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Khus Bu and Satyam Dental Caries Review
Khus Bu and Satyam Dental Caries Review
Khus Bu and Satyam Dental Caries Review
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Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Janakpurdham, Nepal.
ABSTRACT :
Review Article Dental caries, a chronic disease is unique among human and is one of the most common
important global oral health problems in the world today. It is the destruction of dental hard
Article Info: acellular tissue by acidic by-products from the bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohy-
Received on:21/01/2016
drates especially sucrose. It progresses slowly in most of the people which results from an
Accepted on: 01/02/2016 ecological imbalance in the equilibrium between tooth minerals and oral biofilms which is
Published on:
characterised by microbial activity, resulting in fluctuations in plaque pH due to bacterial
acid production, buffering action from saliva and the surrounding tooth structure. The mi-
crobial community of caries is diverse and contains many facultatively and obligately-anaer-
obic bacteria. S. mutans is the most primary associated with it. Dental caries can affect the
human in various ways i.e. presence of tooth pain, infection or dysfunction of the stomato-
QR Code for mobile gnathic system can limit the necessary ingestion of energetic foods, affecting the growth in
children and adults as well as their learning, communication skills and recreational activi-
Literati ties. Moreover, oral and pharyngeal cancers and oral tissue lesions are also significant health
Access
concern. Cavernous sinus thrombosis and Ludwig angina can be life-threatening. Due to
O pen this, treatment is needed for dental diseases which cost is normally high and is not feasible
for all community due to limited resources such as time, person and money. Therefore,
prevention is more affordable. Personal hygiene cares and dietary modification should be
recommended.
INTRODUCTION:
Dental caries is one of the most common preventable dis- this process leads to either caries lesions or the repair and
eases which is recognized as the primary cause of oral pain reversal of a lesion [6].
and tooth loss. It is a major public health oral disease which Primary caries can occur on different tooth surfaces. On
hinders the acheivement and maintenance of oral health in an approximal surface, the lesion starts and forms be-
all age groups [1]. WHO pointed that the global problem neath the contact area between teeth. Caries on an occlusal
of oral disease still persists despite great improvements in surface is also a localised phenomenon in pit and fissure.
the oral health of population in several countries. WHO On both occlusal and approximal surfaces, enamel caries
claimed that poor oral health may have a profound effect is a three-dimensional subsurface demineralisation that
on general health as well as quality of life, and several oral spreads along the enamel prisms. Secondary caries is a le-
diseases are related to chronic diseases [2]. sion located at the margin of a dental restoration. It rep-
Dental caries refers to the localised destruction of suscepti- resents a caries lesion adjacent to the margin and there
ble dental hard tissues by acidic by-products from the bac- may be signs of demineralisation (wall lesions) along the
terial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates. It is a chron- cavity wall which could be a consequence of microleakage.
ic disease that progresses slowly in most of the people [3] However, clinical and microbiological studies indicate that
which results from an ecological imbalance in the equilib- this leakage does not lead to active demineralisation be-
rium between tooth minerals and oral biofilms (plaque) [4]. neath the restoration [7].
The biofilm is characterised by microbial activity, resulting Caries may be characterized by the experience of pain,
in fluctuations in plaque pH. This is a result of both bac- problem with eating, chewing, smiling and communica-
terial acid production and buffering action from saliva tion due to missing, discolored or damaged teeth [2]. The
and the surrounding tooth structure. The tooth surface is microbial community of caries is diverse and contains
therefore in a dynamic equilibrium with its surrounding many facultatively and obligately-anaerobic bacteria be-
environment. As the pH falls below a critical value, the de- longing to the genera Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Eu-
mineralisation of enamel, dentine or cementum occurs, bacterium, Lactobacillus, Parvimonas and Rothia [8]. It can
while a gain of mineral (remineralisation) occurs as the pH also be caused by other bacteria, including members of the
increases [5]. The process of demineralisation and reminer- mitis, anginosus and salivarius groups of streptococci, Pro-
alisation takes place frequently during the day. Over time, pionibacterium, Enterococcus faecalis, Scardovi, Prevotella,
*Corresponding author:
Khushbu Yadav doi: 10.15272/ajbps.v6i53.773
Lecturer
Conflict of interest: Authors reported none
Department of Microbiology
Krishna Medical and Technical Research Center, Janakpurdham, Nepal
Mobile : +977-9841603704
Email: meetkhushi20@gmail.com submit your manuscript | www.jbiopharm.com
Selenomonas, Dialister, Fusobacterium, Pseudoramibacter, ment costs are estimated to be at least $ 4.5 billion [13].
Veillonella, Atopobium, Granulicatella, Leptotrichia and Global scenario of Dental caries
Thiomonas [9,10,11,12]. Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyro- Dental Caries are the most important global oral health
monas species are prevalent on mucosal surfaces and reach problems, although conditions such as oral and pharynge-
very high concentrations in dental plaque, gingival crevic- al cancers and oral tissue lesions are also significant health
es and tonsillar crypts [9]. concern [14].
At present, the distribution and severity of dental caries Worldwide, approximately 2.43 billion people (36% of the
vary in different parts of the world and within the same population) have dental caries in their permanent teeth. In
country or region. It is affecting 60-90% of school children baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the
and the vast majority of adults. It is also a most prevalent population. The disease is most prevalent in Latin Amer-
oral disease in several Asian and Latin American countries. ican countries, countries in the Middle East, and South
The prevalence pattern of dental caries varies with age, sex, Asia, and least prevalent in China [15]. In the United States,
socio economic status, race, geographical location, food dental caries is the most common chronic childhood dis-
habits and oral hygiene practices. Nowadays, as a conse- ease, being at least five times more common than asthma
quence of high prevalence of dental caries, the treatment [16]
. It is the primary pathological cause of tooth loss in
need is increased. However, treatment cost for dental dis- children [17]. Between 29% and 59% of adults over the age
eases is normally high. In the United States annual treat- of fifty experience caries [18].
Prevalence of dental caries in global scenario.
Table: 1. Prevalence of dental caries in global scenario.
S.No. Age group Prevalence (%) Sample size Country Year
1. 5-9 50 1,598 USA 2004
2. 17 78 3,249 USA 2004
3. 6 97.1 4,050 Philippines 2006
4. 6-12 92.3 1,200 Philippines 2005
5. 2-6 59-92 993 Philippines 2003
6. 3-5 55 2,014 China 2007
7. 5-74 100 350,000 China 2008
8. 5 76 140,712 China 2002
Tooth extraction tion (minimizing snacking, chewing gum, milk and green
The removal of the decayed tooth is performed if the tooth vegetables) should be recommended. Raising public aware-
is too far destroyed from the decay process to effectively ness about dental check-up may assist in early diagnosis.
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