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Value Addition Material For Mains 2018
Value Addition Material For Mains 2018
Mains 2018
We updated this document last on September 10, 2018
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Contents
Basic Content ..........................................................................................2
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
Constitution ................................................................................................................... 3
UN Human Rights ......................................................................................................... 5
Landmark judgments..................................................................................................... 6
Value Addition Through Diagrams ........................................................ 10
Venn Diagram .............................................................................................................. 10
Cause and Affect Relation ............................................................................................. 11
Locations ....................................................................................................................... 11
Comparison Diagrams ................................................................................................. 13
Sun Ray Diagram ......................................................................................................... 14
Life Cycle Diagrams ..................................................................................................... 18
Input and Outcome diagrams ...................................................................................... 19
Entity and its component............................................................................................. 19
Cycle Diagrams ............................................................................................................20
Component Diagram.................................................................................................... 21
Definition Diagram ...................................................................................................... 22
Complex Diagrams....................................................................................................... 23
Facts / Keywords /Examples / Diagrams ............................................... 25
Caste ............................................................................................................................. 25
Case Studies : Civil Servants ........................................................................................ 25
Case Studies : Village Models ...................................................................................... 26
Child Labour ................................................................................................................ 26
Citizen Charter ............................................................................................................. 27
Civil Society..................................................................................................................28
Comparison of expenditures ........................................................................................ 29
Corporate Governance ................................................................................................. 29
Corruption ................................................................................................................... 29
Crime and Police .......................................................................................................... 29
Defence ........................................................................................................................30
Diaspora .......................................................................................................................30
Digital India .................................................................................................................30
Disaster ........................................................................................................................ 32
Dowry ........................................................................................................................... 32
Drug Addiction and Alcoholism .................................................................................. 32
Ease of Doing Business ................................................................................................ 32
Economy ...................................................................................................................... 33
Education ..................................................................................................................... 35
Energy .......................................................................................................................... 36
Environment ................................................................................................................ 36
FDI ............................................................................................................................... 37
Food Processing ........................................................................................................... 37
Globalisation ................................................................................................................38
Governor ...................................................................................................................... 39
Health .......................................................................................................................... 39
Human Trafficking ..................................................................................................... 40
Important Indexes ....................................................................................................... 41
Inequality ..................................................................................................................... 43
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Infrastructure............................................................................................................... 43
Internet ........................................................................................................................ 44
Judiciary ...................................................................................................................... 45
Juvenile Justice............................................................................................................ 45
Land Reforms .............................................................................................................. 46
Manufacturing ............................................................................................................. 47
Mental Health .............................................................................................................. 47
NGOs ............................................................................................................................48
NPAs ............................................................................................................................48
Old Age ......................................................................................................................... 49
Parliament.................................................................................................................... 49
Pharma .........................................................................................................................50
Population ....................................................................................................................50
Poverty ......................................................................................................................... 51
Pressure Groups........................................................................................................... 53
RTI ............................................................................................................................... 54
Rural ............................................................................................................................ 54
Science and Innovation................................................................................................ 54
SHGs ............................................................................................................................ 54
Sports ........................................................................................................................... 55
Tourism ........................................................................................................................ 55
Trade ............................................................................................................................ 56
Unemployment ............................................................................................................ 56
Urbanisation ................................................................................................................ 57
Water Scarcity .............................................................................................................. 58
Women ......................................................................................................................... 59
Random........................................................................................................................ 61
Basic Content
Introduction
Every extra mark you get in UPSC makes a hell lot of difference. That extra one mark may be
helpful in getting you in the list or it may help you get your preferred service or cadre. The purpose
of this module is to
Ensure that you score that one extra mark wherever possible
Add value to your answer
Maximize your marks in each paper
So in totality we write around 110 – 135 questions. If we try to add value to each of these questions
and try to increase marks by ½ or 1 then it will make a substantial difference. However it is not as
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easy as it sounds. Nevertheless if from now onwards we develop such approach it can be very
fruitful.
Requirements:
1. Know your syllabus: One must be well versed with syllabus. Whenever you are going
through newspaper or any article and you come across anything interesting which can be
any data/ figure/case study /SC-HC judgement/quote etc. you must note it down and think
about which topic and type of question it can be used in.
2. Go through Previous year Question Paper: One must be thorough with various type
of question being asked. It will help you in picking right kind of information from various
news.
3. Note making and Revision: Note down the information in your notes and integrate it
with the topic/issue. Revise it again and again so that you remember it properly and
reproduce it in the examination.
4. Practice: Always try to add value to your answer whenever you are writing answer whether
it is at home or in test series.
In this module, we have extracted some of the facts/ case studies/ examples from IAS4Sure notes /
Toppers Notes which you can use in your answers. This value addition is an art and thus more you
practice, more you will be able to improve your answers. So start using these facts in your answers
from today itself.
These notes are just a sample and their purpose is to give you an idea about how you can use
facts/examples / diagrams to improve quality of answers and how same fact can be used in
multiple topics.
Constitution
Our constitution provides us with great content which can be used as fillers in our answer and it
will always be most authentic way to improve quality of our answers.
Fundamental Duties:
Almost everything can be linked to Fundamental duties like corruption, crime, hate against
women, communal riots , RTE, illiteracy etc. etc. So, try to use them in your answers. Read them
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again and again. You don't need to quote entire statement. Just mention as "eradicating illiteracy
is also a fundamental duty as per our constitution." or "maintaining high standard for safety for
women is a fundamental duty of each Indian as per our constitution."
Fundamental Duties:
Respect National Symbols: To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and
institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
Respect ideas of our forefathers: To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired
our national struggle for freedom;
Do our bit for country: To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of
India;
Duty to serve: To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do
so;
Maintain harmony and respect others: To promote harmony and the spirit of common
brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
Preserve our culture: To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
Preserve environment: To protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
Be rational: To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
Non-Violence: To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
Strive towards perfection: To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and
collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and
achievement;
Fight against illiteracy: Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for
education to his child or ward, as the case may be, between the age of six to fourteen years
In your notes, note down if any of the above duty can be applied. For ex. in your notes on literacy,
write down that it is every citizens duty to fight against illiteracy.
Fundamental Rights
You should mention the rights guaranteed by our constitution wherever you can. It is better if you
mention specific article number like : Restricting temple entry of women is against their right of
equality (A 15) as guaranteed to them by Indian Constitution.
So, read them again and again and try to interlink them with current issues.
You can link almost every current issues with some article in FRs. Like
Child Labour (A 24)
Child Education (A 21)
Undertrials (A 21)
Environment (A 21)
Street Vendors (A 19) etc.
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Again, you won't be able to do that it in exam hall. It is better to do this thinking task while you are
preparing. Note down all related FRs in your topic wise notes right now and start using them in
your answers.
Preamble
See keywords like Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Justice (Social, Economic, Political),
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity etc. You can mention these keywords in your answers like "This is
against the dignity of individual as specified in preamble of our constitution and guaranteed by A
21."
UN Human Rights
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These are basic rules which govern our society. Whatever happens, can be explained from the
point of views these rights. So, these rights can be mentioned in your answers when you are
lacking content. You can analyse the topic from the point of view of these rights.
For ex. A question on Khap came in 2015. Even if you didn't know the specific answer to that
question, you can write that Khaps violate basic human rights as defined by UN declaration of
Human Rights like Right to Freedom, Right to a fair trial, Freedom of speech, Freedom of
movement etc. In this way you can generate good content.
Keywords
Universal Declaration of Human Rights : All human rights were declared and this declaration
was adopted by almost all countries in world.
Basic rights:
o Right to life
o Freedom from torture
o Freedom from slavery
o Right to fair trial
o Freedom of speech
o Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
o Freedom of movement
Landmark judgments
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o The petitioner challenged the Muslim personal law. The Supreme Court ruled in favour
of Shah Bano and granted her alimony. Most favoured it as a secular judgment but it
also invoked a strong reaction from the Muslim community, which felt that the
judgment was an encroachment on Muslim Sharia law and hence led to the formation of
the All India Muslim Personal Law Board in 1973
NOTE: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to women.
Note: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to Environment.
Note: You can mention this judgement in most of the answers related to Caste System.
number online on messenger groups which led to her being harassed by multiple lewd
messages. The accused was later convicted and sentenced.
Section 377 case (Naz Foundation v Govt of NCT of Delhi) - July 2009
o Cause for rejoicing for homosexuals.
o In 2009 the Supreme Court declared Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 as
unconstitutional. The said section earlier criminalised sexual activities “against the
order of nature” which included homosexual acts. This judgment however, was
overturned by the Supreme in December, 2013
Illegalising convicted MPs and MLAs (Lily Thomas v Union Of India) - July 2013
o Effected much-needed cleansing of legislative bodies.
o The Supreme Court of India, in this judgment, ruled that any member of Parliament
(MP), member of the legislative assembly (MLA) or member of a legislative council
(MLC) who was convicted of a crime and awarded a minimum of two-year
imprisonment, would lose membership of the House with immediate effect.
Shabnam Hashmi case refers to right guaranteed by Indian law to adopt child with all
legal rights.
SC in Mathura Ahir case reiterated that personal law are not law under article 13 i.e. They
are not immutable.
Supreme Court in cases like MP Sharma and Kharak Singh case have mentioned that
Right to Privacy is implicit in Preamble and Article 21.
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SC in P. Rathinam case for decriminalizing suicide stated that former should include also
the "right not to live a forced life" or "right to die".
Madras High Court judgement that the freedom of expressions of artists and authors
should be protected and instead of asking them not to publish/display their work by citing
reasons of law and order, the state should focus on maintaining law and order
Venn Diagram
(1). Showing Common/Overlapping features: You can use Venn Diagrams to show
overlapping features of two or more entities. For instance if you are writing about India and Israel
relations, you can draw two overlapping circles to show common area of interest in overlapped
part. Or if you are writing about two schemes say Smart City Mission and Urban Housing scheme,
you can draw two overlapping circles to show that housing component is same among the two. One
Example is given below.
(2). Showing different component of an entity: You can show different component of a
scheme, a phenomenon, a process using simple circles as shown below.
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You can present cause and affect relation effectively using a diagram in below format. Example
shows a relation between poverty and illiteracy and need of government intervention to break this
vicious cycle.
Locations
Making map of entire India needs lots of practice and time. What you can do is, make map of area
which is in focus. For instance, if you are writing about Oil Refineries in India than there is no
need to draw northern India's map. Similarly, if you are writing about Heat Island effect in Delhi,
than you can only draw Western Indian Diagram. Examples are given below.
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Comparison Diagrams
Comparison diagrams can be made in different ways. Some of the most common methods are
given below.
(1). Comparing with Circles. Size of Circles can be used to show the broad difference. For Ex.
in below example, economy of India and China is being compared and Chinese circle is made
bigger intentionally.
This type of diagram is most common. You can draw a circle, write an entity's name inside it, and
then draw lines radiating out of the circle. These lines can be used to show various component of
that entity, or various outcome due to that entity. Examples given below.
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(3). Example showing SHG and its features: After making this diagram, you do not need to
explain these things in your answer. Simply focus on other aspects like why SHGs are failing etc.
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(4). Example showing MGNREGA and its features: Similarly, you do not need to explain all
these features and waste your time and space. Focus on stuff like impact of MGNREGA, its future,
government policy wrt MGRENA etc.
(5). Example showing Security issues related to social media: If you have paucity of time,
you can write your answer in this format. Notice examples in front of each point. Thus, this
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improves presentation in less time. In any case, examiner is looking for these keywords and
examples in your text.
(6). Example showing changes done post liberalisation: You can mention various steps
taken by government in this fashion instead of writing them in points and writing full statements.
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You can depict outcomes of various efforts in below format instead of explaining them in long
sentences.
Another way of depicting components of an entity is as below apart from Sun Ray Diagram
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Cycle Diagrams
You can depict cycles using diagram as below. For instance cycle of inflation and unemployment or
cycle of corruption and weak enforcement of laws..
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Component Diagram
You can also depict component of an entity by using corners of a geometrical shape i.e. if an entity
has 3 component use a triangle corner or if it has 4 component use a quadrilateral corners and so
on.
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Definition Diagram
Instead of writing definition, you can also depict it in the form of diagram as below. This diagram
explains EIA and its component.
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Complex Diagrams
Diagrams can be used to explain a process. This art comes with experience but it is useful as it
makes your answers different from others.
(1). Everyone knows what Development is but the way it is written below is quite unique and
different.
(2). Growth drivers of Agriculture. Instead of writing all this in paragraph or points, use below
diagram. You can prepare your notes in this format only i.e. Diagrammatic, with keywords and
examples. This will help you replicate them in exams.
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(3). Food Security: This diagram replaces at least 1 page of your text and this can be drawn in 2
minutes thus saving 3-4 minutes of your time.
(4). Disaster Management: This is a complex diagram. You can extract such diagrams for reports of
government, UN, WB etc. Google the term and search images of the topic. Make a repository of
them and use them in your answers from now onwards.
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Caste
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Child Labour
Child labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on part or full-time
basis.
The 2011 National Census shows that ~40 lakh children ages 5 to 14 work for 6 or more months
during the year.
India tops the list when it comes to the number of children still living and working in bonded
labour and slave conditions.
Children are forced to work as bonded laborers in brick kilns to pay off family debts owed to
moneylenders and employers.
Children from India’s rural areas migrate for employment in industries, such as carpet making,
spinning mills, and cottonseed production.
Children are trafficked within India for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labour in
domestic service.
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Citizen Charter
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Civil Society
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Comparison of expenditures
Corporate Governance
Corruption
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Defence
Diaspora
Digital India
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Disaster
Dowry
National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data shows a rising graph in the number of dowry
cases registered:
o ~9,000 for 2012
o 10,050 for 2014
Section 498A of IPC
1.97 lakh people were arrested in 2012 for dowry harassment, nearly a quarter of thos being
women. This depicts that mothers and sisters of the husbands were liberally included in
complains. This is the reason SC has banned automatic arrests in dowry cases.
Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961
Alcohol is a subject in the State list under the seventh schedule of the Indian Constitution.
Article 47 of the Directive Principle in the Constitution of India states that “The state shall
undertake rules to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal
purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.”
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Economy
Growth Rates:
o 2013 : 6.5%
o 2014 : 7.5%
o 2015 : 8%
o 2016 : 7.1%
o 2017 : 6.7%
o 2018 : 7.4%
Slow down in 2016 and 2017 can be used in answers related to demonetisation and GST.
Exports : $265 billion
Imports : $390 billion
Fiscal Deficit : 3.5% of GDP (Target for 2017-18 was 3.2%)
Current Account Deficit : $88b (2012) ; $22b (2016)
FDI : $37b
Tax : GDP = 16.6% (OECD nations - 31%)
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Subsidies
o >3% of GDP (2.4 lakh Cr)
o Food - 1.45 lakh Cr
o Fertilizer - 70k Cr
o Fuel - 25k Cr
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Education
Energy
Thermal : 67%
Hydro : 15%
Wind : 10%
Solar : 4%
Nuclear : 2%
Environment
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FDI
Food Processing
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Globalisation
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Governor
Health
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India is home to 10% of world‘s tobacco consumption, the second largest after china. (WHO
data)
Rashtriya Aarogya Nidhi
The literacy rate among disabled has increased to 54.5% in 2011. It was 49.3% in 2001
National Health Policy 2015
57% of those who claimed to be allopathic doctors in 2001 did not have any medical
qualification : WHO Report
Indians spent eight times more on private hospitals and twice as much on transporting
patients compared to costs in government hospitals during financial year 2013-14
MCI corruption : Root cause of sub optimal medical education in India
NEET
National Family Health Survey - IV
Non Communicable Disease cause 53% of all deaths in India
India spends ~1% on healthcare (Too less. 4% desired)
Human Trafficking
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Important Indexes
Use these indexes in your answers in Mains and highlight or underline these facts or enclose them
in box.
Important Indexes:
o India 133/156
o India ranked 122 last year. Can use to show increasing stress in society.
World Press Freedom Index 2018 :
o India 138/180
o Topics : Regulating Media, Violence against media
Inequality
India
Top 1% owns 58% wealth : Oxfam Report
8 billionaires possess same wealth as poorest 50% population
World
Top 8% owns 85% wealth
Discrimination
Rohit Vemula Suicide
The number of registered cases of anti-Dalit atrocities jumped by 17.1 per cent in 2013
(compared to 2012) according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
Article 17 abolishes untouchability
Article 23 prohibits bonded labour and
Article 15(2) stipulates that no citizen should be subject to restriction with regard to
access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of entertainment, the use of wells,
tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort on the grounds of caste.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Infrastructure
Internet
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Judiciary
Juvenile Justice
NCRB : 1.2% of total serious crimes are committed by Juveniles (US : 25%)
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Land Reforms
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Manufacturing
Mental Health
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NGOs
NPAs
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Old Age
Parliament
ADR Report
o 34% of Lok Sabha MPs has criminal cases against them
o 82% of MPs are crorepatis
o >85% of funds received by political parties is received via anonymous route (< Rs20000
donation)
Women - 12%
Lily Thomas Case 2013 : SC ordered that any MP, MLA, MLC who is convicted of crime &
awarded a min 2 year term, will loose membership of house with immediate effect.
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Pharma
Facts:
World third largest in terms of volume and 13th largest in terms of value
Domestic consumption account for about 47% and export about 53%
About $92 billion worth patented drugs expected to go off patent in US.
The market size of the country's pharma industry is estimated at over $20 billion.
100% FDI is permitted in the existing pharma companies through the approval route.
Keywords:
Jan Aushadhi Stores
IPR Issues
NPPA
Combination Drugs
Chandrakant Kokate Committee (Fixed-dose combination Drugs)
Population
Census data shows that mean age for marriage has increased 18.3 to 19.3 years for female and
22.6 to 23.3 years for males, fertility had declined [from 2.5 to 2.2] for all age groups in the
last decade.
Female sterilization contributes to more than 95% of all sterilizations in India. Chhattisgarh
case.
Can be used in topics: Population issues, Gender bias, Lack of foresight in government
policies, Lack of Medical facilities, Drawbacks of target based approach etc.
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Chhattisgarh Case
Demographic dividend
Poverty
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Pressure Groups
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RTI
Rural
SHGs
o Kudumbshree
o SEWA
o Lizzat Papad
Sports
Keywords:
Khelo India
Mission Olympics 2021
Swasth Bachche, Swasth Bharat
Target Olympic Podium Scheme
National Sports Development Fund
Lodha Committee
Abhinav Bindra Committee
Girl Power : Hima Das, Deepa Karmakar, Sakshi Malik and PV Sindhu (Use it in women
empowerment answers also)
National Welfare Fund for Sports Persons
Tourism
Tourism:
India’s share in International Tourism Arrivals is a paltry 0.6 per cent compared to 7.8 per
cent in France and 6.4 per cent in the US. Even Vietnam and Indonesia have higher shares
than India.
As per the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) 2017, of the World Economic
Forum, India’s rank has improved significantly to 40th from 65th in 2013.
Medical Tourism:
India's medical tourism sector is expected to experience an annual growth rate of 30%,
making it a $2 billion industry by 2015.
Keywords:
Gujarat Tourism Policy (Gave Industry Status to Tourism)
Swadesh Darshan Scheme
Krishna Circuit, Buddha Circuit etc
PRASAD Scheme
HRIDAY Scheme
Athithi Devo Bhava
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Trade
Unemployment
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Urbanisation
Solid Waste:
o 62 million waste produced annually.
o Only 70% collected
o Only 28 per cent of solid waste can be treated scientifically at present
o Best Practices : Solid Waste management practiced in Alleppey, Kerala. The
municipality bears no cost for collection and transportation. In this unique model, every
household segregates its waste, composts it, or makes biogas out of its wet waste. The
municipality collects dry waste weekly. For households that cannot treat their waste in-
house, every ward has community sheds, where people come from 7-9 in the morning to
give their wet waste and deposit the dry waste
o Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
UN Habitat estimates that by 2030 India will have 14 major clusters of cities accounting for
40 per cent of its GDP
Municipal Bonds : To raise money for urban governance and infrastructure development.
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By 2030, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region will be more populous than Australia and, with its
GDP at about $230 billion in 2030, its economy will be bigger than that of Thailand or Hong
Kong today
Water Scarcity
Women
Following can be used in question related to gender development, discrimination, bias, need of
protecting rights of women etc.
McKinsey Report: "The Power of Parity”: If gender gap is filled by 2025 then Indian GDP
could increase by 60%.
'Himmat' app released by Delhi government: How technology can be used in safety of
Women.
UN report “Cyber violence against women and girls" - 73% women reported facing
violence online.
Can be used in topics: Gender Bias, Women Safety, Cyber crimes etc.
In 21 out of 30 Indian states, female voter turnout exceeded male turnout in their most recent
assembly elections – Election Commission.
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Can be used in topics: Women empowerment, Elections in India, Indian Politics, Role of
women etc.
The general election of 16th Lok Sabha reveals that out of 543 members only 66 members are
women making up to 12.16% despite the fact that women make 50% of country‘s population.
The recent incident of throwing off two women from a bus by its conductor in the presence of
15 other co-passengers points to the apathy of Indian citizens towards the persisting
discrimination and oppression of women in our society.
Only 13 persons were convicted out of the 639 charge sheeted in 2014 under the Protection of
Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.
Can be used in topics: Women issues, Gender disparity, Failure of our legal system etc.
GER of girls in elementary education has improved dramatically, from 66% in 1991 to 97% in
2014.
GER of girls has also improved in higher education, from 7.5% in 2002–03 to close to 20% in
2012–13 (just a shade behind boys at 22%).
Out of the total 397 million workers in India, 123.9 million are women and of these women
96% of female workers are in the unorganized sector.
Marital Rape:
o Right to bodily integrity
o Self determination
o Justice Verma Committee
o IPC Section 375
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o The ‘triple talaq’ has been abolished in 21 Islamic theocratic countries including
Pakistan
Random
Right to Die
o Gian Kaur Vs State of Punjab : Right to die is inherent in Article 21
o Aruna Shanbaug case : Allowed ethunasia
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