By

Maryum Atique
M. Phill chemistry
University of Agriculture
FSD.
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Quality Assessment and its Importance
 Type of Quality Parameter
 Explanation and Discussion
 Applications of Q.A.
 Questions and Answer session

 HYDROSPHERE
 It Contain all the water Distribution of
resources
water
 It include
(Oceans,Rivers,lakes,Glaci
ers,Ground Water etc)
 Oceans contain 97%,high oceans
salt contents, not useable glaciers
 Glaciers contain 2% fresh
 Fresh water (surface
water,rivers,lakes,ground
water) 1%
Fresh water
consumption
1% fresh water is Uses
consumed as
• 69% is used in
agriculture
• 23% is used in agriculture

industries industry
domestic
• 8% is used for
domestic
purpose
 Water Quality
 Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and
biological characteristics of water
 Another general perception of water quality is that of a
simple property that tells whether water is polluted or not.
 It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the
requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any
human need or purpose.
 The most common standards used to assess water quality
relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human health
and drinking water.
 In fact, water quality is a complex subject, in part because
water is a complex medium.
Water quality assessment
 Water quality is determined by assessing three classes of
parameters: biological, chemical, and physical.
 Biological parameter : Biological attributes refer to
the number and types of organisms that inhabit a waterway
 Chemical parameters: include
DO,COD,BOD,HARDNESS,Silanity,pH etc
 Assessment of water quality by its chemistry includes
measures of many elements and molecules dissolved or
suspended.
 Physical parameters : includes
TSS,TDS,Temp,colour,odour,etc

Water quality parameter
 are considered of primary importance to the quality of
drinking water
 the EPA drinking water standards are categorized as
primary drinking water standards and secondary drinking
water standards
 Primary drinking water standards regulate organic and
inorganic chemicals, microbial pathogens, and radioactive
elements that may affect the safety of drinking water
 Secondary drinking water standards regulate
chloride, colour, copper, corrosivity, foaming
agents, iron, manganese, odour, pH, sulfates, total
dissolved solids, and zinc, all of which may affect qualities
of drinking water like taste, odour, colour, and appearance.
BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
 Biological attributes refer to the number and types of
organisms that inhabit a waterway
 Bioassessment of
 macro invertebrates is a procedure that uses
inexpensive equipment, is scientifically valid if done
correctly,
 Bioassessments can provide benchmarks to which
other waters may be compared and can also be used to
define rehabilitation goals and to monitor trends
 Method (Sample+TSB+25 t035C+72 Hours)
Chemical Assessment
 Commonly measured chemical parameters
include pH,alkalinity , hardness, nitrates, nitrites and
ammonia, ortho and total phosphates, and dissolved
oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand
 Chemical measures can also be used to detect
imbalances within the ecosystem.
 In addition, some "chemical" measurements actually
indicate the physical presence of pollutants in water.
These include measurements such as conductivity and
density.
DO
 Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen (DO) is a
relative measure of the amount of oxygen that
is dissolved or carried in a given medium
 It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen
probe such as an oxygen sensor or an opted in liquid
media, usually water. The standard unit is milligrams
per litre (mg/l) or parts per million (ppm).
 Also known as Oxy.saturation
 Prob are like fule cell.semipermiable membrine
DO Probe
BOD
 Biochemical oxygen demand or B.O.D is the amount
of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms
in a body of water to break down organic material present
in a given water sample at certain temperature over a
specific time period
 This is not a precise quantitative test
 although it is widely used as an indication of the organic
quality of water
 The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams
of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of
incubation at 20 °C
 Method
COD
 chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly
measure the amount of organic compounds in water
 Most applications of COD determine the amount
of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers)
or wastewater
 . It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L)
 Strong oxidizing agent are used at acidic conditions
 COD = (C/FW)(RMO)(32)
 Where C = Concentration of oxidizable compound in the sample
 ,FW = Formula weight of the oxidizable compound in the sample
 ,RMO = Ratio of the # of moles of oxygen to # of moles of oxidizable
compound in their reaction to CO2, water, and ammonia
 For example, if a sample has 500 wppm of phenol:
 C6H5OH + 7O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2OCOD = (500/94)(7)(32) = 1191 wppm
IMPORTANCE
 Every living thing on earth needs water to survive
 Human bodies are made up of more than 60 percent water
 We use clean water to drink, grow crops for food, operate factories, and
for swimming, surfing, fishing and sailing. Water is vitally important to
every aspect of our lives
 Monitoring the quality of surface water will help protect our waterways
from pollution.
 Farmers Our local, state and national governments use monitoring
information to help control pollution levels.
 Water quality can be difficult to measure. Water is a vast network of
branching rivers, springs, creeks, swamps, estuaries, wetlands, lakes, b
ays, etc
 so the more we monitor our water the better we will be able to
recognize and prevent contamination problems.
SOME PARAMETERS
• Color : colorless TDS : < 400 ppm
 TSS : < ,80 ppm Fe :
 Odor: Odorless
 pH : 6 to 8
 Temp.15 to 25
 DO : >5ppm
 Salinity : <50 ppm
 Ozone : < 0.005 ppm
Water Quality Standards
Parameter Concentration
(mg/L)
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 50-300
Ammonia (NH3-N unionized) <0.0125
(Salmonids)
Ammonia (TAN) Cool-water <1.0
fish
Ammonia (TAN) Warm-water <3.0
fish
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Tolerant Species (tilapia) <60
Sensitive Species (salmonids) <20
 Water Quality Standards

Parameter Concentration (mg/L)

Hardness, Total (as >100
CaCO3)
Iron (Fe) <0.15
Nitrogen (N2) <110% total gas pressure
<103 % as nitrogen gas
Nitrite (NO2) <1, 0.1 in soft water
Nitrate (NO3) 0-400 or higher

Recirculating Aquaculture
Systems Short Course
 Water Quality Standards

Parameter Concentration (mg/L)

Oxygen Dissolved (DO) >5
> 90 mm Hg partial pressure
Ozone (O3) <0.005
pH 6.5-8.5
Salinity <0.5 to 1
Total dissolved solids (TDS) <400
Total suspended solids (TSS) <80

Recirculating Aquaculture
Systems Short Course