillari is white with carroty nose and hooves. The Nakali Khillari is grey with brick dust colour over the
forequarters. Newly born calves have rust red colored polls which disappear within few months of birth.
Khillari have a distinct groove running in the center of the forehead from the nasal bridge to the
center of the poll. The muzzle is mottled and the eyes are elongated but small though prominent. They
have small pointed ears which are always held sideways. Horns are long, pointed and follow the backward
curve of the forehead. At the beginning horns are close, grow backwards for half of their length and then
turn upwards in a smooth bow shape. The hump in males is of moderate size and firm fleshed. The legs are
very strong. The average body height at withers is estimated at 125.8 in bulls and 111.8 in cows (Fig. 13)
respectively (Ramesha, 2001,a).
Khillari bullocks are well known for their draft ability. They move fast and they are also powerful.
Cows are poor milkers. The birth weight of the calf is about 13 to 14 kgs. The weight of cows is 300-400
kgs and adult males weigh 450-650 kgs (Payne and Hodges, 1997). Typical Khillar is a compact cylindrical,
long body and tight skinned animal with strong set legs and clean cut body features. Mature male measures
135-140 cm behind hump and cows measuring 125-130 cm behind hump. Khillari bullocks are in very good
demand. They are sold in sandies at premium price. They are available in good numbers in Bijapur,
Bagalkote, Belgaum, Haveri, Gadag and Dharwad districts of Karnataka and Satara, Sholapur, Sangli and
adjoining districts in Maharashtra. Though they are available in large numbers, they are losing purity due to
indiscriminate crossbreeding and neglect of females at young age. Only bullocks are given concentrates.
Normally natural service is practiced. Calves are not weaned and are allowed to suckle their dams.
5.15 Malnad Gidda breed
The Malnad Gidda breed is unique dwarf cattle of Karnataka state. Their number as per livestock
Census 2007 was 12, 81,493. Based on the detailed information along with breed descriptor submitted by
the scientists of Southern Regional Station of NDRI, Bangalore Malnad Gidda cattle was registered as a
breed in July 2012 with Accession Number INDIA_CATTLE-0800MALNADGIDDA-03037. Under the
Karnataka Livestock Development Agency funded project, survey was conducted in the breeding tract of
Malnad Gidda cattle. Genetically and phenotypically Malnad Gidda breed is distinctly different from other
breeds of the region (Ramesha et al., 2002).
5.15.1 Characteristics and performance
The coat colour in majority of Malnad Gidda cattle is black with light shades of fawn on thigh and
shoulder region. Brown, red and black skin coat coloured animals are usually observed. Generally skin,
hooves, eyelids, tails switch and horn are black in colour, the orientation of ears in horizontal. They have
small but well defined humps in males. Malnad Gidda cows (Fig.14) have bowl shaped small sized udder
with funnel shaped teats with pointed tips. Kabetti, a pale yellowish brown mutant form has been
considered as a special sacred type. Local Malnad Gidda cows with specific character of giving birth to one
calf every year and milking up to nine months is called as Varshagandhi. Local Malnad Gidda cattle with
specific character of skin coat colour with black and white patches are known as Handa. Malnad Gidda
cattle with pale brown animal with white small patch on forehead, tail end and center of four leg palms are
known as Kapile/Kapila (Fig.15) and there is lot of demand for them. However they are rare. Malnad Gidda
cows which are yellowish are known as Kavle, they are very mild, friendly animal, has more religious
significance. Kavle cows are good milk yielders (2-5 liters per day). Local Malnad Gidda cattle with skin
coat colour of brown and white patches are generally called as Mangalthi. Brown Malnad Gidda cattle are
146

generally known as Kabbethi. Mangalthi and Kabbethi cattle are associated with religious sentiments and
beliefs. Cows with loose shaky small horns are known as Haludana. They are generally good milk yielders.
They mostly thrive on grazing and play a unique role in the farming systems of the heavy rain fall
Malnad and coastal regions of Karnataka (Ramesha, 2001,b). Green leaves are spread on the floor everyday
as bedding material over the dung and urine. It is cleared once in one to two months which results in good
quality compost manure. Malnad Gidda cows (Fig. 14) calve for the first time at the age of around 3 years
and give milk for 8-9 months. The birth weight of calves was 7.91 ± 0.58 kgs. The average lactation milk
yield, daily milk yield, peak yield and inter-calving period among the elite cows under field condition was
522.33±69.40 liters, 2.17 ±0.29 liters, 3.42± 0.39 liters and 14.91± 0.93 months respectively. The
percentage Fat, Protein, Lactose and SNF among Malnad Gidda cow’s milk was 5.66, 3.36, 4.77 and 9.18,
respectively (Ramesha et al., 2013). Malnad Gidda milk has significantly higher beneficial antimicrobial
substance lactoferrin (225.20 ± 31.40, mg/L) as compared to Deoni (99.95 ± 7.48 mg/L), Cross-bred cattle
(ranged 42.59 to 91.89 mg/L) and Murrah buffaloes (ranged 11.75 to 47.13 μg/ml) (Ramesha et al., 2014).
Their milk has the lowest somatic cell score as compared to milk from other breeds reared in the same
region. They have the reproductive uniqueness of regular calving (inter calving period of 396+ 33 days)
under low input regime. There is a huge demand for Malnad Gidda cow milk and other products
particularly ghee due to preference for usage in ayurvedic medicine preparation. Malnad Gidda cow urine
distillate is also used extensively in their home tract for treating various ailments in ayurvedic system of
medicine. They believe that their produce is superior to other breeds as they are reared mostly on grazing.
They have the reproductive uniqueness of regular calving (inter calving period of 396+ 33 days) under low
input regime.
Malnad Gidda cattle are highly adopted to harsh climatic conditions including heavy rainfall
conditions (Ramesha, 2001b,Ramesha et al., 2007).They are well adapted to hot humid and hilly region and
are generally let for browsing on their own in forests and open areas. They are very active, lively with an
extraordinary power of endurance and resistance to diseases (Ramesha et al., 2012). They have excellent
heat tolerance and drought tolerance ability. They have been proven better resistant against Foot and Mouth
disease in comparison to any other breed of the region (Das et al., 2009). They mostly thrive on grazing
and play a uniq ue role in the f arming systems of the heavy rain fall Malnad and coastal regions of
Karnataka. At present, generally no selection is practiced for their improvement. They are invariably bred
by natural service when they go for grazing. The Scientists of NDRI have introduced bull exchange
programme to avoid inbreeding and selected elite Malnad Gidda males (Fig. 16) for semen collection,
propagation and conservation. Frozen semen from elite Malnad Gidda bulls are being made available to
farmers. As they are very small as compared to exotic breeds (Fig.17) they are able to meet their need
mostly by grazing. It is possible to develop this breed into small sized cattle thriving on low input regime
and giving 3-4 liters of quality milk per day with adaptability to heavy rainfall conditions through selective
breeding and scientific management practices.
Besides the above recognized breeds of Karnataka, farmers in the state are in the forefront in
crossbreeding. Large number of Holstein Friesian (HF) and Jersey crossbreds is found throughout the state.
HF crossbreds are extensively used for milk production in Kolar, Bengaluru rural, and Ramnagara, Mysore,
Tumkur and surrounding districts. Many progressive farmers have brought cattle belonging to Sahiwal,
Tharparkar Gir and Kankrej breeds and rearing them for milk production.
5.16 BUFFALO

In Karnataka, there are around 40 lakh buffaloes as per the 2007 census more than 94 percent are
indigenous animals. The state possesses few distinct buffalo types, such as Dharwadi, Gowli and South
Kanara buffaloes besides Pandharapuri breed. Gowli buffaloes are very popular in Dharwad, Belgaum and
North Kanara districts of the state, both for milk production and agricultural operations. South Kanara
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buffaloes have been used in the local buffalo races called “Kambala”. The South Kanara buffalo is
distributed in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts, whereas, Gowli buffaloes are distributed in Dharwad,
Uttar Kannada and Belgaum districts of Karnataka and are mostly maintained by Gowli tribes. In addition
to native breeds of Karnataka Murrah and Surti buffaloes brought from other states are also extensively
used in Karnataka for milk production. Murrah breed is also used for crossbreeding to improve milk
production of native buffaloes in Karnataka.
5.16.1 South Kanara (Kanara, Malabar Type) buffaloes
The name of the breed is derived from the district South Kanara, the home tract of the breed. South
Kanara buffaloes are medium sized and well built and are found in coastal Karnataka especially in
Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka. The breeding tract of South Kanara buffaloes
comprises of the western coastal part of Karnataka, extending from south of Mangalore to North of
Kundapura. The estimated population of South Kanara buffaloes is around 1.3 lakhs (Anon, 2000). The
cultivation practices in this area carried necessitate the use of these animals, as the indigenous cattle are
small and insignificant. Littlewood (1936) described South Kanara buffaloes as a fine hardy breed of
buffalo owned by a sect of Hindus known as the Jain Bhants. Mason (1996) described the South Kanara
buffalo breed as draft type with synonyms of Kanara, Kanarese and Malabar, and these animals are often
used for racing during post-harvest season. The South Kanara buffaloes tends to meet the requirements of
local farmers by virtue of having inherent specific qualities of adaptability to local conditions, farming
situations, resistance to diseases, and perform under available poor quality feed and fodder resources are
well adapted to the coastal regions of Karnataka.
South Kanara buffaloes are very muscular with well-formed shoulders and hindquarters. Hooves
are hard and set close together. The bulls are jet black in colour, while the bullocks and females are dark in
colour. The horns are curved and flat projecting back ward, sideward and downward at neck region
(Fig.18). Females are poor milk yielders, but are powerful work animals. They are used for puddling the
slushy paddy fields and for transportation in rural areas. Uncastrated male buffaloes are used in buffalo
racing in harvested paddy fields and is commonly known as “Kambala” in local language. Buffalo racing,
is one of the great amusement and also tradition of these people. Farmers take extreme care to maintain
bulls, which are used for the purpose of “Kambala”. Farmers in this region take it as a pride to maintain a
prize-winning buffalo bulls. Farmers give extreme care to maintain buffalo bulls, which are used for
“Kambala”. South Kanara buffaloes are used for agricultural operations, transport apart from buffalo racing
immediately after harvest of crops. Females are poor milk yielders but males are powerful work animals
which are used for puddling the slushy paddy fields and other agricultural operations.
These buffaloes are sustained mainly on grazing and agricultural by products. Majority of the
farmers send South Kanara buffaloes other than breeding bulls for grazing throughout the year with average
hours of grazing being 6 per day. These animals graze on harvested fields/forest lands/barren lands/road
side areas/tank beds etc. The bulls, which are used for “Kambala” purpose, are usually fed around 3kg of
concentrate per day per bull along with two to three eggs. Farmers feed the bullocks with 1kg to 2kgs of
concentrates and agricultural by-products. The calves are allowed to remain with their mothers and not
weaned, which indicates a strong maternal instinct amongst these animals. The buffalo cows are poor
milkers. The milk yield recorded ranges from one liter to five liters. She-buffaloes are bred when they are
about 3 ½ years to 4 years of age. Bulls are put to service at about four years of age. These buffaloes are
bred by natural service. Buffaloes are housed in well-ventilated typical ‘Kachcha’ house. The average body
length, height at withers, heart girth, are 124.4±1.85, 128±1.37 and 212±2.69cms in she-buffaloes and
129.6±1.28, 135.2±1.15 and 229.6±4.43cms in breeding bulls, respectively (Shashidhara, 2002).
148

Chromosomal studies revealed that these animals are very closely related to the riverine type of
buffaloes, though these buffaloes have acquired many traits (body stature, poor milk yield etc.) like those of
swamp buffaloes Joshi and Govindaiah (1997). Shashidhara (2002) conducted detailed survey and reported
the body measurements and status of South Kanara buffaloes in their native tracts.
5.16.2 Dharwari buffaloes

Dharwadi/Dharwari buffaloes (Fig. 19) are medium in size with compact body frame weighing
around 300-400Kg. Dharwadi buffaloes are active and thrive well on grazing with an extraordinary power
of endurance and resistance to diseases. No special managerial care is given to these animals. During nights
animals are housed in traditional sheds. These animals are sent for grazing from morning till evening.
According to farmers these buffaloes are excellent in using their body reserves during extreme scarcity of
feed and fodder and tend to gain body weight rapidly once the monsoon is onset and greens are available in
plenty. They are also fed with small quantities of paddy, jawar and wheat straw and by products of green-
gram, Bengal gram etc. Women in the household feed them with kitchen waste while milking the animals.
Generally they are milked by women. Generally they are bred by natural service when they go for grazing.
Mothering instinct is very high among Dharwadi buffaloes and generally they do-not let down milk in the
absence of their calf. These animals are used for cultivation, milk, and manure. Generally comparatively
well built and good males are castrated and used for cultivation especially in Central Karnataka. They are
well adapted to the local agro ecological systems of Central and Northern Karnataka. They play a major
role in the rural economy of this region by providing milk, Khoa (Fig. 20) for traditional milk products such
as Dharwad Peda, Belgaum Kunda and manure as well as draft power with negligible inputs. These
buffaloes are main contributors towards the production of famous Dharwad pedha. The farmers attribute
the special taste of Dharwad pedha to milk of these buffaloes.
5.16.3 Pandharpuri buffaloes
The habitat of Pandharpuri (Fig.21) buffaloes is South Maharashta, parts of Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka. It is a hardy animal and well suited to the dry regions of Sholapur, Ahmednagar, Kolhapur,
Bijapura and Bagalakot districts. These are medium-sized animals with long narrow face and very long,
flat and usually twisted thin horns. These animals are fairly good milkers and are kept by Gowlies in
Dharwar and Belgaum districts. A good buffalo yields about 8 to 12 kg of milk per day. This breed is used
for upgrading of local buffaloes in North Karnataka.
The women folk of ‘Gavali or Gowli’ community are ardent lovers of animals and totally dedicated
to raising of buffaloes for milk production. The women generally carry head loads of milk and milk
products like curds, ghee and khoa for selling at the door steps of the customers for their living. The
buffaloes reared by Gowli people are not much different from Phandharpuri buffaloes. A distinctive feature
is the practice of varietal cutting of the ears of the buffaloes by these tribals, for identification as well as for
beautification.
149

Fig 5..2 : Catttle biorresourc
ces

150
0

5.17 Small Rum

minant (Sheeep & Goatt) Genetic rresources
Small ruminnants with 9583761

9 sheeep and 47996147 goatss play an im mportant rolle in the rurral
economyy of Karnataaka. They aree principally maintained by b poorer section of the rrural commu unity providiing
them a source
s of liveelihood. Sheeep with its multi-facet
m u
utility for wool, meat, millk, skins and
d manure, forrm
an impoortant compoonent of ruraal economy of o Karnatakaa. Sheep-rearing is primarily in the hands
h of pooor,
landless or small andd marginal farmers
f who own either aan uneconom mical holdingg or no land at all, and thhus
graze thheir sheep ono natural veegetation annd crop stubbbles supplem mented by ttree loppings. Large areeas
formerlyy available ffor livestockk grazing, beecause they were not coonsidered suiitable for cro op productioon,
have now been put under cerealls. The density of livestoock per unit of grazing aarea has greeatly increaseed,
owing too increases ini their nummbers and thee shrinkage oof grazing laand. Becausee of the non--availability of
the neceessary graziing lands, sheep-ownerss practice m migrant grazzing over exxtensive areas, sometim mes
includinng goats withhin their sheeep flocks. The
T productiivity sheep and a goats aree low, yet considering
c t
the
nutritionnal and physsical environnmental conditions undeer which theey are rearedd, it cannot be considerred
inefficieent. Karnatakka is the hom me tract for important mutton
m type breeds viz. Hassan, Deccani, Bellarry,
Bannur and Kenguri breed of shheep. As perr 2012-13 esstimates the average meaat yield per animal is onnly
16.71 kggs and 15.922kgs for sheeep and goats respectivelyy which needds to be imprroved. The estimated
e woool
productiion per anim mal is only 7447 grms per sheep per yeear and is off course typee. In Karnataaka most of thet
151
1

goats are of Non-descript type and mostly reared for meat purpose. The only recognized goat breed of
Karnataka is Osmanabadi goats. In Karnataka farmers are rearing many breeds of sheep brought from
other states including Sirohi, Jamunapari, Thalachery, Boer, Ganjam, Gohilwadii,
Sangamneri, and Mehsana breeds of sheep in addition to exotic breeds viz. Saanen, Toggenburg, Angora,
Anglo-nubian, British Alpin, French Alpin. Sirohi is used as a dual purpose breed while Boer breed is used
for meat production and Thalachery is known for multiple births.
152

5.17.1 Sheep Genetic bioresources
Karnataka like India has rich genetic resources of sheep with lot of genetic variability among them.
State has most recognized breeds of sheep for mutton production like Mandya, Deccani, Bellary and
Kenguri. Mandya breed of sheep is the best mutton breed in India while Kenguri is one among the taller
breeds of sheep in India. Along with these recognized breeds of Sheep, Karnataka also has populations yet
to be recognised as breeds like Yalaga (Dayanand, 2013) and Mouli (Sindagi, 2014) sheep.
5.17.1.1. Bellari
This breed sheep are of medium size and of mutton type and found in Bellary district and
surrounding areas. The colour varies from white to white and black. Females are polled and males are
horned. Fleece is extremely coarse and hairy. Legs and belly are usually devoid of wool (Fig.22).
5.17.1.2. Hassan
Hassan breed of sheep is reared in Hassan districts and surrounding areas for mutton purpose. They
are small sized, and there is body colour white with light brown or black spots. The body color is white with
light brown or black spots. Ears are medium-long and dropping. Females are polled and so also about 70%
of the males. Fleece is white and extremely coarse. Legs and belly are devoid of wool (Fig.23).
5.17.1.3. Mandya/Bannur
This breed originated from Bandur village near Malwali in Mandya district, and mainly concentrated
in Mandya and Bangalore districts of Karnataka. They are medium sized with short legs and straight top line
and under line. Both the sexes are polled. Body color is white with brownish tinge around the neck and head
in some animals (Fig.24). Body is muscular with wide and even rump. Fleece is extremely coarse and hairy
and yield upto 400 Gms per year. Bannur is adjudged superior to other Indian breeds in carcass traits. The
meat is of excellent quality with pleasant flavour, juiciness and tenderness. Males weigh from 30-40 kg and
females 20-30 kg. Dressing percentage is 38 to 45. The breed can be maintained under stall-feeding
conditions also.
5.17.1.4. Deccani breed
Mutton type breed of sheep found in Bijapur, Belgaum, Bagalkot districts of Karnataka and Pune,
Satara, Sangli region of Maharashtra(Fig.25).
5.17.1.5. Kenguri Sheep
The home-tract of Kenguri sheep is Raichur, Koppal and parts of Gulbarga districts in Northern
karnataka. It is also known as Tenguri sheep. The sheep of this breed have endurance to high atmospheric
temperature, fatigue and are resistant to many diseases. They thrive well under scarcity condition and sparse
vegetation. The breed has high potential for meat production (Jain et al., 2006). The average birth weight of
male and female lambs was 2.99 ± 0.08 kg and 2.79 ± 0.08kg, respectively (Fig.26). The slaughter weight
(kg) and carcass weight (kg) at the age of 12 months were 20.78 ± 0.84 and 9.30 ± 0.39, respectively
(Appannavar et al., 2010).
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5.17.1.6. Yalaga sheep
Yalaga sheep (Fig. 27) not yet recognized as breed of sheep which has high potentiality for meat
production. The breeding tract of Yalaga sheep breed is Badami, Bilagi, Bagalkote, Hungund and Mudhol
taluks of Bagalkote district in Karnataka state. The overall mean body weight in adult males and females were
54.78 ± 0.96 kg and 34.76 ± 0.24 kg respectively and Yalaga sheep was taller, longer and had better growth
and reproductive performance compared to other recognized breeds of Karnataka and has distinct breed
characters (Dayanand, 2013).
5.17.1.7. Mouli Sheep
Mouli sheep (Fig. 28) which is also not recognized as breed of sheep has high potentiality for meat
production like Yalaga sheep. The breeding tract of Mouli sheep breed is Bijapur, Bagewadi, Muddebihal,
Indi and Sindagi talukas of Bijapur district and Jewargi taluka of Gulbarga district in Karnataka. The overall
mean adult body weight in male and female Mouli sheep were 54.54 ± 0.54 kg and 42.35 ± 0.30 kg,
respectively (Sindagi, 2014). Birth weight of male and female Mouli lambs were 3.76 ± 0.006 and 3.55 ±
0.005 kg, respectively. Mouli sheep is taller, longer and had better growth and reproductive performance
compared to other recognized breeds of Karnataka (Sindagi, 2014).
5.17.2 Goat Genetic Resources
Most of the goats in Karnataka are of Non-descript type and mostly reared for meat purpose. The only
recognized goat breed of Karnataka is Osmanabadi goats.
5.17.2.1 Osmanabadi breed
Osmanabadi goats found in Bidar and surrounding areas have all the characteristics required for
efficient meat production viz. high prolificacy, more than one breeding season in a year, higher milk
production and capacity to bear twins and triplets (Fig.29). Goat meat is preferred and fetches higher prices in
national and international markets. In spite of the prejudice against goat rearing due to environmental issues,
the population of this species has grown at a faster rate than any other species of livestock. In case of goats no
exotic germplasm is available for increasing the yield of meat since superior goat breeds found in foreign
countries are essentially dairy breeds.
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Fig 5.3 : She
eep gene
etic biorresource
es

5.18 PIG genetiic resources
Karnataka possesses
p a desi pig breeed called “ANKAMAL
“ LI” which iis a medium m sized and thin
bodied, Sows which are good moothers and prrejudice agaiinst pork largge section off people relish and acceptt this
meat in Karnataka.
5.19 Poultry genetic resou

urces
In Karnatakka state the poultry popuulation has increased trremendously and consisttently acrosss
differentt livestock ccensuses. Kaarnataka produced 367733 lakh eggs valued Rs 128706 lakhh and 627211
tonnes of
o meat valueed Rs 87809 lakhs. Kaarnataka doessnot have itss own native breed of fow wl. Howeverr
farmers are rearing bbroilers and layers with exotic
e inheritance in largge numbers. Poultry genetic resourcee
of Karnaataka consistts of A lion’’s share of thhe poultry inn Karnataka is in rural arreas. Poultryy Breeders off
UAS, Bangalore
B a early as 1970 and a variety – Giriraja
reaalized this as G was released for the use off
villagerss, after an exxtensive fieldd study, durin
ng 1980.
5
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Giriraja is a dual purpose bird which produces about 110-150 eggs in its productive life span, but the
birds are heavy and they require more feed. It is a synthetic strain bred to resemble local/desi fowls, evolved
by blending heterogeneous exotic components strains. Giriraja yields high quality & quantity of meat & eggs.
It is sturdy, has excellent adaptability to environmental condition. Giriraja do not demand sophisticated
management condition/farming systems. It has attractive appearance; it produces three times in growth & egg
production over & above the local / desi birds. It has attractive colorful plumage with an admizture of single
& pea shaped comb as is commonly seen in native / desi fowl. Breeds well in captivity unlike native birds and
do so even under semi-range and range system. All the above features make Giriraja, an ideal one for rearing
among the tribals/nomads & landless laborers. UAS Bangalore has also released one variety –Girirani useful
layer type for backyard poultry.
5.20 Tradable bio-resources of livestock origin
Besides livestock produce such as milk, meat, wool and egg, skin and their products particularly with
unique characteristics and genetic material of animals, covering semen, egg and live animals, DNA
molecules, RNA, proteins and other micro physical genetic materials are tradable bioresources. As already
detailed genetic resources of Karnataka have many unique characters. The genes responsible for them will be
of high value in the IPR era under access and benefit sharing mechanism. The livestock with unique traits like
disease resistance, heat tolerance etc will serve as a useful genetic resource for developing breeds having
desirable traits. In the biotechnology and IPR era genes for unique traits will be of use for genetic
improvement of livestock worldwide. Amrithmahal cattle milk is used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine
for treatment of gastritis. Malnad Gidda milk is found to have high level of lactoferrin content which an
important antimicrobial substance presents in milk. The mutton of Bannur sheep is well known for its quality
and taste. Suitability of Dharwadi buffalo milk for famous peda and khoa making is well known. Indigenous
cattle are producing milk with A2 type casein which is beneficial to health. Our cattle are reported to produce
milk with higher level of Omega 3 fatty acid and low cholesterol. Our livestock are mostly reared on
extensive system of rearing whose meat is tend to have lower level of cholesterol. In Ayurvedic system of
medicine particularly in Panchagavya treatment the blend of five products viz. Ghee, milk, curd, cow dung
and cow’s urine obtained from indigenous cows (All these five products are individually called ‘Gavya’ and
collectively termed as ‘Panchagavya’) are extensively used for treatment for various ailments. Each 'Gavya'
from indigenous cows particularly those raised based on grazing is also extensively used in Ayurvedic system
of medicine. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine abundant literature regarding the use of indigenous cows-
urine for treatment of skin-disorders, G.I. disorders and hemorrhoids are available. The anti-microbial, bio-
availability enhancer, free-radical scavenging property of indigenous cows-urine has been reported by various
researchers. The novel use of cow-urine as activity enhancer and availability facilitator for bioactive
molecules, including anti-infective agents has been patented in US (Patent No. 6410059). The invention has
direct implication in drastically reducing the dosage of antibiotics, drugs and anti-infective agent while
increasing the efficiency of absorption of bio-active molecules, thereby reducing the cost of treatment and
also the side-effects due to toxicity. The invention relating to a novel pharmaceutical composition comprising
an effective amount of bio-active fraction from cow-urine distillate as a bioavailability facilitator and
pharmaceutically acceptable additive selected from anti-cancer compounds, drugs, therapeutic and nutraceutic
agents, ions and similar molecules which are targeted to the living systems has also been patented in USA
(Patent No. 6896907, 7235262). Use of bioactive fraction from cow urine distillate (gomuutra) as a bio
enhancer of anti-infective, anti cancer agents and nutrients as also been reported by researchers. Indigenous
Cows urine has also been obtained by researchers. The use of re-distilled indigenous cow’s urine distillate
(RCUD) for protecting and/or repairing DNA from oxidative damages has been patented (US Patent,
7718360). Many breeds have differential resistance to different diseases thus make them suitable as model
animals for research. The genes responsible for all the unique traits in our livestock have the potential to be
tradable bio-resource. In order to utilize our livestock and poultry resources effectively in the IPR era it is
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absolutely necessary to identify the unique traits and genes responsible for their unique traits. It is very
important to conserve and improve our indigenous breeds particularly in the IPR era. The Booroola gene is
patented in many countries including Netherlands, Australia, which has a large effect on litter size of sheep,
can be traced back to Bengal sheep which were imported from Calcutta and crossed with Merinos (Kohler-
Rollefson, 2005) which clearly indicates the utility of our livestock genetic resources. There is a need to have
periodical estimation of breed wise basic population data should be generated so as to establish “Early
Warning” and “Response Systems” for animal genetic resources.
5.21 Conflict between intensive system of livestock rearing and small holder livestock
production system
The conflict between intensive system of livestock rearing and the sustainable technological
innovations generated by livestock keepers based on native livestock genetic resources and traditional
knowledge (TK) associated with them will pose important challenge for technology driven productivity
enhancement of livestock in developing countries. In the present knowledge based global economy,
technology driven growth in livestock sector helped dominant players to corner the benefits at the cost of
smallholders in under developed and developing countries particularly in poultry and pig industry which led
to many challenges pertaining to control of technologies. Generally the animal breeding and production takes
place within the national boundaries as per customary laws and knowledge; whereas the livestock products
are marketed at global level. Therefore, national and international as well as regional laws and Intellectual
Property Rights (IP) and global commitments are relevant to development of livestock sector. In the present
knowledge based global economy protection of intellectual property (IP) is critical for technology
development and diffusion in all fields including livestock sector (Ramesha et al., 2010). International
conventions and treaties together with the rapid developments in biotechnology have led to new conditions
for the access of genetic resources and TK. The Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) and the
requirements under WTO/ TRIPS have led to stricter mechanisms for access to genetic resources, benefit
sharing and control of genetic resources as well as the new regimes for protection of biological innovations.
This new environment has created both threats and opportunities for biodiversity rich developing countries.
The future development of livestock sector depends on adoption of new and innovative production and
processing technologies, and proper market tie-ups. Diversification and high value produce will add new
dimensions to this sector. A paradigm shift is required in livestock sector from production orientation to
quality and cost orientation in the WTO era (Ramesha, 2011).
In the recent past livestock farming in developing countries have changed rapidly and become
technology intensive, similar to that had taken place in the plant sector during 1980’s. The increased
exploitation of animal genetic resources from developing countries is also becoming a major concern. The
challenge for biodiversity rich countries is to guard against bio-piracy of their indigenous animal genetic
resources, and safeguard associated traditional knowledge of livestock keepers and traditional healers.
Another concern is the export of genetic material to countries that did not ratify the Convention on
Biodiversity.
5.22 Indigenous livestock and IPR regime
The proliferation of free trade agreements, both multilateral and bilateral, has led to an unprecedented
growth in international trade in livestock products. Under Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
any country ratifying the Global Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and becoming a member of the
World Trade Organization (WTO) must establish minimum standards for intellectual property rights. Under
TRIPS Article 27.3, members must provide various forms of intellectual property, many of which are relevant
to livestock sector. Intellectual Property (IP) is a category of property that confers rights over intangible
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creations of human intellect. IP rights as a collective term which includes a) patents b) trademarks, trade
names and service marks c) geographical indications d) trade secrets e) industrial designs f) layout designs
(topographies) of integrated circuits g) protection of plant varieties and h) copyright and related rights and
trade secrets. Under TRIPS agreement provision is made for plant variety protection under patents or a sui
generis system, or a combination of both. There is no comparable system for animals. Under TRIPs neither
prior informed consent (or benefit sharing) nor is protection of traditional knowledge mandated. With the
advent of genetic engineering and novel multilateral IPR agreements a new era of gene hunting has started.
This has alarmed and threatened the general public and raised economic, legal and ethical concerns
(Rothschild et al., 2003).
A paradigm shift is required in livestock sector from production orientation to quality and cost
orientation in the WTO era. At the international level, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of United
Nations and the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement of World Trade Organization
are the two major agreements governing access and rights over genetic resources. India is signatory to both
CBD and TRIPs Agreement and also ratified Global Plan of Action on Animal Genetic Resources adopted in
September 2007, it is obligatory for India to develop suitable legislation to protect and improve livestock
biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge. The CBD is a legally binding international instrument,
applying to all biological diversity. It recognizes the sovereignty of nations over their genetic resources,
including the capacity to establish conditions of access by other nations and a fair/equitable sharing of
benefits from the use of such resources. As such, the animal genetic resources have not been the objects of
much specific consideration within the CBD, and no consideration has been given to arrangements that meet
the special nature and distinctive features of livestock sector. The main objectives of the Biological Diversity
Act (2002) of India which complies with CBD are conservation of biological diversity; sustainable use of its
components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources and
knowledge. Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with biological resources including livestock are integral
part of the resource itself. In India patent applications have to disclose the source of genetic material and
associated TK in relevant cases. According to the Biodiversity Act (2002), Non–Indian citizens, Non Resident
Indians and Association or Organization which is not incorporated or registered in India or registered and
incorporated in India but having any Non-Indian participation in its share capital or management are barred
from any biological resources of India or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial
utilization or for bio-survey and bio-utilization without prior permission of National Biodiversity Authority
(NBA).
5.23 Implications of TRIPs agreement
Mega biodiversity countries including India possess rich Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR). They
provide genetic resources for modern animal breeding and biotechnology industry. Traditional livestock
keepers have greatly contributed and are contributing for the improvement of AnGR and also to the
maintenance of genetic diversity. The genetic resources have been transferred freely to other countries in the
past; under the understanding that these are common heritage of humanity. With the development of modern
biotechnology, there is possibility that our breeds/varieties may be genetically altered and the new
variety/breed may later be substituted for the original breed/variety from which it was developed particularly
in poultry and pigs. If proper controls and checks are not included in the system of IP protection relating to
AnGR, there is a danger of Multi National Companies (MNCs) becoming owners of breeds/varieties
originating in India. The patenting of broad traits like increased milk yield or broad claims on genes/animals
may lead to monoculture and monopoly which would result in suffering to the pastoralists, small and
marginal livestock keepers. The advantages and disadvantages with the patent system clearly indicate that a
sui-generis system is likely to be an appropriate approach for India. Currently developing countries are
exposed to the risk of losing their intellectual property on indigenous livestock while research institutions
require a stable regulatory framework in which to operate. There should be a balance between the needs of
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developed and developing countries and interim measures should be put in place in anticipation of the
development of a legal framework on animal genetic resources.
5.24 Bioprospecting and biopiracy
Bioprospecting is the exploration, extraction and screening of biodiversity and traditional knowledge
for commercially valuable genetic and biochemical resources. Commercially important products derived from
biodiversity are of great economic value. Biopiracy is stealing of knowledge from traditional and indigenous
communities or individuals. There was a controversy over biopiracy of the unique dwarf Indian cattle breed
“Vechur” from Kerala. Roslin Institute and the PPL Therapeutics (Scotland) Ltd. has 14 patent applications
with the European Patent Office (EPO) and one of these (Patent application EP 0765390) for the Gene
Construct of Bovine alpha – lactalbumin is based on studies in Bos indicus. Biodiversity rich countries like
India should promote bio-prospecting to upgrade local capabilities and to prevent biopiracy. In India patent
applications have to disclose the source of genetic material and associated Traditional Knowledge (TK) in
relevant cases (Ramesha et al., 2008, 2010).
5.25 Patenting in Livestock Sector
Patenting of life forms is the most controversial aspect even among WTO members. Patents represent
the largest form of Intellectual property (IP) and their development is regulated by laws differing from
country to country. These laws and their interpretations are subject to change, especially when new
technologies are introduced. Any product or process or design which involves an inventive, novel and non-
obvious step capable of industrial application could be patented. A patent represents a legal monopoly
granted by a country’s government to an inventor, permitting the patent owner to prohibit anyone else from
making, using or selling this invention for a specific period of time (presently 20 years).
Mega biodiversity countries provide genetic resources for modern animal breeding and
biotechnology industry. The genetic resources have been transferred freely to other countries in the past;
under the understanding that these are common heritage of humanity. With the development of modern
biotechnology, there is possibility that our breeds/varieties may be genetically altered and the new
variety/breed may later be substituted for the original breed/variety from which it was developed. There is a
threat of bio-piracy with regard to native livestock breeds and associated traditional knowledge. If proper
controls and checks are not included in the system of IP protection relating to AnGR, there is a danger of
Multi National Companies (MNCs) becoming owners of breeds/varieties originating from biodiversity rich
countries. Patent protection will discourage the natural selection that, at present, takes place at farmers’ level.
In the livestock sector, patents have been granted for gene sequences with utility such as genetic
markers. A New Zealand company, Agmark, has claimed a patent on the “Booroola” gene, which regulates
the ovulation rate in sheep. The Booroola gene can be traced back to Bengal sheep, which were imported
from Kolkata and crossed with Merinos (Kohler-Rollefson, 2005). The patent covers animals that are
produced in a breeding programme in which the DNA test has been used, but not those animals that carry the
gene naturally. The open question is whether the patent also covers the offspring of the animals that have
been tested for the presence of the gene. Another notable patent application is one by Monsanto for a series of
twelve patents on pig breeding. One of the first conflicts in quantitative animal breeding resulted from a
patent entitled “Method of Bovine Herd Management” granted to the Cornell Research Foundation (Cornell
University) in the USA in 1994 and Canada in 1998. The invention is for the “test-day model” and includes
the gathering of data, mathematical treatment and the use of the data by dairy producers (Rothschild et al.,
2003; Scholtz and Mamabolo, 2006). The novelty and non-obviousness of the patent has been seriously
questioned. The practices of gathering, manipulating and using data by dairy producers have existed for
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nearly 100 years (Schaeffer, 2002). In South Africa, these principles have been in use since 1917. The patent
therefore claims rights to a practice that has been public knowledge for a long time. The novel idea within the
patent is the specific mathematical model and procedures that were developed for the analysis of test day
yields. In European Union and some other countries patents can also be granted on normal animals, which
have merely been subjected to certain techniques like a gene diagnosis, or a process for determining the
animal's sex. The European Patent Office granted patent on Dolly the cloned sheep to the Roslin Institute in
Edinburgh (Patent application EP 849 990) in 2001. The US Company XY Inc. was in 2005 granted patent
EP 1257168, which covers a method for selecting sperms by sex for the artificial insemination of mammals.
This has got implication for using sexed semen in livestock for producing youngones of desired sex. The first
European patent on genetically manipulated dairy cows was granted in 2007. Under patent number EP
1330552 "inventors" from Belgium and New Zealand claim processes for breeding cows, which give more
milk or milk with altered constituents. The cows are produced either by marker assisted breeding and bred
normally, or by having more milk genes additionally incorporated into their genome.
All applications of genomics, animal genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge are
potentially the subject matter of intellectual property claims. With respect to gene-based innovation, the most
significant IPR is patents. Products of nature were not patentable, but now “isolated and purified” natural
materials eg., DNA, RNA, Expressed sequence Tags, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs),
oligonucleotides, DNA markers, hormones, proteins, recombinant vectors and even (non-manipulated)
bacteria are patentable in India subject to satisfying the criteria’s of patentability. Raw sequences with no
known use are not patentable. In India biological material such as recombinant DNA, plasmids and process of
manufacturing thereof are patentable provided they are produced by substantial human intervention. DNA
sequences are patentable provided they are isolated and purified from its natural environment and utility is
proven. In US and Canada nucleic acid database tools are patentable. Sequence analysis tools are also
patentable subject to meeting the criteria of patentability. Appropriate patent regimes have the potential to
foster innovation in animal biotechnology and the transfer of gene-based technologies. Mega-biodiversity
countries want disclosure of source and country of origin of the biological resource and of the traditional
knowledge used in the invention, disclosure of evidence of prior informed consent under the relevant national
regime and disclosure of evidence of benefit sharing under the relevant national regime to be included in the
patent application. Genetic resources represent the basic building blocks for the development of improved
varieties, breeds. Identification of genes for unique characteristics like disease resistance, heat tolerance,
ability to survive and thrive under stressful and low input conditions etc. in local breeds will go long way not
only in the advancement of science and livestock production, but also pave way for patenting of gene
sequences for these traits (Ramesha et al., 2007, 2010a).
5.24 Patenting of Livestock Breeds
Biotechnology is providing the capability to produce novel genetically modified organisms (plants,
microorganisms and animals) which are commercially valuable and industrially useful. Patent protection for
these innovations is being sought in many countries. Under TRIPs agreement it is not possible to have a valid
patent claim which claims an essentially biological process as such (e.g. a method comprising mating a bull
from one cattle breed with a cow from another cattle breed to produce a cross-bred calf). Nor is it possible to
have a valid patent claim with scope so narrow as to cover only a group of animals comprising an "animal
variety" as such. Animals and animal varieties per se are not patentable in South Africa. Hungary is one of
the few countries that grant patent protection for animal breeds (WIPO, 1995). In the case of Australia in
terms of patentability of higher life forms, such as animals, they are not treated any differently by the
Australian Patent Office from the way in which lower life forms are treated. This is probably the reason why
the East African Boran cattle breed could be patented in Australia (Scholtz and Mamabolo, 2006). The
practice in New Zealand is similar to that of the Australian Patent Office. In general patents to animals are
also allowable in Japan. In contrast to these countries, animals (whether transgenic or otherwise) are not
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patentable in countries such as Argentina, Brazil and China (Blattman et al., 2002) and India. The Bulgarian
Law for Protection of New Plant Varieties and animal breeds has been enforced since 1996.
5.25 Indian IPR Scenario in Livestock Sector
India is signatory to CBD and TRIPs Agreement and also ratified Global Plan of Action on Animal
Genetic Resources it is obligatory for India to develop suitable legislation to protect and improve livestock
biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge. In order to comply with CBD India has enacted Biological
Diversity Act (2002). In India private ownership of livestock is common and the public ownership is rare.
The owner of the animal has the right to use the genetic resources in breeding and can have control over who
is receiving genetic material from his/her animals. However, it is difficult in secondary and further
generations to have control over gene flow. In case of poultry, generally farmers are given hybrids by
commercial producers. In the modern IPR era, it is essential to provide certain rights such as access to natural
resources, grazing rights, participatory decision making in the plans or programmes affecting ANGR to
livestock keepers through a sui generis system which will help in protecting native livestock and their
sustainable use.
Accreditation of indigenous livestock breeds by way of registration is warranted (Yadav, 2003).

Under the Central Herd Registration Scheme of the Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, at present,
the animals belonging to Hariana, Gir, Kankrej and Ongole breeds of cattle and Murrah, Surti, Mehsana and
Jaffrabadi breeds of buffalo are registered depending on the confirmation to breed characteristics and
prescribed milk production norm. Owners of registered animals are provided certificate and prizes/incentives
to encourage conservation of indigenous breeds and production of high quality cows and buffaloes.
Recognising the need for an authentic national documentation system of valuable sovereign genetic resource
with known characteristics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) initiated a mechanism for
“Registration of Animal Germplasm” at National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal
(http://www.nbagr.res.in). This would help to provide protection to the valuable animal genetic diversity and
facilitate its access for genetic improvement of animal breeds.
IPR issues in the field of livestock sector
 Before the availability of modern biotechnological tools, inventions based on living organisms were treated
as natural phenomena i.e. discoveries and were not patentable.

There are concerns in the area of
 The limits of patentability
In biotechnology research many times it is difficult to distinguish between invention and discovery. The
isolation of a gene from its natural environment and the identification of its function render the gene and
its sequence an invention for patenting purposes in some countries.

 Patenting of "enabling technologies"
This issue is of great importance as it has an impact on access to these technologies by the livestock
research system in general.

 The multiplicity of patents required to develop a livestock product
Developments in modern livestock biotechnology require the use of several processes and products, which
in most cases will be subject to patent protection. For example producing transgenic livestock involves
several processes such as identification of gene of interest, inserting the gene at appropriate stage, to check
the gene incorporation, to study the gene expression, checking the animals having inserted genes etc.
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 Patents on specific genes usually extend to the GM organisms into which the genes are inserted, thus
bringing the entire organism under patent protection.
This question has raised considerable debate. Eventual financial revenues are granted to the patent holder,
without compensating the developers of the original plant/animal variety.

 Concentration of the IP in the hands of few MNCs
In the modern biotechnology era, there is danger of animal genetic material from biodiversity rich countries
being exploited by others including large international companies. Another important element is that a
small number of multinational companies (MNCs) dominate livestock biotechnology field. Existence of
strong IPRs, and the fact that the rights over the technologies and products are often owned by MNCs,
might lead to (increased) dependence by developing country farmers on MNCs and developed countries.
With the development of modern biotechnology, there is possibility that indigenous breeds/varieties may
be genetically altered and the new variety/breed may later be substituted for the original breed/variety
from which it was developed.
 Patenting of indigenous livestock genetic resources
Patents can and have been issued to companies from developed countries over genetic material from
developing countries. In some cases, the lack of appropriate mechanisms for sharing of benefits has
generated considerable controversy.
Both the herd registration scheme and breed registration system developed by ICAR lack legal
enforcement authority. There is an urgent need to develop a suitable legally binding sui generis system and
establishment of Animal Genetic Resources Authority of India for protecting the interests of livestock
keepers and animal breeders through a law comparable to the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’
Rights Act, 2001 and PVP and FR Rules 2003 with due consideration for the special characteristics of AnGR
(Ramesha et al., 2007, 2008, 2010a, b). Such an authority will be a boon for conservation and sustainable use
of native livestock genetic resources.
Indian livestock keepers are rich in Traditional knowledge (TK). TK associated with biological
resources is an intangible component of the resource itself. TK has the potential of being translated into
commercial benefits by providing leads for development of useful products and processes. The valuable leads
provided by traditional knowledge save time, money and investment of modern biotech industry into any
research and product development. Hence, a share of benefits must accrue to creators and holders of TK. It
might be worth giving attention to the need and possibility for developing a “clearing-house” mechanism to
operate at the Dept. of Animal Husbandry and to the possibility of conducting an IPR audit. The Jeevani
(herbal medicine derived from the leaves of the Arogypaacha plant based on TK of Kani tribe) case
highlights the possibility of benefit sharing for the TK associated with local livestock breeds.
Livestock products and process technologies will provide higher market through value addition. IPR
laws also have a bearing on the development and diffusion of technologies in the field of production as well
as in processing. It has a major role to play in technology development and diffusion aimed at value addition
to livestock produce. The traditional knowledge in the sector could be used effectively for bringing benefit to
India in the form of benefit shearing in the IP regime.
5.26 Trademarks
Trademarks are signs or symbols registered by a manufacturer/producer or merchant to identify goods
and services. A trademark can be a word, phrase, symbol, design, or a combination there of. Many countries
also recognize “collective marks” and “certification marks”. Collective Marks are a sign which distinguish the
origin of a product, method of production and distinctive characteristics of goods or services. A collective
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mark may be owned by an institution or cooperative or a public entity and used by members of the
organization, example- “AAA”. Certification marks – like CE (European conformity) and The Good-
housekeeping seal of approval – “certify” that products or services meet a particular standard of quality,
regional origin or the like, even though the products may come from various unrelated companies.
Certification marks- are a sign used to denote the origin of the product that meets set standards and
specifications. Certification marks are similar to collective marks except that users of certification marks
should not necessarily be members of the organization that owns the mark, example- “Wool Mark”. Genetic
material per se cannot be protected or covered by a trademark. A trademark can be a useful value addition
tool. The trademark can improve the value of a product. For example, semen straws, dairy products from a
reputed company with trademark may fetch higher price.
5.27 Geographical Indications

Geographical Indications (GIs) are signs or expressions used on goods to indicate that a product or
service originates in a country/region or specific place where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic
of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin. There is scope for utilizing GI based on
unique characteristics of products produced from a breed in a geographical area due to natural conditions and
unique production system. Both Trademarks and GIs are used to identify the products and help to create
wealth and improve competitive position of businesses. A Trademark puts emphasis on the producer or a
manufacturer of a product, whereas a GI highlights the geographical origin of a product and the characteristics
derived from it. GI does not protect the breed or genetic material per se but add commercial value to the
animals of a breed reared in a particular region. They may be used as a value addition mechanism. Origin-
based marketing in which control over production processes remains with the livestock keepers can empower
livestock keepers versus corporate interests and provide greater earning power. Geographical indications
prevent others, except the producers of goods from the original region from using that particular geographical
indication incorrectly as a trademark for other products than those from the area. Trademarks and
geographical indications could be used for value addition and thus aid to protect registered breeds. In France
Bresse breed of chicken is produced in the Bresse geographical area only as defined by law under protected
designation of origin (Verrier et al., 2005) and sold at 50-60 per cent higher price. Similarly, to save the
Sambucana sheep from extinction, a consortium was set up and a special brand name for guaranteed
Sambucana meat was set up in Italy. Roquefort cheese can be made only from the milk of the Lacaune sheep
breed. Geographical indications are used to protect interest of livestock keepers in developing countries also
like Karoo lamb (South Africa) and Chos Malal goat meat (Argentina). Roquefort cheese can be made only
from the milk of the Lacaune sheep breed. Chilika buffaloes with typical curd made from its milk, and Banni,
Dharwari buffaloes with typically flavoured milk products are other examples, which could be considered for
protection (Ramesha et al., 2008).
Registration of Darjeeling tea-cultivated in 87 designated locations in the Darjeeling Region helped to

prevent misappropriation and improved marketing position and income. Ethiopia produces some of the finest
coffee in the world but gained very little as there was a problem of misappropriation, but filing of trade mark
applications in 36 countries and securing protection in 30 countries helped to differentiate the Ethiopian fine
coffee from the coffee of other countries. This helped to build confidence and improve bargaining position of
coffee producers and exporters from Ethiopia and increased the price of Ethiopian coffee and income of
coffee producers, which resulted in a positive improvement in the living standard of farmers.
5.28 Trade Secrets

Trade Secrets (in certain circumstances and jurisdictions called know-how) provide protection against
unauthorized disclosure or use of confidential information (of a technical or commercial nature). To be
protected as a trade secret, the intellectual property must, of course, be kept secret, and must also confer some
163

sort of commercial advantage to the holder. Enforcement of IP rights for trade secrets is possible when a
competitor has misappropriated and/or stolen the trade secret. Trade secrets are important in animal and fish
breeding where commercial breeders want to keep their nucleus stock and the pedigree information (and other
information) away from their competitors. A point often raised is when one should file for a patent or
maintain the information as a trade secret. What is important to note is that patents and trade secrets are not
in conflict with each other but are complimentary IP assets. Depending upon the nature of the know-how; or
the invention, the organization may choose to either file a patent or to continue to hold as a trade secret.
5.29 Need For a Sui Generis System
There is an urgent need for legally binding internationally accepted system for access and sharing of
benefits from the use of AnGR and associated traditional knowledge. There is a need for recognition of
community rights over knowledge and biodiversity. In the modern biotechnology era, there is danger of
animal genetic material from biodiversity rich countries being exploited by others including large
international companies.
5.30 Epilogue
Protection of native livestock breeds and associated traditional knowledge through appropriate sui-
generis system is essential for conservation and their sustainable use in the modern IPR regime. Identification
of genes for unique characteristics in native livestock breeds will go long way not only in the advancement of
science and livestock production, but also pave way for patenting of gene sequences for these traits. If proper
internationally accepted legal system is developed with respect to use of livestock biodiversity, patenting of
novel genes will bring about economic benefit to the livestock keepers in the modern IPR regime through
benefit sharing and help in conservation and sustainable use of native livestock breeds.
Note: The report contains extracts from various presentations made by the author in different conferences,
trainings etc
164

SL.
Species Breed Name Local names Population Distribution (districts) Commercial uses Value
No
I. Bosindicus 1) Hallikar - 21,96,698 Banglore Rural, Kolar, Tumkur, Draught purpose, dung Breed-wise
Mysore,Mandya,Hassan,Shivamo and urine as manure, information
(Cattle) gga,Davanagere milk not
Chithradurga, available
ChikamagalurChamarajanagara
2) Amrithmahal Dhuyu, Nambri 98,169 Chikamagalur, Shimoga, Draught purpose, dung
Chitradurga, Davangere, Mandya, and urine as manure,
Tumkur, Hasan milk
3) khillari Hanam 14,23,742 Vijayapur, Belgaum, Bagalkot Draught purpose, dung
(AtpadiMahal),Mh Districts in Karnataka and and urine as manure,
aswad,Tapi(Thilla surrounding areas of Maharasthra milk
ri) and Nakali.
4) Deoni Dongari, Surti 1,66,025 Bidar, Gulbarga districts in Milk, Draught
Karnataka, Latur, Parbhani, purpose, dung and
Nanded and Osmanabad districts urine as manure
of Maharashtra and Medak
district of Andhra Pradesh.
5) Kapila 12,81,493 Shimoga, Chikamagalur, Milk, Draught
MalnadGidda Mangalore, Udupi, North Canara purpose, dung and
,Uttara Kannada Kodagu Districts urine as manure. Lot
in Karnataka of demand for ghee for
Ayurvedic medicine
preparation.
6) - 2,314 Vijayapur, Belgaum, Bagalkot Milk, Draught
KrishnaValley and Dharwad Districts in purpose, dung and
Karnataka State. urine as manure
II Bosbubalus 1) South Kanara,Kanarese 1,30,000 Manalore and Udipi Districts of Agricultural
(Buffalo) Kanara and Malabar Karnataka Operations and
Kambala purpose
2) Dharwari Dharwadi 10,000,00 Dharwad, Bijapur, Belagaum, Cultivation purpose,
Bagalkote, Haveri districts iand milk, their milk is
surrounding areas n Karnatka used for preparatin for
Khoa and Traditional
165

SL.
Species Breed Name Local names Population Distribution (districts) Commercial uses Value
No
milk products like
Dharwadpedha,Belgau
mKundha. Durng and
urine asManure
3) Pandharpuri 2,72,802 Vijayapur and Bagalkot Districts Milk purpose
of Karnataka
III Ovisaries 1) Bellari - 15,00,000 Bellary district of Karnataka. Meat purpose,Coarse
(Sheep) and hairy Wool
2) Hassan - 6,45,377 Hassan district of Karnataka Mutton and Coarse
wool purpose
3) Mandya Bannur Mandya and Bangalore districts Mutton and Coarse
of karnataka. wool purpose
4) Deccani - 14,91,887 Vijayapur, Belgaum and Bagalkot Meat purpose
Districts of Karnataka.
5) Kenguri Tenguri 5,71,000 Raichur, Koppal and parts of Meat purpose
Gulbarga districts in Northern
Karnataka.
6) Yalaga - Badami, Bilagi, Bagalkot, Meat purpose
Hungund and Mudholtalukas of
Bagalkotdistrict of Karnataka.
7) Mouli - Vijayapur, Bagewadi, Meat purpose
Muddebihal, Indi and
Sindagitalukas of Vijayapur
district and Jewargitaluka of
Gulbarga district of Karnataka
IV Capra 1) Osmanabadi - 2,08,514 Bidar and surrounding areas of Meat and milk
hircus Karnataka. purpose
(Goat)
166

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0

LIVESTOCK RESOURCES -
DEONI CATTLE
0

Chapter – 6
LIVESTOCK RESOURCES – DEONI CATTLE

Vivek M. Patil, Associate Professor and Head
Livestock Research and Information Centre (Deoni)
Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar
Email: dr.vivekmpatil@gmail.com
6.1 Introduction
The Deoni is a medium-sized dual-purpose indigenous cattle breed which is predominantly found
in Bidar district of Karnataka and Latur district of Maharashtra. This breed is also distributed in small
numbers in the neighbouring districts of Gulbarga in Karnataka; Parbhani, Nanded and Osmanabad
districts of Maharashtra, and some parts of Medak district of Andhra Pradesh. The breed is one of the few
dual-purpose cattle breeds of India, and the only one of Karnataka. It has been reported that Deoni cows
were the best milkers in the Nizam’s dominions. Deoni bullocks are preferred for heavy work.
The rich animal biodiversity of our country has emerged due to years of evolution within specific
ecological niches. Several complex and interactive factors like human needs, adaptability of a species,
agro-climatic conditions, selection and animal husbandry practices ultimately culminate in the emergence
of a breed. It has also been contended that indigenous animal genetic resources are endowed with unique
genetic attributes such as superior adaptability to climatic conditions, long migration, ability to subsist on
inferior and scarce feed resources and greater resistance to prevailing tropical diseases. The National
Cattle Breeding Policy mandates development of important indigenous dual-purpose breeds of cattle
through selective breeding in their home tracts.
Synonyms: Surti, Dongarpati, Dongri (“of the hills”), Wannera, Waghya, Balankya and Shevera
6.2 Breeding tract

The breeding tract of Deoni cattle lies in the Balaghat range of the Sahyadri hills, extending from
Kannad taluka of Aurangabad to Deglur taluka of Latur district. It has derived its name from its habitat,
the Deoni taluka of Nanded district of Maharashtra. The breeding tract of Deoni cattle covers an area of
about 11,240 sq. km. This area lies between 17o 35’ and 20o 05’ N and 75o 16’ and 78o 15’ E. The whole
area is hilly with average altitude of 409 and 455 m above mean sea level. The Manjra, a tributary of the
Godavari, is the major river which flows through this region.
The climate is generally hot throughout the year, except in the winter months. Mean maximum
temperature ranges from 29 to 44oC, while mean minimum temperature varies from 9 to 27oC. The
average rainfall varies from 750 to 990 mm, with maximum precipitation from mid July to end of
September. The average relative humidity ranges from 40 to 54 per cent. The entire area is open with poor
grass cover and scanty vegetation and grazing facilities. The major kharif crops are sorghum, pearl millet,
pigeon pea, groundnut, sunflower, cotton, soyabean, black gram and green gram, whereas the major rabi
crops are sorghum, wheat, and Bengal gram.
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6.3 Population
As per the State-wise Breed Survey, 2012, the total population of pure Deoni cattle was reported
to be 1,51,236, with the largest population in Maharashtra (69,315), followed by Karnataka (49,114) and
Telangana (30,611). An additional 3,51,600 graded Deoni cattle were also present. Among the purebred
Deoni cattle in Karnataka, 29,948 were male, of which 3,899 were young, 499 were used for breeding,
and the rest were used for draught work. Among the 19,166 purebred female Deoni cattle, 4,923 were
below 1 year in age, 2,381 were of the age 1 to 3 years, and the rest were breedable females.
6.4 History of the breed

The Deoni is a very important dual-purpose breed of cattle of the Marathwada region of
Maharashtra state and adjoining parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. There are varying accounts as to
its origin. Some believe it to have developed from Gir cattle 280-300 years back as a result of migration
of nomadic tribes like the Rabaris, Bharwads, Charans, Maldars and Ahirs from Gujarat to the southern
parts of the country during periods of fodder scarcity, leading to an admixture of Gir blood with local
herds. Others believe that the Nizam of Hyderabad wanted a strong and hardy cattle breed and set up a
facility at Deoni village of Latur district, where they crossed the Gir breed known for its strength with the
Dangi breed of Nasik known for its stamina and hardiness. The breed was said to have been developed by
the then Jahagirdar, Muktedar, Deshmukh and Sirdeshpande communities. The molecular characterization
of this breed based on microsatellite and phylogenetic study of Deoni, Gir and Kankrej breeds revealed
that the high gene flow among these breeds is in agreement with their origin of close proximity in their
breeding tract.
6.5 Physical characteristics

Three main strains are observed in Deoni cattle, primarily based on colour variations:
a) Wannera, completely white with black face (Figure 2),
b) Balankya, completely white without any spots on the body (Figure 3), and
c) Shevera or Waghya, white with irregular black spots on the body (Figure 4).
The skin colour is blackish-white with black muzzle, black eyelids, black and white tail switch
and black hooves. Horns are curved, black in colour, medium-sized with blunt tips. They emerge from the
side of the poll behind and above the eyes in an outward and upward direction. Ears are drooping with
some animals having a curved tip. Forehead is prominent and slightly bulged, similar to Gir cattle. Eyes
are prominent and bright. Hump is massive and well developed in males, but medium-sized in females.
The dewlap, naval flap and penis sheath flap are medium-sized. Limbs are clean, straight and powerful.
Skin is thick and loosely attached to the body. The udder is moderately developed, with black, cylindrical,
squarely placed teats with rounded tips. Deoni cattle are basically docile in temperament, and have high
heat and drought tolerance.
6.6 Performance
Lactation milk yield: 868 kg
Peak yield: 4.2 kg
Milk fat: 4.3 %
Age at first calving: 45.7 months
Calving interval: 14.7 months
Service period: 170 days
Dry period 177 days
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Elite animals: Results from the ICAR Network Project (1999) have revealed that there were good
animals yielding more than 10 kg milk per day under village conditions. Some Deoni cows at the
Southern Regional Station of the National Dairy Research Institute at Bangalore have had a peak yield of
14 kgs, indicating the dairy potential of the breed
Draught: Deoni bullocks reach the maximum potential at around 5 to 6 year of age and maintain it
effectively up to 12 years of age. They are well-suited for ploughing, threshing, harrowing, carting, inter-
culture and other agricultural activities. The draught performance of Deoni bullock during the sowing
season was reported to be 68.5 kg draught, 2.7 km/hr speed, 0.683 hp, 1387 m2/hr area, which was
significantly superior to HF x Deoni crossbred and Red Kandhari bullocks. They can pull 10-11 quintals
of load using heavy wooden cart with wooden wheels on rough road, and upto 30 quintals of load using
light steel bullock cart with rubber tyre wheels on a tar roads.
6.7 DEONI CATTLE

Figure a1 Deoni bull Figure b Wannera bull

Figure c Balankya cow Figure d Shevera/Waghya bull

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6.7.1 Special characteristics of the Deoni breed:
 Attainable lactation milk yield of 880-1000 kgs per lactation with genetic improvement. Genetic
characterization has also shown that there is a wide scope for genetic improvement of this native
breed through selection based on quantitative trait loci information in combination with
performance data
 Analysis of the β casein polymorphism of Deoni cow milk has revealed that all animals were
showing A2 type (A2A2 genotype), which is more desirable than A1 milk produced by crossbreds
and exotic cattle
 Molecular genetic studies on targeted genes viz. MHC II-DRB3, PRL, BTN1A1, HSP70, HSP90,
TLR2 and TLR4 in relation to production, thermo-tolerance and disease resistance traits indicated
that these animals have unique characteristics of adaptability with moderate production
performance and disease resistance.
 The breed is well suited for low-input, organic farming and smallholder rearing as it is adapted to
local agro-climatic conditions, can withstand periods of drought and extreme weather, and is
highly resistant to prevalent diseases and parasites
 Immense potential for development of high milk yielding crosses of Deoni with Holstein-Friesian
(Holdeo) which perform very well under intensive management conditions in the region.
 In order to ensure sustainable milk production in Karnataka, it has been recommended the Deoni
cattle should be used to upgrade non-descript stock.
6.7.2 Livestock Research and Information Centre (Deoni)
The Livestock Research and Information Centre (Deoni), situated along National Highway 161 in
village Katti Tugaon, Tq. Bhalki (between Karanja Dam and Hallikhed), is a constituent research and
extension unit of the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar. It was
established in the year 1970 over an area of 57 acres. The primary mandate of the Centre is to conserve
and propagate the Deoni breed of cattle, which is the only viable dual-purpose cattle breed of Karnataka.
Facilities: As the farm is located adjacent and downstream to the Karanja Dam, it is has a good water
resource in the form of three bore wells and a 10 HP pump for lift irrigation from the reservoir. A sump of
about 4 lakh litres water capacity has been constructed at the highest point in the farm. The farm has a
hotline connection from the Karnataka Electricity Board for uninterrupted three-phase power supply.
Solar street lights have also been installed.
Livestock: At present, the farm has 117 cattle, comprising 35 cows, 21 heifers, 24 young stock, 19 calves
and other animals. A pair of Mudhol Hound pups is present for guard duty and popularising the breed.
The farm has been approved for establishment of a Deoni Gokul Grama with herd strength of 300 cattle
under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission of Government of India.
Fodder plots: The farm has 25 fodder plots covering 31 acres, which are levelled and have irrigation and
drainage facility. Perennial fodder varieties like Yashwant grass, DHN6, CO4, Guinea grass, Rhodes
grass, Stylosanthus, Lucerne and multi-cut jowar have been planted in about 15 acres land. Other varieties
cultivated include maize, hybrid sweet sorghum and cowpea. A silage unit with 50 tonnes capacity is
present.
Extension: A training hall with a seating capacity of 50 persons, with audio-visual equipment is present.
A farmers’ hostel with a capacity of housing 50 persons with kitchen facility is present. Extension
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activities include “Dairy animal management” trainings for beneficiaries of Pashu Bhagya scheme in
coordination with KMF, consultancy to farmers interested in establishment of livestock farms, and supply
of fodder seeds/root slips to farmers. Internship training is given to internees from Veterinary Colleges,
Bidar and Shivamogga.
Research: A modern laboratory room comprises essential equipment – hot air oven, deep freezer,
centrifuge, sensitive weighing balance, livestock weighing balance, compound microscope has been
established. Further analysis of samples is carried out using facilities at Veterinary College, Bidar.
Ongoing research projects include: Studies on the factors affecting the performance of Deoni cattle,
Studies on factors affecting the growth of Deoni calves, and Comparison of the quality of milk products
made using Deoni cow milk with other sources.
Figure 6.2: FACILITIES AND ACTIVITIES AT LRIC (DEONI)
Livestock at LRIC (Deoni)
Main cattle shed Laboratory Training Hall
Fodder plots Vermicompost Azolla
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Farmers’ training Internship training Fodder Museum
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0

MUDHOL BREED OF DOG AND
ITS HISTORY
0

Chapter – 7
MUDHOL BREED OF DOG AND ITS HISTORY
Mahesh S Dodamani, Assistant professor & HOD,
Canine Research and Information Center (MH) Timmapur, Mudhol-587213
Email: cricthi@gmail.com
7.1 Introduction
Mudhol is a town previously known as "'Muduoolalu"' in the Bagalkot Districtin the Northern
part of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is about 60 km from the district headquarters of Bagalkot
town on the left bank of the Ghataprabha River. It is famous for a breed of dog known as the Mudhol
Hound. Mudhol State was ruled by the Ghorpade-Maratha royal family.
Mudhol has a native breed of hunting dogs called "Mudhol Hounds". The breed is known for
stamina, sharpness and agility and has international recognition through Kennel Club of India. The
Mudhol hounds are slim and slender, lithe and light, hazed eyed and have whip-like tails. These are the
Mudhol Hounds. It is said Raja of Mudhol, genetically related to the Arab Pharoranic Hounds of Nile and
the present day Salukis and Sloughi and Greyhound have been exchanged as gifts between the Indian,
Persian and Turkish Kingdoms. These Mudhol hounds inherited the speed of Greyhounds and have the
stamina of the local sight hounds. They have rose ears, thin tail, with tail carriage like greyhounds. The
chest also ends anove the elbow and coat is longer than Caravan. Mudhol hounds (with rose ears) in
Maharashtra-Karnataka border districts like Kolhapur, Satara, Mudhol, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Belgaum,
Athani, Nippani, Sangli etc.
This breed of dog is considered on the verge of extinction and Government Agencies are putting
efforts to save this breed. The postage stamp with face value of Rs.5.00 is released by Indian Postal
Department in recognition of Mudhol Hound.
7.2 Canine Research & Information Centre:
The Canine Research and Information Center (MH) was Inaugurated on 24th September 2009 by
Hon’ble Chief Minister Sri. B.S.Yediyurappa at Timmapur Mudhol. The Canine Research and
Information Centre started working for the development and conservation of Mudhol Hound Breed of
Dog during 2010-11. The Rs 5.10 crores has been allotted to initiate development activities and
conservation of germplasm for further development of breed over period of 5 years. The Government of
Karnataka granted 40 acres of land free of cost at Timmapur Village, Mudhol Taluk Survey No: 22/2 at
Bagallkot District for establishment and propagation of centre activities and conservation of the
germplasm.
Location: The total Area of the Centre is 40 Acre’s and is located 16 Kilo meters from the Mudhol city
towards Lokapur on National Highway 218 in front of the Ranna Co-Operative Sugars Ltd at Timmapur.
The Center is well contacted by Roads, trains and flights from Belgaum and Hubli.
The preliminary survey of Mudhol Hound dog owners has been carried out in 2010 and the
population of Mudhol Hound dog was 1000 in surrounding areas and presently it has been raised to
3000.The fully fledged administrative and farm activities are being carried out now at Canine Research
and Information Center, Timmapur.
176

7.2.1 Mandates of Canine Research and Information Centre, Timmapur:
 To Conserve and Develop Mudhol Hound Breed of Dog.
 To take up research in dog nutrition physiology, behavior, training, management, health care and
breeding in Mudhol Hound breed of dog.
 To provide facilities for dog breeding training and marketing.
 To Co-Ordinate activities of various Government agencies, NGO’s and dog breeders involved in
popularizing and development of the breed.
 To establish Dog Growers Association
Mudhol Hound to Indian Army, RVC Meerut (UP), 06 dogs (O3 Male & 03 Female) were
handed over by Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar to Remount
Veterinary Centre and College, Meerut for feasibility trial for induction into India Military by KVAFSU
Bidar, CRIC, Timmapura, Mudhol, Bagalkote. Already the pre assessment of dogs has been carried out at
ground level by Lt.Karnal Surinder Saini at Canine Research and Information Centre, Mudhol, Bagalkot
during the third week of January. Dogs here receive training on specialized jobs like explosive detection,
mine detection, tracking, guarding etc.
The Canine Research and Information Centre Timmapur Mudhol, has been awared with the
“Breed Saviour Award 2015” on 19 February 2016 at Sevagram Waradha Maharastra by Sustainable
Agriculture and Environmental Volunteer Action Madhuri, Tamilnadu in collaboration with NBAGR,
Karnal, National Biodiversity Authority Chennai and Honey bee Keeper Association “In recognition of
their contribution in providing livlihood support to villagers through Mudhol Hound dog rearing”.
The, Canine Research and Information Centre, the proud of state, which has been involved in
conservation and development of the breed in Karnataka and one and the only Indian breed i.e. Mudhol
Hound has been entered in Indian army services after independence. The award has been received by
Dr.Mahesh.S.Dodamani, Assistant Professor and Head Canine Research and Information Centre,
Timmapur, Mudhol, Bagalkot.
Now a days with increasing demands for Mudhol Hounds, the farmers of surrounding district of
Bagalkot adopting alternative animal husbandry practices along with agriculture and improving their
socio-economic conditions by rearing of Mudhol hound dogs.
7.2.2 History
From 500 B.C. onwards, along with foreign invaders came their companion dogs mainly the
Saluki, Sloughi and Greyhound breeds. They have been exchanged as gifts between the Indian, Persian,
and Turkish kingdoms. The origin of the Mudhol Hound is probably from these dogs.
Over a period of time, these dogs took on the name of the land in which they lived. The Mudhol
Hound was the name given to those dogs domiciled in the northern districts of Karnataka (Particularly the
district of Bijapur of which Mudhol was a feudal state under the Adil shahi Sultanate of Bijapur).
History says that Sri Srimanth Raja Maloji Rao Gorphade presented a pair of Mudhol Hound
puppies to King George V. His Royal Highness was so impressed that these puppies from Mudhol were
called as Mudhol Hounds. Chatrapathi Shivaji’s loyal dogs were entombed near his own tomb at Raighad.
The dogs depicted, bear a close resemblance to the Mudhol. There is also story of the hounds belonging to
Shivaji Maharaj which fought and killed a tiger that attacked the king.
177

During the past centuries the ruling Ghorpades of the feudal state of Mudhol in the
district of Bagalkot in Karnataka have developed the Mudhol Hound by selective breeding. The
Chandanashiva family was entrusted with the perpetuation of this breed, their descendants still continuing
to do so.
7.2.3 General Characteristics of Mudhol

The aerodynamic body is symmetrical and proportionate with an elegant and lean look. Strongly
built, with plenty of muscular power, stamina and endurance can withstand harsh condition¸
 The head is small in proportion to the body. The skull is long and narrow. It is flat and
moderately wide between the ears. The stop is not pronounced and the dome absent. The muzzle
is long and tapering. It has strong jaws with a scissor bite.
 Skull Occiput is imperceptible
 The eyes are dark brown or hazel in colour and oval in shape. They are obliquely placed. They
give the dog an intelligent expression.
 The ears are thin, medium size, mobile, triangular and set fairly high. They are carried flat and
close to the head. Rose shaped and semi erect ears are also expected.
 The neck is elegantly arched; long, supple and well muscled.
 The body is muscular with small powerful loins. The brisket is long and deep, with a roomy
thorax and a well tucked in abdomen. The back is fairly broad.
 The legs are muscular with forelegs long and straight from elbow to knee. Hip bones are set wide
apart, stifle moderately bent, hocks low to the ground. Feet are of moderate length, well arched
and have strong pads.
 The tail is long and set on line with the body. It is strong at the base tapering, and slightly curved.
It is carried low at times.
 The coat is smooth, close and fine.
 It may be of any color including brindle.
 The Mudhol hound female is 57-62 cms tall and weighs 22-28 kgs. The male is 65-70 cms tall.
 The gait and movement of this hound is an effortless stride, like flying rather than running with
the hind legs under the body giving good propulsion
 The temperament Independent, the male dog has a tendency to attack at times.
 Wrinkles & Folds No
178

Figgure 7.1: ORIGIN OF MUDH
HOL HOUN
ND – THE PRIDE OF
F KARNAT
TAKA
Sloughi Saluki Greyhound

d
MUDH
HOL HOUND& PASHM
MI
179
9

Table 7.1 : Basic Breed Information
Country of Origin: India

Group: Hound
Recognition: KCI, INKC, DRA
Size: Large 35-55 lb
X-Large 55-90 lb
Life Span: 10 to 12 Years
Trainability: Moderate Effort Required
Energy Level: Medium Energy
Grooming: Brushing Once a Week or Less
Protective Ability: Good Watchdog, Good Guarding and Hunting dog
Hypoallergenic Breed: No
Space Requirements: House with Yard
Compatibility With Other Pets: Generally Good With Other Dogs
Likely to Chase or Injure Non-Canine Pets
Not Recommended For Homes With Small Animals
Litter Size: 3-7 Puppies
Names: Mudhol Dog, Caravan Hound, Karwani, LahoriPashmi, Pashmi, Pisuri
Hound.
Breed status Not recognized as a standardized breed by any major kennel club.
Table 7.2 : List of Bio-resources-Use, Quality and Value
Trade name/Local Name/ 1. Mudhol Hound breed of Dog

English Name 2. Pashmi Breed of Dog
Scientific name It belongs to Canis Family
District Bagallkot, Bijapur and part of Belgaum
Year Since 2009
Commercial Use Used as a Hunter by virtue, Shepherding, guarding, protection and to
prevent monkey menace purposes.
Area of Production (Unit area) Bagalkot and Bijapur
Production 500-750 pups per season twice yearly.
Value Per Unit Male – Rs. 10,000/-, Female – Rs. 9500/- per pup
Remarks Good Guarding and Hunting dog.
MOU signed between Indian Army, RVC Meerut for the purpose of
introducing the Mudhol Hound into security training.
180

Figu
ure 7.2: Mudhol Hoound with its litters
181
1

Figure 7.3: Mud
dhol Hound
ds with Diffferent Morrphologicall Characterrs

FEMALE MALE
MALE MALE
MALE FEMA
ALE
182
2

TRADABLE BIO-RESOURCES
RELATED TO MEDICINAL
PLANTS IN KARNATAKA
0

Chapter – 8
TRADABLE BIO-RESOURCES RELATED TO MEDICINAL PLANTS

IN KARNATAKA
K. Bhaskar, Karnataka Biodiversity Board,
Vanavikas, 18th Cross Malleshwaram, Bangalore-560003
Email: bhaskark29@gmail.com
8.1 Introduction:
According to the world Health organization (WHO), today 80 percent of the world population
depends on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs (Tahir and Anwer 2012). India is one
of the mega biodiversity hotspot in the world and has two rich biodiversity hotspots; named as Western
Ghats and Himalayas. In India, traditional knowledge system is an ancient practice system; in the rural
areas around 90 percent of the people are using medicinal plants for primary health care to cure various
diseases. At present in India 65 percent of the people are depend on the traditional medicinal system
(Vidyasagar and Siddalinga 2012) and over 80 percent people of the developing countries are still
dependent upon traditional folk medicine obtained from natural resources (Navaneethan et
al,.2011). In recent day’s traditional knowledge and human health care has become a global concern. In
India about 3000 to 3500 medicinal plants are used by traditional healers (Shiddamallaya et al 2010).
Plants and plant based products has proven that therapeutic value within traditional medicinal
system such as Sidda, Ayurveda and Unani is higher. In recent days traditional medicine system is
becoming more valuable and widespread across the globe. The increased popularity about traditional
medicinal system is creating a rapidly expanding market for both raw drugs and sophisticated compound
preparations. The recent studies shows that global annual trade in herbal drugs has recently been
estimated at US$14 billion to over US$20 billion (http://www.tradeportalofindia.com). According to
NMPB the world herbal trade which stands at US$ 120 billion and is expected to reach US$ 7 trillion by
2050.
Keeping in view demand of herbal products and their importance the study has been under taken
to estimate the tradable species in Karnataka region. Karnataka is one rich biodiversity state in the
country spread over 1, 91, 791 sq.km, accounting for 5.83 % of the total area of the country. The forest
area has classified mainly four types such as Evergreen and Semi-evergreen, Moist Deciduous, Dry
Deciduous and Scrub-Thorny forest and richest biodiversity hotspot (Western Ghats) is situated in
western part of state occupied over 60 percent of total distribution. The estimated floral diversity in the
Karnataka region is around 4758 species from 1408 genera belonging to 178 families and its accounts
almost 27 per cent of the country’s floral diversity (Ganeshaiah et al, 2002). According to National
Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) about 960 trade medicinal plant species were reported in Indian
geographical region; however in the present study a total 237 highly tradeble species are reported from
Karnataka region. The detailed species category, vernacular name, family name and parts used and
commercial importances are given in the following table.

183

Table 8.1: TRADABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS IN KARNATAKA

Production
Trade name/Local
SL Distribution in quantity Value per Unit
Name/English Scientific Name Family name Parts used Commercial use
No Karnataka (Metric ton) Approx (in Rs.)
Name
Approx
1 Bhendi Abelmoschus Malvaceae Fruit (Seed)
esculentus (L.)
Moench
2 Kattu vendai Abelmoschus Malvaceae Fruit (Seed)
ficulneus (L.) Wight
& Arn.
3 Mushakdana Abelmoschus Malvaceae Udupi Fruit (Seed) Perfumery industry 200 - 500 60 - 100
moschatus Medik.
4 Gunja Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Shimoga, Udupi Root, Fruit Food and Medicinal 200 - 500 10-15
(Seed) industry
5 Shreemudre Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Whole plant
(L.) Sweet
6 Kaachu Acacia catechu (L.f.) Mimosaceae Bark (Stem), Powder companies, 200 - 500 10-15
Willd. Wood textile industry
(Heartwood)
7 Khadir Acacia chundra Mimosaceae Wood
(Roxb. ex Rottler)
Willd.
8 Kari jaali Acacia nilotica (L.) Mimosaceae Bellary, Koppal, Gum, Bark Leather industry, 200 - 500 150 - 250
Willd. ex Del. Raichur, (Stem) Tanning industries
Gulbarga,
Yadgir, Bidar,
Tumkur, Belgavi,
Kolar and
Chickballapur
184

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
9 Seege Acacia sinuata Mimosaceae Udupi Fruit Herbal raw drugs 200 - 500 20 - 30
(Lour.) Merr.
10 Cinni Acalypha fruticosa Euphorbiaceae Leaf
Forssk.
11 Kuppi Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant
12 Naayuruvi Achyranthes aspera Amaranthacea Throughout Leaf, Fruit Pharmaceuticalindus 200 - 500 10-15
L. e State (Seed), Whole tries
Plant
13 Athibaje Acorus calamus L. Araceae Root (Rhizome) Perfume industry 500 - 1000 30 - 35
14 Vidari Adenia hondala Passifloraceae Root (Tubers)
(Gaertn.) W.J. de
Wilde
15 Aadusoge Adhatoda zeylanica Acanthaceae Shimoga, Leaf 2000 - 5000 10-15
Medic. Udupi, Uttara
Kannada
16 Bili hindee soppu Aerva lanata (L.) Amaranthacea Throughout Whole Plant Pharma industry 100 - 200 10-15
Juss. ex Schult. e State
17 Aralu Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubacea Root
Roxb. e
18 Ankodah, Alangium Alangiaceae Leaf, Root
Dirghakilaka salvifolium (L.f.)
Wang.
19 Baage mara Albizia amara Mimosaceae Leaf Soap industry 200 - 500 5-10
(Roxb.) Boivin
20 Kathaligida Aloe barbadensis Liliaceae Leaf Cosmetic industries 1000 - 2000 130 - 180
Mill.
21 Lole sar Aloe vera L. Liliaceae
22 Saptaparnachal Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Bark (Stem)
(Satveen (L.) R.Br.
23 Chikkadumparaasme Alpinia calcarata Zingiberaceae Root (Rhizome) Pharmaceutical 100 - 200 40 - 50
Roscoe
185

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
24 Doddapala Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Bark (Stem) 100 - 200 15 - 25
R.Br.
25 Ponnanganni Alternanthera Amaranthacea Whole Plant
sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex ee
DC.
26 Chaulai, Ramdana Amaranthus Amaranthacea Fruit (Seed)
paniculatus L. ee
27 Cholai, Bhandira Amaranthus Amaranthacea Root
spinosus L. ee
28 Lal sag, Alpamarisa Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthacea Fruit (Seed)
L. ee
29 Kurand ghas Ammannia baccifera Lythraceae Whole Plant
L.
30 Rakthala Anamirta cocculus Menispermace Fruit, Resin
(L.) Wight & Arn. ae
31 Hasi kiriyaatha Andrographis Acanthaceae Bark(Stem), Pharmaceutical indu 2000 - 5000 17 - 30
paniculata (Burm.f.) Fruit stries
32 Karimthumpa Anisomeles Lamiaceae Root
malabarica (L.)
R.Br. ex Sims
33 Bejalu Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Gum Food industry, 100 - 200 50 - 100
Wall. ex Guill. & Petroleum industry a
Perr. nd Paper industry.
34 Kadam Anthocephalus Rubiaceae Bark (Stem),
cadamba Root
(Roxb.)Miq.
35 Brhami Dandi, Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Fruit (Seed),
Kusme Beeja L. Stem
36 Kidamari Aristolochia Aristolochiace Root, Fruit
bracteolata Lam. ae (Seed), Whole
Plant
186

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
37 Ishwar mool Aristolochia indica Aristolochiace Fruit, Root,
L. ae Stem
38 Aadutheendapalai Aristolochia tagala Aristolochiace Root
Cham. ae
39 Aashaadi baeru Asparagus Liliaceae Root Pharmaceutical indu 2000 - 5000 40 - 70
racemosus Willd. stries
40 Kurandubeeja Atalantia Rutaceae Fruit
monophylla (L.) DC.
41 Ban kulatha Atylosia Fabaceae Root
scarabeoides (L.)
Benth.
42 Baevina mara Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Fruit (Fruit, Medicines 2000 - 5000 10-15
A.Juss. Seed), Flower, and pesticides
43 Brahmi Bacopa monnieri Scrophulariac Whole Plant Herbal 2000 - 5000 30 - 35
(L.) Pennell eae Drug Industry
44 Hingan, Hingol, Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae Semi-Ripe Fruit
Ingua (L.) Delile
45 Raktapushpa, Sweta Barleria cristata L. Acanthaceae Whole Plant
Saireyaka
46 Vajradanti Barleria prionitis L. Acanthaceae Whole Plant
47 Pasalai, Basella alba L. Basellaceae Whole Plant
Vasalacheera pacha
48 Sonachal Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpiniace Bark (Stem)
L. ae
49 Kachnar Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniace Leaf, Bark
Lam. ae (Stem)
50 Kachnar Bauhinia variegata Caesalpiniace Bark (Stem)
L. ae
51 adaka puttana gida Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Root, Whole Herbal 2000 - 50000 30 - 40
Plant drug industry, Coral
Industries
187

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
52 Kempu booruga Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Exudate Of Plywood, gun and 100 - 200 50 - 60
Bark (Stem), rifle parts, match
Flower, Root industry and drug
industry
53 Guggula mara Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Oleo-Gum Perfume and 500 - 1000 40 - 55
Roxb. Resin cosmetic industry
54 Chaara pappu Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae Fruit (Seed) 5000 - 10000 5-10
Spr.
55 Mutthuga Butea monosperma Fabaceae Bark (Stem), Leaf plates 200 - 500 15 - 20
(Lam.) Taub. Flower, Root,
Fruit (Seed),
Wood, Gum
56 Kodham, Pulika Cadaba fruticosa Capparaceae Leaf
(L.) Druce
57 Dodda naathada gida Callicarpa Verbenaceae Bark
tomentosa (L.)
Murray.
58 Sagargota, Gatran, Caesalpinia bonduc Caesalpiniace Fruit (Seed)
Nataphal (L.) Roxb. ae
59 Gultora, Caesalpinia Caesalpiniace Root
Krishnachura, pulcherrima (L.) Sw. ae
Peacock flower
60 Chapenga Caesalpinia sappan Caesalpiniace Wood Textile industry 200 - 500 125 - 175
L. ae (Heartwood)
61 Arhar, Tur Cajanus cajan (L.) Fabaceae Fruit (Seed)
Millsp.
62 Agniballi Cardiospermum Sapindaaceae Root, Fruit Pharmaceutical indu 200 - 500 10-20
halicacabum L. (Seed), Whole strial
Plant
63 Erukkin veru Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadacea Flower, Bark
(L.) R.Br. e (Root), Stem
188

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
64 Akada Phool Calotropis procera Asclepiadacea Flower, Bark
(Aiton) W.T.Aiton e (Root)
65 Turatti Capparis divaricata Capparaceae Leaf
Lam.
66 Sivappu Boomi Capparis zeylanica Capparaceae Root
Sakkarai Kizhangu L.
67 Mudakkathan Cardiospermum Sapindaceae Root, Fruit
halicacabum L. (Seed), Whole
Plant
68 Aalagavvele Careya arborea Lecythidaceae Flower, Fruit, 100 - 200 10-20
Roxb. Bark (Stem)
69 Christ's thorn, Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Fruit
Karanda
70 Adavihuli Cassia absus L. Caesalpinacea Fruit (Seed), Pet-food industry 100 - 200 40 - 60
e Root
71 Dadmurdan, Dat-ka- Cassia alata L. Caesalpiniace Leaf, Root,
pat ae Fruit
72 Avarike Cassia auriculata L. Caesalpiniace
ae
73 Kakkaemara Cassia fistula L. Caesalpinacea Flower, Fruit Pharmaceutical indu 200 - 500 30 - 40
e (Seed), Bark strial
(Stem)
74 Cassia italica (Mill.) Leaf, Root,
Lam. ex Andr. Fruit
75 Kasondi, Kasmardah Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniace Fruit (Seed),
L. ae Leaf
76 Chagache Cassia tora L. Caesalpinacea Fruit (Seed), Food and Pharma 5000 - 10000 5-10
e Root industry
77 Kempu kaasi Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Leaf, Root Pharmaceutical indu 200 - 500 40 - 55
kanigalu (L.) G.Don stry
189

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
78 Mainphal, Maggare Catunaregum Rubiaceae Fruit
spinosa (Thunb.)
Tirveng.
79 Brahmee soppu Centella asiatica Apiaceae Leaf, Whole Pharmaceutical indu 500 - 1000 30 - 35
(L.) Urban Plant stry
80 Kaadu jeerige Centratherum Asteraceae Fruit (Fruit, 500 - 1000 70 - 75
anthelminticum (L.) Seed)
O.Kuntze
81 Dravanti Chlorophytum Liliaceae Root 100 - 200 325 - 425
tuberosum Baker
82 Cinchona bark Cinchona officinalis Rubiaceae Bark (Stem)
L.
83 Dalchini Cinnamomum Lauraceae Fruit, Leaf, Perfume industry 500 - 1000 15 - 35
tamala Nees & Bark (Stem)
Eberm.
84 Pirandai Cissus Vitaceae Stem
quadrangularis L.
85 Balibandrakshi Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Fruit, Root Pharmaceutical indu 2000 - 5000 15 - 20
(L.) Schrader stry
86 Cat whiskers, Ridhi Cleome gynandra L. Cleomaceae Whole Plant
87 Nai kadugu Cleome viscosa L. Cleomaceae Root, Fruit
(Seed)
88 Nir-Notsjil, Sangan- Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Whole Plant
Kuppi, Agnimanth inerme (L.) Gaertn.
89 Hoosuduggi Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Leaf, Root Foodindustry 200 - 500 15 - 20
phlomides L.f.
90 Gantu gharang Clerodendrum Verbenaceae
serratum (L.) Moon.
91 Kajli Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Root
92 Bhrngaraj, Bimb Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Whole Plant
(L.)
190

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
93 Arasina balli Coscinium Menispermace Stem Drug 100 - 200 30 - 35
fenestratum ae market industry
(Gaertn.) Coleb.
94 Dhanahari, Patashan, Crotalaria juncea L. Fabaceae Fruit (Seed)
Sann
95 Byaribittu Croton tiglium L. Euphorbiaceae Fruit (Seed) 100 - 200 90 - 100
96 Nela tengu Curculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae Root Pharmaceutical indu 200 - 500 35 - 45
Gaertn. stries
97 Haade balli Cyclea peltata Menispermace Root Pharmaceutical indu 100 - 200 120 - 135
(Lam.) Hook.f. & ae stries
Thoms.
98 Garike hullu Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Whole Plant Chemical Industry 100 - 200 10-25
(L.) Pers.
99 Lemon grass Cymbopogon Poaceae Whole Plant
flexuosus (Nees ex
Steud.) Wats.
100 Nela baadaami hullu Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae Root Medicine and 1000 - 2000 10-15
L. cosmetic industry
101 Abda hullu Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Root 2000 - 5000 15 - 30
102 Datthoori Datura metel L. Solanaceae Leaf, Flowering Pharmaceutical indu 200 - 500 10-15
or Fruiting stries
Tops, Fruit
(Seed)
103 Datura, Umathi Datura stramonium Solanaceae Leaf,, Fruit
L. (Seed), Stem
104 Sanchal Delonix elata (L.) Caesalpiniace Leaf
Gamble ae
105 Gonj Derris scandens Fabaceae Whole Plant

(Roxb.) Benth.
191

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
106 Kolakunaaru Desmodium Fabaceae Root, Whole Pharmaceutical and 1000 - 2000 5-10
gangeticum (L.) DC. Plant cosmetic industries
107 Sewalli kodi Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoreaceae Root, Stem
108 Varahi kand Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Root
L.
109 Amlok Diospyros lotus L. Ebenaceae Fruit
110 Tendu Diospyros Ebenaceae Leaf
melanoxylon Roxb.
111 Shivling beej Diplocyclos Cucurbitaceae Fruit (Seed)
palmatus (L.)
C.Jeffrey
112 Aliar, jangli-anar Dodonaea Sapindaceae Leaf
angustifolia (L.f.)
Benth.
113 Bara-garagada-gida Eclipta prostrata Asteraceae Whole Plant Pharmaceutical and 2000 - 5000 15 - 20
(L.) L. cosmetic industries
114 Muyalcheviyan Emilia sonchifolia Asteraceae Whole Plant
(L.) DC.
115 Mamejava Enicostemma Gentianaceae Whole Plant
axillare (Lam.)
Raynal
116 Erythrina indica Fabaceae
Lam.
117 Haalivaana Erythrina variegata Fabaceae
L.
118 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Bark (Stem),
Labill Leaf
119 Dudhi, Dudhika Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Whole Plant
120 Choti - Dudhi Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Whole Plant

thymifolia L.
192

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
121 Shankhavali, Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulace Whole Plant
Shankhpush (L.) L. ae
122 Aladamara Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Bark (Stem) 200 - 500 10-15
L.
123 Atthi hannu Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae
124 Arali mara Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Bark (Stem), Pharmaceutical indu 200 - 500 5-10
Leaf stries
125 Dekamalli, Dikamali Gardenia gummifera Rubiaceae Resin
L.f.
126 Aeribikke Gardenia resinifera Rubiaceae Gum Microbiology 100 - 200 20 - 25
Roth industries
127 Baachanike mara Gmelina arborea L. Verbenaceae Bark (Root) Match box industry 1000 - 2000 10-20
128 Kadasige Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadacea Leaf Pharmaceutical, 500 - 1000 40 - 50
R.Br. e agrochemical and
agro-industrial
129 Kallu sabbasige Hedyotis corymbosa Rubiaceae Whole Plant 200 - 500 10-20
(L.) Lam.
130 Impural Hedyotis puberula Rubiaceae Whole Plant
(G.Don) Arn.
131 Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Fruit Pharmaceutical indu 200 - 500 20 - 25
stry
132 Chelu kondi Heliotropium Heliotropiacea
indicum L. e
133 Sugandhiballi Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadacea Root Cosmetic, 500 - 1000 60 - 65
(L.) Schult. e pharmaceutical, and
food industries
134 Jashwanti, Jaswand, Hibiscus rosa- Malvaceae Flower
Japa sinensis L.
135 Ranbhindi Hibiscus surattensis Malvaceae Stem, Leaf
L.
193

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
136 Halagathi Holarrhena Apocynaceae Fruit (Seed), 1000 - 2000 75 - 100
pubescens (Buch.- Bark (Stem)
Ham.) Wall. ex
G.Don
137 Beegada Holoptelea Ulmaceae Bark (Stem) Herbal industry 100 - 200 10-15
integrifolia (Roxb.)
Planch.
138 Ratanpurus, Hybanthus Violaceae Whole Plant
Padmacarini enneaspermus (L.f.)
F.r.Muell.
139 Neeruppi gida Hygrophila schulli Acanthaceae Root, Fruit Pharmaceutical ind 200 - 500 10=20
(Buch.-Ham.) M.R. (Seed), Whole ustries
& S.M.Almeida Plant
140 Kuthan Hymenodictyon Rubiaceae Bark (Stem)
excelsum (Roxb.)
Wall.
141 Sanna dadde hullu Imperata cylindrica Poaceae
(L.) P. Beauv.
142 Anjooraneeli Indigofera tinctoria Fabaceae Fruit, Leaf, 100 - 200 30 - 35
L. Root
143 Guddagenasu Ipomoea mauritiana Convolvulace Stem, Root 500 - 1000 10-15
Jacq. ae (Tuber), Root
144 Chita bogari Ipomoea nil (L.) Convolvulace Fruit (Seed) Pharmaceutical ind 100 - 200 10-16
Roth ae ustries
145 Kalashaka Ipomoea reptans Convolvulace Leaf
Poir. ae
146 Kempu kaepala Ixora coccinea L. Rubiaceae Root Pharmaceutical ind 100 - 200 10-17
ustries
147 Chameliphool Jasminum Oleaceae Flower, Leaf,

grandiflorum L. Root
194

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
148 Ban chameli Jasminum officinale Oleaceae Flower
L.
149 Bettada-haralu Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Bark (Stem), Pharmaceutical, 200 - 500 15 - 30
Fruit (Seed), cosmetic and
Whole Plant biodiesel industries
150 Justicia beddomei Acanthaceae
(C.B.Clarke) Bennet
151 Kirganelia reticulata Euphorbiaceae
(Poir.) Baill.
152 Goddi mara Lannea Anacardiaceae Bark (Stem) Paints, varnishes 100 - 200 10-20
coromandelica and paper industries
(Houtt.) Merr.
153 Goranti bannada Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Leaf Traditional Indian 200 - 500 30 - 35
gida medicine, perfumes
and pharmaceutical
industries
154 Dronpushpi, Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Root, Leaf,
Dharanpushpi (Willd.) Link Flower
155 Wood apple Limonia acidissima Rutaceae Fruit, Whole
L. Plant
156 Lakkdi Litsea glutinosa Lauraceae Leaf, Bark Pharmaceutical ind 100 - 200 20 - 35
(Lour.) Robinson (Stem) ustries
157 Bakathumbe Lobelia Lobeliaceae Leaf 100 - 200 80 - 100
nicotianaefolia Roth
ex Roem. & Schult.
158 Kaadu hippe Madhuca indica Sapotaceae Flower >10000 10-20
Gmel.
159 Hippe mara Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae
(Koen.) Macbr.
160 Merremia tridentata Convolvulace Whole Plant 100 - 200 45 - 55
(L.) Hall. ae
195

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
161 Sampige Michelia champaca Magnoliaceae
L.
162 Baagala mara Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Bark (Stem), Match industry 100 - 200 30 - 50
Flower
163 Muttidare muni Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae
164 Gulabash Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Whole Plant
165 Jangli-Kareli Momordica dioica Cucurbitaceae Root, Fruit
Roxb. ex Willd.
166 Molagu Morinda pubescens Rubiaceae Root Pharmacological 100 - 200 15 - 20
J.E.Sm. activities and
clinical trials
167 Chinakee beeja Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae Root, Fruit Pharmaceutical ind 1000 - 2000 30 - 35
(L.) DC. (Fruit, Seed) ustries
168 Mucukkai Mukia Cucurbitaceae Leaf, Root,
maderaspatana (L.) Fruit (Seed)
M.Roem.
169 Kamal phul Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbonace Root (Bulb),
Gaertn. ae Fruit, Flower,
Fruit (Seed)
170 Oleander, Kaner Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Root
171 Parijatha Nyctanthes arbor- Oleaceae
tristis L.
172 Kali tulsi, Bantulsi Ocimum Lamiaceae Whole Plant, Cosmetic and 500 - 1000 20 - 25
americanum L. Leaf, Flower medical industry
173 Kali tulsi Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Leaf, Whole Perfumery and 1000 - 2000 20 - 25
L. Plant, Root, medical industries
Fruit (Seed)
174 Tulasi Ocimum tenuiflorum Lamiaceae Leaf, Fruit Medical industries 2000 - 5000 20 - 25
L. (Seed), Whole
Plant
196

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
175 Changeri Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae
L.
176 Kadukkodi, Pedda Pachygone ovata Menispermace Leaf
Dusar tree (Poir.) ae
177 Kalluhuvu Parmelia perlata Parmeliaceae Fruiting Thallus Pharmaceutical ind 1000 - 2000 80 - 90
(Huds.) Ach. ustry
178 Gokhru bada Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Fruit, Root,
Stem
179 Atrilal Pergularia daemia Asclepiadacea Leaf
(Forssk.) Choiv. e
180 Sitreechu Phoenix loureirii Arecaceae Fruit
Kunth
181 Khajur Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae Root (Tuber /
(L.) Roxb. Pith)
182 Chota-okra, Phyla nodiflora (L.) Verbenaceae Whole Plant
Jalpippali Greene
183 Bhumiamla Phyllanthus amarus Euphorbiaceae Whole Plant Pharmaceutical ind 2000 - 5000 20 - 25
Schum. & Thenn. ustry
184 Bhumiamla Phyllanthus debilis Euphorbiaceae Whole Plant
Klein ex Willd.
185 Kanocha Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae Fruit (Seed),
maderaspatensis L. Whole Plant
186 Tulatipati, Tankari Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Leaf, Whole
Plant
187 Veeleyadele Piper betle L. Piperaceae
188 Pippali Piper longum L. Piperaceae Root, Fruit Cosmetics and 1000 - 2000 90 - 100
pharmaceuticals
189 Chitrak Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginace Root Pharmaceutical ind 2000 - 5000 20 - 25
L. ae ustry
197

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
190 Hongemara Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Bark (Stem), Oil, biofuel and 2000 - 5000 20 - 25
(L.) Pierre Fruit (Seed), pharmaceutical
Leaf, Root industry
191 Lonika Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae Fruit (Seed),
L. Whole Plant
192 Dalimbe Punica granatum L. Punicaceae
193 Sarpagandhi Rauvolfia serpentine Apocynaceae
(L.) Benth.
194 Arand Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Leaf, Fruit
(Seed), Root
195 Naagdali Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae
196 Baenga mara Pterocarpus Fabaceae Wood Match industry and 500 - 1000 15 - 25
marsupium Roxb. (Heartwood), Wood industry
Bark (Stem),
Resin, Fruit
(Seed)
197 Gandhada mara Santalum album L. Santalaceae Wood
(Heartwood),
Bark (Stem),
Leaves
198 Reetha, Soapnut Sapindus Sapindaceae Bark (Stem),
emarginatus Vahl. Fruit, Leaf
199 Bala Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Root, Whole
Plant
200 Bala Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Root, Fruit
(Seed), Whole
Plant
201 Dodda kallangadale Sida rhombifolia L Malvaceae Root, Fruit Herbal 5000 - 10000 5-10
(Seed), Whole drugs industry
Plant
198

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
202 Hebbagulle Solanum anguivi Solanaceae Root 1000 - 2000 5-10
Lam.
203 Kakamachi gida Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Fruit, Root, 2000 - 5000 40 - 45
Whole Plant
204 Alarka Solanum trilobatum Solanaceae Root
L.
205 Kirigulla Solanum Solanaceae Fruit, Root, Pharmaceutical indus 1000 - 2000 10-15
virginianum L. Whole Plant try
206 Solanum Solanaceae
xanthocarpum
Schrad. & H.Wendl.
207 Gorak mundi Sphaeranthus Asteraceae Flower
indicus L.
208 Akarkara, Spilanthes oleracea Asteraceae Flower, Root
Sarahattika, Vana- L.
mugali
209 Bajradanti Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Root
210 Chevaadi Sterculia urens Sterculiaceae Gum Pharmaceutical indus 500 - 1000 80 - 100
Roxb. try
211 Hemmushti Strychnos nux- Loganiaceae Fruit (Seed), 2000 - 5000 40 - 50
vomica L. Stem Or Bark
212 Clove, Lavang Syzygium Myrtaceae Stem, Flower
caryophyllatum (L.) (Bud)
Alston
213 Jamun Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Flower (Bud),
(L.) Skeels Fruit (Fruit,
Seed), Fruit,
Bark (Stem)
214 Pumila Tephrosia purpurea Fabaceae Leaf, Root, Pharmaceutical indus 500 - 1000 5-10
Pers. Fruit (Seed) try
199

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
215 Masparni Teramnus labialis Fabaceae Whole Plant
(L.f.) Spreng.
216 Phalisa-Chhal Thespesia populnea Malvaceae Bark (Stem)
(L.) Sol. ex Correa
217 Janlikalimirch Toddalia asiatica Rutaceae Root
(L.) Lam.
218 Thooniyanoikam Toona ciliata Meliaceae Bark (Stem)
M.Roem.
219 Churachrike gida Tragia involucrata Euphorbiaceae Root 100 - 200 10-20
L.
220 Lalsabuni Trianthema Aizoaceae Root
portulacastrum L.
221 Gokhru Tribulus Zygophyllacea Fruit
lanuginosus L. e
222 Naegalu mullu Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllacea Fruit Pharmaceutical indus 2000 - 5000 10-20
e try
223 Dhadhona Trichodesma Boraginaceae Whole Plant
zeylanicum
(Burm.f.) R.Br.
224 Bettada padavala Trichosanthes Cucurbitaceae Whole Plant 500 - 1000 15 - 20
cucumerina L.
225 Jayanti Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Whole Plant
L.
226 Tylophora Asclepiadacea
asthmatica (L.f.) e
Wight & Arn.
227 Antamul, Country Tylophora indica Asclepiadacea Root
Ipecacuahna (Burm.f.) Merr. e
228 Typha aungustifolia Typhaceae
K.Schum. & Thonn.
200

Production
Trade name/Local
Name
Approx
229 Urd Vigna mungo (L.) Fabaceae Fruit (Seed)
Hepper
230 Masha Vigna radiata (L.) Fabaceae Root, Fruit
R.Wilczek (Seed)
231 Vinca rosea L. Apocynaceae
232 Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Fruit, Leaf, Pharmaceutical indus 200 - 500 10-15
Root, Fruit try
(Seed)
233 Wattakaka volubilis Asclepiadacea
(L.f.) Stapf e
234 Ammangura Withania somnifera Solanaceae Root, Whole Pharmaceutical indus 2000 - 5000 60 - 70
Dunal Plant try
235 Kodamurki Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Leaf, Fruit 200 - 500 100 - 120
R.Br. (Seed), Bark
(Stem)
236 Bogare Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Pharmaceutical indus 200 - 500 60 - 70
(L.) Gaertn. try
237 Cottemullu Ziziphus xylopyrus Rhamnaceae Fruit 100 - 200 5-10
(Retz.) Willd.

201

8.2 Reference:
1. Ganeshaiah, K. N., Kathuria, S. and Shaanker, R.U. (2002). Floral resources of Karnataka: A
geographic perspective. Current Science, VOL. 83(7), pp. 810-813.
2. Google: http://www.tradeportalofindia.com: Accessed on 18-05-2016 at 12:35 pm.
3. Navaneethan, P, Nautiyal, N, Kalaivani, T. and Rajasekaran, C. (2011) Cross-cultural

ethnobotany and conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants in the Nilgiris, Western Ghats: A
case study. Medicinal Plants 3(1): 27-45.
4. Shiddamallaya, N., Yasmeen, A. and Gopakumar, K. (2010). Hundred common forest medicinal
plants of Karnataka in primary healthcare. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 9(1), pp.
90-95.
5. Tahir, M. and Anwer, S. (2012). Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Pinch district of
Jammu and Kashmir. Life sciences Leaflets 5:53-60.
6. Vidyasagar, G. M. and Siddalinga S. M. M. (2012). Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat menstrual

disorders by tribal people in Bellary district of Karnataka, India. Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci.
(IJPLS), 1871-1876
202

MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY-
LIVESTOCK
0

Chapter 9
MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY- LIVESTOCK

Shrikrishna Isloor, Associate Professor,
Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore – 560024
E-mail: kisloor@rediffmail.com

9.1 Introduction
Bacteria are microscopic unicellular organisms which are ubiquitous in the environment
including in the air, soil, water in and on animal bodies and in extreme environments like hot springs.
They can be harmful or beneficial. Harmful organisms cause diseases in animals, plants and man. They
also cause damage to the economy through spoilage of food items. The useful bacteria help in digestion of
food, production of antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, bio-catalysts and bio active compounds of industrial
importance. Furthermore, microorganisms are essential for earth to function. They are critical for
decomposing and recycling nutrients and environmental detoxification at global scale. They are also a
valuable resource of novel metabolic abilities useful for pharmaceuticals and industrial processes.
The microbial world is the largest unexplored reservoir of biodiversity on the earth. It is an
important frontier in biology under intensive investigations. Interest in exploration of microbial
biodiversity has been spurred by the fact that microbes are essential for the life since they perform
numerous functions essential for the biosphere that they include nutrient cycling and environmental
detoxification. The vast array of microbial activities and their importance to the biosphere and to the
human economies provide strong rationale for understanding their diversity, conservation and exploitation
for society.
Although pathogenic microorganisms constitute a small proportion of the microbial species, these
are characterized by high genetic diversity. In the past two decades there has been a considerable
advancement in understanding the genetic manipulations in the pathogenic microorganisms.
Understanding genetic diversity of pathogens have far reaching implications for public health
intervention strategies such as tracking the global spread of pathogens, understanding emergence of new
and drug resistant pathogens and rationale development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines. The
study of pathogen diversity may also help us better understand evolution, taxonomy and pathogenicity
(Virdi and Sachdev, 2005).
Bio-diversity refers to the study of variability among living organisms on the planet. In fact
microbes constitute the largest untapped reservoir of bio-diversity. There exist perhaps 3-10 lacs species
of microbial organisms, yet only five thousand species are described. Truly speaking microbial organisms
are much more diverse than we ever imagine. Hardly ten percent of total microbial organisms are much
more revealed from the fact that about 99 percent of microbes are refractory to isolation by conventional
culture techniques. Adoption of molecular biological approaches has provided the tool for detection and
characterization of those uncultivable and to harness their roles in pathogenicity and potential for
production of bio-catalysts, bio active compounds and molecules of bio technological importance.
Animal microbial diversity is still highly unexplored since here we largely concentrate on
pathogenic micro-organisms only. We generally ignore opportunistic, commensals and accidental
203

pathogens. We have not taken proper steps for planned studies on normal micro flora of different sites in
animal body and their precise role. Rumen microbiology is another area where added attentions are
needed to establish microbial diversity.
9.2 Present status of animal microbiology research in India.
1. Studies encompass pathogenic animal micro organisms.

2. Conventional methods/techniques for detection of organisms.
3. Characterization of isolates based on conventional methods such as morphological, physical,
biochemical and serological techniques.
4. Molecular biology approaches including nucleic acid hybridization, PCR, gene mapping and
sequencing limited to identification and tracking o the source of ethological agents to establish
their epidemiological significance.
5. Development of diagnostics, biological and vaccines.
6. 99 percent of animal micro biota is uncovered as they are refractory to conventional culture
techniques.
9.3 Future animal microbiology research
1. Studies need to be extended to include 99 percent of uncultivable microorganisms.

2. Future study should also cover low pathogenic microbes of BSL1 and 2, opportunistic,
commnesals as well as accidental pathogens in order to establish their synergistic role if any.
3. Application of metagenomic approach for in situ detection of uncultivable microorganisms from
different animal sites such as gut metagenome, oral metagenome etc. Metagenomics is a new and
exciting field which involves the analysis of DNA of all microorganisms in an environmental
sample from a given habitat, the majority of which cannot be grown under laboratory conditions.
To do this, the microbial population is first extracted from the niche and its DNA is purified and
sequenced. The computer analyses of a sequence identity major functions such as virulence genes
or genes that encode enzymes of industrial interest.
4. Sequence analysis or microbial genome followed by cloning of desirable genes in appropriate
vectors (plasmid, cosmid, fosmid, bacterial artificial chromosome) and its expression in suitable
hosts.
5. Construction of shotgun libraries, from DNA is isolated directly from environmental sample and
represent DNA of all the microorganisms present in the sample and therefore also contain an
assortment of rRNA genes present in all the microflora of the given sample. 16S rRNA genes is
the marker gene that all bacteria have.Identifying these microorganisms involves extracting and
sequencing one gene (16S rRNA) from all the bacteria in the sample. Analysis of whole genome
shot gun library through sequencing of 16S rRNA gene leads to enumeration of the total
microbial phylogenetic data. However shot gun library does not provide information on the novel
genes from uncultured bacteria.
6. Establishment of metagenomic library to search for novel biocatalysts, molecules for
biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications for novel genes ranging from small genes
conferring enzymes to complex gene clusters encoding proteins involved in antibioitic
production. Metagenomic represents DNA of total microbiota found in the environment sample.
It involves cloning of total DNA isolated suitable host. It provides access to total genetic
information such as enumeration of total microbial diversity in a sample, phylogenetic
information such as enumeration of total microbial diversity in a sample, phylogenetic data based
on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as well as information on novel genes present in the
microbes. In fact metagenome libraries form the basis for identification of novel genes from
204

uncultured microorganisms. Such metagenomic libraries contain small inserts of 2-15kb in
plasmid vectors or large inserts of 40-150kb in cosmid, fosmid or bacterial artificial chromosome
(BAC) vectors.
7. Establishment of microbial gene bank.
8. Establishment of microbial type culture collection centers for pathogenic microorganisms and
low pathogenic, opportunistic commensals and accidental pathogens. Microbial type culture
collection should also serve as repository of emerging pathogens, drug resistant bacteria, zoonotic
pathogenic bacteria, obligate intracellular bacteria as well as pathogenic bacteria.
9. Support research to identity sites of new diversity such as gut, metagenome, rumen metagenome,
meat metagenome, milk metagenome, food metagenome and like.
10. Promotion of IPR issues and patents.
11. Foster multi disciplinary involvement in microbial bio diversity research where scientist with
expertise in phylogeny, taxonomy, physiology of microorganisms and those working in molecular
biology, microbial chemistry, bacteriology, virology and mycology may collaborate and
contribute significantly.
12. Establishment of fully functional laboratory with state of the art of equipments for GIS and
database management of information on animal microbial diversity including molecular,
phonotypic, chemical, metabolic and taxonomic. Such databases are essential if new biodiversity
discoveries are to be efficiently compared to what is already known. This may require support of
centers or laboratories whose function is to characterize new organisms and collect as well as
curate diverse isolates and maintain and disseminate data on them.
13. Knowledge empowerment and human resource training in order that microbial diversity is
recognized more efficiently and characterized.
14. Exploring application of nano technology for tapping microbial diversity. The emerging
discipline of nano biotechnology can be helpful in the following areas of animal microbiology
research:
 Tracking of Bio-diversity
 Detection of pathogens/ contaminants
 Disease diagnosis
 Smart delivery system for gene/ drug/vaccine delivery.
9.4 Benefit from exploring animal microbial diversity.
9.4.1 Short term benefits:
 Diagnostics: It is well established that a particular disease may be caused by closely related but
distinct genetic variants of a pathogen. Further successful development of a diagnostic invariably
depends on the extent of understanding of pathogen diversity.
 Therapeutics: Efficacy of a new drug is tested against a set of careful selected genotypes which
are representative of the population. This necessitates the understanding of pathogen diversity.
This knowledge of pathogen diversity can be harnessed in other ways as well. For example,
competition among drug resistant and drug sensitive pathogens is critical to the spread of drug
resistance. However if drug sensitive pathogens are competitively better in the host not receiving
chemotherapy, the emergence of drug resistance is slowed down. Conversely, if the drug sensitive
bacteria are removed by chemotherapy, the spread of drug resistance is faster. Such knowledge
about the genetic diversity of a pathogen will help to assess the duration of a newly introduced
drug against that pathogen.
205

 Molecular epidemiology: Knowledge of genetic diversity of microbial pathogen has been widely
exploited in the study of epidemiology which aims at tracking the origin, source and route of
spread of pathogens. This also helps in rational development of diagnositics, therapeutics and
vaccines.
 Vaccine development: Knowledge of genetic diversity of microbial pathogens is necessary for

development of successful vaccines. Studies on comparative genomics of virulent and avirulent
strains of a pathogen help to identify genes encoding virulence factors which are targeted for
vaccine development. Besides the impact of introduction of a new vaccines is possible only when
the exact limited range of serogroups of a pathogens may lead to selection of escape variants that
can give rise to fresh wave of disease outbreaks.
9.4.2 Long term benefits:
 Understanding evolution and taxonomy: Knowledge of genetic diversity of microbial pathogens

will be very helpful in tracking its evolution. For example genetic diversity studies have revealed
that Yersinia pestis, etiological agent of play, originated/evolved from Y.pseudotuberculosis some
1500-20000 years back (Achtman et al., 1999). Similar studies have indicated that M.tuberculosis
arose 15000-20000 years ago from a closely related cattle pathogen M.bovis. Recent large scale
DNA sequencing results revealed that both M.tuberculosis and M.bovis shared a common ancestor
in the recent past. (Musser, 1996).
Knowledge of genetic diversity of micro organisms is equally important for nomenclature,

classification and taxonomy of new organisms, strains, variants and groups.
 Emergence of new pathogens: Genetic diversity of micro organisms has helped in knowing the
origin of several pathogens. Enterohaemorrahagic E.coli (EHEC) or E.coli; 0157:H7 has come to
notice in last two decades and has caused large outbreaks of hemolytic uremic syndrome and
ulcerative colitis. Comparative analysis of isolates of E.coli, O157:H7 and other E.coli and
probing for shigella toxic genes revealed that E.coli; O157:H7 is closely related to E.coli, O55:H7.
 Understanding mechanism of microbial pathogenicity: Microbial diversity also reveals

existence of variance having different degree of pathogenicity. Interaction of a pathogen having a
range of pathogenic variants in a given animal host together with a clinical data obtained from
such infected animial is helpful in understanding the exact mechanism of pathogenesis.
Furthermore, pathogen diversity data when combined with information on epidemiology,
phylogeny and evolution of this pathogen provide picture on the behavior of pathogens.
 Microbial diversity provides a vast resource of huge new gene pools and organisms of value to
biotechnology.
 It also provides repository of natural commensals and opportunistic microbes as well as their
pathogenic relatives. This will provide opportunity for strain improvement for desired trades of
economic importance. This will also pave the way to establish interaction in the ecology of health
and disease in the animal body.
 Additionally it helps in analysis of the capacities of pathogens to interact with environmental

conditions and host genes at the level of specific virulence mechanism (pathogenicity islands) and
recognition of signals and of metabolic roots.
206

It is concluded that animal microbial diversity is largely untapped and its exploration will provide
huge data base that can give new dimensions to the animal research (Singh, 2011).
The current perspectives and potential applications of Microbial biodiversity of livestock

primarily focus around the pathogenic microbes and rumen microbial population. Such microbial
population could be explored for tradable purposes especially from the point of view of development of
advanced disease diagnostics and vaccines using the field isolates of diverse pathogenic microbes.
Whereas, the rumen microbial population could be utilized for improved digestibility of fibre and
thereby enhancing the feed conversion, which otherwise could be less efficiently digested. A plethora of
microbes including viral, bacterial and fungal etiology have been associated with diseases in livestock
including cattle, buffalo, sheep , goats and pigs; companion animals including dogs, cats, horses and
poultry. In Karnataka, however, in the discipline of veterinary science mostly diseases caused by viruses
(Foot and Mouth Disease, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Malignant Catarrhal Fever, Peste Des-Petitis
of ruminants, Sheep pox, Blue Tongue, Orf, Classical Swine Fever, New Castle Disease, Marek’s disease,
Infectious Bursal disease virus, Infectious Bronchitis virus), and bacteria (Anthrax, Hemorrhagic
Septicemia, Black Quarter, Enterotoxemia, brucellosis and mastitis ) have been reported, studied and such
etiology have been isolated and characterized. In Karnataka, the institutions involved in studying such
pathogenic microbes of varied diversity include the Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College,
KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore, Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bangalore,
National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore and Indian
Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bangalore.
9.5 Microbial biodiversity of livestock with reference to pathogenic microbes in

Karnataka
The endeavors to understand pathogen diversity with special reference to selected economically
important diseases in Karnataka are discussed here.
9.5.1 Microbial biodiversity associated with bovine mastitis in Karnataka
Mastitis cattle and buffalo is a a multi-etiological disease, that continues to be the most important
disease economically in modern dairy industry including that in Karnataka. It remains a major global
challenge to milk production even in the face of wide spread implementation of mastitis control strategies.
Despite the significant advances in understanding the disease, both clinical and sub-clinical mastitis
remain a problem in dairy herds and prevalence rates in many countries remain similar to those observed
decades ago. The prevalence of bovine mastitis continues to affect the dairy herds throughout the world in
spite of continued research activity on the problem over the century (Sadana, 2006).
India, being the largest producer of milk in the world, assumed an important position in the global
dairy industry accounting for 34 per cent of global output. The total milk production in India accounts for
more than 14 per cent of the total world output and 57 per cent of the Asia’s total production (Sadana,
2006). India also has the largest population of milking livestock, which include 185 million cattle and 98
million buffaloes (Livestock Census, 2008). As of 2009-10, Indian milk production was estimated at
112.5 million tonnes annually. Further, with the current trends of increasing milk production, India will
be producing more than 130 million tonnes of milk by 2015 in view of the expanding potential for export
(Sadana, 2006).
Mastitis negatively affects the quality of milk, milk production, farm economics and animal
welfare. It is estimated that mastitis alone accounts to about 70 per cent of all avoidable losses incurred
207

during milk production. In India, the overall economic loss due to mastitis is estimated to be Rs. 7165.51
crores (Bansal and Gupta, 2009), a number which increased from 1607.2 crores a decade and half before
(Singh and Singh, 1994).
Subclinical mastitis is considered economically the most important in modern dairy herds,
affecting 20% to 50% of cows in given herds (Wilson et al., 1997; Pitkala et al., 2004). Although the
loss due to subclinical mastitis (SCM) is difficult to quantify, most experts agree that it costs the average
dairy farmer more than the clinical mastitis does (Hegde, 2011).
In most countries, the major mastitis pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
agalactiae (contagious pathogens), Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis
(environmental pathogens). Staphylococcal species are the most commonly associated bacteria with
intra-mammary infections (IMI). Coagulase production is considered to be one of the virulence properties
of Staphylococcus. Based on this property of ability to coagulate to coagulate plasma, more than 50
Staphylococcus species have been characterized and divided into two groups; viz., coagulase positive
staphylococci (predominantly S. aureus) and coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS). Although, S.
aureus is commonly associated with bovine mastitis in many countries, CoNS are also frequently found
(Bengtsson et al., 2005).
In contrast to S. aureus, coliforms and streptococci which cause severe mastitis, CoNS have been
often considered opportunistic minor pathogens, causing only subclinical or mild clinical mastitis, with
only a marginal increase in SCC (Honkanen-Buzalski et al., 1994; Taponen et al., 2006). However, in
recent years, as a group, CoNS have become the most common bacteria associated with bovine mastitis in
many countries (Tenhagen et al., 2006) and could therefore be described as “emerging mastitis
pathogens”. CoNS can behave as contagious or environmental pathogens (Taponen and Pyörälä, 2009).
The understanding and control of CoNS mastitis is complicated by the heterogeneity of this group of
bacteria. So far, 16 CoNS species have been isolated from mastitic bovine milk samples, and despite
some variation between herds and countries, S. simulans, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus and S.
epidermidis seem to be the most common (Luthje and Schwarz, 2006; Taponen et al., 2006).
In routine mastitis diagnostics, CoNS are normally not identified to species level and are treated
as a group, but in reality, they consist of many different species. Because of the increasing clinical
significance of CoNS, accurate species identification of CoNS is the need of the hour to permit a more
precise determination of host-pathogen relationship of CoNS (Sundareshan, 2012)
9.5.2 Microbial diversity of predominant bacteria from bovine mastitis in Karnataka

with reference to Staphylococcus aureus
Recently, the ability of S. aureus to form biofilm in vivo is considered to be a major virulence
factor influencing its pathogenesis in mastitis. The implication of biofilms in chronic infections has
triggered an increasing interest in the characterization of genes involved in biofilm formation. PCR based
amplification of icaA gene not only helps us to identify the potential of S. aureus to produce biofilms but
also its role in establishment of infection in both clinical and sub clinical mastitis. Keeping this in view,
Kuler (2006) characterized predominant bacteria from cases of clinical as well as sub clinical bovine
mastitis with special reference to genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus. This work was aimed at
identifying and characterizing predominant bacteria from cases of clinical as well as sub clinical bovine
mastitis with special reference to genotyping of S. aureus. As for the clinical mastitis is concerned, total
of 121 microbial agents were recovered from 100 clinical cases of mastitis. Of this 57.85per cent was
Gram positive, 29.75 per cent were Gram negative and 12.39per cent were yeasts. The majority of the
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bacterial isolates recovered were Staphylococcal species like S. aureus (6), S. arlettae (5), S. capitis
subsp. ureolyticus (5), S. haemolyticus (4), S. felis (4), S. equorum (3), S. epidermidis (2), S. sciuri (2), S.
intermedius (1), S. chromogens (1), S. schleiferi subsp.coagulans (1), S. caseolyticus (1), S. hyicus (1)
and 7 Staphylococcal species could not be identified (by using Hi-Staph identification kit) and other
organisms isolated were E. coli (19), Streptococcus species (17), Yeast (15), Klebsiella species (8),
Psuedomonas species (7), Bacillus species (6), Corynebacterium species (4) and Proteus species (2).
Furtheromre, a total of 300 milk samples collected from four different farms were screened for subclinical
mastitis by California mastitis test (CMT), White side test (WST) and Bromothymol blue strips. In all,
149 isolates were recovered. Of these, 110 isolates (73.82per cent) were Gram positive, 33 isolates
(22.14per cent) were Gram negative and 6 Yeast (4.02per cent) were isolated. The predominant bacterial
isolates recovered were Staphylococcal species like S. aureus (19), S. equorum (14), S. xylosus (6), S.
sciuri subsp rodentium (6), S. intermedius (5), S. saprophyticus (4), S. haemolyticus (4), S. capitis subsp.
ureolyticus (2), S. arlettae (2), S. hyicus (2), S. sciuri (1), S. sciuri subsp carnaticus (1), S. chromogens
(1), S. caseolyticus (1) and 10 Staphylococcal species could not be identified (By using Hi-Staph
identification kit). The other agents included Streptococcus species (32), E. coli (21), Klebsiella species
(7), Yeast (6), Pseudomonas species (5). Furthermore, a total of 25 different S. aureus isolates, two
S.epidermidis and other Stapylococcal species were subjected for icaA gene specific PCR. Results
revealed that out of 25 S. aureus isolates, 23 showed amplicons of 1.2kb whereas two did not. Both the
S. epidermidis strains showed amplification. Other Staphylococcus species such as S.equorum, S.xylosus,
and S.sciuri sub sp.rodentium. S.intermedius, S. saprophyticus, S.haemolyticus, S. capitis
subsp.ureolyticus, S.arlettae S.hyicus, S.sciuri, S.sciuri subsp. coranaticus, S.chromogens and
S.caseolyticus did not show icaA gene amplification.
9.5.3 Microbial diversity of E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Karnataka
Out of 40 E. coli isolates, 29 ‘O’ serogroups were typable and 10 were untypable strains and one
was rough strain. These 29 ‘O’ serogroups fell under 14 different serotypes viz., O9 (7), O5 (3), O59 (3),
O147 (3), O69 (2), O132 (2), O155 (2), 020, 027, 086, 0101, 0117, 0120, 0159, Rough (one each) and UT
(10).
9.5.4 Microbial diversity with reference to antibiogram studies of S.aureus and E. coli
isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in Karnataka
Antibiogram of 25 S. aureus isolates and 40 E. coli against 12 different antimicrobial agents

revealed that all the S. aureus isolates showed maximum sensitivity to chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin and
gentamicin and moderately sensitive to tetracycline. Resistance was noticed to ampicillin, amikacin,
cephalexin, colistin, cloxacillin, kanamycin, penicillin and streptomycin. All 40 E. coli showed
maximum sensitivity to chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin and moderate sensitivity to gentamicin, amikacin
and showed least sensitivity to tetracycline. Resistance was noticed to ampicillin, cephalexin, colistin,
cloxacillin, kanamycin, penicillin and streptomycin.
9.5.5 Microbial diversity with reference to serotypes, genotypes, virulence and Outer
Membrane Protein profiles of E.coli mastitis strains in Karnataka and their
molecular characterization.
A study was undertaken by Vivekprabhu (2008) to determine the molecular characters of

different E.coli mastitis strains with reference to their serotypes, genotypes, virulence and Outer
Membrane Protein profiles. In this study,40 strains of E.coli from bovine mastitis cases were subjected
for ERIC-PCR, of these 37 showed amplicons ranging from 350 to >3000bp. The PCR profile generated
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showed polymorphism in 37 strains. An intense amplicon of 1300bp was seen in all the strains except
E.coli 027(10) and O69 (33). Based on ERIC-PCR profiles, of 37 E.coli strains, 22 were found to be
distributed among 4 genotypes, whereas, each of the remaining 15 strains showed unique genotypic
pattern. The study emphasizes the utility of ERIC-PCR in intraserotype differentiation of strains based on
their genotype and thus complimentary to serotyping. All the forty E.coli strains were further subjected
to Multiplex PCR assay by targeting the virulence genes iss (increased serum survival), fim-C (type I
fimbriae), iuc-D (Aerobactin production) and tsh (temperature sensitive haemagglutination). Out of forty,
thirty six strains contained at least one virulence gene of the target genes. Among the strains tested, 30
(75%) were positive for fim-C, 20 (50%) were positive for iss, 9 (22.5%) were positive for tsh and
interestingly, in none of the strains, the presence of iuc-D was detected. Thus, Multiplex-PCR was
employed to identify and characterize E.coli strains of bovine mastitis, with reference to their virulence
genes. Further, this approach was useful in selecting E.coli O9 (36) and 147 (12) strains for biofilm
production, as they represented most prevalent and virulence gene harboring strains. In this study, a
comparison of DNA fingerprints of strains of E.coli from episodes of mastitis was made in order to seek
genotypes existing within herds. The identical or different genotypic patterns of E.coli strains of bovine
mastitis observed could be used to determine the occurrence of recurrent clinical episodes of mastitis and
distinguish between such recurrent episodes of mastitis associated with E.coli. The dendrogram analysis
indicated that E.coli strains were definable into clusters and sub-clusters, based on ERIC primer PCR
product. Interestingly, these clusters could be associated with E.coli strains harbouring varied number of
virulence genes. The molecular characters of E.coli strains identified in this study could be explored to
rapidly recognize E.coli strains involved in cases of bovine mastitis and identify their virulence factors
both at genotypic and phenotypic level. The genetic determinants involved in biofilm production by
Enteroaggregative E.coli strains have just begun to be understood (Dudley et al., 2006, Moreira et al.
2003; Wakimoto et al 2004). However, there is lack of information on the relationship of virulence genes
and biofilm formation in E.coli isolates derived from bovine mastitis. Observations made in this study
shows that there is a need for determination of such association in E.coli isolates causing bovine
mastitis.The findings of this study emphasize the necessity to study the association between identified
virulence factors of E.coli mastitis strains with severity of clinical disease.
9.5.6 Microbial diversity of Streptococcal species isolated from bovine mastitis cases in
Karnataka with reference to virulence genes.
Streptococcus species are one of the most important group of causatives of mastitis. The major
Streptococci species among causative agents of bovine mastitis are Streptococcus agalactiae,
Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis. Several cell-associated and extracellular factors of
Streptococcus species have been identified and they can exert a direct effect on stromal cells while others
can thwart one or more host defense mechanisms to allow for survival and persistence of the pathogen in
the invaded tissue. A study was carried by Krishnaveni (2011) with an objective to detect the virulence
genes of predominant Streptococcal species namely S.agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis cases by
PCR. A total of 82 Streptococci were isolated. Earlier, out of 82 Streptococci isolates, confirmed by tuf
gene based PCR, seven were found to be S.agalactiae based on 16S rRNA and sip gene based PCR.
These S.agalactiae isolates were further subjected to cAMP factor (a pore forming cytotoxin) using
designed cfb and hyl (hyaluronidase) primers. The cfb and hyl primer set amplified an expected PCR
amplicon of 950 and 320 bp respectively. This rapid, user friendly PCR amplification of the hyl and cfb
virulence genes of S.agalactiae indicated its potential for rapid detection of virulent S.agalactiae isolated
from bovine mastitis cases infection.
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9.6 Microbial diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from bovine mastitic cases in
Karnataka with reference to their in-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of planktonic
and biofilm producing and their virulence and antibiotic resistance genes by molecular
methods
The emergence of resistance in S. aureus to antibiotics is a major concern in mastitic dairy

animals. Clearly, this situation has been created as a result of human intervention of widespread and
indiscriminate use of antibiotics for both therapeutic and preventive purposes. It narrows down the
choices available for treatment and changes the spectrum of antibiotics used in veterinary hospitals.
Different antibiotic groups are in use for treatment of mammary gland infections. Several S. aureus
strains have been observed to have developed resistance against different groups of antibiotics viz., β-
lactum, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, macrolides and streptogramins that are
commonly used by veterinarians at the grass root level. The occurrence and transmission of antimicrobial
resistant S. aureus itself or its gene has been suggested as one of the reasons for difficulty in improving
optimal response to antibiotic therapy (Goh et al., 1992; Kreiswirth et al., 1993). Therefore, the
determination of sensitivity or resistance of strains to antibiotics is very important from a clinical and
economic point of view.
The ability of S. aureus to form biofilm in vivo is considered to be a major virulence factors
influencing its pathogenesis in mastitis (Cifrian et al., 1994). Biofilm is an exopolysaccharide, slime
matrix around multiple layers of cells. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilm helps the bacterium to
survive in hostile environments within the host by blocking the penetration of immune molecules, cells as
well as antibiotics, thus suggesting that biofilm production is possibly an important strategy in the
establishment of staphylococcal infections (Costerton et al., 1999). The implication of biofilms in
chronic infections has triggered an increasing interest in the characterization of genes involved in biofilm
formation (Gotz, 2002). Biofilm formation is considered to be a two step process in which the bacteria
first adhere to a surface through the capsular polysaccharide antigen / adhesin (PS/A), followed by
multiplication to form a multilayered structure which is associated with polysaccharide intercellular
adhesin (PIA). The intercellular locus consisting of the genes ica ADB and C encodes the proteins
mediating the synthesis of PIA and PS/A in Staphylococcus species (Cramton et al., 1999). Among the
ica genes, ica A has been reported to play an important role in biofilm formation in S. aureus and S.
epidermidis (Yazdani et al., 2006). The presence of Ica locus among S. aureus isolates from bovine
mastitis confirms its role as a major virulence factor in the pathogenesis of the disease (Vasudevan et al.,
2003). On the other hand, the biofilm associated locus encodes a novel cell wall associated protein (Bap)
that promotes the primary attachment of bacteria to surfaces and intercellular adhesion forming biofilms.
The bap gene encodes the biofilm associated protein ie Bap, involved in biofilm formation which
ultimately involve in pathogenesis of mastitis, causing a persistant intramammary infection (Cucarella et
al., 2001; Cucarella et al., 2004). However, very little information is available regarding genotypic
characterization of S. aureus of intramammary origin with reference to ica genes and its association with
phenotypic characters in India (Rajeev, 2006; Dhanawade et al., 2010).
Detection of biofilm formation by a combination of various methods (phenotypic and genotypic)

would be useful for identifying biofilm producing S. aureus. This could be valuable in identifying the role
of biofilms in the adherence and colonization of Staphylococci on the mammary gland epithelium as well
as the immune evasion, in understanding the resistance to antibiotic therapy and to devise strategies to
eradicate the pathogen. The difficulty in eradicating a chronic infection associated with biofilm lies in the
fact that biofilm bacteria are able to resist higher concentration of antibiotics than bacteria in suspension
(Costerton et al., 1987; Gristina et al., 1987). Production of slime plays an important role in antibiotic
resistance and it is reported that slime producing strains are more resistant to antibiotics than non-slime
producing strains (Amorena et al., 1999). Therefore determination of antimicrobial susceptibility for S.
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aureus growing in both the planktonic as well as the biofilm state may need to be routinely carried out to
ensure satisfactory resolution of bovine mastitis caused by S.aureus.
Besides biofilm formation, the ability of S. aureus to cause disease has been attributed to an
impressive spectrum of cell-wall-associated factors (protein A, clumping factors, fibronectin binding
proteins and other adhesive matrix molecules) and the extracellular toxins (coagulase, hemolysins,
enterotoxins, toxic-shock syndrome toxin 1, exfoliative toxins and Panton-Valentine leukocidin), each of
them can act as virulence determinants (Cotar et al., 2010). Among these virulence factors, SpA, ClfA,
ClfB, FnbA and FnbB are important for the ability of S. aureus to adhere to and invade host cells as well
as to evade host immune responses. Another important aspect of S. aureus pathogenicity is the ability to
acquire iron by the iron-regulated surface determinant system (Isd) from its host during infection.
Understanding these properties of locally prevailing S. aureus from bovine mastitis cases could be
beneficial in evolving suitable strategies for effective therapy and inturn control of mastitis. However, in
India, the information regarding biofilm forming potential and virulence factors of S. aureus isolated from
the cases of bovine mastitis is scanty. Further, the information on antibiogram studies involving biofilms
is lacking.
Keeping the above in view, Akshata (2012) evaluated the in-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity
patterns of planktonic and biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from bovine
mastitic cases and to screen them for the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes by
molecular methods. A total of 135 biochemically and genotypically confirmed S. aureus isolates from
bovine milk samples from both organized and unorganized sectors located in and around Bangalore and
Bidar districts of Karnataka were used in this study. All the isolates were tested for biofilm formation by
tissue culture plate method (TCP) and Congo red agar (CRA) method. Of these isolates studied, 18 (13.33
%) and 28 (20.74%) were classified as strong and weak biofilm producers respectively by TCP method,
whereas, only 9 (6.66%) were classified as biofilm producers by CRA method. The presence of icaA and
bap gene responsible for biofilm formation was confirmed in 111 (82.22%) and 17 (12.59%) isolates by
icaA and bap specific PCR. The study of antibiogram profile of the S. aureus isolates for 14 different
antibiotics in planktonic and biofilm mode revealed enhancement of the resistance of S. aureus isolates by
23.97 % (amoxycillin with sulbactum) to 63.09 % (methicillin) when they were grown in biofilm mode.
Duplex PCR for the detection of virulence genes viz., clfA and IsdA confirmed the presence of clfA and
IsdA genes in 91.11% (n=123) and 87.40 % (n=118) of the isolates. When the isolates were screened for
methicillin resistance genes by the mecA and novel mecA specific PCR, none of the isolates yielded
amplicons specific for mecA (304 bp) or novel mecA (450 bp). The phylogentic analysis of icaA
indicated little variation in its nucleotide sequence among S. aureus isolates and its influence on biofilm
formation. Similar analysis of clfA gene indicated its possible geographic location specific conserved
nature unlike IsdA (Akshata, 2012)
9.7 Microbial diversity of Streptococcal species prevailing in subclinical cases of bovine

mastitis
Nithinprabhu (2011) isolated predominant Streptococcal species prevailing in subclinical cases

of bovine mastitis, to develop molecular test to identify predominant Streptococcal species such as
S.agalactiae, S.dysgalactiae and S. uberis at genus and species level by PCR and study their genetic
diversity by their PCR-RFLP patterns as module for the epidemiological investigation. In this study, a
total of 163 milk samples collected from three organized farms and an unorganized sector were screened
for SCM by employing conventional criteria of SCC ≥ 500,000 cells per mL and EC ≥ 6.5 mS. totally,
131 out of 163 samples were subjected for isolation and characterization. A total of 40 Streptococci were
isolated. In turn, these Streptococcus isolates were identified both at genus and species level by PCR.
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Genus specific primers targeting tuf gene of Streptococcus and S.agalactiae, S.dysgalactiae and S.uberis
species specific primers targeting 16S rRNA were designed and the isolates were screened with these
primers. Further, primers were also designed, targeting sip gene of S, agalactiae and pauA gene of
S.uberis. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates was carried out based on nucleotide sequences of amplicons.
Finally, PCR products were subjected for PCR-RFLP studies using different REs viz., AvaII, AluI, EcoRI
and EcoRV. RFLP pattern did not reveal variation in the banding patterns.
9.8 Microbial diversity of major bacterial pathogens viz. Streptococcusagalactiae,

S.dysgalactiae, S.uberis. Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli causing subclinical bovine
mastitis in Karnataka by a multiplex PCR assay
Incidence of subclinical mastitis and prevalence of major mastitis pathogens in organized farms
and unorganized sectors was studied by Hegde (2011). Subclinical mastitis (SCM) represents a major
proportion of the burden of mastitis. Determining somatic cell count (SCC) and electrical conductivity
(EC) of milk are useful approaches to detect SCM. In order to correlate grades of SCM with the load of
five major mastitis pathogens, 246 milk samples from a handful of organized and unorganized sectors
were screened. SCC (> 5 X 105/mL) and EC (> 6.5 mS/cm) identified 110 (45%) and 153 (62%)
samples, respectively, to be from SCM cases. Randomly selected SCM-negative samples as well as 186
samples positive by either SCC or EC were then evaluated for isolation of five major mastitis-associated
bacteria. Of the 323 isolates obtained, 95 each were S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci
(CoNS), 48 were E. coli and 85 were streptococci. There was no association between the distribution of
organisms and (a) the different groups of SCC, or (b) organised farms and unorganised sectors. By
contrast, there was a significant difference in the distribution of CoNS, and not other species, between
organized farms and unorganized sectors. In summary, bacteria were isolated irrespective of the density
of somatic cells or the type of farm setting, and the frequency of isolation of CoNS was higher with
organized farms. These results suggest the requirement for fine tuning SCC and EC limits and the higher
probability for CoNS to be associated with SCM in organized diary sectors, and have implications for the
identification, management and control of mastitis in India.
Furthermore, in the same study, a multiplex PCR assay was developed to detect five major
bacterial pathogens causing subclinical bovine mastitis. They include Streptococcus agalactiae,
S.dysgalactiae, S.uberis. Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli. Primers were designed by targeting tuf gene
with an amplicon size of 110bp for Streptococcus species and 235bp for Staphylococcus species at genus
level. The target sequences were sip gene (281bp amplicon size) for S.agalactiae, 16s r RNA for
S.dysgalactiae (429bp), pauA gene for S.uberis (534bp) , nuc gene for S.aureus (181bp) and traT gene for
E.coli (313bp). A two tube method multiplex PCR was standardized for simultaneous detection of these
pathogens. The assay included S.agalactiae and S.uberis in one tube and S. dysgalactiae, S.aureus and
E.coli in the other tube for amplification. Screening of milk samples for subclinical cases of mastitis,
primer designing, specificity and sensitivity of PCR and PCR conditions employed will be discussed in
detail. The results suggested that the multiplex-PCR could be explored as an alternate method in routine
diagnosis for rapid, simultaneous detection of these pathogens directly from milk samples.
9.9 Microbial diversity of Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) associated with

bovine mastitis in Karnataka and their antimicrobial resistance patterns.
Sundareshan (2012) studied Phenotypic and Molecular Characters of Coagulase Negative

Staphylococci (CoNS) Isolated from Clinical and Subclinical Cases of Bovine Mastitis. This study was
carried out with the objective of isolation, identification and study of antimicrobial resistance patterns of
coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) associated with bovine mastitis. In all, 313 bovine milk samples
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collected from different organized/ unorganized sectors for subclinical mastitis (SCM) were screened by
somatic cell count, electrical conductivity test, California mastitis test and bromo thymol blue test strip
tests. This revealed SCM status at 42.8% and 48.2%, 21.4% and 26.8%, respectively. On processing all
the samples for isolation, a total of 152 CoNS isolates including 14 isolates from clinical mastitis samples
(n=42) were obtained. Biochemical characterization of the isolates by HiStaph™ Identification Kit
revealed S. arlettae, S. flurettii, S. equorum and S. epidermidis as predominant CoNS species in SCM
cases. Further, these isolates were subjected to two-tube multiplex PCR targeting gap/rpoB/sodA genes
for species level identification, subsequent to the confirmation at genus level by the partial amplification
of tuf gene. Of the 10 species targeted by m-PCR, S. epidermidis, S. chromogenes, and S. sciuri were the
major CoNS detected. Coagulase negative variants of S. aureus were also detected by S. aureus specific
triplex PCR. The overall agreement between phenotype- and genotype-based speciation of CoNS was
only 11%. Antibiogram studies of CoNS isolates revealed highest resistance to oxacillin/ methicillin,
followed by ceftraixone with sulbactum/ tazobactum, penicillin G and aminopenicillins. Highest
sensitivity was recorded for chloramphenicol followed by enrofloxacin and gentamicin. Another
multiplex PCR to detect antibiotic resistance genes and coa gene revealed mecA, aacA-D and aph3'-IIIa
genes in 10, 15 and 5 isolates, respectively. Coa gene was detected only in 15 of the 19 coagulase
negative S. aureus isolates. The two tube multiplex PCR assay developed in the present study is an easy
and rapid method to simultaneously detect the ten major CoNS prevailing in bovine mastitis.
9.9.1 Microbial diversity in Bubaline mastitis in Karnataka
In India, there are limited studies on mastitis in buffaloes. Preethirani (2014) isolated and
identified major bacterial pathogens from the cases of subclinical bubaline mastitis and for rapid
identification of S. aureus, E. coli and predominant Streptococcal species by uniplex and multiplex PCR
and finally to study in-vitro antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. aureus, E. coli and predominant
Streptococcal species associated with bubaline mastitis. A total of 190 bubaline milk samples collected
from two organized farms (n=64) and three unorganized sectors (n=126) from various geographic
locations in Karnataka were screened for subclinical mastitis (SCM) by somatic cell count, electrical
conductivity test, California mastitis test, Bromo-thymol Blue strip test and NAGase activity in the milk
samples which revealed SCM status at 48.42% and 40.00%, 45.78%, 61.05% and 61.58 respectively.
Furthermore, 92 out of 190 samples were subjected for isolation and characterization of major mastitis
causing bacterial species based on the conventional criteria of SCC ≥ 2,00,000 cells per mL and EC ≥ 3.8
mS/cm. This resulted in isolation of 35Streptococci, 14 S. aureus, 125 CoNS and 21E. coli. Later,
Simplex-PCR was employed to identify both Streptococci and Staphylococci at genus level by amplifying
the primers designed targeting tuf gene which confirmed 35 Streptococci and 139 Staphylococcal isolates.
Furthermore, Simplex-PCR was used to identify and confirm fourteen isolates of S. aureus by targeting
nuc gene, twenty one isolates of E. coli by alr gene. Whereas, Streptococcal isolates were subjected to
two-tube multiplex PCR targeting sip gene of S. agalactiae, pauA gene of S.uberis and 16s RNA gene of
S. dysgalactiae for species level identification. Of the 35 isolates of Streptococci, none were identified at
species level. Further, CoNS isolates were subjected to two-tube multiplex PCR targeting gap/rpoB/sodA
genes for species level identification. Of the 125 isolates targeted by multiplex-PCR, S. chromogenes,
S.epidermidis, and S. sciuri were the major CoNS detected. The antibiogram profile of all the isolates
(n=190) was studied by employing disc diffusion method using 15 different antibiotics. The
Streptococcus species showed highest sensitivity to Chloramphenicol (85.72%) followed byOxacillin
(71.43%) and Co-trimoxazole (62.86%) and least sensitivityto Penicillin-G (11.43%), Streptomycin
(8.57%)and Methicillin (0%). Whereas, the S.aureus isolates showed highest sensitivity to
Chloramphenicol (100%) followed byCo-trimoxazole (92.86%) and least sensitivityto Penicillin-G
(14.29%), Ceftriaxone/sulbactam (7.15%)and Cefoxitin (0%).The CoNSisolates showed highest
sensitivity to Co-trimoxazole (96.8%) followed by Chloramphenicol (96%) and Gentamicin (96%)
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whereas, they were least sensitivityto Penicillin-G (26.4%), Amoxycillin / sulbactam (17.6%) and
Methicillin (14.4%). Furthermore, the E.coliisolates showed highest sensitivity to Chloramphenicol
(95.24%) followed by Co-trimoxazole (80.95%) and least sensitivity was to Methicillin (0%), Penicillin-
G (0%) and Streptomycin (0%).
9.9.2 Microbial diversity in Brucella organisms in livestock in Karnataka
Brucellosis remains major zoonoses and causes considerable economic losses in livestock and
cripples the man power, especially in those who are closely associated with the animal husbandry
activities. It is essentially a disease of sexually matured animals and have predilection for ungulates
placentae, foetal fluids, joints and testes in livestock which leads to infertility, abortion, ROP and other
reproductive problems. It has been an emerging disease since the discovery of B. melitensis by Bruce in
1887. Subsequently, an increasingly complex pattern of strains emerged with the identification of six
nomen species belonging to genus Brucella and more recently, two more species infecting marine
mammals are of great importance. Therefore, accurate and early diagnosis of the brucellosis is of great
importance.
Conventional diagnosis of brucellosis is based on clinical observations and is complemented by

serology and microbiological culture tests. However, the former is limited in sensitivity and specificity,
the later is time consuming and is a biohazard. Recently, DNA based molecular assays viz., PCR, PCR-
RFLP, RE analysis and nucleotide sequence analysis have gained importance in identifying brucellosis
cases as well as for epidemiological and evolutionary studies. The application of such DNA based
molecular methods for direct analysis of clinical samples such as tissues, serum, milk and blood have the
advantage that the result can be determined immediately which inturn is useful for early implementation
of species specific disease eradication programme. In human beings, serum is preferred clinical material
for direct detection of Brucella DNA. However, in livestock, the suitable clinical material for direct
detection of Brucella DNA is not yet established. Keeping this in view, Vivekananda (2009) evaluated
the molecular techniques with conventional diagnostic methods for diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock
and risk groups, besides, selection of suitable clinical material for direct detection of Brucella. Brucella
selective broth and media along with appropriate selective antibiotics were used as a primary culture
system for preliminary isolation of Brucella organisms. Brucella cultures were isolated in vaginal swabs
from, two of six (Herd C) and 16 of 44 (Herd D) cattle, all six buffaloes (Herd E), six of 33 sheep (Herd
K), one of six (Herd L) and three of 18 pigs (Herd M), which were serologically positive for brucellosis.
In risk groups, one of four blood sample collected from sero-positive patient yielded the Brucella
organisms.
Isolates presumptively identified to be Brucella based on morphological and cultural properties

were further subjected to specific agglutination test, staining techniques and preliminary biochemical tests
and the isolates were confirmed as Brucella organisms and they were further confirmed by PCR using
three different genus specific primer pairs viz., bcsp 31, omp2a and omp2b. The specificity of both genus
and species specific PCR and conserved nature of their target sequence in Brucella isolates and reference
strains were confirmed by nucleotide and RE analysis of same target sequence. Further, these techniques
detected the deletion of 138bp nucleotide in some of the B.abortus isolates which might belong to either
B. abortus biovar 1, 2 or 4. Further, genetic relatedness among isolates and between reference strains was
detected by phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence of genus (omp2a) and species specific
sequences. Although, both phylogenetic tree and sequence pair distance studies have shown close
relatedness among Brucella isolates and reference strains, the presence of little variations among some of
the isolates were noticed. Further, B. abortus isolates recovered from both cattle and buffaloes were
placed closely in the phylogenetic tree but in separate clusters. Interestingly, all the isolates from cattle
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were further affiliated to different sub-clusters. Similarly, B.melitensis isolates from both human beings
and sheep were located closely but in different sub-clusters. This might be due to likely possibility of
circulation of single strain of B.abortus in buffaloes and more than one strain of B.abortus in cattle herd
and B.melitensis in sheep flock. Furthermore, molecular detection of Brucella in clinical materials was
also carried out. Brucellae DNA was extracted from all the three types of clinical material viz., whole
blood, serum and vaginal samples, collected from both seropositive and seronegative animals using
QiAgen blood and tissue kit. Then the DNA was subjected to PCR amplification of 223bp sequence of
bcsp 31 using bcsp 31 F/R primer pair. Six (Herd C) seropositive cattle were negative, whereas of the 44
Brucella seropositive cattle from herd D, 27 (61.36%) in vaginal swabs, 11 (25.0%) in serum and seven
(15.90%) in blood and 35 (79.54%) in at least one of the sample was positive for Brucellae by PCR. Only
three animals showed Brucella DNA in all the three clinical specimens. All the 16 vaginal samples which
were positive for Brucella organisms by culture were also positive for Brucella DNA by PCR. Out of six
seropositive buffaloes (Herd E), all the six vaginal samples, five sera and none in blood yielded the
desired product. Of 33 sheep detected to be sero-positives, the desired amplicon was obtained in 26
vaginal swabs, two in blood and none in serum sample. In pigs (Herd L), one each in vaginal sample and
serum and none in blood samples were positive whereas in Herd M, of the 18 seropositive pigs, 10 in
vaginal swabs, five in serum and none in blood were positive for the expected amplicon by PCR. None of
the Brucella antibody free livestock were found positive. The vaginal swab / secretion were the most
suitable clinical specimen for PCR based direct detection of Brucella in livestock. The next best clinical
specimen is serum, followed by blood sample. It is also found that some of the animals, which are
negative for brucellosis in vaginal samples by PCR, were found positive either in blood or serum by the
same PCR assay. In human beings, out of 12 seropositive patients, seven were positive by PCR. Out of
these seven, five were PCR positive in both serum and blood while two were positive only in serum by
PCR. The serum was found to be appropriate clinical specimen for the diagnosis of brucellosis as higher
number of positives was detected in serum than in blood by PCR. The PCR detected the DNA of specific
Brucella species in animals that are actually suffering from brucellosis. This is not possible in serological
diagnosis of brucellosis wherein, serological tests detect merely the presence of antibodies rather than
infection. Therefore, PCR will not only over come all the drawbacks of serological tests but also is
helpful in identifying the presence of Brucella infection without isolation. Therefore, PCR assay can be
employed as an alternative technique in such circumstances although isolation of causative agent has been
considered as gold standard for diagnosis of brucellosis both in animals and human beings.
9.9.3 Microbial diversity in Salmonella organisms in Karnataka
A study was conducted by Karthik (2013) to access the prevalence of Salmonellosis in broiler
chicken in and around Bangalore. Random sampling of five organized farms and retail outlets was carried
out and a total of 260 samples comprising of liver, gall bladder, spleen, heart, ovary, fecal, feed and eggs
were tested. Cultural studies yielded in all 44 colonies of which 21 were biuochemically6 identied as
Salmonella. Salmonella Gallinarum was the only serotype to be isolated. Antibiogram profiles revealed
resistance to Amoxycillin-Sulbactum, Ampicillin and Penicillin-G. The high prevalence of Salmonella
Gallinarum (8.07%) suggested the chance of outbreak of fowl typhoid in broilers during any stress
conditions.
9.9.4 Microbial diversity in Pasturella multocida organisms in Karnataka
Somshekhar (2014) undertook study to isolate and characterize Pasturella multocida strains
from Hemorrahic septicemia cases in Karnataka. A total of 12 isolates receovered in the present study
from different outbreaks of HS were phenotypically characterized and confirmed by multiplex PCR using
species and serogroup B specific sets of primers. All the isolates were pathogenic to mice. Antibiotic
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sensitivity revealed all the isolates were sensitivie to cefotaxime and chloramphenicol followed by
ceftriaxone tazobactum, ampicillin, cloxacillin and erythromycin. However, they were resistant to
amikacin, metyhicillin and sulphasomidine. The isolates varied in their resistance pattern. The study
indicated that the PCR is specific and rapid diagnostic tool and noted that there is an eemergence of
resistance strains to commonly used antibiotics in the field.
9.9.5 Microbial diversity in bovine Leptospira organisms in Karnataka
Leptospirosis is an important disease of zoonotic importance. In Karnataka, Shivraj Murag

(2014) studied the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in Karnataka where in a total of 582 serum samples
were collected from cows and buffaloes with a history of reproductive disorders from from Bangalore,
Belgaum, Gulbarga and Mysore. These samples were subjected to Microscopic Agglutination Test i. The
teste revealed that 163 (28%) serum samples were positive for six serovars i.e., Leptospira hardjo, (9.6%),
Pomona (4.6%), caninicola (3.26 %), icterohaemorrhagiae (2.92 %), hebdomadis (2.92 %) and autumnalis
(2.75 %). The nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic studies revealed that the samples were belonging
to L. interrogaans species. The Lip L 41 gene was found better in identifying the Leptospira interrogans
and L. borgpetersenii.
9.9.6 Microbial diversity in Classical Swine Fever virus in Karnataka
A study was undertaken by Shivraj (2014) with the objective of seroprevalence, isolation,
molecular characterization of Classical Swine Fever virus isolates of Karnataka and expression of TLR 7
and TLR 8 in CSFV infected pigs. A total of 517 serum, 113 blood and 31 tissue samples were collected
from suspected field cases of CSF in different districts of Karnataka. The mean prevalence of CSFV
antibodies in serum samples for the 20 districts was 33 % (173 / 517) with Southern Karnataka having
higher prevalence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the 26 CSFV isolates belonged to subgroup 2.2.
9.9.7 Microbial diversity in Foot and Mouth Disease virus in Karnataka
A retrospective study on Epidemiology and Seroprevalence of Foot and mouth disease in

Karnataka was carried out Govindraj (2015) carried out between 2002-03 to 2012-13. A total of 5260
outbreaks with 135662 cases of FMD were recorded from 30 different revenue districts of Karnataka.
Cattle and buffalo were the predominant species affected, involved in all the outbreaks reported. A large
majority of outbreaks were caused by serotype O (84 %), followed by A (11.4%) and Asia 1 (4.6%). The
study highlighted the sigbnificance of the O erotype and cattle as the main indicator species in the
epidemiology of FMD in Karnataka. Yhe highest prevalence of FMD infection was observed in the
district of Yadgir (51.6%) followed by Gulbarga (31.6%) and least prevalence in Tumkur district (7.9%).
9.9.8 Microbial diversity in Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Bovine Herpes virus -1) in
Karnataka
Chandranaik (2012) described the molecular epidemiology of Bovine Herepes virus-1 on testing
212 samples comprising semen from 91 bulls and swab samples from 121 cows. Blood samples were
collected from all 212 animals.Avidin-Biotin ELISA revealed 74 animals as sero positive for BoHV-1
antibodies. Upon inoculation in MDBK cell lines, five isolates were obtained. Nucleotide sequence
analysis clustered five isolates under BoHV-1.1 and four under BoHV 1.2.
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9.10 Microbial biodiversity of livestock with reference to rumen microbial population in
Karnataka and application of Biotechnology for Improving Fibre Digestibility and
development of probiotics
The science of biotechnology may provide new and unprecedented opportunities to improve the
productivity of animals through increased growth, carcass quality and reproduction, improved nutrition
and feed utilization (improved fibre digestion in Indian ruminants fed low quality roughages improved
quality and safety of food, improved health and welfare of animals, and reduced waste through more
efficient utilization of resources. The livestock industry will benefit from the application of biotechnology
in other areas such as development of new and improved feedstuffs, as well as in microbiology as related
to food and any other rapid major technological bioremediation. Following are the details of relevant5
work carried out in Karnataka.
9.10.1 Application of biotechnology for improving fibre digestion
Silage inoculants: An indirect approach for enhancing the fibre digestion in ruminants is by modification
of silage inoculants. For silage preservation, growth of lactobacilli (indigenous or added) on soluble
sugars present in the plants with the production of lactic acid is essential. When the carbohydrate content
of the silage is low, then the inclusion of amylase / cellulase / hemicellulase enzymes releases sugars for
the growth of lactobacilli. Therefore, the inoculation of genetically modified silage bacteria produces
enzymes to obtain better ensiling and / or predigest the plant material to obtain better digestibility in the
rumen. Recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum were constructed to express amylase, cellulase and
xylanase genes were found to survive and grow in silage. However, the impacts on silage digestibility
have to be assessed.
Supplementation of probiotics: Manipulation of the micro flora in the intestine through the use of
prebiotics and probiotics will also aid the improvement of nutrient digestion. The composition of the
intestinal microbial population and competitive exclusion of pathogens has been recognized as a
significant factor impacting on health and growth performance. Probiotics can be defined as those
microorganisms which, when administered to animals or humans, may provide beneficial effects to the
host by improving the environment of the indigenous microflora. Changes in microbial populations as a
result of pre- and pro-biotic treatments leads to a reduction in the proliferation and attachment of
pathogenic organisms and reduces the incidence of disease. Pre and pro-biotic products have provided
inconsistent results. The effects appear greatest in young fast growing animals when microbial flora is
subject to large change, such as after weaning, and diminish with age. This age effect is consistent with
the capacity of the normal gut flora to resist change
9.10.1.1 Transgenic approaches in animals and microbes for improved nutrition and
metabolism
The use of recombinant DNA technology to produce genetically-modified microorganisms is one of

the most important scientific advances of the 20th century. It has great potential in research because it
allows the development of highly sensitive analytical procedures. It also has potential in industry, leading
to processes and products that would be difficult to develop using conventional techniques.The potential
of recombinant DNA technology to develop new strains of bacteria for improved fiber digestibility
remains largely unrealized. Strategies proposed have included the following:
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 Increasing the competitiveness of cellulolytic organisms (F. succinogenes, Ruminococcus) by
conferring the ability to utilize xylose and pectins, thereby allowing earlier colonization of
particulate matter,
 Inserting the cellulase gene into numerically pre dominant species (B. ruminicola),
 increasing the competitiveness of cellulolytic species present in the rumen in low numbers
(C.polysaccharolyticum) by according the ability to come into contact with adhere to feed
particles,
 Inserting an acid-tolerant cellulase gene into acid-tolerant bacteria (Lactobacillus) to allow fiber
fermentation at a rumen pH less than 6,
 Developing a cutinase activity in predominant bacteria and
 Allowing predominant species to degrade arabinose side chains, thereby overcoming the rate-
limiting effect of lignin.
Development of suitable vectors that act as gene transfer systems is of great importance to obtain
genetically modified rumen bacteria. Specific genes (exoglucanase, acetyl esterase, feruloyl esterase)
could be introduced into rumen bacteria by genetic engineering, promoting, among others, improved plant
cell wall digestion and detoxification of certain plant toxins. These will potentially result in improved
nutrient utilization and animal production. Different shuttle vectors have been synthesized from native
plasmids to be used as effective gene transfer vehicles for rumen bacteria. Though some of these vectors
are stable (pQE trisystem vector) and efficient, the others are not. Various speculations have been made
regarding the prospects of genetically modified organisms. Recent reports on the cloning of the
dehalogenase gene from Moraxella spp. into Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and its stability over 500
generations without antibiotic selection have raised hopes. However, research on rumen bacteria with
regard to genetic manipulation has a long way to go before a modified organism can find its way from the
test tube to the animal in any significant number for research purposes (Thulasi et al., 2013)
9.10.2 Production of fibrionolytic enzymes in repeat batch culture using immobilized

zoospores of anaerobic rumen fungi
The zoospores of two isolates of polycentric rumen fundi Orpinimyces NIANP 58 isolated from
feces of a buffalo and Anaeromyces NIANP 115 (isolated from rumen liquor of cannaculated cow), were
immobilized in Sodium alginate solution for the production of three fibrolytic enzymes viz. CM case,
Xylanase and Beta glucocidase in repeat batch culture. Each enzyme activity was recorded over a period
of time. The results elucidated the feasibility of using the zoospores of anaerobic fungi for the large scale
production of these three enzymes, which have great potential in ruminant nutrition in the breakdown of
fibrous feeds and also various industrial applications (Manpal Shridhar and Deepak Kumar, 2010).
9.10.3 Manipulation of the rumen ecosystem through modified rumen microbes encoding
novel fibrolytic enzymes using nucleic acid based technologies for the improved
utilization of the crop residues”
Livestock production systems in India and other developing countries are mostly governed by
crop residues and other low cost agro-by-products as nutritional inputs using traditional technologies for
producing milk, meat, fibre, draught power and manure and play a significant role in national economy
and in improving socio economic conditions of resource poor farmers. The 21st century is going to
witness a huge demand for foods of animal origin due to increased consumer demand. This increased
demand need to be achieved by increasing the productivity to attain vertical increase, since we cannot
afford to increase the number of animals due to constraints in feed, land, water resources etc. Therefore,
available feed resources need to be utilized judiciously and need to improve the bioavailability of
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nutrients from these feeds. Under Indian conditions, the ruminants are fed on low quality roughages.
These roughages are poorly digested in the rumen leading to low production efficiency. In order to
improve the digestion of low quality crop residues, several methods were tried and tested. One of the
approaches is the modulation of the rumen ecosystem using genetically modified microbes (GMOs). This
is the basic area of research. The research work on applying the GMOs for increasing the digestibility of
crop residues is still in its infancy and the modified organisms have yet to find their way from test tube to
the animal in any significant numbers, even at least for research purposes. Working with rumen microbes
is very difficult task as the complete digestion of fibre takes place in rumen under anaerobic conditions.
But still there was a need to explore the options for improving the lignocellulosic complexes to provide
more energy to the animals. The study under this project was a basic and fundamental study and requires
more research before any conclusions are drawn.
The crop residues are the major source of feeding for ruminants in India and are poorly digested.
Ligno cellulose is the major component present in these crop residues which limits the quality of feed
thereby the productivity of ruminants. An attempt was been made in this project to modulate rumen
ecosystem by genetic engineering of microbes to improve the digestibility of poor quality straws. The
genetic manipulation of rumen microbes was one of the important areas of research gaining momentum.
The rumen anaerobic system is a unique fermentation which is inhabited by various micro organisms such
as bacteria, fungi, protozoa and bacteriophages etc., Very limited success has been obtained with respect
to the cultural enumeration of rumen microbes (bacteria, fungi and archaea). Current research indicated
that more than 90% of the microbes of an ecosystem have not been cultured, owing to difficulties
involved in isolation, cultivation and maintenance of the rumen microbial consortia.
The ruminants are fed with low quality roughages under Indian conditions. These roughages are
poorly digested in the rumen leading to low production efficiency. The digestibility of crop residues with
particular reference to lignocellulose is very complex process and clear cut picture about the same is not
fully established. The cell wall digestibility of crop residues in ruminants is about 35-55%. Further
increase in fibrolysis by about 5-10% would have a substantial impact on productivity of ruminants.
Several methodologies have been tried to improve the digestibility of crop residues. One of the
approaches attempted in this project was the genetic manipulation of the rumen ecosystem through
modified rumen microbes using the nucleic acid based technologies encoding the novel fibrolytic
enzymes. In this connection, rumen fluid/ digesta samples were collected from Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh. Faecal samples were collected from the zoo animals from Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and
Karnataka, and termite and Fungal samples were collected from MTCC, Chandigarh, Bangalore and
Chennai. DNA / RNA was extracted from the respective samples and ensured the suitability of
microbiome for further downstream processing. Primers were synthesized for the genes encoding
lignocellulolytic enzymes viz., feruloyl esterase (FAE), exoglucanase (EXO), endo glucanase (Endo),
Lignin peroxidise (LnP), manganese peroxidise (MnP) etc., after examining various sequences of these
enzymes available in the GenBank. The genes of interest were amplified and were cloned into E.coli. The
expression of the various enzymes was studied. The cellulolytic activity of different components of wood
and soil termites were assessed both by qualitative (congo red assay) and quantitative method and termite
population have been selected to clone the Endo gene. Bacteroides sp. and Streptomyces sp. have been
isolated from gut of the selected termite population for amplification by Polymerase chain reaction. The
genes of interest amplified were i) Feruloyl esterase gene from termite, Sambar deer, Rhinoceros, zebra,
ii) Endoglucanase gene from feaces of Zebra, South African elephant and termites, iii) Exoglucanase,
MnP and LiP from Basidimycotina. Induction and expression studies were successfully conducted for the
Feruloyl esterase, Endoglucanase, avicelase, Exoglucanse enzymes in E.coli and yeast using various
vectors such as pET32a, pET100, pQE trisystem, pYES series vectors. Enzyme purification condition
were standardized and the recombinant E. coli encoding FAE gene was over-expressed and the induced
protein was purified using Ni-NTA beads.
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The Enzyme activity of the expressed FAE, Endoglucanase, avicelase, xoglucanse was done.
Results clearly shown that the enzyme and the recombinant microbes encoding genes responsible for FAE
and EXO had potential in improving the digestibility of crop residues and thereby its nutritional value. In
vivo trial indicated that the Enzyme supplemented group when compared to control group showed better
rumen fermentation pattern. The microbial diversity studies were conducted with denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE) studies with regards to different phylotypes observed in the gel indicated greater
microbial diversity in enzyme supplemented group. The, overall results of the project indicated that-
Genes encoding Feruloyl esterase, Endoglucanase, avicelase, Exoglucanse, MnP and LiP into E.coli ,
B.fibrisolvens and yeast have been successfully isolated, amplified and cloned in E.coli , B.fibrisolvens
and yeast. Improved in-vitro digestibility (5 – 20%) of finger millet/wheat/ paddy straws was observed
with recombinant FAE enzyme, recombinant microbes (B.fibrisolvens encoding FAE, Yeast encoding
FAE, Exoglucanse, MnP and LiP), and also with mixed cultures of pure and recombinants. Increased
activities of different carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes, rumen fermentation, microbial diversity and
fibre digestibility (17% NDF and 24% ADF), was observed in crossbred cattle fed with FAE enzyme
when compared to control group fed with paddy straw based ration. Dosing with pure culture of
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in sheep and dosing with pure culture of Yeast and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in
crossbred cattle fed with paddy straw based ration did not show any effect on digestibility, rumen
fermentation
9.11 Impact on Environmental and Social Safeguard Framework
B. fibrisolvens is anaerobic bacteria and as soon as it is exposed to normal air, it will not survive.
S. cerevisiae is a non pathogenic organism and it has been used as probiotic in large animals and here it
will encode fibre digestion enzyme. Since, organisms will encode superior fibre digesting enzyme, it is
very safe and no environment threat is expected. The recombinant Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was
engineered by introducing the feruloyl esterase gene in vector into reference strain of B fibrisolvens. It
was found that this strain was an obligate anaerobe and did not survive exposure to air. Moreover, this
organism was able to express the FAE gene under anaerobic conditions and would under no condition be
harmful to the environment or the animal if dosed into the rumen. Also no environmental threat is
expected with Yeast encoding exoglucanase since it is a non pathogenic organism and it has been used as
probiotic in large animals (Final report of National Agricultural Innovation Project, (Indian Council of
Agricultural Research) Sub-project on Manipulation of the rumen ecosystem through modified rumen
microbes encoding novel fibrolytic enzymes using nucleic acid based technologies for the improved
utilization of crop residues (C-30020), National institute of animal nutrition and physiology, Adugodi,
Bangalore - 560 030 submitted in 2014).
9.11.1 Increasing the productivity of cattle with rumen fungal treatments
With a view to increase the productivity of cattle with rumen fungal treatments, anaerobic fungi
from rumen fluid and/or faeces of indigenous (wild) and domesticated ruminants in India and Australia
were isolated and purified
Anaerobic fungi were isolated and purified from buffalo and cow dung samples procured from
Anand, Chennai and Dharwad. Among these Orpinomyces and Anaeromyces genera were predominant.
Under the Orpinomyces genera’s O. joyonii and O. intercalaris were the two species isolated.
Anaeromyces elegans species with pointed or acuminate apex developing on solitary sporangiophores
predominated. Of the six species of Piromyces, only two species were isolated of which Piromyces
communis was predominant in all the samples studied. Caecomyces communis was isolated in large
numbers from the faecal samples of cattle and buffaloes with very active zoospores. The isolation of the
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recently described fifth genera of Cyllamyces spp in Indian cattle and buffalo was a novel finding and
represented one of the few isolates of this organism held in culture collection. Studies were also
conducted to isolate anaerobic fungi from the faecal material of zoo animals from Bannerghatta
National Park, Bangalore. The faecal material was collected from zebra (Zebra equi), hippopotamus
(Hippopotamus amphibus), mithun (Bos frontalis), elephant (Elephus maximus), sblack buck (Antilope
cervicapra) and spotted deer (Chital axis), horse and camel. Anaeromyces and Orpinomyces genera were
found to predominate.
Different fungal inoculums containing elite fungal isolates were tested in vivo in 3 different
experiments with cattle fed low quality feed. The results from these experiments were inconsistent This
approach for improving productivity was not practical or cost effective because of the time and effort
involved in the process of isolating, characterizing and culturing enough of the fungal cocktail for
inoculation and the complicated nature (and lack of understanding) of fungal ecology in the rumen.
Keeping the above in view, It was recommended by the authors to discontinue the search for new
fungal strains specifically for use as oral inoculums to improve ruminant productivity, but continue the
collection for industrial uses (enzymology) and the molecular characterisation of the isolates in the
collection to help improve the ability to study fungal ecology in the rumen ( Final report of project on
Increasing the productivity of cattle in India and Australia with rumen fungal treatments, NIANP,
2009).
9.11.2 Probiotics for improved growth
Probiotics are beneficial microbes inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of all the animals including
human beings. They help the host animals in various ways viz. exclude pathogenic organisms, improve
immunity of the host, improve nutrient absorption and utilization and also contribute valuable metabolites
and enzymes to the host. For a probiotics to be effective, the organism has to be: closely related, adequate
dose of the organisms need to be administered, the organism has to survive and establish in the digestive
tract. In a research project at NIANP, Banagalore, out of 110 cultures and isolates, 5 isolates were
selected by screening on probiotics criteria viz. pH and high bile salt tolerance, pathogen exclusion and
improvement on IVDMD. The selected organisms were identified using morphology and biochemical
tests and reconfirmed for their identity using 16sRNA partial gene sequence. These organisms were
Enterococus faecium, Enterococcus fecalis and Bacillus subtilis, Micrococus varians and Lactobacillus
maltromicus. A daily dose of 10 cfu /kg of E.fecalis over 142 days in the lambs recorded 43.3g/d ADG as
against 36.6g in control group. No difference was observed in dry matter intake (445-496 g/day) and
digestibility (70-73%) but, bacterial and protozoal counts were greater in probiotic supplemented adult
sheep.
Use of probiotics recorded higher ADG as compared to control over a period of 4 months of
feeding. Use of probiotics reduces the use of antibiotics in livestock rearing. Probiotics use is a green
technology and has no ill effect on the environment. Use of probiotics would increase growth rate of
young animals, which would lead to early sexual maturity, and early attainment of marketable weight.
The technology would result in to improved profit from livestock rearing (NIANP Technologies – An
overview 2012).
9.11.3 Microbes of gastro intestinal tract as probiotics for improved growth
At NIANP, Bangalore in a study, Enterococus faecium, Enterococcus fecalis, Bacillus subtilis,

Micrococus varians and Lactobacillus maltromicus were isolated from rumen of cattle. Use of probiotics
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recorded higher average daily gain (ADG) as compared to control over a period of 4 months of feeding.
Use of probiotics reduced the use of antibiotics in livestock rearing. Probiotics use is a green technology
and has no ill effect on the environment. Use of probiotics increased growth rate of young animals,
which lead to early sexual maturity, and early attainment of marketable weight. The technology could
result in to improved profit from livestock rearing (NIANP Technologies: An overview, 2012)

9.12 Conclusion

In conclusion, we are just beginning to understand the genetic diversity and population genetics
of pathogenic microorganisms. Such studies should preferably be undertaken with structured collections
of the pathogens using highly portable, state‐of –the art technique such as Multilocus sequence typing
which is also amenable to validation and electronic data –basing so that global comparisons can be
made. However, using data already available, considerable insights have been gained into the molecular
mechanisms underlying the variations observed in the frequency and severity of infectious diseases,
desperate behavior of the clonal lineage of pathogen and the emergence of new and drug resistant
microbes. Such studies have also the potential to address problems relevant to public health such as
understanding nosocomial outbreaks, global epidemiology, diagnostics and drugs and vaccine
development. It is expected that improved understanding of the pathogen diversity will enable us to
practice public health interventions with greater sophistication. Long term benefits, which may accrue
from such studies, include clues to the emergence of new pathogens and improved understanding of
microbial pathogenicity and evolution and taxonomy. A large number of methods currently available are
being used to index genome wide variations in pathogenic microbes especially prokaryotic. However,
peculiarities inherent in the genetic diversity of eukaryotic pathogens such as pathogenic fungi and
parasitic protozoa are still poorly understood. The complete genome sequences of a number of
pathogens have already become available and more are being sequenced. With high throughput DNA
sequencing becoming cheaper and easily available, genetic diversity studies will get further impetus and
would be one of our major allies in fighting against pathogenic diverse microbial population.

9.13 Future perspectives

The extensive and intensive efforts world over in understanding the diversity of microbes of
livestock / medicial importance has indicated that what we know today is just the tip of the iceberg.
Many more novel and useful microbes of livestock origin are expected to be discovered in the near
future. Extensive funding and concerted and collaborative efforts are needed for understanding the
diversity of these microbes from livestock of Karnataka through an effective laboratory based network
and their exploration.

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Table 9.1: MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY‐ (LIVESTOCK)
Area of Production
Trade name/Local Production quantity Value per Unit
Sl. No. Scientific Name District Year Commercial use
Name/English Name (unit area in (Metric ton) Approx (in Rs.)
ha) Approx Approx
1 Modified rumen E.coli , B.fibrisolvens Bangalore 2014 Manipulation of the To be To be To be worked
microbes encoding and yeast cloned rumen ecosystem explored explored out
novel fibrolytic with genes encoding through modified
enzymes using Feruloyl esterase, rumen microbes
nucleic acid based Endoglucanase, encoding novel
technologies avicelase, fibrolytic enzymes
Exoglucanse, MnP using nucleic acid
and LiP based technologies
for the improved
utilization of the crop
residues
2 Genetically modified Recombinant Karnataka 2014 Enhancing the fibre To be To be To be worked
silage bacteria Lactobacillus digestion in ruminants explored explored out
producing fibre plantarum as these recombinant
digesting enzymes expressing amylase, organisms survivive
cellulase and and grow in silage.
xylanase.
3 Bovine Herpes Virus Bovine Herpes Virus Bangalore 2012 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
1.1, Bovine Herpes development of
Virus 1.2, diagnostics and vaccines
4 Hog Cholera virus Classical Swine Fever Bangalore 2014 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
Virus subgroup 2.2 development of
diagnostics and vaccines
5 Leptospires L. interrogaans species Bangalore 2014 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
development of
6 Pasturella Pasturella multocida Karnataka 2014 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
development of
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Area of Production
ha) Approx Approx
7 Predominant bacteria Streptococci, S. aureus, Bangalore, 2014 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
causing bovine mastitis Coagulase Negative Tumkur, development of
Staphylococci and E. Ramnagar diagnostics and vaccines
coli.
8 Salmonella Salmonella Gallinarum Bangalore 2013 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
development of
9 Predominant CONs Coagulase negative S. Bangalore 2012 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
causing bovine mastitis aureus, S. Urban, development of
epidermidis, S. Bangalore diagnostics and vaccines
chromogenes and S. rural,
sciuri Tumkur
10 Probiotics for improved Enterococus faecium, Karnataka 2012 Could be used as a To be explored To be explored To be worked out
growth Enterococcus fecalis, source of probiotics in
Bacillus subtilis, animal feed. Probiotics
Micrococus varians use is a green technology
and Lactobacillus and has no ill effect on
maltromicus the environment. Use of
probiotics increased
growth rate of young
animals, which lead to
early sexual maturity,
and early attainment of
marketable weight. The
technology could result
in to improved profit
from livestock rearing.
Biofilm forming Biofilm forming S. Bangalore 2012 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
Staphylococci from aureus Urban, development of
cases of bovine mastitis Bangalore diagnostics and vaccines
rural,
Tumkur
225

Area of Production
ha) Approx Approx
11 Major bacteria causing S.agalactiae and Bangalore 2011 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
bovine mastitis S.uberis, S. Urban, development of
dysgalactiae, S.aureus Bangalore diagnostics and vaccines
and E.coli rural,
Tumkur
12 Streptococcal species S.agalactiae, S.uberis Bangalore 2011 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
prevailing in subclinical and S. dysgalactiae Urban, development of
cases of bovine mastitis Bangalore diagnostics and vaccines
rural,
Tumkur
13 Zoospores of anaerobic Polycentric rumen Karnataka 2010 the large scale To be explored To be explored To be worked out
fungi fungi Orpinimyces production of these three
NIANP 58 isolated enzymes, which have
from feces of a buffalo great potential in
and Anaeromyces ruminant nutrition in the
NIANP 115 (isolated breakdown of fibrous
from rumen liquor of feeds and also various
cannaculated cow) industrial applications
immobilized in Sodium
alginate solution for the
production of three
fibrolytic enzymes viz.
CM case, Xylanase and
Beta glucocidase
Anaerobic fungi from Orpinomyces joyonii , Dharwar 2009 Industrial uses To be explored To be explored To be worked out
rumen fluid and/or Anaeromyces elegans , (enzymology)
faeces of indigenous Piromyces communis ,
(wild) and domesticated Caecomyces communis
ruminants
Brucella B.abortus , B.melitensis Bangalore 2009 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
development of
14 S. aureus , S. equorum , Bangalore 2006 Could be used for To be explored To be explored To be worked out
226

Area of Production
ha) Approx Approx
S. xylosus, S. sciuri Urban, development of
subsp rodentium, S. Bangalore diagnostics and vaccines
intermedius, S. rural,
saprophyticus, S. Tumkur
haemolyticus, S. capitis
subsp. ureolyticus, S.
arlettae, S. hyicus, S.
sciuri, S. sciuri subsp
carnaticus, S.
chromogens , S.
caseolyticus,
Streptococcus species,
E. coli, Klebsiella
species, Yeast,
Pseudomonas species
227

0

AGRICULTURALLY IMPORTANT
INSECTS
0

Chapter 10
LIST OF AGRICULTURALLY IMPORTANT INSECTS

10.1 List of cultures available in different laboratories of National Bureau of Agricultural Insects Resources (NBAIR), Bangalore
10.1.1 HOST INSECTS
Sl. Stage
NAN * IAN* Host insect Systematic position Utility
No. supplied
1. NBAII-MP-Pyr-01 MP-Pyr-01 Corcyra cephalonica Eggs Lepidoptera: Pyralidae For production of bio-
(Stainton) agents or for Research
work
2. NBAII- MP-Pyr-02 MP-Pyr-02 Chilo partellua Zell. Eggs & pupae Lepidoptera: Pyralidae For production of bio-
agents or for Research
work
3. NBAII- MP-Gel-01 MP-Gel-01 Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) Eggs Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae For production of bio-
work
4. NBAII- MP-Gel-02 MP-Gel-02 Pectinophora gossypiella Eggs Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae For production of bio-
Saund agents or for Research
work
5. NBAII- MP-Noc-01 MP-Noc-01 Helicoverpa amigera Eggs, 1st instar Lepidoptera: Noctuidae For production of bio-
(Hubner) larvae & pupae agents or for Research
work
6. NBAII- MP-Noc-02 MP-Noc-02 Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Eggs, 1st instar Lepidoptera: Noctuidae For production of bio-
larvae & pupae agents or for Research
work
7. NBAII-MP-Noc-03 MP-Noc-03 Spodoptera exigua Herting Eggs, 1st instar Lepidoptera: Noctuidae For production of bio-
work
8. NBAII-MP-Noc-04 MP-Noc-04 Earias vittella (Fabricius) Eggs, 1st instar Lepidoptera: Noctuidae For production of bio-
work
228

Sl. Stage
NAN * IAN* Host insect Systematic position Utility
No. supplied
9. NBAII- MP-Plu-01 MP-Plu-01 Plutella xylostella (Linn.) Pupae Lepidoptera: Plutellidae For production of bio-
work
10. NBAII-MP-Sat-01 MP-Sat-01 Samia cynthia Drury Eggs, 1st instar Lepidoptera: Saturnidae For production of bioagents
larvae & pupae or for Research work
11. NBAII- MP-Bru-01 MP-Bru-01 Callosobruchus spp. Adults Coleoptera: Bruchidae For production of bio-
work
12. NBAII- MP-Pse-01 MP-Pse-01 Maconellicoccus hirsutus Ovisacs / Hemiptera: For production of bio-
Green Crawlers Pseudococcidae agents or for Research
work
13. NBAII- QU-Pse-02 QU-Pse-02 Paracoccus marginatus Ovisacs / Hemiptera: For production of bio-
Williams & Granara de Crawlers Pseudococcidae agents or for Research
Willink work
14. NBAII-MP-Pse-03 MP-Pse-03 Phenacoccus solenopsis Ovisacs / Hemiptera: For production of bio-
Tinsley Crawlers Pseudococcidae agents or for Research
work
15. NBAII-MP-Pse-05 MP-Pse-05 Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Gravid Hemiptera: For production of bio-
females / Pseudococcidae agents or for Research
Crawlers work
16. NBAII-QU-Eul-01 QU-Eul-01 Leptocybe invasa Fisher & Galls Hymenoptera: Eulophidae For production of bio-
LaSalle agents or for Research
work
IAN – Institute Accession Number; *NAN - National Accession Number
229

Table 10.1.2: PARASITOIDS
SI. Biocontrol Stage Systematic Target Pest Recommended No. of release

NAN IAN
No Agent supplied position dosage recommended
1 NBAII- MP- MP-Tri-01 Trichogrammatoidea Parasitised Hymenoptera: Helicoverpa armigera - -
Tri-01 armigera Nagaraja (I) egg cards Trichogrammatidae - For Research work
2 NBAII- MP- MP-Tri-02 Tr. bactrae Nagaraja Parasitised Hymenoptera: Diamond back moth 2,500,000/ha Five releases at weekly
Tri-02 (I) egg cards Trichogrammatidae Plutella xylostella on intervals
cabbage
3 NBAII- MP- MP-Tri-02a Tr. bactrae - Maize Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-02a Karnataka (I) egg cards Trichogrammatidae
4. NBAII- MP- MP-Tri-03 Tr. bactrae (I) - SAS Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-03 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
5. NBAII- MP- MP-Tri-04 Tr. sp. nr. robusta Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-04 Nagaraja (I) egg cards Trichogrammatidae
6. NBAII- MP- MP-Tri-05 Tr. robusta Nagaraja (I) Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
7. NBAII- MP- MP-Tri-06 Trichogramma achaeae Parasitised Hymenoptera: Cotton (Non Bt) 1,50,000/ha on Six releases at weekly
Tri-06 Nagaraja & Nagarkatti egg cards Trichogrammatidae bollworms and Bhendi cotton (Non Bt) intervals
(I) Borer 50,000/ha on
vegetables
8. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-06a T. achaeae –Tomato, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-06a Karnataka (I) egg cards Trichogrammatidae
9. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-07 T. achaeae – Okra, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-07 Gujarat 1 (I) egg cards Trichogrammatidae
10. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-08 T. achaeae – Okra, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-08 Gujarat 2 (I) egg cards Trichogrammatidae
11. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-09 T. achaeae (I) - SAS Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
12. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-10 T. brassicae Bezdenko Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-10 (E) -Italy egg cards Trichogrammatidae
13. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-11 T. brassicae (E) - Parasitised Hymenoptera: Diamondback moth 100,000/ha Six releases at weekly
Tri-11 Canada egg cards Trichogrammatidae Plutella xylostella and intervals
Cabbage butterfly
Pieris brassicae on
cabbage and
cauliflower
230

NAN IAN
14. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-12 T. cacoeciae Marchal Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-12 (E) – Th, France egg cards Trichogrammatidae
15. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-13 T. chilonis Ishii (I) Parasitised Hymenoptera: Sugarcane borers 50,000/ha on Sugarcane - 4 to 6
Tri-13 egg cards Trichogrammatidae Chilo infuscatellus, sugarcane and releases at 10 days
Chilo sacchariphagus vegetables; intervals for early shoot
indicus, Chilo 100,000 /ha on borer; 8 to 10 releases
auricilius, Acigona maize and for
steniellus; Cotton 1,50,000/ha on stalk, internode and
(Non Bt) bollworms cotton Gurdaspur borers;
Helicoverpa armigera, Cotton (Non Bt) &
Pectinophora Vegetables - Six
gossypiella & Earias weekly releases; Maize
spp.; Maize stem borer - Three releases at five
Chilo partellus, days intervals
Diamond back moth
Plutella xylostella;
Tomato fruit borer
Helicoverpa armigera
16. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-13a T. chilonis Ishii (I) - Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-13a Tomato, Karnataka egg cards Trichogrammatidae
17. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-14 T. chilonis (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-14 Sugarcane, Orissa egg cards Trichogrammatidae
18. NBAII-MP- MP -Tri -15 T. chilonis (I) – Maize, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-15 Punjab egg cards Trichogrammatidae
19. NBAII-MP- MP- Tri - 16 T. chilonis (I) – Pigeon Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-16 pea, Gujarat 1 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
20. NBAII-MP- MP- Tri - 17 T. chilonis (I) – Pigeon Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-17 pea, Gujarat 2 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
21. NBAII-MP- MP- Tri - 18 T. chilonis (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-18 Sugarcane, Gujarat 3 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
22. NBAII-MP- MP -Tri - 19 T. chilonis (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
23. NBAII-MP- MP- Tri - 20 T. chilonis (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-20 Safflower (Hairy egg cards Trichogrammatidae
caterpillar eggs) A P
231

NAN IAN
NBAII-MP- MP- Tri - 21 T. chilonis (I) – Kerala Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
24.
NBAII-MP- MP- Tri - 22 T. chilonis (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
25.
Tri-22 Pomegranate, J&K egg cards Trichogrammatidae
NBAII-MP- MP -Tri - 23 T. chilonis (I) – Maize, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
26.
Tri-23 J&K egg cards Trichogrammatidae
NBAII-MP- MP -Tri - 23a T. chilonis Ishii (I) - Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
27. Tri-23a Forest trees, Nilgiris, T. egg cards Trichogrammatidae
N.
NBAII-MP- MP -Tri - 23b T. chilonis Ishii (I) - Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
28. Tri-23b Lupin, Kodaikanal, egg cards Trichogrammatidae
T. N.
NBAII-MP- MP -Tri - 23c T. chilonis Ishii (I) - Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
29. Tri-23c Peas, Kodaikanal, egg cards Trichogrammatidae
T. N.
NBAII-MP- MP -Tri - 23d T. chilonis Ishii (I) Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
30. Tri-23d Plum, Kodaikanal, egg cards Trichogrammatidae
T. N.
NBAII-MP- MP -Tri - 23e T. chilonis Ishii (I) - Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
31. Tri-23e Butter beans, egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Kodaikanal,
T. N.
32. NBAII-MP- MP - Tri - 24 T. chilonis (I) - HQS Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
33. NBAII-MP- MP - Tri - 25 T. chilonis (I) - TTS Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
34. NBAII-MP- MP- Tri - 26 T. chilonis (I) - ESW Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
35. NBAII-GN- GN - Tri - 27 T. chilonis (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-27 Sugarcane, egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Maharashtra
Tri-28 Sugarcane, Orissa egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-29 Sugarcane, Haryana egg cards Trichogrammatidae
232

NAN IAN
Tri-30 Sugarcane, UP 1 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
41. NBAII-GN- GN- Tri - 33 T. chilonis (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-34 Sugarcane, Punjab 1 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-40 Sugarcane, Karnataka 1 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-41 Tomato, Karnataka 2 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-46 Capsicum, Karnataka 7 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-47 Capsicum, Karnataka 8 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
233

NAN IAN
Tri-48 Cabbage, Karnataka 9 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-49 Sugarcane, TN 1 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-50 Sugarcane, TN 2 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-51 Tomato, TN 3 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Tri-52 Tomato, TN 4 egg cards Trichogrammatidae
61. NBAII-GN- GN - Tri - 53 T. chilonis (I) –Tomato, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-53 AP egg cards Trichogrammatidae
62. NBAII-MP- MP - Tri - 54 T. chilotraeae Nagaraja Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-54 & Nagarkatti (I)* egg cards Trichogrammatidae
63. NBAII-MP- MP - Tri - 55 T. cordubensis Vargas Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-55 & Cabello (E) – Th, egg cards Trichogrammatidae
France*
64. NBAII-MP- MP - Tri - T. danaidiphaga (I) Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-55A 55A Nagaraja & Prashanth, egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Calotropis, Kerala
65. NBAII-MP- MP- Tri - 56 T. danausicida Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-56 Nagaraja (I)* egg cards Trichogrammatidae
66. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-57 T. dendrolimi Parasitised Hymenoptera: Targeted against tissue - -
Tri-57 Matsumara (E) - egg cards Trichogrammatidae borers on maize and
Germany * sugarcane – For
Research work
67. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-58 T. embryophagum Parasitised Hymenoptera: Apple Codling moth 2000 adults per Releases starting from
Tri-58 (Hartig) (E) – Th, egg cards Trichogrammatidae Cydia pomonella tree or the first moth catch,
Germany* 100,000/ha continue at weekly
intervals till pest egg
availability in the field
68. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-59 T. embryophagum (E) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-59 Th, France* egg cards Trichogrammatidae
69. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-60 T. embryophagum (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-60 Th, Paddy egg cards Trichogrammatidae
70. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-61 T. embryophagum (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
234

NAN IAN
Tri-61 Th, Tea egg cards Trichogrammatidae
71. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-62 T. embryophagum (E) - Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-62 ESW egg cards Trichogrammatidae
72. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-63 T. evanescens Parasitised Hymenoptera: Targeted against tissue - -
Tri-63 Westwood (E) – Ar, egg cards Trichogrammatidae borers on maize and
France* sugarcane - For
Research work
73. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-64 T. evanescens (E) – Th, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work
Tri-64 France* egg cards Trichogrammatidae
74. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-65 T. japonicum Ashmead Parasitised Hymenoptera: Top shoot borer of Sugarcane & 1 Sugarcane: 4
Tri-65 (I) egg cards Trichogrammatidae sugarcane Scirpophaga Paddy:
to 6 releases at
excerptalis and Paddy 50,000/ha
stem borer 10 days
Scirpophaga incertulas
intervals on
observing pest
or from 60th
day
Paddy: 6 releases on
appearance of pest or
from 30th day after
transplantation
75. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-66 T. japonicum (I) - SAS Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
76. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-67 TTS of T. japonicum (I) Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-67 – TTS egg cards Trichogrammatidae
77. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-68 T. mwanzai Schulten Parasitised Hymenoptera: Targeted against - -
Tri-68 & Feijen (E) - Kenya* egg cards Trichogrammatidae Helicoverpa armigera
- For Research work
78. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-69 T. pieridis Nagaraja & Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-69 Mohanraj (I) – egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Karnataka*

235

SI. NAN IAN Biocontrol Stage Systematic Target Pest Recommended No. of release
79. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-70 T. pretiosum Riley (E) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: Tomato fruit borer 50,000/ha Six releases at weekly
Tri-70 Th, Colombia* egg cards Trichogrammatidae Helicoverpa armigera intervals on appearance
of pest or from 45th day
from transplantation
80. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-71 T. pretiosum (E) – Ar, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-71 Germany* egg cards Trichogrammatidae
81. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-72 T. pretiosum (E) – Th, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-72 France* egg cards Trichogrammatidae
82. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-73 T. pretiosum (I) – Th, Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-73 Sugarcane, AP * egg cards Trichogrammatidae
83. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri - 74 T. semblidis (Aurivillius) Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-74 (E) – Th, France* egg cards Trichogrammatidae
84. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-75 T. semblidis (I) – Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-75 Karnataka* egg cards Trichogrammatidae
85. NBAII-MP- MP-Tri-76 T. hebbalensis (I) Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Tri-76 Nagaraja, Maize, egg cards Trichogrammatidae
Karnataka
86. NBAII-MP- MP-Eup-01 Anastatus acherontiae Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Eup-01 Narayanan, Subba Rao egg cards Eupelmdae
& Ramachandra Rao (I)
87. NBAII-MP- MP-Eup-02 A. bangaloriensis Mani Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Eup-02 & Kurian (I) egg cards Eupelmdae
88. NBAII-QU- QU- Enc-01 Acerophagus papayae Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Enc-01 Noyes & Schauff (E)* mealy bug Encyrtidae and field releases
colonies
89. NBAII-QU- QU-Eul-01 Quadrastichus mendeli Parasitised Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Eul-01 Kim & La Salle (E)* galls Eulophidae and field releases
90. NBAII-MP- MP-Sce-01 Telenomus remus Nixon Parasitised Hymenoptera: Tobacco caterpillar 1 lakh /ha Three to four releases
Sce-01 (E) egg cards Scelionidae Spodoptera litura
91. NBAII-MP- MP-Bet-01 Goniozus nephantidis Cocoons Hymenoptera: Coconut black-headed 10 adults per Four releases
Bet-01 (Muesebeck) (I) Bethylidae caterpillar Opisina palm
arenosella
92. NBAII-GN- GN-Bet-02 G. nephantidis (I) – TN* Cocoons Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Bet-02 Bethylidae
93. NBAII-GN- GN-Bet-03 G. nephantidis (I) – Cocoons Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Bet-03 Karnataka* Bethylidae
236

Bet-04 Kerala* Bethylidae
95. NBAII-GN- GN-Bet-05 G. nephantidis (I) – AP* Cocoons Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Bet-05 Bethylidae
Bet-06 Gujarat* Bethylidae
Bet-07 Orissa* Bethylidae
98. NBAII-GN- GN-Bra-01 Cotesia plutellae Cocoons Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Bra-01 (Kurdjumov) (I) – UP* Braconidae
99. NBAII-GN- GN-Bra-02 C. plutellae (I) – Cocoons Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Bra-02 Meghalaya* Braconidae
100. NBAII-GN- GN-Bra-03 C. plutellae (I) – Orissa* Cocoons Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Bra-03 Braconidae
101. NBAII-GN- GN-Bra-04 C. plutellae (I) – Cocoons Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Bra-04 Karnataka* Braconidae
102. NBAII-GN- GN-Bra-05 C. plutellae (I) - AP* Cocoons Hymenoptera: For Research work - -
Bra-05 Braconidae
103. NBAII-MP- MP-Bra-06 Chelonus blackburnii Adults Hymenoptera: Potato tuber moth 50000 adults Two releases at weekly
Bra-06 Cameron (E)* Braconidae Phthorimaea /ha in the field intervals
operculella 2 adults per kg Three to four releases
of potatoes in (or as per need) at
godowns fortnightly intervals
* Only Nucleus culture will be supplied, either for research work or for further scaling up for commercialization
# Sugarcane, Cotton and Vegetable strains of T. chilonis maintained; I: Indigenous; E: Exotic
IAN – Institute Accession Number; NAN ‐ National Accession Number
237

Table 10.1.3: PREDATORS

NAN IAN
1. NBAII-MP- MP-Coc-01 Cryptolaemus Adults / Grubs Coleoptera: Mealy bugs 10 beetles or 50 One or more releases
Coc-01 montrouzieri Coccinellidae Maconellicoccus grubs /infested based on pest
Mulsant (E) hirsutus, Planococcus plant or tree or intensity
citri, P. lilacinus 5000 beetles/ha
2. NBAII-MP- MP-Coc-03 Chilocorus nigrita Adults / Eggs Coleoptera: Sugarcane scale insect 1500 One or more releases
Coc-03 (Fabricius) (I) Coccinellidae Melanaspis glomerata beetles/ha; or based on pest
Citrus scale Aonidiella 10 egg pads intensity
aurantii (with 40 eggs
per pad) in 100
spots/ha
(40,000
eggs/ha)10
adults/tree
3. NBAII-MP- MP-Coc-04 Cheilomenes Adults / Eggs Coleoptera: Aphis craccivora on 5000 larvae or Two releases; first
Coc-04 sexmaculata Coccinellidae legumes and Lipaphis 500 adults per release to coincide
Fabricius (I)* erysimi on oilseed crops ha with the appearance
of aphids
4. NBAII-MP- MP-Coc-05 Coccinella Adults / Eggs Coleoptera: Aphis craccivora on 5000 larvae or Two releases; first
Coc-05 septempunctata Coccinellidae legumes and Lipaphis 500 adults per release to coincide
Linnaeus (I)* erysimi on oilseed crops ha with the appearance
of aphids
5. NBAII-MP- MP-Coc-06 Brumoides suturalis Adults Coleoptera: Aphids and white flies - -
(Fabricius) (I)* Coccinellidae
Coc-06
6. NBAII-MP- MP-Coc-07 Curinus coeruleus Adults Coleoptera: Subabul psyllid 20 Adults per Two releases during
Mulsant (E) Coccinellidae Hetropsylla cubana tree July and October
Coc-07
7. NBAII-MP- MP-Chr-01 Chrysoperla Eggs / First Neuroptera: Sucking pests on 10,000 first Twice during the
zastrowi sillemi instar larvae Chrysopidae cotton, tobacco, instar larvae/ha season with an
Chr-01
(Stephens) (I) sunflower, groundnut& interval of 15 days
some fruit crops On fruit crops, 10 –
20 larvae per infested
tree
238

NAN IAN
8. NBAII-GN- GN-Chr-02 C. z. sillemi (I) – Eggs / First Neuroptera: For research work - -
Chr-02 Cotton, TN instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-03 Cotton, Karnataka instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-04 Cotton, AP instar larvae Chrysopidae
Cotton, Delhi instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-05
Cotton, Haryana instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-06
Cotton, Punjab instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-07
Cotton, Rajasthan 1 instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-08
Cotton, Rajasthan 2 instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-09
Cotton, Orissa instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-10
Cotton, UP instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-11
Cotton, Gujarat instar larvae Chrysopidae
Chr-12
19. NBAII-MP- MP-Hem-01 Micromus timidus Larvae Neuroptera: A. craccivora on Research in Research in
Hem-01 (Hagen) (I) * Hemerobiidae legumes & oilseeds & progress progress
Sugarcane Woolly
Aphid
239

NAN IAN
20. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-01 Cardiastethus Adults/Nymphs Hemiptera: Opisina arenosella 50 Three releases
exiguus Poppius (I) Anthocoridae Coconut black-headed nymphs/adults
Ant-01
– caterpillar per tree
21. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-04 Blaptostethus Adults/Nymphs Hemiptera: Spider mites on bhendi 5 to 10 nymphs Five releases
pallescens Poppius Anthocoridae per plant
Ant-04
(I)
22. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant- 05 Xylocoris flavipes Adults / Hemiptera: Storage pests For research -
(Reuter) (I) * Nymphs Anthocoridae work
Ant-05
23. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-06 Orius tantillus / Adults / Hemiptera: Thrips For research -
Orius maxidentex Nymphs Anthocoridae work
Ant-06
Ghauri (I) *
24. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-07 Montandoniola Adults / Hemiptera: Thrips For research -
Ant-07 indica Yamada (I)* Nymphs Anthocoridae work
25. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-08 Amphiareus Adults / Hemiptera: Thrips For research -
Ant-08 constrictus (Stål) Nymphs Anthocoridae work
(I)*
26. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-09 Anthocoris Adults / Hemiptera: Thrips For research -
Ant-09 muraleedharani Nymphs Anthocoridae work
Yamada (I)*
27. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-10 Blaptostethoides Adults / Hemiptera: Thrips For research -
Ant-10 pacificus (Herring) Nymphs Anthocoridae work
(I)*
28. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-11 Buchananiella Adults / Hemiptera: Thrips For research -
Ant-11 indica Nymphs Anthocoridae work
Muraleedharan (I)*
29. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-12 Xylocoris afer Adults / Hemiptera: Thrips For research -
Ant-12 Reuter (I)* Nymphs Anthocoridae work
30. NBAII-MP- MP-Ant-13 Cardiastethus Adults / Hemiptera: Thrips For research -
Ant-13 affinis Poppius (I)* Nymphs Anthocoridae work
*Only Nucleus culture will be supplied, either for research work or for further scaling up for commercialization I: Indigenous; E: Exotic IAN – Institute Accession
Number; NAN - National Accession Number
240

NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established in 2003 to implement India’s Biological
Diversity Act (2002). The NBA is a Statutory, Autonomous body and it performs facilitative, regulatory
and advisory functions for Government of India on issues of conservation, sustainable use of biological
resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of biological resources.
There are three statutory bodies established under the Act:
1. National Biodiversity Authority;

2. State Biodiversity Boards;
3. Biodiversity Management Committees.
The Biological Diversity Act (2002) mandates implementation of the Act through decentralized system
with the NBA at the National Level focusing on advice to the Central Government on matters relating to
the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of benefits
arising out of the utilization of biological resources.
At the regional level, the State Biodiversity Board (SBBs) focuses on the implementation of the Act in the
respective States.
Finally, at the local level, the Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC’s), constituted by local
bodies, are responsible for promoting conservation, Sustainable use and documentation of biological
diversity at the local level.
KARNATAKA BIODIVERSITY BOARD
Karnataka Biodiversity Board was established as per the section 22 of the Biological Diversity
Act, 2002 in June 2003 and started functioning from 1st August 2003. The Government of Karnataka also
notified the Karnataka Biological Diversity Rules in 2005 vide G.O no. FEE 151 ENV 2005 dated 3rd
May 2006 (with effect from 29th June 2006) as per the powers conferred under the Section 63 of the
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
The prime objective of the Board is to foster the institutional setup for documentation, sustainable
use and development of the rich biodiversity of the state for effective implementation of the Biological
Diversity Act, 2002 and facilitate the formation of Local Level Biodiversity Management Committees
(BMC’s) and Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS).
241

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1. Chapter 1 : Tradable bio-resources in agriculture sector in Karnataka 1 – 22

2.5.1 Green fodder requirements. 29

4.4 Technical and extension Support 94

5.8.1 Contribution of livestock and poultry sector to Karnataka's GSD 138

5.17.2.1 Osmanabadi breed 153

7.2.3 General Characteristics of Mudhol 178

9.8 Microbial diversity of major bacterial pathogens viz. 213

9.12 Conclusion 223

Sl. No. LIST OF TABLES Pg. No.

Value, In Karnataka (District-Wise)

Sl. No. LIST OF FIGURES Pg. No.

TRADABLE BIO-RESOURCES IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN

 Agro-biodiversity is actively managed by male and female farmers-many components of

1.1.2 Genetic erosion in agro-biodiversity

1.1.3 Facts about agricultural diversity

1.2 Agricultural profile of Karnataka

1.2.1 What is happening to Agricultural biodiversity?

1.2.3 Traditional paddy crops grown in Karnataka

1.3.1 Akkadi Cropping System of Millets:

It is perceived as a viable tool to increase on-farm biodiversity and a potentially important

1.3.2 Disappearing Millet system

1.3.3 Promotion of Millets in Karnataka

1.4.1 Action plan:

 In situ on-farm conservation of traditional cultivars/landraces, traditional practices and systems

1.4.2 Community-based agricultural Biodiversity Conservation Programme of Karnataka

Thus, against this backdrop, Green foundation pioneered Community-based agricultural

1.4.3 What is done in the programme?

1.4.4 Seed related activities of the programme

4. Janadhanya: It is an association of farming community members with vision to maintain

Total-2012-13 Value/Unit approx.

2 Ragi Pichachakaddiragi, Bili ragi, INDAF-1,3,5,8,9, GPU-26, GPU-28,

1. Government of Karnataka (2012). “Economic survey 2011-12”. Directorate of Economicsand

2. Government of Karnataka (2012) Statistical Abstract of Karnataka, various Issues, Directorate of

3. Government of Karnataka (2003). “Economic survey 2002-03”. Directorate of Economicsand

5. Food and Agricultural Organization – www.fao.org

2.2 Fodder Demand and Supply in India

2.3 Fodder supply

2.4 Major cultivated grasses and legumes

The sources of green fodder availability for livestock feeding are

(i) Cultivated green fodder.

(iv) Industrial wastes from Horticulture and Sericulture Industry.

(v) Grasses from pastures / grasslands and

(vi) Grasses from forests.

Table 2.8 : Grazing resources in India (2009- 2011)

2.5 Requirements of fodders and feeds in Karnataka

2.5.2 Dry fodder requirements

2.5.3 Concentrate requirements.

2.6 Role of coarse grain cereals as crop residues

2.8 Availability of natural grasses

2.10 Tradable by products used as concentrates of feed

2.12 Dry fodder production

2.13 Concentrate feeds availability

2.14 Biodiversity in forage resources

Temperate species, such as Cicer microphyllum, Lespedeza floribunda, Medicago falcata, M.

Temperate species, such as Agrostis gigantea, A. munroana, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus

2.14.4 Tree fodders:

2.14.6 Leucaena leucocephala

2.14.7 Gliricidia sepium

2.14.8 Sesbania species