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2017.06 E-Journal
2017.06 E-Journal
2017.06 E-Journal
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12
recommendations and do not necessarily imply Mix design methodology for greener concrete
that they reflect the views of the Publisher, ACC
Swanand Raikar
Limited. The Publishers are not liable for any
damage or inconvenience, caused to anyone who
may have acted on the information contained in
the publication.
Parametric study of pervious concrete with
The Indian Concrete Journal, ISSN 0019-4565
Copyright © 2017 ACC Limited. 19 changing cement content and w/c ratio
Tejas Joshi and Urmil Dave
ACC Limited - Registered Office – Cement House,
121, Maharshi Karve Road, Mumbai 400 020.
The copyright, database rights and similar rights
Understanding hysd reinforcing bars used in Indian
26
in all materials published in The Indian Concrete
Journal are owned by ACC Limited. None of construction industry (from seismic point of view)
this material may be used for any commercial Brijesh Singh, V.V. Arora and Lalit Yadav
or public use, other than for the purpose of fair
dealing, research or private study, or review of the
contents of the journal, in part or in whole, and
may not be reproduced or stored in any media for Gamma attenuation characteristics of high density concrete under
mass circulation without the prior written consent
of the publisher. 34 high temperature regimes
C.S. Pillai, A.R. Santhakumar, R. Mathiyarasu and J. Ashok Kumar
Ulhas Fernandes
S.M. Abbas POINT OF VIEW: Long term losses in pre-stressed concrete member as
48 per IS 1343:2012 and IS 1343:1980
P. Markandeya Raju and T. Raghuram Sandeep
Cover image source: POINT OF VIEW: Effect of finite size joint correction
www.fazzioconcrete.com
64 on staging of grid type water tank
Abhay Khandeshe and R.K. Ingle
Cover June 2017.indd 1 27/05/2017 9:33:28 AM
We close this year with the issue of demonetisation of safety and remaining life expectancy. In order to have an
Rs.1000/- currency and replacement of old Rs.500/- accurate and reliable assessment, an arch dam in South
H opefully bywith
denomination
construction
from the While
the new
have arrived
scorching
time currency.
you readThis
sitesinwhere
Southern
this,has
monsoon
affectedwould
part oftoIndia
payments
heat and
most
bringing
labourers arerespite
made
Performance
aggregate with
of concrete
India was undertaken
varying
as aby case
partially
percentages
study replacing
of granulated
the properties of concrete in dams. Possible causes of
fine
to understand
blast
in cash. companies willthe heat
have to waves
manage experienced
arranging furnace slag, and
displacement and cracking
for cement with concrete
in arch fly ash indamvarious
were
this year!denomination currency at sites in the interim period,
smaller identified in this
replacements study.
levels are evaluated in this paper for different
many companies are employing innovative methods of concrete properties.
paying their
Depleting workmen.
resources, increased industrialisation leading to Load bearing walls, compound walls, retaining walls,
more waste generation is a burden on environment. It is dams,
Our chimneys,
Point of View bridge
sectionpiers, as masonry
has two structures
papers. The are
first paper
Computerthat
observed aided
COprograms
2 areare
emissions available
higher to
foranalyse
higher shear-
grade quite popular. Because of its low tensile strength, masonry
is on pre-stressed concrete members where long term
wall frameIninthis
concretes. high rise buildings.
paper, the authorHowever,
looks at a simpleways
various and components are designed to resist mainly compressive
losses due to creep, shrinkage of concrete and relaxation
to use recycled and waste materials, suggesting ways tothe
time saving numerical methodology for choosing a forces. Need for conservation of heritage structures has
of pre-stressing steel are studied as per Indian standards.
preliminary dimensions of a shear wall system is not there. motivated researchers to evaluate the seismic resistance of
greener concrete.
The authors in this paper suggest the same! Inaccurate
unreinforcedestimation of losses leads to serviceability
masonry structures.
problems like excessive camber, cracking of concrete, etc.
The porosity in pervious concrete minimizes storm water
Estimated over 60 Million houses are required to be built While revising
Frictional IS 1343:1980,
resistance many
of the soil modifications
around the pileonplays
lossesa
runoff. The design of each pervious concrete mix is unique
in rural and urban areas as per the Ministry of housing. critical
were role in the This
incorporated. pile’s ultimate
paper bringsbearing
out thecapacity
backgroundand
based on performance requirements. In this research,
Affordable housing – cost effective and fast dwelling units this directly affects
reasons for these changes.the construction quality of composite
different parameters
are the need like void
of the hour. ratio,
Glass compressive
Fibre Reinforcedstrength,
Gypsum piles, i.e., reinforced concrete pile inserting into soil
permeability andoffer
density are studiedsolution
to develop
thataaddresses
pervious cement mixed
(GFRG) panels an innovative The staging of pile.
waterAlthough
tower iscomposite
analysedpiles
and are applied
change in
concrete mix proportion.
construction speed at less cost. The authors in this paper in practical engineering, the theory of the characteristics of
buckling effect and dynamic properties of the grid type
have constructed model apartments to demonstrate this vertical bearing capacity of the pile is inconsistent and not
staging with varying number of columns are evaluated.
Steel bars used
with minimal steel in construction
requirement andare investigated
minimal on
involvement perfected. This paper in ‘Point of View’ suggests a practical
tensile properties to ascertain the level of conformity Authors conclude by suggesting a simple methodology of
of labour! and simple formula to calculate vertical bearing capacity of
to parameters mentioned in Indian and International calculation.
the composite pile. The second paper under in PoV studies
Can bond strength
standards. (between
Relationship steelcarbon
between and concrete) applied
percentage to the effect of high temperature on normal and high strength
as per
yield theultimate
and IS code tensile
for standard grade
strength for of concrete
different be used
diameters One
RC withIndia – One
and Tax!steel
without GSTfibres.
is one big change! Full impact
alsodetermined.
are for high strength concrete? As design parameters for of GST on construction cost will take some time to assess.
bond strength for high strength concrete is not defined in We hope India
However, what manages
will surelytoaffect
put behind the currency
is during crises
this transition
thenuclear
IS code, investigation to evaluate bondarestrength of high and leaps forward to a New Year!
period apart from tax and price, will be buying behaviour
In reactors, high density concrete preferred to
strength concrete is conducted which reveals a correlation inventory level of construction items. Some of these could
shield radiation. Concrete characteristics to shield radiation
of bond strength with compressive strength of concrete Write to us with your views and suggestions.
depend mainly on type of aggregates and moisture content impact your construction work. So factor for this and plan
and diameter of reinforcements.
in the mix. The effect of high temperature for varying your inventory in days to come!
Wishing you all A Very Happy New Year!
durations on gamma attenuation properties of high density
There are many dams that are over 50 years old. These With Best Regards,
concrete Best Regards,
‘age old mixes
dam’ with different
can be aggregates
characterized withtypes and steel
an increase in
shots are investigated by the authors in this paper.
structural deterioration resulting in impaired structural Ashish
Ashish Patil
Patil
AKC’s June 2017 Programs to IBEF). It is also one of the biggest contributors to the
country’s gross domestic product (GDP) as well as one of
The June 2017 programs of Ambuja Knowledge Centre the largest sectors for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows
include the following. in the country.
AKC Andheri Till a few years ago, the industry grappled with several
• T echnical Lecture on “Waterproofing & Rehabilitation” challenges, including restricted access to funding, legislative
on 16th June’2017 (Speaker: Er. Dipesh Rewari – Asst. hurdles on aspects such as sanctions & approvals, and sub-
Manager Sales CS - BASF India) standard city infrastructure. However, all this is changing.
• “ Basic Concrete Mix Design” workshop - 08th & 09th Recognizing the importance of real estate in the overall
June’2017. growth and development of the country, the Government
• “Material Testing” workshop -15th&16th June’2017. has been working towards providing necessary incentives to
boost the sector. To this end, 2016 was a year of landmark
AKC –Thane reforms; ranging from the formation of a strong regulator on
one side to easing of foreign investor norms on the other.
• T echnical Lecture on “Role of Microfine Material for
These reforms have resulted in a structural shift in real estate
Enhancement of Durability” on 23rd June,17 (Speaker
and set the tone for the sector going forward.
Er. Yatin Joshi – National Head Alccofine Business –
Ambuja Cements Limited)
Date: Start Date:Jul 19, 2017
• “ Basics of RCC Design & Concept” Workshop on Venue: Hotel The Leela Palace, Diplomatic Enclave,
13th&14th June’2017. Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110023, New Delhi, New Delhi,
India
• “ Manufactured Sand” Workshop on 22nd and 23rd
June’2017.
Confederation of Indian Industry
p: 91-172-2602365, 2605868, 2607228
AKC Belapur
e: rajiv.raheja@cii.in
• T echnical Lecture on “Fire Resistance in RCC Structure” w: www. cii.in
on 23rd June,17 ( Speaker Er. Sanjay Koyande –
Managing Director - CCRT Group )
Industrial Automation Southern
Ambuja Cements Ltd., Mumbai Region
p: ++91 22 40667620 / 8291885509 / 9167334813
e: foundations.mumbai@ambujacement.com India is on the move to achieve the 14% growth in
w: www.foundationsakc.com manufacturing sector on a sustained basis will be successful,
only if we adopt automation to raise productivity and reduce
costs. In such a dynamic market environment adopting
Northern Region - REALTY 2017
automation is a critical need to survive, grow and compete
India’s real estate industry, the 2nd largest employer in India globally. Today, operational visibility, optimizing energy usage
is expected to touch US$ 180 billion by 2020 (according and building sustainable plants and ensuring plant safety is
not an option but a must need, given that we operate in
global open markets and economies.
• T op officials/middle level managers from the Operations, Session on Building and Construction
Engineering, Maintenance and Procurement Division
Building and Construction sector is on the upswing given
• Manufacturing systems/IT & networking professionals government push via affordable housing, Smart Cities and
• I ndustrial systems and machinery designers, systems AMRUT, over and above rapid urbanisation which is driving
integrators, automation and control engineers growth. There is a need to ensure that this growth does not
come at the cost of compromised quality. FRPs can play a
• S oftware development engineers for the discrete and major role to ensure that buildings are safer, greener, and
process production industries much more aesthetic. In this session, it will be discussed how
one can work out:
Date: Jul 19, 2017 • means to drive adoption of composites in various
Venue: Chennai, India segments of Real Estate and Infrastructure
Ferrocement Society
p: +91- 25655380, 09921480126, 9422736252
e: ferrocement@gmail.com
w: www.ferrocementindia.com
Green Buildings
Sustainable Development
• Green buildings involve adopting techniques that
• The human population is continuously increasing due ensure that structures are designed, built, renovated,
to which the level of consumption of natural resources operated or reused in an ecological and resource
and production of wastes are progressively increasing. efficient manner. This refers to buildings which make
Human activities, in nature are leading to problems optimum use of land, design, construction materials
such as soil erosion, floods, droughts, climate changes etc. for a limited environmental impact.
and degradation of the environment. Sustainable
development is therefore necessary to sustain the quality • B
uilt environment should be planned considering
of life, to ensure equitable use of resources for meeting climatic factors, embodied energy in the materials &
the needs of the present and future generations. energy consumption during use, associated health
hazards, life cycle cost and potential for reuse or future
• Planning strategies for sustainable built environment recycling of used/discarded components/materials
should essentially include integration of new development besides resource conservation.
with existing one through improvement and conservation
• New building projects should be located along and CIDC honours Dr. S.K. Manjrekar
around corridors of public transport and have schools,
medical facilities, shopping and recreational facilities. Dr. S.K. Manjrekar, Chairman &
We should encourage walking and bicycling by Managing Director of Sunanda
providing pedestrian friendly paths in the habitat. Rural Speciality Coatings Pvt. Ltd., has been
development needs to be emphasized since agriculture recently honoured with the ‘Industry
alone cannot sustain villagers to fight rural poverty and
Doyen’ award by the Construction
reduce migration to cities.
Industry Development Council (CIDC).
Energy Conservation & Renewable Energy Resources
The CIDC’s highest national honour was conferred on
• India’s energy sector has a mix of all resources available,
Dr. Manjrekar as a recognition of his 40-year long crusade
including renewable resources. The energy resources
in the Indian and global construction Industry, particularly
in India are about 60% from coal, 10% from gas, 2%
in the field of Technology and Knowledge Dissemination,
nuclear, 16% hydro. Renewable resources such as small
Technology Transfer, Research and Development Efforts and
hydro, wind, bio power and solar contribute around
Skills improvement initiatives.
12.5%. To solve the energy problem we have to harness
more and more of renewable energy resources.
The environmental hazards caused by the construction industry are a pressing concern in present time. CO2 emissions are
one of the most prominent issues. This report aims to develop a mix design methodology with a CO2 reduction percentage as
one of the initial parameters along with strength, workability and durability. This allows the user to obtain the mix proportions
of concrete, and achieve a desired CO2 reduction. The incorporation of this CO2 reduction percentage into the mix design
was done by developing two graphs which linked the CO2 reduction to the amount of cement substitution. To develop this
method, current methods of mix design were reviewed and their individual limitations were noted. A compilation of steps
from these established mix design methods was done to develop the new method. This report also deals with the potential
CO2 reduction and possible cost feasibility when higher grades of concrete are used to design structural members. It was
found that for flexural members (beams), using higher grades of concrete (from M20 to M40), increases the CO2 emissions
by approximately 26% and increases the cost by 13.07%. For compressive members under pure axial loading, the use of
higher grades of concrete has proven to be both more eco-friendly and more economical. The CO2 saving and economy
achieved for a grade shift from M20-M40 was 35.7% and 39.6% respectively. These findings and the methodology developed
are extremely significant and can be implemented in order to reduce the environmental impact by the CO2 emissions of the
construction industry.
Keywords : Green concrete; cement replacement; carbon dioxide emission; fly ash; cost feasibility.
Silica Fumes 3. While deciding the more feasible option, the cost
Silica fumes are the by-product of the semiconductor is another major deciding factor. Since fly-ash and
industry. They improve the mechanical properties and GGBFS are waste by-products of the coal industry,
durability to such a large extent, that they are used in the their cost is very minimal. Thus as compared to
manufacture of High Performance Concrete. The silica geopolymers, blended cements using fly-ash, GGBFS
fumes have various disadvantages. The cost is more than or both are a much cheaper option than regular OPC.
that of OPC and it is so fine, that handling it is difficult. According to literature, geopolymers cost almost
two times the cost of OPC, which definitely makes
3.2 Aggregate Replacement blended cements the preferred choice at the moment
Aggregate replacement options are broadly divided into [13].
two main categories namely, Manufactured Aggregates or
Recycles aggregates. 4. With green concrete is in view, using blended
cements have another advantage over geopolymers.
3.2.1 Manufactured aggregates are the aggregates which are Since waste products are incorporated into the
factory-made for the job. They could be fly ash aggregates cement, the issue of disposal of these waste products
made out of fly-ash or manufactured sand (fine) which is is minimised thus saving landfill areas and in turn the
made by crushing rocks into the appropriate size. environment.
3.2.2 Recycled Aggregates are the aggregates produced 5. From published papers it can be seen that both these
from treating materials previously used. Post-consumer basic properties of concrete are highly dependent
5 INCORPORATION OF CO2 EMISSION Using these two figures, carbon-dioxide reduction can
REDUCTION INTO THE MIX DESIGN be incorporated into the mix design as an initial deciding
The carbon-dioxide intensity (Ci) is a parameter which deals parameter just like strength, durability and workability.
with the amount of CO2 generated per m3 to develop unit
Potential Issues and Solutions
strength (1MPa). It has been found in published material
[16,17] that the most appropriate way of comparing CO2
Due to the high cement replacements (above 25%) by SCMs
emissions is by using the CO2 intensity. These are comparable
in order the meet the CO2 reduction requirement, the strength
parameter for different strengths as they are calculated per
of the concrete may be insufficient. This can be rectified by
unit strength (per MPa). A further justification of the use of
reducing the water-cement ratio in order to achieve a higher
this factor in the mix design is as follows.
strength for the same cement content and same replacement
percentage of cement.
The increase in strength of concrete is accompanied by the
increase in binder content. Higher strength requires a lower
water cement ratio, which in turn increases the strength. This
Due to this reduction in the water-cement ratio, the strength of concrete has a very low impact on the section size
workability may be reduced, which can be corrected by using when the amount of steel reinforcement is kept more or less
admixtures like plasticisers or super-plasticisers depending constant. Also as the span increases, the governing factor for
on the required increase in workability. depth is the deflection of the beam and not bending. And
thus section reduction is not achieved.
6 CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION AND COST
FEASIBILITY Columns are compression members. In this calculation,
a pure axial load of 2500 kN has been considered. As the
Cement is undoubtedly the greatest contributor of the
grade of concrete increases, the depth of the cross section
CO2 emissions by concrete. Cement also contributes to the
reduces drastically. This is because the column is under pure
strength of concrete i.e. higher grades of concrete required
compression. Using a higher grade of concrete implies the
more cement, implying they emit more CO2 per m3.
increase in compressive strength of concrete which directly
But the flipside to this discussion is the fact that higher reduces the section size. If bi-axial bending was considered,
grades of concrete reduce the section sizes of the structural such a high section economy would not have been achieved.
elements. Thus less amount of concrete is used which in turn
results in a CO2 reduction. Higher grades of concrete are BEAMS
more expensive than lower grades of concrete (per m3), but As reflected in Table 2, due to a lack of section size reduction,
lower volumes of concrete are used which could result in use of higher grades of concrete for flexural members not
lowering the effective cost. only emits more CO2 but also turns out to be more expensive.
Thus the theory of using higher grades of concrete for flexural
In this study, 7 beams and 7 columns will be designed for members in order to reduce the CO2 emissions is invalid.
identical loading situations but varying concrete grades
(M20-M50). The total CO2 reduction and the cost will be COLUMNS
calculated and compared for each member, and, whether
In the case of compression members (columns), the increase
the possibility of using higher grades of concrete in order to
in the grade of concrete achieves a high sectional economy.
reduce CO2 emissions in concrete is a feasible option will be
This reduction in the depth of the cross section not only
discussed.
reduces the CO2 contribution, but also makes the design
more cost effective.
For beams, the assumed load was 10 kN/m for a span of 3 m
and constant width of 300 mm. For columns the load was a
7 CONCLUSION
pure axial load of 2500 kN with a constant width (300 mm)
and varying depth. As the strength was increased, Table 1 With the growing awareness concerning the environmental
shows the variation in the breadths of the column and beam impacts, namely the Carbon dioxide emissions of the
cross-section respectively. construction industry, less harmful variants of the
conventional OPC concrete have been developed. It was learnt
For beams, with the increase in strength, the depth reduces from the literature that the partial replacement of cement
only by a negligible amount. This is due to the fact that beams helps in achieving a higher CO2 reduction as compared to
are designed for bending. Thus increasing the compressive geopolymers. The use of fly-ash results in a 13-15% CO2
17. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of CO2 20. Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia. Use of recycled
emissions from concrete. Yang, Keun-Hyeok, et al. 2014, Journal Aggregates in Constructtion. Australia : s.n., 2008.
of cleaner production, pp. 1-10.
18. ACI Committee, 233. Ground Granulated Blast-furnace slag 21. Factors affecting the strength of alkali-activated slag. Wang, Shao-
as a cementitious constituent in concrete. Farmington Hills : Dong, Scrivener, Karen L and Oratt, P L. 6, 1994, Cement and
American Concrete Institute Report ACI 233R-95, 1995. Concrete Research, Vol. 24, pp. 1033-1043..
Swanand C. Raikar holds a B.E.(Civil) from Mumbai University and Masters in Structural Engineering
from the University of Sheffield, UK. He is Sr. Engineer at M/s Structwel Designers & Consultants,
Mumbai and he has worked in a wide array of fields such as material testing, non-destructive testing,
structural design and structural repairs. He is currently pursuing specialisation in material testing and
non-destructive testing of concrete and other building materials. His areas of interest include material
technology and structural engineering.
Pervious concrete was first used in the nineteenth century but it has only recently begun to increase in popularity. In the present
study, pervious concrete was produced using 4.75-10 mm aggregates and 10-20 mm. The main properties to be studied were
void ratio, compressive strength permeability and density. For the investigation, cement contents were used in the range from
3 3
250-400 kg/m at an interval of 50 kg/m . The aggregate/cement ratio was kept constant as 4. Three w/c ratios were used as
0.3, 0.35 and 0.4. Smaller size of aggregate was more suitable for making pervious concrete. Results of two aggregate size
4.75-10 mm and 10-20 mm are included in this paper.
Keywords: Pervious concrete; aggregate size; water cement ratio; void ratio; compressive strength; permeability.
Mix 21 0.40
Mix 22 0.30
Table 2. Physical properties of coarse aggregate Mix 23 10-20mm 0.35 350 1400
Sr. No. Coarse aggregate Result Achieved Mix 24 0.40
1 Specific gravity 2.95 Mix 25 0.30
3 Mix 26 10-20mm 0.35 375 1500
2 Unit weight (kg/m ) 1580
Mix 27 0.40
3 Fineness modulus 6.63
Mix 28 0.30
4 Water absorption (%) 1.09 Mix 29 10-20mm 0.35 400 1600
Mix 30 0.40
where,
D = (Mc-Mm)/Vm (Density)
Mc = mass of measure filled with concrete
Mm = net mass of concrete by subtracting mass of measure
Vm = volume of measure
T = Ms/Vs (Theoretical Density)
Ms = total mass of materials batched
Vs = total absolute volume of materials
*Sample calculation.
For making 3 cubes by using 250 kg/m3 cement content with
and 0.3 w/c, following are the requirements.
Cement = 3.725 kg.
Aggregates = 16.9 kg.
Sand = 0 kg.
Water = 1.12 kg.
Mc-Mm = 5.265 kg
4.5 Density
Density of pervious concrete has been evaluated by ratio of
weight of cube to the volume of cubes.
6. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn based on the
experimental investigations carried out on pervious concrete.
• It has been concluded that the larger size of aggregate 5. ASTM C1688 –“Standard Test Method for Density and Void
reduces the compressive strength of pervious concrete. Content of Freshly Mixed Pervious Concrete”.
Smaller size of aggregate gives more compressive
strength. The aggregate size 4.75 to 10 mm is more 6. ______Specifications for 53 grade Portland cement, , IS 8112:1989,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
suitable for pervious concrete.
7. ______Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources
Acknowledgments for concrete, IS 383:1970, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
The authors are grateful to Director, Institute of Technology,
8. ______Methods of tests for strength of concrete, IS 516:1959, Bureau
Nirma University, Ahmedabad, for giving the permission of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Tejas M. Joshi, B.E (Civil), M. Tech (CASAD), is pursuing his PhD at the Department of Civil Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. He is Research Scholar and an Assistant
Professor in Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University. His research
areas are concrete technology, special concretes and design of structures.
Dr. Urmil Dave, BE (Civil), ME (Structures), PhD (Civil), is a Professor at Nirma University, Ahmedabad.
He has more than 20 years of teaching and industry experience. His research areas are concreting materials
and techniques, non-destructive testing of structures and repair and rehabilitation of structures. He has
published a number of papers in national and international conferences and journals. He has been invited
for giving expert talks in various programmes by industries and academic institutions. He has organized
different short term training programmes, seminars and conferences. He has been actively involved in
consultancy and testing work related to concreting materials and repair and rehabilitation of structures.
Tensile behaviour was investigated for reinforcing steel bars used in the Indian Construction Industry; this was done to
ascertain the level of conformity of the tested parameters with the Indian & other International standards. The samples from
total of eight (08) companies operating in India were investigated. In the study, results of large number of tests of different
brands have been analysed and discussed. The mean, standard deviation and values of test results have been worked out and
their distribution pattern was studied. Experimental test results of the ratio of TS/YS indicated that there is need to increase
the TS/YS ratio for Fe-500/500D grade steel as majority of steel manufacturers are providing higher ratio of TS/YS than
those specified value in IS: 1786. This increase will help in improving ductility of rebars in situations where high inelastic
deformations of structural members as demanded by design philosophies are required. From results of study, it can also be
inferred that, for steels of same brand with better quality control, the maximum Yield Strength values can easily be restricted
to match the requirements of Fe-500S as given in IS:1786 or ACI code. ASTM A706/A706M and AS/NZS 4671 specifies
both minimum and maximum Yield Strengths for all the steel grades while no upper capping is given on higher limit of Yield
Strength in IS code for all the steel grades except for steel grades with “S” series, which is must to avoid undesirable brittle
shear failure of structures. Also a study was carried out to determine the relationship between carbon % and yield and ultimate
tensile strength for three different diameters. It was observed that no clear relationship was observed as results varied with
respect to yield and ultimate strength for steel bars commonly used in Indian Construction Industry. ASTM A706/A706M and
AS/NZS 4671 specifies both minimum and maximum yield strengths while no upper capping is given on higher limit of yield
strength in IS code which is must to avoid undesirable brittle shear failure of structures under earthquake loadings.
2. V
iswanatha, C. S. (2004). A journey through Indian reinforcing
CONCLUSION bars. The Indian Concrete Journal, 78:1, 14-18
Based on the analysis of test results and literature survey it 3. V
iswanatha, C. S. et al. (2004). Sub-standard rebars in the
is concluded that: Indian market: An insight. The Indian Concrete Journal, 78:1,
52-55
1. The average Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength
and ratio of TS/YS from the experimental test results 4. E
milio M. Morales, MSCE Significance Of The Ratio Of Tensile
2 2
are found to be 580.10 N/mm , 682.49 N/mm and 1.18 Strength To Yield Stress (Ts/Ys) Of Reinforcing Bars
respectively.
5. T
owl, K. and Burrell, G. (2005). Reinforcing steel in New
Zealand-Pacific steel future product range and design issues.
2. Experimental test results of the ratio of TS/YS indicated
SESOC Journal, 18:1, 24-28
that it is important to increase the TS/YS ratio for Fe-
500/500D grade steel from 1.08/1.10 to 1.15 as majority 6. B
rooke, N., Megget, L. and Ingham, J. (2005). Factors to
of brands are meeting this requirement even though IS: consider in the use of grade 500E longitudinal reinforcement
1786 limit is lower for Fe-500/500D. It can be inferred in the beams of ductile moment resisting frames. SESOC
that, for steels of same brand with better quality Journal, 18:1, 14-22
control, this standard deviation can further be reduced
7. M
cDermott, F. (1996). Interrelationships between reinforcing-
and thereby TS/YS ratio can easily be achieved to a
bar physical properties and seismic demands. ACI Structural
minimum value of 1.15. The same 1.15 or more TS/YS
Journal, ACI, 95:2, 175-182
is seen in majority of cases i.e. in 84 percent cases for
the samples tested. This increase will help in improving 8. M
acchi, G., Pinto, E. P. and Sanpaolesi, L. (1996). Ductility
ductility of rebars in situations where high inelastic requirements for reinforcement under Eurocodes. Structural
deformations of structural members as demanded by Engineering International, 249-254
design philosophies are required.
9. D
.C. Rai Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur,
3. From results of study, it can also be inferred that, India S.K. Jain, IIT Gandhinagar, India , I. Chakrabarti Tata
for steels of same brand with better quality control, Steel, Jamshedpur, India Evaluation of Properties of Steel
the maximum Yield Strength values can easily be Reinforcing Bars for Seismic Design
restricted to match the requirements of Fe-500S as 10. Prabir C. Basu, Shylamoni P. and Roshan A. D Characterisation
given in IS:1786 or ACI code. ASTM A706/A706M and of steel reinforcement for RC structures: An overview and
AS/NZS 4671 specifies both minimum and maximum related issues
yield strengths for all the steel grades while no upper
capping is given on higher limit of Yield Strength in 11. Adnan Calik, Akin Duzgun, Osman Sahin and Nazim Ucar,
IS code for all steel grades except for steel grades with Effect of carbon content on the mechanical properties of
“S” series which is a must to avoid undesirable brittle medium carbon steels. Z. Naturforsch. 65a, 468 – 472 (2010);
received December 1, 2008 / revised July 17, 2009
shear failure of structures.
12. Standard specification for low-alloy steel deformed and plain
4. From the analysis of test results, no clear trends were bars for concrete reinforcement, ASTM A 706/A 706M-01,
observed for relationship between carbon % and yield American Society of Testing Materials, USA
strength and ultimate tensile strength for steel bars
commonly used in Indian Construction Industry and 13. Steel reinforcing materials, AS/NZS 4671: 2001, Standards
all the values are below limiting value of 0.3 percent Association of NZ
given in Indian Standard IS:1786-2008.
14. ______Plain and reinforced concrete - Code of Practice, IS 456 2000,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
5. Very high yield strengths are observed in many cases
and are not meeting criteria of AS/NZS 4671 for grade 15. ______High strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete
500E (high ductility for earthquake prone region) with reinforcement specification, IS 1786: 2008, Bureau of Indian
respect to upper capping on yield strength. Standards, New Delhi, India.
V.V. Arora is a Joint Director and Head of Centre for Construction Development and Research in National
Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB), Ballabgarh, Haryana, India. He has more than 30 years
of experience which includes construction of bridges, industrial and institutional projects, structural design
and research and development in the field of cement and building materials. His major research interests
are durability testing of concrete, service life design, residual life assessment of concrete structures, high
strength concrete, fibre reinforced concrete etc. He has published more than 50 research papers in various
international, national, conferences and journals. He is chairman and member of various BIS committees,
IRC committee and also member of ISO panel of BIS on cement and concrete.
Lalit Yadav holds a B.Tech in Civil Engineering. He is a Deputy Manager in the Centre for Construction
Development and Research in National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh, Haryana,
India. He has overall experience of three years in the field of quality assurance and audit of concrete structures
and research and development in the field of high strength concrete and geopolymer concrete.
High density concrete (HDC) is used as radiation shield in nuclear reactors, where the temperature is expected to vary upto
120°C. Radiation shielding characteristics of concrete depend mainly on type of aggregates and moisture content in the mix. In
the study, the effect of high temperature (120°C) for varying durations on gamma attenuation properties of four concrete mixes
with granite, haematite and steel shots were investigated. The parameters like density, Gamma Attenuation Factor (GAF) of mixes
were compared. Variation in, density and the GAF is observed only during first 14 days of heat treatment, which did not vary
shielding property of concretes significantly. Further, the GAFs were simulated theoretically.
introduction reactor vault is kept below 65°C. Under Safety Grade Heat
Removal condition the temperature could rise upto 85°C in
Of all shielding materials, concrete is probably the most
the vault [4]. Concretes used in reactors as structural as well
extensively used in nuclear facilities because of its relatively
as shield material, are subjected to elevated temperatures
low cost and ease of fabrication [1]. In addition to this, in
ranging from 65°C to 120°C [3,4], for different durations
case of mixed gamma and neutron field as encountered in
throughout the operation life of the reactor. Due to heating,
nuclear reactor, concrete is most suitable choice of material
water content in the concrete undergoes changes with
for radiation shielding. Concrete is made with much higher
respect to temperature and exposure time [4,5]. Optimum
density aggregates to improve its attenuation characteristics
shielding design of nuclear facilities requires knowledge of
and to reduce the space requirement for shielding. These
the attenuation characteristics of the shielding material under
high-density concretes can have very different compositions
various temperature regimes [6]. There have been reports
and densities depending on the mix design and nature of
on shielding properties of haematite-containing concrete. A
aggregates added. Radiation shielding properties of concrete
few have studied [7] the effects of different concentrations of
may vary depending on the concrete composites [2].
haematite on physical and mechanical properties of concrete
The 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), which and have concluded that these properties improved with
is reaching its advanced stage of completion in India, uses higher concentration of haematite aggregates. In a study,
heavy density (3.85 g/cm3 ) concrete in the roof slab of main with different aggregates (dolomite, serpentine)including
reactor vessel for radiation shielding [3]. Normal density haematite the samples [8]were subjected to temperatures
concrete is used in the inner and outer vaults of the reactor. from 20- 800°C(considering fire hazard) for 240 hours and
During normal operation, the hot pool within the pool type tested for mechanical and shielding properties. It was
reactor is at 550°C while roof slab is maintained at 120°C and concluded that the mix which contains hematite aggregates
have the best attenuation coefficients for both gamma ray
and neutrons and the best resistance for high temperature
The Indian Concrete Journal, June 2017, Vol. 91, Issue 6, pp. 34-40. effects. But there is little information regarding mechanical
...(1)
measurable reductions in GAF value; but subsequent = Dose buildup factor at gamma ray energy E
treatment of 28 & 56 days did not reduce the GAF value
m = Gamma ray linear attenuation coefficient at energy E
further. It is also observed that the change in GAF is more
(upto 3%) in low density concrete sample than in the high = Distance between the detector and source point
density sample (0.6%). However the magnitude of observed
change in GAF values is small. This indicates that the material
loss from the samples resulted the reduction in GAF could This integral is replaced by summation by discretising the
be elements of low atomic number i.e, like water molecules. source in to small pieces of definite volume. For calculations,
point source located at the center of volume element with
the source strength present in that volume is considered.
The observed variation is of the order of 3% for ordinary
The optical distance from this point to the detector location
concrete, 1.5% for 3.6 g/cm3 concrete and 0.6% for concrete
is calculated by the Combinational Geometry package.
with density more than 4 g/cm3 .
The dose rate is calculated by substituting the appropriate
values in equation (2). The dose rates thus estimated are
summed up over the entire region of the source and over
all possible gamma ray energy groups. The buildup factors
), E) used in the QAD-CG code is based on the
ANSI/ANS-6.4.3-1991[14].
Table 4 : Comparison of values of Gamma Attenuation The exact geometry of the experimental setup was modeled
factor obtained from IGSHIELD results with in IGSHIELD and the entire volume of the concrete sample
measurements was divided into 100 cells for dose rate calculations. For
Sample Exposure status Gamma Attenuation Deviation modeling purpose, the density of the sample is assumed to
Factor (GAF) (%) be uniform and the elemental composition used for normal
Exper- IGSHIELD and high density concrete is given in Table 3.
iment
Before HT 0.806 0.857 6.35
A (2.4 g/cm3 )
After HT (14 d) 0.784 0.861 9.87 The Table 4 presents the results of gamma attenuation factor
Before HT 0.910 0.804 -13.7 obtained from computational study which is found to be
B (3.6 g/cm3 )
After HT (14 d) 0.897 0.794 -11.5 good agreement with measurements.
Acknowledgement 11. Osman Gencel, Ahmet Bozkurt, Erol Kam and Turgay Korkut,
“Determination and calculation of gamma and neutron
The authors wish to thank, Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for
shielding characteristics of concretes containing different
Atomic Research, without whose support, this work would haematite proportion”s, Annals of nuclear energy , 38 (2011),
not have been possible and also Shri. S. Chandrasekaran, Shri. 2719-2723.
S. Viswanathan, Smt. R. Preetha and Shri. B. Venkatraman
12. ASTM C 637-14: Standard Specification for Aggregates for
for their valuable advice and technical support.
Radiation-Shielding Concrete.
C. Sivathanu Pillai is Post Graduate in Structural Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna
University; M.S in Civil Engineering from South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA; pursuing
PhD at Sathyabama University, Chennai. He is former Chief Engineer and Associate Director, IGCAR,
Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. He has extensive experience in the design, development and construction of
nuclear safety related structures and radiological laboratories. He has published several papers in national
and international journals and presented many papers at conferences. His special interests are development
of special concretes for nuclear power plant structure.
A.R. Santhakumar, MSc.(Eng.), PhD (New Zealand), is former Dean and Chairman of Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Anna University, Chennai. He is also former Emeritus Professor, IIT Madras, Chennai.
Besides teaching, he guides PhD students and is a research supervisor for PhD students in Sathyabama
University. He has published two books and has received ACCE Nagadi Award for the best book published
on Transmission Lime Towers Mc.Graw Hill, Singapore (International Edition) 1993 from Association
of Consulting Civil Engineers India. His book on Concrete Technology (2006) was published by Oxford
University Press and includes all latest developments in concrete construction engineering.
R. Mathiyarasu has completed his Postgraduation in Physics from Bharathiar University Coimbatore,
NGM College, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu; one-year postgraduate Diploma in Medical Radioisotope Techniques
at Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai. He is Head, Radiation Dosimetry
Section, IGCAR, Kalpakkam. His assignments include radiation protection, internal radiation dosimetry,
gammatography - a NDT technique in evaluating shield integrity of lead poured vessels and public
awareness campaign.
Ashok Kumar J. holds a B.E in Civil Engineering and MBA in Human Resource Management from Anna
University, Chennai. He is a Technical Officer in Civil Engineering Group, IGCAR, Kalpakkam. He has
more than 10 years of experience in development of various types of concretes. His area of interest includes
concrete technology, advanced concrete materials, R&D related to high density concrete and other special
concrete for nuclear applications, self-compacting concrete and site quality control.
The overuse of river sand for construction has various undesirable social and ecological consequences. As a solution for this, industrial wastes
such as Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBS) can be used to replace partially sand and cement by fly ash. This research aims to investigate the
possibility of replacing GBS as a sand substitute in concrete. In this investigation, natural sand was replaced by GBS in various percentages
(10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%), with water cement ratio of 0.4 and cement was partially replaced by 20% fly ash. Tests
were done for fine aggregate and GBS sample. Different mix proportions for different percentage replacement of fine aggregate was obtained
for M30 grade concrete as per IS 10262:2009. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength tests were done for the
concrete with various % GBS in concrete.
Table 2. Basic properties of fine aggregates Table 5. Basic properties of fly ash.
Sl. No Properties Values
Sl.No Properties Values
1 specific gravity 2.84
1 Specific gravity 2.66
2 fineness 6.99%
2 Water Absorption 0.50%
g) Superplastisizer
The admixture used in this study, was of another era in view
c) Coarse aggregate
of adjusted polycarboxylic ether and was free of chloride and
low salt. Also, it was good with a wide range of concretes.
Natural crushed stone collected from local quarry with 20
Table 6 shows the properties of superplastisizer.
mm - 10 mm size is used as coarse aggregate. Table 3 shows
the test results of basic properties of coarse aggregates. Table 6. Basic properties of superplastisizer
Sl.No Properties Values
Table 3. Basic properties of coarse aggregates.
1 Aspect Light Brown Liquid
Sl. No Properties Values
2 Relative Density 1.08 ±0.01 at 25°C
1 Specific Gravity 2.59 3 Ph >6
2 Sieve Analysis 3.39 4 Chloride Ion Content < 0.2%
(2p/πLD)
The time that the wave takes to travel is perused out from
the instrument and the speed of the wave can be computed
as follows.
V=L/T
References
1. Dr S.L. Patil, J.N. Kale, S Suman (2012), “ Fly ash concrete: A
technical analysis for compressive strength”, International
Journal Of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, Volume
II, Issue I, pp 128-129.
2. Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Dr L.B.Zala, Dr.F.S.Umrigar(2012),
“Experimental investigations on partial replacement of cement
with fly ash in design mix concrete”, International Journal Of
Advanced Engineering Technology, Issue IV, Volume III, pp
126- 129.
4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
3. J.N.Akhtar, T.Ahamad, M.N.Akhtar,H.Abbas(2014), “Influence
Figure 8 shows the pulse velocity of 150X150X150 mm size of Fibres and Fly Ash on Mechanical properties of Concrete”,
cube for 28 days curing period. From the IS code 13311(Part American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Volume
1): 1992 table 2 shows the results of Velocity Criterion for 2, No.2,pp 64-69.
Concrete Quality Grading. From the IS code table, the testing 4. M C Nataraja, P G Dileep Kumar, A S Manu, M C Sanjay,
of specimens gives the above 4.5 km/sec results, therefore “Use Of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag As Fine Aggregate In
the results of specimens have excellent velocity. Cement Mortar”, International Journal of Structural and Civil
Engineering Research, volume 2, No.2,pp 61-68
5. Mohammed Nadeem, Arun D. Pofale, “Utilization of Industrial
CONCLUSIONS Waste Slag as Aggregate in Concrete Applications by Adopting
Taguchi’s Approach for Optimization.
Based on the above study the following conclusions were
6. TEXT BOOK - Shetty M. S., (2013), “Concrete Technology -
drawn. Theory and Practical”, S.Chand Publishing.
7. ______Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design,
1. The replacement of fine aggregate by GBS up to 30% IS 10262:1982 (Reaffirmed 2004) Bureau of Indian Standard,
increases the compressive strength for a 20% fly ash New Delhi.
substitute for cement. 8. ______Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural
Sources for Concrete, IS 383:1970, Bureau of Indian Standard,
2. Maximum compressive strength has been achieved New Delhi.
for the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash and fine 9. ______Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, IS 2386 (Part I,
aggregate by 30% GBS. III)-1963: Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
10. ______ Methods of test for Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete,
IS 5816:1999, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
3. Maximum flexural strength has been achieved for
the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash and fine 11. Nadeem M., Pofale A.D. (2012). “Replacement of Natural Fine
Aggregate with Granular Slag - A Waste Industrial By-Product
aggregate by 30% GBS.
in Cement Mortar Applications As An Alternative Construction
58 Materials.” International Journal of Engineering Research and
4. Maximum split tensile strength has been achieved for Applications Vol. 2 pp 1258 -1264.
the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash and fine 12. Isa Yuksel, Omer Ozkan, and Turhan Bilir, “Use of Granular
aggregate by 30% GBS. Blast – Furnace Slag in Concrete as Fine Aggregate”, ACI
Materials Journal, V. 103, No. 3, May – June 2006.
5. From strength point of view, the optimum percentage 13. Singh, S.P. and Murmu, M. “Eco-friendly concrete using by-
products of Steel industry”.
replacement of fine aggregate by GBS is noted as 30%.
Manjunath Hanumappa is pursuing his M.Tech. in Structural Engineering from S.G. Balekundri Institute
of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka. His research interests are
performance of concrete by partially replacing fine aggregate with granulated blast furnace slag and cement
with fly ash. He is an active member of Institute of Engineers, India.
Dr. B.R. Patagundi holds B.E. and M.Tech. Degrees from NITK, Suratkal Karnataka; PhD from Shivaji
University, Kolhapur. He is Professor in S.G. Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
He has over 28 years of teaching experience. His area of interest is on performance of concrete by partially
replacing fine aggregate with granulated blast furnace slag and cement with fly ash. He has published 12
papers in international/national journals and about 25 papers in international/ national conferences.
In prestressed concrete structures, Creep and Shrinkage steel account for major portion of the total loss. So their
of concrete and Relaxation of prestressing steel are long magnitudes are vital in arriving at the residual prestress. A
term phenomena and cause gradual loss of compression in reasonably accurate prediction of these losses is important
concrete and tension in prestressing steel. Their inaccurate to ensure satisfactory performance of structures in service.
estimation leads to serviceability problems like excessive If prestress losses are underestimated, the tensile strength
camber and cracking of concrete. While revising IS 1343:1980, of concrete can exceed under service loads, causing cracking
many modifications were incorporated in time dependent and unexpected excessive deflection. On the other hand,
losses. There is a need to understand the background of these overestimating prestress losses can lead to excessive camber
changes before applying and this article is a beginning in and an uneconomical design. To determine with precision
this direction. After discussing various parameters affecting
the extent of the losses from them is a challenging task. The
Long term losses, the calculations involved and inferences
scientific model presented in [1] the new code (IS 1343:2012)
on results were presented. A typical example explaining
provides an accurate mathematical model that is in line with
calculation of losses based on both codes is also presented.
Model Code 90 [2] (CEB MC-90).
1. Introduction
The objective of this paper is to discuss in detail, each
Losses in prestressed concrete structures can be categorised
parameter of long term loss as mentioned in the new code
as shown in Table 1.
(IS 1343: 2012) and to explain them with a typical example
In properly designed and manufactured members, the based on assumed data. The results are compared with those
loss of stress due to Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation of obtained based on old code [3] (IS 1343:1980).
3.3 Size
The size of a concrete member mainly influences the drying
rate and there by the rate of shrinkage significantly. It also
has an effect on the final shrinkage strain. The influence of
size on shrinkage of a concrete member is proportional to
the volume to surface ratio, i.e. ratio of volume of member
to the surface in contact with surrounding air. The lower
the ratio, faster is the development of shrinkage. But the
5. Example problem
final shrinkage strain decreases with increase in volume to
surface ratio, which means that final shrinkage strain is size A post-tensioned concrete beam shown in Figure 3 is stressed
dependent [6]. on 7th day.
or single
From Table stage stressing
4 ofall IS the
1343:1980 = Stress concrete at the of steel
When strandsforare thestressed
initial fstress
c in= single of 0.7f
Stress in p,concrete
stage, relaxation
the total at loss
the level is 70 of MPa. steel
fc = Stress in Stress
concrete at the level of steel
will have prestressing
a prestressing forceforce in the
of 716 beam kN islocated
calculated A
ats=0.075 asfc follows.
Total =
marea from Total
of in concrete
shrinkage
prestressing
the bottom
atsteel
the
strain
of54.8
level
= 10 in2 of
the steel
54.8period
mm27-28 days is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10
sed in single stage, the total prestressing A =
Total shrinkage Total
force
A area
in theof
strain prestressing
beam
inofthe is steel
calculated
period 7-28steel = 10
as
days is mm
obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6
s= Total area prestressing = 10 54.8 mm
s 2
ng force for single stage
beam at mid span due to prestressing stressing Total shrinkage
is Total strain
TotalAin
As=shrinkage area the period
strain
of in the
prestressing 7-28 days
period steel is
7-28 obtained
= 10days54.8 isfrom
obtained
mm Table
2 6 as2 Table
from 84.85 6 as 10-684.85 10-6
Ultimate tensile strength Total of strand is 102.3 =
kNshrinkage
fromTotal area of prestressing steel
Shrinkage = 10 54.8
loss mm
= in6the
in theTable 1
s
shrinkage Total
strain period strain 7-28 in the days period
Total is obtained 7-28 days
shrinkage from isTable
strainobtained as from
84.85
period Table
10
7-28 -66 as 84.85
days is obtained 10-6
are stressed in single
of IS 14268:1995. stage, the
Maximum total prestressing
force allowed Shrinkage
force in the
is onlyShrinkage loss
beam
76%. = is calculated as .
( ) Shrinkage loss = loss = from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6 . .
and is 102.3 kN from Table 1 of IS 14268:1995. Total Maximum shrinkage force Loss allowed
strain due into
Shrinkagethe is period
relaxation loss 7-28
= daysisis2.5
of steel obtained
% i.e. from Table 6 as-6. 84.85 10-6 .
Assuming the average stress Total to be 92% shrinkageof 76% andShrinkage
strain considering
in the loss
period = 7-28 days
ge stress to Loss due Total to relaxation
shrinkage of steel
strain isin 2.5 the %period
i.e. 7-28 is daysobtainedis obtainedfrom Tablefrom Table6 as 84.856 as 84.85 10 10-6 -6
5%beloss 95% forofelastic
76% and considering
Loss due
shortening, theto 5%
Loss
average loss
relaxation
Total for
dueshrinkage elastic
of steel
toTotal
relaxation
prestressing shortening,
is force
strain
shrinkage 2.5 in i.e.isthe
% strain
of steel the 2.5
periodin % i.e.
7-28
Shrinkage
the perioddays loss is =obtained
7-28 days is from Table
obtained from 6 as Table84.856 as10 84.85 10 -6
e strand after Loss due to relaxation Shrinkage
of
i.e.steel loss
is 2.5 =is% i.e. .
gth in theanchorage
of strand isstrand
102.3 afterkNwill from be Table
anchorage asLossfollows.1due
will of be IS
toas 14268:1995.
relaxation
follows. of Maximum
steel
Shrinkage is 2.5 force
loss
Shrinkage loss =
%= allowed . .
he average stress to be 95% of 76% and considering 5% loss for elastic Shrinkage shortening, loss = the
Shrinkage loss = . .
Loss due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
orce in the strand after anchorage will Loss be as due to
follows. relaxation
Loss due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
is 2.5Loss
of steel prestressing
Residual % i.e.due to relaxation
force on 28th day of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
Residual prestressing Loss dueLoss toforce
relaxation
due onto28 thof day steel isof2.5 % i.e.
e on 28th day Residual prestressing force on 28force threlaxation
dayon 28th day
steel is 2.5 % i.e.
Residualthprestressing
5.4.1
-weight of beam is Residual prestressing force on 28 day
Residual prestressing force on 28 day th
Residual prestressing force on 28 day th
lssing
haveforcea prestressing
on 28 stressed
th day force of 716
th kN located at 0.075 m from the bottom of
Strands on 7 day will have a Residual prestressing force of force onResidual
prestressing 28th dayprestressing force on 28th day
am at mid span due to prestressing isResidual prestressing force on 28 th day
716 kN located at 0.075 m from theResidual bottom of prestressing
girder. Bending force on 28 day th
h day will have a prestressing force of 716 kN Residual
locatedResidual prestressing
at 0.075prestressingm from force the on 28 th day
bottom
force onof 28th day
stress(in the beam at)mid span due to prestressing is
ofinthe thebeam
beamatatmid midspan spandue duetotoself-weight
prestressing is is 5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45 th day
5.4.2 Residual 5.4.2prestressing
Residual prestressing force on 45force th day
on 45th day
( ) 5.4.2
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45 day Residual Strands
prestressing stressed
th force onon 7th45 dayth day will have a residual prestressing force of 672.734 kNon
Strands stressed on th7th day will 6.043 have in a theresidual
period prestressing
7-28 days. force of stress
Bending 672.734 kNon 28 th at day with a loss % of
Strands stressed Strandsonstressed 7 day on will 7 have
th day awill residualhave aprestressing
residual prestressing force force in
of 672.734 the
kNon
of beam
672.73428 th kNondaymid 28span
with thaday lossdue %to
with ofaprestre
loss %
6.043
Strands in the period
stressed 5.4.2 on 7-28
Strands Residual
7 days.
th days.
stressed
day 7-28 Bending
prestressing
will on
have 7 thstress
day
aBending force
residual in
will the
onhave beam
45 a
th
prestressing day at
residual mid span due
prestressing
force of 672.734 to prestressing
force
kNon of 28 672.734
th is
day kNon
with a 28
loss th day with
% of
6.043 in the
5.4.2 period
6.043
Residual in 7-28
the period
prestressing Bending
forcedays. on stress
45 th inday thestressbeam in at
the midbeam span at due
mid to prestressing
span due to is
prestressing is
m 5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day
6.043 in the5.4.2 period 6.043
Residual
7-28in the days. period
prestressing
Bending 7-28force days.on
stress Bending
in 45 theth daystress in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is
beam
Strands 5.4.2 Residual
stressed on prestressing
7 th day will have force aon 45at
residual
th mid
day span due to( prestressing) is
prestressing force of 672.734 kNon 28 th day with a
Strands stressed
Strands on
stressed 7 th day will have a residual
on 7 th day will have a residual prestressing of
( prestressing ) force 672.734
force of kNonkNon
672.734 28 th day 28 thwithday awith
loss a%loss of
eight of beam is Strands 6.043stressedin the period on 7 th7-28
day days.
will
(
Bending
have a residual
(
stress ) in the beam
prestressing
) at
forcemidofspan672.734 due kNon to prestressing
28 th day with is th a los%
56 The Indian Concrete Journal June 6.043 2017 in
6.043 thein period
theStrands 7-28 days.
period stressed
7-28Bending Bending
days. 7 stress
onBending th day( stress
compressive in the
will havebeam
in
stress aor
the atnet
(mid
residual
)beam atspan
stressmidindue
prestressing) todue
span
concreteprestressing
force
to of 672.734
atprestressing
the is ofkNon
level steel 28
is up to day 45w t
Bending compressive 6.043 in the 6.043 period
stress in theor 7-28net
period days.
stress 7-28 Bending
in concrete
days. stress
Bending at in
the the
stress beam
level inof at
steel
the mid
beam upspan
to
at due
45
mid to prestressing
day
th span i.e.
due just
to before is the is
prestressing
Bending compressive Bending compressive stress or beam netstress is or
stress subjected
in concrete
net stress to live load
inatconcrete
the level at of
thesteellevel upoftosteel
45 th up daytoi.e. 45 thjust
day before
i.e. just thebefore
of steel is 2.5 % i.e. Bending compressive stress or net stress on 45th day after the application of live load is
orce on 28th day Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load is
e on 28th day Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load is
Bending Bending Bending
tensile stress tensile
at thestress
soffit atofthethe soffit
beam ofatthe
( stress mid beam
span atthe
) th day midduespan the due
to live loadto is live load is
compressive stress or net on 45 after the application of live load is
Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load isis
Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load
POINT OF VIEW
( )
orce on 28th day
Bending compressive stress or net stress on 45 day after the application of live
th load is
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day Bending compressive stress 5.4.3orResidual
net stressprestressing
on 45th day after forcetheon 70th day of live load is
application
5.4.3Bending Bending compressive
Residualcompressive
prestressing stress
force or onnet 70stress
dayoron
stress
th net45stress
th day on after45 the
th day after the application
application of live loadof is live load is
sing forceStrands
on 45th stressed
day on 7th day will have aBending prestressing stress or Strands
residualcompressive (stressed on )7th day will have a residual prestress
Bending compressive stress or net
net stress
stress onon 4545 day
ththday after
after the
the application
) a loss %live
application
( 45th day with ofof live loadisis
load
g force on 45th day th force( of 665.672( kN on of 1.050 in the
force of 672.734 kN on 28 day with
Strands stresseda loss
on %7 of
th day6.043 will
5.4.3 Residual prestressing in the
have a residual prestress
force on 70 day th force ) of 665.672 ) kN on 45 th day with a loss % of
day will period
have a 7-28
residual prestressing force in of 672.734 kNon 28 th span
day with a loss period
% of28-45 days. ( Bending stress or net stress in the beam
) )mid
y will have a residual days. Bending
prestressing1.050 stress
force inofthe the beam
period
672.734 at
28-45days.
kNon 28 thmiddayBending
with a stress loss %orofnet stress (in the beam at span is.
8 days. Bending stress in the beam at mid spanStrandsdue to prestressing
stressed on at mid span is.
7isth day will have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day with a los
ys. due
Bending to
ing force on 45 day
thprestressing
stress in the beamis at mid span due to prestressing is
5.4.3 1.050
Residualin the period 28-45days.
prestressing force onBending 70th day stress or net stress in the beam at mid span is.
5.4.3 Residual prestressing force on 70th day
day will have a residual( prestressing)5.4.3 forceResidual
of 672.734
5.4.3 kNon 28 thprestressing
Residual
prestressing day with
force on 70a thforce
loss
day %onof70th day
( ) Strands stressed on 7prestressing
th day will have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day with a loss %
days. Bending stress in the beamFrom at mid 5.4.3
span3,5.4.3
due toResidual
prestressing
Residual
Strands is 45on
prestressing
stressed 7force
force thon
From
on
th day 7070
Table
will day
ththday
have 3, aCreep
residual co-efficient
prestress onforce
th
45 and
th
70 daykN
of 665.672 areon 1.01
45 th day w
Table Creep co-efficient on th and 70 day are 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
Bending compressive stress
stress or net stress in concrete at theStrands or1.050
net in the
Strands
stress
level ofstressed
steel uponperiod
in 28-45days.
stressed
concrete
to 745 day
th th day on
willat 7 th Bending
i.e.have day will stress
have
a residual
just before the or
a net
residual
prestress stress in the beam atofmid
force of 665.672 kN on 45 dayon
prestress force span
665.672 th is.
kN 45 tha day
with loss with
% of a
1.050 in the period and
28-45days. 1.16 respectively.
Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span is.
ss or net stress in concrete at the level of steelStrands
up to 45 th day
stressed i.e.
on just
7 before
th day willthehave a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on45is.day with a alos
45 th day with lo
th
1.050
Strands in the
stressed period 28-45days.
on( 7co-efficient
is day will )Bending
have orthanet stress
residual orin net stressforce
prestress inattheof beam
665.672atis.mid
kN on span
ve load the level of steel ( up to 45 ) 1.050day i.e.in the
just period
before 28-45days.
the beam Bending stress stress the
arebeam mid span
th th
From Creep
Table 3,loss
Creep on 45 and 70th day 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
oad 1.050ininthe theperiod
period28-45days.
28-45days.Bending Bending stress
subjected to live load 1.050 Creep loss stress = orornet netstress
stressininthe thebeam
beamatatmid midspan spanis.is.
Total shrinkage strain in the period Creep 45-70lossdays ( is obtained) from Table 6 as 38.07 10-6
tress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 45 th day i.e. just before the
e load From Table 3, Creep co-efficient on 45th and 70th day are 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
From Table
Shrinkage
Total shrinkage 3, Creep
loss
strain =in the co-efficient
period 45-70 on 45th is
th days
and 70th day
obtained are 1.01
from Tableand 6 as1.16 respectively.
.38.07 10-6
o-efficients on 28th and 45th day are 0.85 From 1.01thFrom
andTable 3, Creep Table
respectively.th
3, Creep co-efficient
co-efficient on 45th and Total
on
70th45day and
shrinkage are70 1.01
th day
andare
strain in1.161.01
the
and 1.16 respectively.
respectively.
period 45-70 days is obtained
icients onFrom 28th and
Table 453, day areco-efficients
th Creep 0.85 and 1.01 onrespectively.
28Fromand Table
45 day Creep
are 0.85 loss ( ) and 70
From Table
Residual prestressing force3,3,Creep
Creep co-efficient
thco-efficient
day Creep
on 70Shrinkage on on4545
loss
from
loss =
thth
Tableand
( 670as
day
ththday
38.07 )areare1.01
10
1.01and
-6 and1.16
1.16respectively.
.
respectively.
.
ep loss and ( 1.01 respectively.) Creep loss Creep ( loss () )
oss ( ) Total shrinkage strain in the period
Creeploss loss (th(45-70 days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10 -6
Total shrinkage Creep strain ) ) = days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10-6
-efficientsCreepon 28lossth and 45th day are 0.85 and 1.01 Residual
respectively. prestressing force onin the
70Shrinkage
day periodloss 45-70 .
= Total shrinkage Totalstrain
shrinkage in thestrainperiod in 45-70
the period days 45-70
is obtaineddays is obtained
from Table from Table 610
6 as 38.07 as-638.07 10-6
Totalshrinkage
shrinkagestrain Shrinkage
strainininthe loss =
theperiod
period45-70 45-70days days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 . 10 -6 -6
Total Shrinkage loss = is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10 .
ep loss ( ) 5.4.4 Residual prestressing Shrinkage
force onloss Shrinkage
90th=day loss = th . .
Residual prestressing forceShrinkage on 70 day th Residual
loss== thprestressing force on 70 day = .
Residual prestressing Shrinkageforce loss on 70 day .. .
Residual
Strands Residual
prestressing
stressed on 7 th dayprestressing
force
will on
have 70 force
th
a day
residualon 70 thday
prestressing force of 660.460 kN on .
70 th day with . a loss % of
Total shrinkage strain in the period 5.4.4 28-45Residual
days is obtainedprestressing force on 90 day th
0.783 Residual
Residual
in the period prestressing
prestressing force
force on on 70 70thth day
day . .
kage strain fromin the period
Table 6 as 28-45
40.04 days
x 10
-6
is obtained from45-70Tabledays. 6 as 40.04 Bending10stress -6 in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is.
Strands stressed on 7th day will have a residual prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 th day with a lo
d from Table 6 as 40.04 10-6
Shrinkage loss = 5.4.4 0.783
Residual in the period 45-70
prestressing forcedays.on. Bending
90(th day stress in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is.
) day
5.4.4 Residual prestressing force on 90th
. 5.4.4 Residual 5.4.4 Residual prestressing
prestressing force on 90 force th 5.4.4
day 90 day prestressing force on 90th day
onResidual
th
period
estressing28-45 days
force onis45obtained
thday from Table Strands 6 as 40.04 stressed
5.4.4 10 -6 on 7th day will
Residual prestressing . haveforce a residual
on prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 th day with a loss %
n in the period 28-45 days is obtained from Table 5.4.4 6 Residual
as 40.04 prestressing
Strands 10-6
stressed on force
7 th day on 9090
will
Strands
ththday
have day
stresseda (residual
on 7 th )will haveforce
prestressing
day of 660.460
a residual kN on
prestressing 70 th day w
Strands0.783stressed
inStrands
the period
onstressed
7th day45-70 ondays.
will 7have
th dayBending
a will
residual stress
have in the beam
a residual
prestressing at mid
prestressing
force of span
force
th 660.460
due of to
kN onprestressing
660.460 kN on
70 th day withis. tha day
70 loss with
% of a
. 0.783. in the period 45-70force days.ofBending
660.460stress kN onin70 the day
beam with a loss
at mid % of
span due 0.783 in the
to prestressing is.
e loss = Strands stressed on 7 th day will have a residual prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 day with
Shrinkage loss
Residual = prestressing force 0.783 in
th
the 0.783
period
Strands in the
45-70
stressed period
days.
on 7. 45-70
Bending
th day days.
will Bending
stress
have in
a the stress
beam
residual in atthe
mid
prestressingbeam
span at mid
due
force to
of span due
prestressing
660.460 to
kN prestressing
is.
on 70 thth day is.
with a alol
d
od28-45
28-45days
daysisisobtained from Table6on
fromTable 45
6asas day. 1010-6
40.04 -6
obtained 40.04 period 45-70 days. Bending stress in the beam at mid span
n Fromfrom Table 0.783
3,0.783
Creep inin theperiod
period
co-efficient on45-70 days.
70thdays.
and Bending
90Bending
th day are
(stress
1.16inin
and the1.25
beam atatmidmidspan
) respectively. spandue duetotoprestressing
prestressingis.is.
nnin in the
45the
period
period 28-45
thday 28-45 days
days is is obtained
obtained from Table
Table 6
6 as
as 40.04
the
. 40.04 10-6
10-6 45-70 stress
due to prestressing is.(
the beam
g force on 45 thday . )
fsss10
==kN/m is subjected on the beam on 45 th day. Bending . . moment due to this live load ( is () )
hrinkage
hrinkage loss loss = = From Table 3, Creep.. co-efficient on 70th and 90th(day are 1.16 )and 1.25 respectively.
hay. Bending moment due to this live load is . ( )
5th dayday .
force
force on 45thday
on 45
th
day ..
ected on the beam on 45 day. Bending moment
th From Table due to3, Creep
this live co-efficient
load is on 70th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
m is subjected on the beam on 45 th day. Bending moment From due to this
Table 3, is live load
Creep is
co-efficient on 70th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
nsile stress at the soffit of the beam atFrom mid span the 3, due
From to co-efficient
Table live load
on3,45Creep day.co-efficient
on 70th and on 90th70day
th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
Live load of 10 kN/m is subjectedTable Creep are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
th
on the beam
anonthe due to live load is From
From Table
Table 3, 3, Creep
Creep co-efficient
co-efficient From
on on 7070
thth
Table
andand 9090
3, Creep dayco-efficient
ththday areare1.16
1.16and and
on 1.25
1.25
th
respectively.
and 90th day are 1.16
70 respectively.
d onthe thebeam
Bending on 45 thday.
on45moment day.Bending
due moment
to this due
live load istotothis
thisliveliveload loadisis
th
beam Bending moment due
m
m is is subjected
subjected on on the
the beam
beam on 45 th day.
on 45 day. Bending
Bending moment
moment due due to to this
this livelive load
load is isand 1.25 respectively.
th
gCreep
orce
oss force on
Creep
( on
loss90 Total
90
thday
loss
thday shrinkage
( ) strain ) in the period 70-90 days is . obtained
. . from
... . Table Table6 as 7. 20.62
Comparison 10-6 of total long term loss
Creep
Creep loss ( loss ( ( )))
(
rinkage loss Shrinkage
)= ) loss = . . . . Type of loss As per IS 1343:2012 As per IS 1343:1980
ain estrain
ain period
in
inthe thein70-90
the
period
period days
period 70-90
70-90 is
70-90obtained
days
days daysis Shrinkage
from
is obtained
isobtained
obtained Table loss
from
from =Table
6from
as
Table 20.62
Table666as 10
as-6620.62
as-6 20.62
20.62 1010-6-6-610-6 .
ain in the period 70-90 days is obtained from Table as 20.62 10 (kN) (kN)
oderiod
estressing
orce 70-90on 70-9090days days
thforce
day is is obtained
on
obtained 90 thday from from Table Table 6 as 6 20.62
as 20.6210-610 . .
essing force Creep 27.756 42.309
5.4.5atResidual infinity (25550 prestressing days) force at infinity (25550 days)
age loss
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage =Residual
Shrinkage lossloss
loss
loss === prestressing
= force on 90thday . ... . Shrinkage
. 32.581 22.397
essing
sing
ss loss= =
force force at
Strands at infinity
infinity stressed (25550(25550 on days)
7 days)
th
day will have a residual . .prestressing
7 day will have a residual prestressing
th force of 657.605 kN on 90 day with a loss % of th Relaxation 47.492 38.360
ng
ng ngon
essing 90
force
force
force day
thforce
onforce
on
on 90on
90
90 th of
th
th 90
day
day
day 657.605
thday kN on 90th day with a loss % . of 0.432 ... in. the Total loss 107.829 103.066
0-90
th day
h90
th days. will Bending
have stressprestressing
a residual orprestressing
net stress inforce the beam of. 657.605. at mid kNkN spanon 9090 is.day
th day with a loss % of
day dayday will have a residual Bending force stressofor657.605 on beamwith a loss % of
th
period 70-90 days. net stress in the
ual
0-90 0ing prestressing
days. days.
force Bending
at
Bending infinity force
stressstressatorinfinity
(25550 or
net net
days)stress (25550
stress in in days)
the thebeam beam at at mid mid span span is. is.
at
5.4.5mid span
Residual is. prestressing force
( ) at infinity (25550 days)
day ssedwill on 7have th day will have a residual prestressing force of 657.605
a residual prestressing force of 657.605 kN on 90 th day kN on with 90ath loss day % with of a loss % of
Strands stressed ( ( on 7th day) will ) have a residual prestressing force of 657.605 kN on 90 th day with a loss % of
force
prestressing
period
0ressing
days.
tressing
tressing at70-90
infinity
force
Bending
force
force force
days.
at
at (25550
atBending
atinfinity
stress
infinity
infinity infinity
or days)
(25550
(25550
(25550 (25550
netstress stressdays)
days)
days) ordays)
innet thestress
beamin atthe midbeam spanat is.mid span is.
at ce infinity
at infinity 0.432
(25550 (25550 thedays)
in days) period 70-90 days. Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span
Relaxation lossis.for initial stress of 0.7 fpis 70 MPa. Total
ndwill 777on
ththday7have
day
day
th day
will
will
will a residual
will
have
have
have have prestressing
aaaresiduala residual
residual
residual prestressing force offorce
prestressing
prestressing
prestressing 657.605
force
force force
of kN
of657.605
of 657.605 on 90
of 657.605 kNkNday
th kN
onon90 with
on
90 thth90daydaya loss
th day
with
with % aaaof
with loss a loss
relaxation
loss % %of of%lossof is
) 657.605 kN on 90 day with loss % of
th th
avel have a a residual
residual prestressing
prestressing ( force force of (657.605
of
) 657.605 kN kNon on
90 th90 day
th day
with with a lossa loss % % of
of
ays.
iod
70-90 Bending
70-90
co-efficient
70-90 days.
70-90 days. days.
days. Bending stress
Bending
on Bending
90
Bending stress th orand net
stress
stress or stress
stress
25550 or net
or net or in
day
net stress
th the
net
stress are
stress in beam
stress
in1.25the
in the inat
and
the beam mid
the
beam
beam at2.28 span
beam at mid atis. mid
respectively.
at mid
mid ( span span
span is. span
is.
is. ) is.
Bending
nding stress stress or net or net stress stress in the in the beam beam at mid at mid span span is. is.
co-efficient on 90 th and 25550
-efficient on 90 and 25550 day are 1.25 and 2.28
th th th day are 1.25 and 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
Creep lossFrom ( Table ( 3, Creep ) 90th and 25550th day are .
((( co-efficient
() ))) on)loss
Total evaluated from both the codesTotal is presented
loss evaluated in Tablefrom 7. both the codes is presented in
loss 1.25 ( )
epreep loss ( ( (and 2.28) respectively. ) ) . -6.
in in the periodth90 - daysththis obtainedthfrom Table 6 as 121.32 10 Table 7.
3, Creep on
-efficient co-efficient
90 and on 25550 90 and day 25550 are 1.25 5.5dayand
Residualare2.28 1.25 and 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
prestressing force for multi stage stressing
nn in thethe period From
Creep
period 9090 Table
loss
- - days = 3, days Creep co-efficient
is obtained
is obtained fromfrom onTable
Table
Total 90loss 6 and
th 25550
6 evaluated
as as 121.32 10
121.32
th day -6 are
10
from
-6
both 1.25the and codes2.28 is respectively.
presented in Table 7.
hrinkage loss = Total loss evaluated from both the codes is presented 5.5 Residual
in Table 7. prestressing force for multi
ep loss ( Creep loss () ) In the Total present loss evaluated
Total problem
loss evaluated from . from
strands both areboththe .
stressedcodes
the codes is
in presented
two stages.
is presented in In Table first
in 7.stage,
Table 7. 5 strands are stressed on 7th day
hrinkage
Creepnkage
pcient on loss loss
90
co-efficient = and =on90 25550
on th90 th andday Creep
are
25550 thloss
1.25 and
day ( 1.25
2.28
are
5.5 respectively.
Residual and
2.282.28 )prestressing
Total loss evaluated
respectively. force from stageboth thestressing
codes is presented . in Table 7.
p pco-efficient on and 25550 6 for multi stage
are stressing
co-efficient th
90 th
and th
25550 ththday
day are
are 1.25
1.25 andand 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
2.3 co-efficient
ofth90IS th1343:2012, on 90 th
thand
for long 25550 term
th day are
relaxation and 1.25 in
lossandsecond 2.28
values respectively.
stage
given remaining
in-6 Table 5 strands
of code should stressed on 28th day. Total force on the beam due to
nt
kage
on n the on
90strain andand
period in
25550
90 25550
the - thperiod
day
days day are isare
90 - 5.5
1.25 1.25
obtained days
andResidual
and is 2.28
2.28
fromobtainedprestressing
respectively.
respectively.
Table
5.5 6from
Residual as
5.5 Residual
force
Table
121.32 6
prestressingforas
10 multi
121.32
prestressing
stage
force 10for stressing
-6
force In multi
forthe stage
multi stressing
stageproblem
present stressingstrands are stressed in two stages.
Loss between Total 90shrinkage
days to infinity
strain is
in prestressing
the period
period - atdays
90values first stage
isis obtained is
3 of IS 1343:2012,
Total
loss((( shrinkage ()for long term
)strain inrelaxation
the Inloss 90 -present days
5.5given Residual .in
obtained Table 6..from6 of
prestressing Table
code 6 as for
should
force 121.32
inmulti 10
stage
stages.stressing
-6
ossof
Creep
Creep
Creep ISCreep1343:2012,
(loss
loss
loss for long term
)) In ) relaxation loss thevalues given in
problem Table strands of
. code
. are should
stressed
In first stage, two 5 strands In first
are stage, 57thstrands areinstressed on 7th d
oss ( between from
Shrinkage 90 )
Table
days loss 6to as
= 121.32
infinity isthe 10 present
-6
In problem
the present strands
. .
problem are stressed
strands inare two stages.
stressed in Intwofirst stage,
stages. In5 stressed
strands
first stage,
on
are 5
day and
stressed
strands on
are 7second
th day
stressed ondue
7th
nkage loss =
)
s between 90 days to infinity is and in In second Total
the present loss evaluated
stageproblem remaining from
strands both
5 stage the
are stressed
strands codes is presented
in two
are stressed
remaining stages.
on 28are in Table
thInday. 7.
first Total
stage, 528
onforce strands
th on the are stressed
beam ond
Shrinkage
and in loss
second = stage remaining 5 strands are stressed on 28 th5 day.
strands Total stressed
force on the beam day. due Total
to
ain e
ain period
strainin
inthe the 90
in period
the -
period period days
90 is
90---90 days obtained
-days
days days
is from
is obtained
isobtained
obtained Table
from
fromand 6
from as
Table 121.32
inTable
Table 66in
6as
second In
as the10
6121.32
asstage
121.32 present
121.32
-6
1010is 10
remaining
-6 problem-6 strands
5 strands are stressed
are stressed in two
on 28 stages.
th day. In first
TotalTotal stage,
forceforce 5 strands
on the are
beam duestres
ain in the period 90 is obtained from Table
prestressing and as 121.32
atsecond
first stagestage10 -6-6
remaining force5 on strands
the beam are due stressed on 28
to prestressing
th day.
at first stage is on the beam
oderiod
use 90 -90 -Shrinkage
19.5.2.3 days ofdays IS
isfor is long
obtained obtained
loss
1343:2012, =term from forfrom
prestressing
long
Table Table 6 as6loss
term atasfirst
relaxation
121.32 121.32 stage 10 loss
5.5 10 -6
isResidual
values given
prestressing incode Table 6 offor code 5 should
of IS 1343:2012, relaxation values given
and in Table
in second 6isof stage thforce
should
remaining multi stage stressing
strands are stressed on 28th day. Total force on the
-6
5.5.1 prestressing
Residual prestressing at
prestressing first stage
at first force on 28 day
stage isloss values given in Table 6 of code should
ed ge
sShrinkage loss
by
between 3.=Loss
Shrinkage As loss
90 per ===Clause
loss
between
days 90 19.5.2.3
= infinity
to daysisto of IS 1343:2012,
infinity is for long term
prestressing relaxation
at first stage is
Shrinkage
Shrinkage loss
loss
s= oss = be multiplied by 3. Loss between 90 days to In infinity
the present is problem strands are stressed in two stages. In first stage, 5 strands are stresse
Strands stressed on 7th day will have a prstressing force of 360 kN located at 0.075 m from soffit of the
S19.5.2.3
2.3
g.2.3
2.31343:2012,
forceof
ofofIS IS
IS on As for
of1343:2012,
IS per
1343:2012,
1343:2012,
25550 long
1343:2012,
Clause
thday term
for
for
for for
19.5.2.3
long
long
long relaxation
long
term
term
term ofterm loss
ISrelaxation
1343:2012,
relaxation
relaxation values
relaxation
5.5.1 for
loss
loss
loss given
loss
long
values
Residual and
values
values inprestressing
values
term in Table
given
given
given given
relaxation
second in 6 Table
in
in of
Table
Table code
instage Table
force should
666atofof
of
on 6codeof
remaining
code
code
28 code
th should
should
should
day should
5 strands are stressed on 28th thday. Total force on the b
43:2012, for long term relaxation 5.5.1 loss
Residual beam.
values Bending
given
prestressing in stress
Tableforce in6on the
of code
28 beam
th day should mid 5.5.1span due to first
Residual stage stressing
prestressing forceis on 28 day
y2012,
tween
Loss 3. Loss
Loss for
90 loss
between
between long
daysvalues
between term
to
90
90 days
days relaxation
90given
infinity days
to is
toinfinity in infinity
to
infinity loss
Table is values
is 6 is of code given
5.5.1 should in
Residual
5.5.1 Table
be multiplied
prestressing
Residual 6 of
prestressing code at by
prestressing should
first force
stage onis28on day
force th
28 day
gorce Loss
force between
on 25550 90 thdaydays to infinity is th
en days 90ondays 25550 to infinity is is 90 days to infinity
Lossday
th
90 to3. infinity between is
Strands stressed 5.5.1 Residualon 7th day prestressing
will have Strandsforce on 28th day
( stressed
a prstressing on )7 of
force
th
day 360will kNhave located a prstressing
at 0.075 mforce fromofsoffit of t
Strands stressed Strands on 7 th day will have a prstressing force
stressed on in 7 on day will at have akN of
prstressing 360 kN
force located
of
m 360 at 0.075 m from soffit of the soffit of
beam. Strands
Bending stressed
stress
th
the 7 beam
th day 360
willmid havespan located
a due toatfirst
prstressing 0.075 force
stage of kN
from
stressing soffit
360 located
kNisoflocated
the atbeam.
0.075at 0.075m from
Bending m from soff
beam. Bending beam. stress in
Bending the
Strands beam
stress at
stressed
in mid the span
on
beam 7 due
th day
at to
stress
mid first
willin
span stage
have
the duebeam stressing
atoprstressing
at
first mid is
stage span forcedue
stressing of
to 360
first
is kN
stage located
stressing at 0.075
is m from
estressing force on 25550thday beam. Bending stress in the beam at mid span due to first stage stressing is
orce on 25550 thday
5.5.1
beam. Residual Bending prestressing
stress in force
the beam on 28
at mid
th day span due to first stage stressing is
Residual prestressing force on Tensile
25550stress thday due to self-weight of beam ( )
( () ( ) )
S 1343:1980 Strands stressed on 7th day will have a prstressing ( force of )360 kN located at 0.075 m from
ng
ng ngonforce
essing 25550
force
force force
on
on
on
thday on 25550
25550
25550
25550
Residual
ththday
th day
day thday
prestressing force on 25550 Tensile th
daystress beam. dueBending to self-weight stress in ofthe beam beam at mid span due to first stage stressing is
1343:1980
25550
343:1980 thday
r a member loaded on 7th day,Tensile
550 stress2Tensile
due to self-weight ofself-weight
beam
thday
from Table is 2.2. TensileTotal
stressstress loss
duedue to
due totocreep self-weight is of beam of beam
Tensile stress due to self-weight of beam
Tensilestress stressor due to self-weight of beam (
from TableBending compressive net
is isstress in concrete at the level of steel up to 28 day
a member loaded ) th
member loaded onon 7th7day, th day, from Table
2 is2 2.2.is 2.2. Total Total loss loss due due to to creep creep
as per IS 1343:1980
343:1980
5.4.6 Losses as per IS 1343:1980
a member loaded onth7th day is obtained from
Bending Tablecompressive6 as 209.59
Tensile stress 10
stressdue -6. Total loss due to
or
to net stress
self-weight inof concrete
beam at the level oforsteel up to 28inth concrete
day
ficient
member forloaded
a member on 7loaded day, from on 7thTable
Bending day,compressive
2from
isBending
2.2. Table Total 2stress
is
loss 2.2.dueor Total
net to loss due
creep
stress is
in to creep
concrete Bending is thecompressive
at level of steel stress
up to 28 thnet
day stress at the
a1980 member loaded
Creep on
co-efficient7 th day is
for obtained
a member from loaded TableBending
on 6compressive
7as compressive
209.59
day, from stress
10 Table
-6. Totalor
stress 2 net
is or
loss stress
2.2. netdue
Total in
stress
to concrete
loss in concrete
due at
to the
creep at level
the
is of
level steelof up
steel to 28
up th day
to 28 th day
member
per IS 1343:1980
S 1343:1980
IS 1343:1980 5.4.6
loaded Losses
on 7 th as
day per is IS
obtained 1343:1980 from Table 6 as th
209.59
Bending 10 -6.
compressive Total loss due
level to of steel up to 28 th
day
IS
0
1343:1980 From Table 3, Creep co-efficient for 28stress th dayor net stress in concrete
corresponding to strands at thestressedlevel on of steel
7th day upisto0.85. 28 th day
th
Creep co-efficient for a member loaded on 7 day, from
mber
orornt
oraafor loaded
amember a member
member
member Table on
loaded
loaded
loaded 7is th day, from
loaded ononTotal
on 777on
th
ththday, thTable
7loss
day,
day, day,
from
from
from 2from
is
Table2.2.
Table
Table Table2Total
22is
is 22.2.
isis2.2.
2.2. loss
is 2.2.
Total due
Total
Total Total
lossto creep
loss
loss loss
due
due
due due
to iscreep
to
to to creep
creep
creep isis is
is
er loaded th2day, 2.2. due to creep Creep loss .
train
member
oaded foron aon
loaded th 7
7member day, onfrom thfrom
7loaded day Table Table
is on 27is
obtained th2dayis 2.2.
2.2. from
Total Total
is obtainedTable
loss loss
due due
6from
as to to
Table
209.59
creep creep is6 as10is-6.209.59
Total loss 10-6.due Total to loss due to
nitial stress of 0.7 fpisstrain
Shrinkage 70 MPa. forFrom Total
a member relaxation From
loaded lossTable 3,
Bending Creep
is7th day is obtained
onco-efficient co-efficient
compressive from for
stress 28 or
th
Tableth6 as day
net corresponding
stress
209.59 in concrete
10-6. stressed to strands
at
Total loss the stressed
level of on
steel 7th to
up day 28is th 0.85.
day
Table 3, Creep forco-efficient
28th day corresponding
forFrom Table to strands ondue 7forth to
day
28th is 0.85.
s TotalFrom TableTable
From
shrinkage 3, Creep
strain 3,in Creepthe period co-efficient 7-28 28
isfor day
28
obtained day3, Creep
th corresponding
corresponding
from
co-efficient
Tableth6toas strands
to strands
84.85 stressed day
10-6stressed
corresponding
. on 7 onday
th
7th is day0.85.is 0.85.
alitial stress
stress of
0.70.7
ofshrinkage fpisfp70 is is 70
MPa. MPa. Total Total relaxation
relaxation loss loss is is From Table 3, Creep Creep loss co-efficient
to strands forstressed
28th dayon corresponding
7 day is 0.85.to strands stressed . on 7th day is 0.
rnrber
raafor loaded
amember a member on
loaded 7loaded
th day ison
onon777ththth obtained
7th day
day from
is obtained Table 6fromas 209.59
Table Creepas6209.5910loss
as Total
209.59 loss
-6.10 due Total to loss
duedue to to .
for ais obtained from Table
on 7th666day as 10 Total = loss due to
-6. -6.
member
member loaded
loaded
Shrinkage on
strain day
day ismember
is obtained
obtained from
from
loaded Table
Table as 209.59
209.59
isShrinkage
obtained 1010-6.
Creep -6. Total
Total
lossCreeploss loss
lossloss due to .. .
loaded on 7
aded on 7 day is obtained from Table
th day is obtained from Table 6 209.59 10 Total loss due to to Creep loss
as 209.59 10 -6. Total loss due
-6. 6 as
th -6.
Total shrinkage strain inisthe period 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6. .
from Table 6 as 209.59 x 10 Total loss due to shrinkage
pisTotal shrinkage strain in the period 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6.
al oss for initial
stress of 0.7 stress fpis 70of MPa. 0.7 fTotal 70 relaxation
MPa. TotalTotal relaxation
loss is shrinkageFrom loss is
Table
strain 3, Creep
in the co-efficient
period 7-28 7-28 for 28
is obtained th day corresponding
fromfrom TableTable 6 as 84.85 to strands stressed
10 . 10 .
-6 on 7 th day is 0.85
Loss dueTotal to shrinkage
relaxation of strain
steel isin2.5 the%period i.e. is obtained 6 as 84.85 -6
Relaxation loss for initial stress of 0.7 fpis 70 Total MPa. shrinkage Total relaxation strain loss
in the
Total is period
shrinkage 7-28 is obtained
strain in thefrom periodTable 6
7-28 as is84.85
obtained 10 -6.
from
Shrinkage loss = .
Shrinkage lossShrinkage = Creep =lossloss -6 .
Shrinkage loss Table =6 as 84.85 10 . . ..
ress
for
nitial
initial of
initial 0.7
stress
stress f
stressis
ofof 70
0.7 of
0.7 MPa.
f
initial stress of 0.7 fppis 70 MPa. Total relaxation
p 0.7
f
p isis f
70Total
70p is MPa.70
MPa. relaxation
MPa.Total
Total Total loss
relaxation
relaxation is
relaxation
Loss due loss
loss
loss to loss
isis is
is relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e. Shrinkage loss = .
s 0.7 of 0.7 fpisf70 pis MPa.
70 MPa. Total Total relaxationrelaxationLossloss due loss
istoisrelaxation
Loss Loss due of Total
to steel
relaxation is 2.5 %
shrinkage of
due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
i.e.
strain
steel is in2.5 the % period
i.e. 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6.
efficients
POINT OF VIEW on 45 th day and 70th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7 th day are .
s in concrete at the level of steel up to 45th day i.e. just before the beam is
ncrete
y.
ressive at the
stress level
inloss of
concrete steel up
at the to 45
level
th day i.e. just before the beam is
of steel
sive stress Creep in concrete = at the level of steel up up to 45 toth45day th day i.e. just before the beam is
i.e. just before the beam is
ble 3, Creepco-efficients on 45th day and 70th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7th day are
ve
oad load is is
rete p1.16loss
efficientsat the(onlevel
respectively. 45th of daysteel ) up
and 70thtoday 45thcorresponding
day i.e. just before to strands the stressedbeam is . on 7th day are
stress
ly. in concrete at the level of steel up to 45 th day i.e. just before the beam is
ands due stressing 5.5.4 Residual prestressing force5.5.4 90th day prestressing force on 90th day
onResidual
Creep lossof second ( stage )strands i.e. strands which are stressed on. 28th day.
sients
in concrete Creepatloss the in first ofstage strands due th to stressing ofbeforesecondthe stage
and)level steel up to 45 today i.e. just . on 7th beam is th
ep loss on 45 ( th day 70th day corresponding strands stressed day7thare Strands stressed on 7 day will have a residual prestressing
nCreepco-efficients
45firstday strands
and 70th on i.e.
day strands which
corresponding are stressed on 28 th
Strands
day. stressed on day will have a residual prestressing force of 334.233 kN on 70th day with a los
efficients onstrands
45 day and 70and th to strands stressed on 7strands day are
th th th day corresponding to strands th stressed on 28 th day isare th
sepco-efficients
in stage on 45 due 45stressing
th day
daylevel and of of second
70
70 steel day up stage
day strands
corresponding
corresponding i.e. strands
to to which are stressed
stressed on on28 7 force
day.
th th
day of 334.233 kN on 70 day with a loss of 0.788% in the
stress in concrete th
at the th
to 45 day0.788%
th i.e.strandsjust in is stressed
before
the period theon beam
45-70 7 days.
th dayis are Bending stress at mid span due to due to first stage stressing is
ompressive
rands due stressingstress of in concrete
second stage at the
strands level
i.e. of
strands steel which after are beam
stressed subjected
on 28 th day. to live load
period 45-70 days. Bending stress at mid span due to due to
sespectively.
ectively. th th
5th day and From 70th Table 3, Creep
day corresponding co-efficients
to strands on 45 day on 7thand day70 are day
oss ble 3,(Creep co-efficients) on 45th day and 70th day stressed corresponding th . to strands stressed on 28first
th day is
stage stressing is
-efficients corresponding
)on 45 and to thstrands stressed onto.28 day stressed is 0.80 on and7ththday are
45( th day 70 th day corresponding strands
th
-efficients
0.62.
Creep Bending
Creep loss on loss compressiveday
( andstress 70
) )day corresponding
in concrete at the level to of strands
steel after stressed beam. on 28 day to
is .subjected is live load
ely. saydue 0.62.ofBending compressive stress which in concrete at the level of
compressive is stressing stress
(th day
secondin stage
concrete strands
at the i.e.
level strands
of steel after are stressed
beam is on
subjected 28 th day.
to live load ( ( ) )
cients
ressing onof 45
steel
) second after
stage andbeam 70th) day
strands corresponding
isi.e.subjected
strands to live
which aretoload strands
. onon
stressed 45stressed
th
28 day
th day. on 7th day are th
is
stage stage strands due stressing of second stage
strands due stressing of second stage strands i.e. strands which are stressed on 28 day. strands i.e. strands which are stressed on th 28 day.
ep losson 45
cients ( th day and)and 70th 70 day corresponding to strands stressed . on 28th day is areBending compressive stress or net stress in concrete at the
-efficients on 45th thday th day corresponding to strands
Bending stressed
th compressive on 7stress th day
or stress
net stress in concrete at the) level of steel up70toth 70 day day
th
singn
p 45
loss ofth second
day ( and stage 70 strands
day ) (thi.e. strands
corresponding ) th to are
which strands Bending
stressed stressedon compressive
28 on day. 28 th day .tostress
is or net in concrete ( at the th level of steel up to
Creep
pressive
ely. co-efficients
stress in on
concrete 45 day
at the
ep co-efficients on 45 day and 70 day corresponding to strands stressed
th and
level th 70 of day
steel corresponding
after beam is to
subjected strands stressed
live load on
on 28 day is th 28 th day
level of issteel up to 70 day
eoss
trands
Bending stress(due (
stressing
incompressive
concrete ) of
at second
the
stress
)level stage of strands
in concrete steel after i.e. beam
at the
strandsiswhich
level ofsubjected
steel
are .stressed
after to beamlive on load 28th day.
is subjected to live
ding
n45theday compressive
and 70 loss stress
day in concrete
corresponding at the level of steel after beam is subjected to live loadload
period Creep 45-70 loss days = ( is obtained ) to from strands Table stressed
3 as 38.07 oncompressive
28 10day . is stress
th th th -6
Creep Bending . or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
eep s due loss ( ) .
o-efficients
ep ress loss instressing ( on 45
concrete of at second
th day
the)level stage70
and ofstrands dayafter
steel
th i.e. strands
beam which
corresponding is subjected toarestrands
stressed
to live on
stressed
. load 28 day.
th
on 28th day is ( )
inkage
rinkage (loss
strain = in the )
period
compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel after 45-70 days is obtained from Table beam 3 as 38.07
is subjected . 10 -6.
to live loadFrom ( ) th th
(trands due stressing
) day and of second stagecorresponding
strands i.e. strands From From
which
Table Table
are 3,stressed 3, Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficientson2828ththday day.is on 70 onth 70 Table
day
th day
and 3,andCreep
90 dayco-efficients
th 90 th day corresponding
corresponding on 70 day
tothstrands and
to strands 90stressed
stressed day on 7on th day 7th
cients on 45
n the period 45-70( days is obtained
th
( 70 th day
) ) from Table 3 as to strands
38.07
Bending stressed
10 .
compressive
-6 on stress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
1.16
and and 1.25 corresponding to strands stressed on 7 day are 1.16 and
oss rce on
pressive ( 70stress
th day shrinkage
Total inin
Shrinkage first
concrete lossstage =atstrain
the strands
level in the ofissteel period 1.1645-70
after beam 1.25
days
is subjected is respectively.
respectively.
. stressed obtained
Bending to live load
. compressive stress or( net stress in concrete ) at the level of steel up to 70 th day
o-efficients ) on 45th) day and 70th day corresponding -6 From to strands
Table 3, Creepco-efficientson 28th day is1.25 on respectively.
70 th day and 90th day ( corresponding ) to strands stressed on 7th da
rinkage Creep loss from
) = ( ( Table 3 as 38.07 10 .
)at the level of steel after beam is .subjected .
Creep
compressive loss(loss stress in concrete
) ) . respectively. Creep. . toloss
Creep live loss
load( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
el prestressing
period 45-70force daysonis70
th day in first stage strands is
obtained from Table 3Bending as 38.07 1.16 and 10-6.1.25
compressive stress or net stress Creep in concrete
loss = at the level of steel up to 70 th day
orce 45-70 on days
)
70 is
Shrinkage
th day obtained
in first loss from
stage = Table
strands 3 as
is 38.07 10 -6.. Bending compressive stress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
erain strain in the in the
( period 45-70 period 45-70 days
) days is obtained from Creepis obtained from Table Table 3loss
Creep 3
as 38.07as
loss 38.07 10
in compressive
first 10 -6.
. stage strands due stressing of second in stage strands i.e. level
strands oftowhich are stressed 28onthon28
-6 th da
From Bendingin
Table Bending
first stage. compressive
strands
Creep stress
loss stress
due stressing or
(on netorth ofnet
stress stress
second )in stage
concrete concrete
thstrandsat the atlevel
i.e. the
strands which
of steel steel
uparetoup 70to
stressed th 70on
day th day
day.
. 3, .Creepco-efficients 70 day and 70th90 dayday and corresponding strands stressed 7on
ep loss th d
age loss = ( ) From Table 3, Creepco-efficients on 90th day corresponding to strands stressed 7t
5-70 = days is obtained from Table 3 as 38.07 10 -6 . 1.16 . and . Table1.25 respectively.
Shrinkage Shrinkage ( lossloss = = ) From 3,1.16 . and . 1.25 respectively.
Creepco-efficients onth 70 dayofday and 90
th th day corresponding to strands stressed on 28 t
From Table 3, Creepco-efficients
. stage strands dueonstressing 70 and 90thstagedaystrandscorrespondingi.e. strandstowhich strands are stressed on2828 th th da
oss n the
on 70th(perioddayth in45-70 first) days stage isstrands
obtained is from Table 3 Creep as 38.07 loss 10 in. -6first
Creep loss
second
ininfirst stage strands due of to steel
stressing ofbeam
stressed on
second stage to live
day.
ds from 45Residual day tostrands 70 day th
0.80 0.80
and in and 0.89. 0.89.
Bending Bending compressive compressive stress concrete at the level after is subjected to lilo
day in first stage is first stage . Table (stress inand concrete at the ) level of steeltoafter beam is subjected
th
th prestressing force on 70 is day first stage strands Creep loss Creep loss
isFrom 3, Creepco-efficients on 70 th day (90
) thth day corresponding strands stressed on 7th day ar
eep ressing
ingloss force force on( onth70
70 day day in
in) first stage strands strands From .
Table 3, Creepco-efficients strands i.e.on strands
70 day whichand are90 stressed on
th day corresponding28 th
day. to strands stressed
erinkage
period loss 45-70
is = days is obtained from Table 31.16 ason From
38.07 on
45. 1.25
th 4510
day
th
Table
-6 day
.respectively.is
is 3,. Creepco-efficients on 70 day andth 90 day corresponding
th th to strands stressed on 28th d
day will have a residual th dayprestressing force of and 345.359 From From
kN Table on Table
45
3, th 3,
day Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficientswith a loss of on 70 on 70
th day day
and and
90 90
th day th day corresponding to strands stressed
corresponding towhich
strands stressed on
econd stage
y in first stage strands is strands from 45 to 70 th day
. 0.80
Creep and 1.16
loss0.89. and
in.-6first Bending 1.25
Creep respectively.
loss in first
compressive stage strands
stress of due stressing
insecond
concrete of second
at strands
the levelstage strands
i.e.ofstrands i.e.
steel after strands beam isare stressed
subjected ontoth28
th d
live
n the period 45-70 days is obtained from Table 3 as 38.07 10
1.16 . . stage
and 1.25
strands
respectively.
due stressing
From Table 3, Creep
stage
co-efficients on 70
which
th
day
are stressed
and 90 th
day
on 28 day.
-45
ageds from
orce days.
loss
on 45 = day
70 thBending
daytoin70 compressive
firstday
th
stage strands is stress in concrete at
1.16 the
and level 1.25
. is Creep loss ( of steel
respectively. after beam is
on 45th day ( ) on ) day and 90th day corresponding
stressed
45th day onis28th day will have a residual prestressing . Fromforce Table of 345.359 From
kN onTable
3, Creepco-efficients 45 th day 3, Creepwith(corresponding
Creepco-efficients
aon loss
loss70of ( )and
th day
70
toth strands stressed on 28th daytoisstrands
90th) day corresponding to strands stressed on 28th
0.80 and stressed on 2
rinkage
on
nday 70
the will loss
day
period have in = first
28-45 a residualstage
days. Bending strands
prestressing is
compressive forceCreep of 345.359
stress in concretekN on stage .
45Bending
at 0.80
theday level and
with 0.89.
Creep
a loss
ofcompressive
steel Creep
Bending loss 0.89.
of beam
after loss
compressive
(Bending ( stress
compressive
) in )concrete at
stress the in level of
concrete steel after
at the beamlevel is subjected to
of
of is
th
0.80
loss and
in . first
0.89.
th
strands due stressing stress second in concrete
stage at thei.e.level
strands strandsof steel
which afterare beam
stressed is on subjected
28 th day.to liv
on 45 thCreep
day is loss ( ) .
8-45dom to45 days. day toon7045 day
Bending compressive stress in concrete Creep loss Creep
in first loss
stage strands
( steel( due
after stressing
)beam ) isof second
subjected stage to strands
live load i.e.on strands
45 th
daywhich .
is are stressed on
live load day is onat45the levelisof steel after beam is
th th th
th day
orce
day toon7070 th thday day in thfirst stage thstrands is th . Creep th Creeploss loss
in first in first
stage stage
strands strands due due
stressing stressing of of
second second
stage stage
strands strands
i.e. i.e.
strands strands
which which
are are
stressed stressed
on 28on th
etage
n 45thstrands
strands dayfrom is from
Loss 45in th45 second
day day
to 70 to th70
stage day
daystrands from 45 From dayTable to 70 3,day
Total Creepco-efficients on 70 th day and 90th day corresponding to strands stressed on 28 th day i
onshrinkage strain inloss the
of period 70-90 ondays th is obtained ) 90from dayTable 3 as 320.62as 20.62 .10strands ..
-6
y will have a residual prestressing force of 345.359 Total kN shrinkage From
45 th day strain
Table with in
3,a the
Creep period
Creepco-efficients
loss (70-90 days is( obtained
)70 day and from thTable corresponding 10-6to stressed
yptoloss
ave 70
a th day
residual ( prestressing ) force of 0.80 and th0.89.
th 345.359 kN on 45 From . 0.80
day Bending
From
with
Table a Table
loss
3, compressive
. of 3, Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficients stress in on concrete
70 on 70
th day that theand
day
and level
90 90
th day ofth steel
day after beamto
corresponding
corresponding is strands
subjected
to strands to stressed
stressed live loa on
d 28
days.
n onth28 Bending day
dayStrands
th
willwill have have
compressive
stressed a residual
a residual onstress28 prestressing
in
day
prestressing concrete
willforce have atforcethe
of of
level
a residual
345.359 345.359ofkN and
steel kNonafter
prestressing 0.89.
onth45
45 Bending
beam
day th day with iswith acompressive
loss (
a loss )
of= of stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam is subject
nds ending from 45
compressive
th day to 70 th day
stress in concrete at on
the 45
level
th day
of steel
0.80 is 0.80
andafter and beam
0.89. 0.89.
Shrinkage
is
Bending Shrinkage
Bending loss
compressive loss
compressive
=
Creep
Creep loss
loss stress = stress
in in
concrete concrete at theat the
level level
of steelof steel
after after
beam. .
beamis is
subjected
. subjec t
period
h day is28-45 force days. Bending
of 345.359 compressive
kN th
stress inTotalconcrete shrinkage
onthe at 45the th strain
day
level ofinsteel
inissteel the period
after beam 70-90
is is days is obtained from Table 3 as 20.62 10 .
( ) -6
od
einkage 28-45loss
a residual days. = Bending
prestressing
Creep loss (
compressive
force ofon 45 stress
345.359
)
day kN within 45 tha day
onconcrete loss
on
of
at
withon
45 inday
th
4.067%
a
45
level
loss
th day . of
of
is Creep
the
is .
after beam
ve
oad load on
oncompressive
th45 period
45 dayth day28-45
is is days. Bending compressive stress concrete atforce lossonth 90 ( th day in first ) stage strands is .
ofResidual prestressing
th
ep om
hdingday 45
loss willday (have to 70 day
ath residual
stress ) inprestressing
concrete at force the level ofResidual
345.359 steelkN after on
prestressing 45. thTotal
beam day isforcewith
shrinkage
th on 90
Shrinkage a loss ofday
strain
( loss in
=inthefirstperiod) stage70-90 days isisobtained from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10-6.
strands
rce on
8-45 days. 70the th day
Bending
level
Shrinkage in secondof steelstage
loss =
compressive
after strandsbeam is subjected to live load on 45
stress in is concrete at the level of steel .in the
after beam is 70-90 days ( )
Total shrinkage th day strain period ( =is obtained ) from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10-6.
ynds from 45day th day to 70th day
will have a is
residual prestressing force of 345.359 kN on 45 with a loss of Shrinkage ( loss ) . .
rinkage
n 45 day is th loss = Residual prestressing . force on 90 Total
th day shrinkagein first stage strain
strands in theis period 70-90 days is obtained
. Creep loss ( ) .
lhdays.
prestressing Bending forcecompressive
on 70 day stress
th in second in concrete
stage strands at the is level of. steel after beam is Creep loss on( 903 ) stage -6
.
oss day(will have a )residual prestressing force of 345.359 kN on 45 thResidualday Shrinkage
with prestressing
a loss Creep offrom
loss = Table
force
loss (
th as
day20.62in first
)
10 . strands is .
.
orce h day on is
Creep70 th) day in second stage strands is
loss( ( compressive . Creep
. period loss ( ) . .
8-45 Creep days. lossBending ) ) stress in concrete Total shrinkage at the level strain of in. the
steel after beam 70-90
is days is obtained from Table 3 as 20.62 10-6.
age loss = ResidualTotal . shrinkage
.prestressing force strain on in the
90Shrinkage
th day periodin first 70-90
loss = days
stage strandsis obtainedis from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10 . -6
n=45th day ) Creep is loss = . .. TotalTotal shrinkage shrinkage strain strain
in the inperiod the period 70-90 70-90
days days
is is obtained
obtained from from
Table Table
3 as 3 as 20.62
20.62 10 -6. 10-6.
Shrinkage Shrinkage lossloss = = LossLoss in second in second stage stage . strands
Shrinkage . lossfrom= th 70 th day to th 90th day .
ep 70
on loss th day ( in second stage ) strands is . strands from 70 Shrinkage day to 90
lossday = . .
dayng force in secondon 90stage th day strands is . Shrinkage Shrinkage loss loss =
= . .
ressing
ing force force on 70 on 70
th dayday
th in second
in second stage stagestrands strands
Residual is Strands
isStrands prestressing
stressed stressed on onth 28
force
28 dayon th day90
will will
th day
have th in have
a first athstage
residual residual strands prestressing
prestressing is forceforce of of 343.240
343.240 kN kN70
on onth 70 day
th day with a
with a los
oss rinkage loss = ( ) . Loss in second .
Residual stage
. prestressing strands from 70
force day
Residual on fromto 90 th day
day
90 prestressing in to first stage strands th is in first stage strands
day will have a residual =prestressing Loss thinday second stage strands 70compressive
th day 90th force
daystress on 90 day
sidual
y in second Shrinkage
prestressing stage forceloss
strands on is 90 th day
. force0.614% of 334.2330.614% in
Residual kN
thein
Residual the on
period
. prestressing
70
period prestressing
45-70 45-70 with
days.
force on a
days. loss
force
Bending of
Bending
on 90 th day
compressive
is 90 day in first stage strands is
th in first stage
stress in in
strands
concreteconcrete
is at theat the
level level
of of
steel steel
after after
beam b
eep 70 loss
days. ( 90th daystress
Bending ) at mid span due to due to
subjectedfirst . stage to .
livestressing
load thon is 45 th day is .
ageing loss
force = on
orce on 70 day in second stage strands is
th Strands
subjected to live load stressed
. on
Strands 28
on 45 day
th
stressed dayon will have a residual prestressing force
is 28th day will have a residual prestressing force of 343.240 kN .on 70th day with of 343.240 kN on 70 th day with a l
5.4.6 Losses as per IS level of steel after beam is subjected to live load on 45th
the1343:1980
net stress Compressive
in concrete stress
at( the orsubjected
net stressto live
in 0.333%
load
concrete on in45
at thethe
th period
5.4.5
day levelResidual
is of 70-90 days.
prestressing Bending force compressive
at infinity (25550 stress in concrete at the level of steel after b
days)
levellevel of )steel up70 toth70 dayday
th
stress in concrete at the of steel up to thShrinkage loss day is
=a residual . with a loss
ressed on 7steel up to 70th day
th day will have a residual prestressing Strands force stressed
subjected of 332.773 toon live
kN 28load
onday 90on th daywill have
45thwith dayaRelaxation
isloss of prestressing
loss for initialthforce stressofof342.101kN
0.7 fpis 70 MPa. on 90Total th day
relaxation lo
CreepCreep co-efficient
loss for
(Bending a member loaded
) have a stress on 7 day, from Table 2 is 2.2. . steelloss
Total due toth c
the period 70-90 days. Bending stress in the beam 0.333%
at midinspan the due period Strands
to first70-90 stressed
stage days.
stressing on is 7 day
th will
compressive residual in prestressing
concrete at the force level of 657.605
of kN
after onbeam90 d
et stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day Creep Creep loss loss ( ) . .
subjected to live load on 45 dayCreep 0.432 in the th ( period 70-90
is Creep loss ( ) days. Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span
. . is.
Shrinkage loss = loss ( )) .
( )
o-efficients
icients onFrom onth 90
90 dayday
th
Table and
3, Creep
and 25550 25550 th day corresponding
co-efficients
th day on 90 day
corresponding
th Creep
toand to lossShrinkage
strands
Shrinkage
strands 25550 ( day
th
stressed lossloss
stressed =on=7on ) Creep
th 7th day
day
loss = . . .
Shrinkage Creep strain for
Shrinkage
loss Shrinkage
a(member lossloss =)
= loaded on 7th day ( is obtained) from Table 6 as . 209.59 . . 10-
ctively.
ely.stress or
ive corresponding
net stress in concreteto strands stressed
at the level of steel onup7to dayth
70 th day areshrinkage
1.25 andis
Shrinkage loss = .
efficients2.28 on 90 respectively.
th day and 25550th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7th day
Shrinkage loss = .
eep
lossloss( (
tively. ) ) .Creep . loss (
Shrinkage loss =
) .
Creep loss =
trands
nds due due stressing
stressing of second
of second stage strands i.e. strands which Shrinkage
are stressed onth28 loss =
th day. .
epe 3,loss (
Creepco-efficients ) 90stage
on
strands i.e. strands
th day and 25550th day correspondingFrom
which are stressed Relaxation
to strands
on 28
. Table lossday. foron
3, Creep
stressed initial
co-efficient
7th day stress ofon0.7 90fthpisand
70 MPa. 25550Total th dayrelaxation
are 1.25 and loss 2.28 is respectively.
nd 2.28 respectively.
-efficients onth 90
dayday
andand 25550
th th day corresponding to strands stressed onth 28 th day
icients on 90 25550 th day corresponding to strands stressed onth28 day As per Clause
rands due stressing of second stage strandsAs i.e.per
strands
Clause which are stressed
19.5.2.3 of on 28 day.Creep loss (19.5.2.3 of IS )1343:2012, for long term relaxation
ng compressive
compressive Creep stress
loss
stress in concrete
in( first
concrete atAs
the the
stage)atstrands per
due
level Clause
level 19.5.2.3
of steel
to steel
of afterafter
stressing ofbeam
secondISisIS
ofbeam is1343:2012,
1343:2012,
stage forfor
subjected
subjected to to long
long
live livetermterm relaxation
relaxation loss
loss values
values given
given in in Table
Table 6 of
6 of code
code should
should
Creep loss be multiplied by 3. Loss between . loss values given in Table 6 of code should be multiplied by
efficients strands
on 90th i.e.
day strands whichth are
and 25550 daybe multiplied
stressed on 28thby
corresponding 3.
to Loss
day. between
strands
Total stressed
shrinkage 90 90 - days
-onstrain
283.
days
th day
in
is
is the period 9090 -- days
Loss between daysisisobtained from Table 6 as 121.32 10-6
n first stage strands due stressing of second stage strands i.e. strands which
g compressive stress in concrete at the level of thsteel after beamth is subjected to live are stressed on 28 th day.
From Table 3, Creep co-efficients on 90 day and 25550 day Shrinkage loss =
( (
e 3, Creepco-efficients on) 90)th day and 25550th day corresponding
to strands stressed on 28th day isto0.89 strands andstressed on 28 day
th
corresponding
d 1.25. Bending compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam is subjected to live
1.25. Bending compressive stress in concrete at the As level of
per Clause 19.5.2.3 of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxation loss values given in Tab
eepdayloss
loss
th is ( (( ) )) th . .
steel after beam is subjected to live load on 45 day beismultiplied by 3. Loss between 90 days to infinity is
Residual
Residual prestressing
prestressing force infinity
at infinity inResidual
second stage strands
prestressing is at infinity in second stage strands
is force
in the
he period 90- daysdays is obtained ) from Table as 121.3210-6.10-6at
6 as6121.32 force . in second stage strands
epperiod
loss 90- ( is()obtained from Table . is
rinkage
kage loss= . . .
n the loss=
period 90-lossdays
Creep ( is obtained ) from Table 6 as 121.32 10. -6. .
Sof1343:2012,
nkageIS strain
inkage
1343:2012,
loss=in for for long
long
the period 90- term
term daysrelaxation
relaxation lossloss
is obtained fromvalues
values 6given
given
Table asin in Table
Table
121.32 . 6code
6 -6of
. 10
of code should
should
ss between
etween 90 -90 -daysdays
is is Residual prestressing force on 25550thday The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 61
Shrinkage loss= .
of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxationResidual prestressing
loss values given in force
Tablein6 the beamshould
of code after all the losses is
essing POINT
force OF
at infinity VIEW
in second stage strands
ng force at infinity in second stage strands is is
Dr. P. Markandeya Raju holds a B.Tech (Civil Engineering) from Nagarjuna University; M.E (Structural
Engineering) from Andhra University; PhD from JNTU, Hyderabad. He is a Professor of Civil Engineering at
MVGR College of Engineering (Autonomous), Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh and has 15 years of teaching
experience. He has more than 45 papers to his credit in various national and international conferences
and journals. His areas of interest are prestressed steel structures, computer applications in structural
engineering and durability studies on special concretes.
T. Raghuram Sandeep holds a B.Tech. (Civil Engineering) from JNTU, Hyderabad and M.E (Structural
Engineering) from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. He is a Technical Officer at Civil Engineering
Division of BARC, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He published three technical papers in reputed
International journals. His research interests are partial prestressing, prestressing in concrete and steel-
concrete composite structures.
Introduction FSJC to braces only[2]. However, apart from these, not much
work is reported on water towers and specially resting on
The analysis of staging of water tower is performed on
grid types of stagings. Hence, it was decided to study effect
the assumption that center line dimensions are to be used.
of FSJC on water tower staging of grid type.
However, the columns and braces always have some finite
widths because of which the joint portion is reasonably
In case of water towers, the bottom beam is of size, usually
rigid than middle portion. Hence, the static as well as
much more than the braces provided to tie the columns.
dynamic parameters get altered. It was decided to work out
Furthermore as it is integrally cast with bottom slab,
approximate expressions for calculating lateral and torsional
behaves as a T beam with stiffness at least two times that
stiffness’s considering finite size joint effect. It was proposed
of equivalent rectangular section [3]. Hence, for all practical
to check torsional vulnerability of grid type staging with and
purposes as well as analysis it can be assumed to be infinitely
without joint effect. It was also proposed to study changes
rigid. Therefore, it was decided to study changes due to FSJC
in buckling effect and dynamic properties of the grid type
in columns and braces only. For grid type of staging with
staging for water towers supported on four, nine and twelve
four, nine, twelve columns, lateral stiffness due to bending
columns. The results include simple, calculator friendly
alone, lateral stiffness due to axial deformation and torsional
expressions for various stiffness’s and comparison of above
stiffness is calculated and compared. It is observed that logic
parameters. With minor modifications the results can be
used for nine columns staging which consist of 3x3 columns
applicable for practically all grid type stagings with more
square grid, can be suitably modified to other 4x4, 5x5,
number of columns. 6x6 square grid of columns staging. Similarly analysis for
twelve columns staging (columns on two concentric circles)
Due to fixity, the deflection at mid span gets reduced, time
can be extended to grids supported on two, three or more
period shortens. For seismic analysis, base shear increases,
concentric circles.
etc. Even though this particular aspect of fixity of rigid joints
is well known and acceptable, it is hardly applied in practice.
The same is very poorly reported in standard literature For grid type tank staging the c/c distance between columns
even for regular and common building structures. Ingle et generally varies from minimum of 3 m to maximum of 6 m;
al reported for building that if its effect is to be considered while column size varies from 400 mm to 750 mm. Thus width
for design, the necessary provision has to be made during of column is in the range of 0.1 to 0.15 times span of the brace.
analysis itself [1]. Drona reported that applying finite size Standard books on structural analysis such as Wilbur Norris,
joint correction (FSJC) to whole structure further changes Wang etc. recommend that for approximate analysis of
the parameters described above as compared to applying frames or continuous beams; clear span of length equivalent
Four
Nine
Twelve
Lateral stiffness due to bending alone can be written as: Eqn.(1) is applicable for all the three types of staging
considered. It is found that due to application of FSJC to
and braces, the lateral stiffness due to bending increases.
Lateral stiffness due to axial deformation for grid type tank ...(8)
staging with FSJC applied to the whole staging except top
girder can be written as: For staging with twelve columns
...(2) ...(9)
Table 4. Four columns staging with three, four, five and six panels
Panels Lateral Stiffness Flexure, kN/m Lateral Stiffness Axial Deformation, N/m Torsional Stiffness, kN-m/m
FEA Eqn.1 Diff, % FEA Eqn.3 Diff, % FEA Eqn.7 Diff, %
Table 5. Nine columns staging with three, four, five and six panels
Lateral Stiffness Flexure, kN/m Lateral Stiffness Axial Deformation, kN/m Torsional Stiffness, kN-m/m
Panels
FEA Eqn.1 Diff, % FEA Eqn.4 Diff, % FEA Eqn.8 Diff, %
Three 23027 17756 -22 862895 871598 1 500000 447286 -10
From Table 5 it can be seen that for lateral stiffness due to to square root of mass of the structure and inversely
flexure, approximate expressions give values within 1% to proportional to stiffness. Hence, it is decided to compare
6% of FEA values for four to six panels. Equations for lateral fundamental time period in tank full and tank empty cases
stiffness due to axial deformation (Eqn. 4) give values within using the stiffness as calculated in Tables 4 to 6 above with
1% to 10% range as compared to FEA. Torsional stiffness time period calculated by FEA. The results are tabulated.
(Eqn. 8) varies in between 1% to 12% of FEA values for all
panels ranging from three to six. It is seen from Table 7 that, fundamental period calculated
from approximate expressions as above, is in good agreement
From Table 6 it is seen that, for lateral stiffness due to flexure, with the period calculated from FEA. While the difference is
approximate equations give values within 2% to 10% of FEA from 4% to 7% for four to six panels, it is in the range of 1%
values for three to six panels. Expressions for lateral stiffness for staging with three panels. These results are valid for both
due to axial deformation (Eqn. 5) yield values within 1% to tank full and empty cases.
11% range as compared to FEA values. Torsional stiffness
(Eqn. 9) varies between 2% to 10% of FEA values for all It can be seen from Table 8 that fundamental period calculated
panels ranging from three to six. from approximate expressions is in good agreement with the
period from FEA. While the difference is from 3 to 7% for
Comparison of fundamental time period
four to six panels, it is in the range of 2% for staging with
Even though the stiffness may range between 2% to 18% of three panels. These results hold good for both tank full and
FEA, the fundamental time period is directly proportional empty cases.
It can be seen from Table 9 that, fundamental period empty case. This reduction is 6% to 10% for tank full case
calculated from approximate expressions is in good (Figure 6b).
agreement with the period from FEA. While the difference
is from 1% to 8% for four to six panels, it is in the range of From Figure 7a it can be seen that, with application of FSJC,
9% for staging with three panels. These results hold good for time period for nine column staging reduces by 9% to 14%
both tank full and empty cases. for tank empty case. This reduction is 12% to 16% for tank
full case as seen in Figure 7b.
Comparison of Time Period with and without
From Figure 8a it is observed that with application of FSJC,
FSJC
time period for twelve column staging reduces by 8% to 9%
Consideration of FSJC implies some amount of fixity of for tank empty case. As per Figure 8b, this reduction is 10%
joints. Hence, the structure becomes rigid as compared to to 13% for tank full case.
original. Hence, fundamental time period gets reduced. A
comparison of time period is presented for four, nine and Comparison of Torsional Vulnerability
twelve columns staging.
Elevated water tanks, because of their axisymmetric
From Figure 6a it can be seen that with application of FSJC, geometry and uniform mass distribution generally do
time period for four column staging reduces by 10% for tank not have eccentricity between center of mass and center
of rigidity. Hence, the structure should not experience
torsion because of it. However, asymmetrical placement In torsional mode, the shear stress between the tank walls
of ladders, concrete staircase, pipe assemblies, non- and the water is conceived to be inadequate to mobilize
uniformity of construction may introduce small eccentricity. significant amount of water to vibrate with the tank in
It is also established that such small eccentricity can cause impulsive torsional mode. Hence, irrespective of tank
considerably amplified rotational response in structure if
empty or tank full, the mass moment of inertia for torsional
the ratio of torsional to lateral time period ratio ‘τ’is near
vibrations shall be only that of tank structure. Hence,
to 1. This is because, the structure is expected to enter the
inelastic range. Dutta et al reported that tanks within an torsional period of tank is:
approximate critical range of 0.7 <τ<1.25 may have amplified
displacement due to coupled lateral-torsional motion. [12]. ...(10)
This can cause increasing localized damage in the yielded
structural elements due to strength deteriorating properties where, I is mass moment of inertia = ME Rg
2
For the values of torsional stiffness obtained from The ratio of torsional to lateral period is more or less
approximate expressions given in Eqns. 6 to 9, torsional not affected by application of FSJC. This is evident from
period is calculated for tank empty case and it is compared Figure 9b as curves with and without FSJC are practically
with lateral period as calculated previously for both tank same. For tank full case ‘τ’is between 0.55 to 0.61; which is
full (TXF) and tank empty (TXE) cases. The same procedure well outside the critical range of 0.7 to 1.25 with and without
is repeated for three to six panels staging with and without considering FSJC.
application of FSJC and the ratio; torsional period to lateral
period (τ) is compared. However, for tank empty case, ‘τ’ lies between 0.78 to 0.90,
for both cases and all number of panels. This is the vulnerable
From Figure 9a it can be seen that torsional stiffness increases range as far as torsional response of structure is considered.
18% to 20% when FSJC is considered. As number of panels
increase from three to six, torsional stiffness in both cases From Figure 10a it is seen that, torsional stiffness increases
reduces up to 50%. Torsional period increases as number of 20% to 25% when FSJC is considered. As number of panels
panels increase from three to six. Similarly, with application increase from three to six, torsional stiffness in both cases
of FSJC torsional period reduces by 10%. reduces up to 50% i.e. increase in torsional stiffness for
squat type stagings. Torsional period increases as number Comparison of Buckling Load
of panels increase from three to six. At the same time with Stiffness is significantly affected by nature of axial force in the
application of FSJC torsional period almost reduces by 10%.
member. While stiffness increases when member is subjected
The ratio of torsional to lateral period ‘τ’ is more or less to tensile forces, for compressive forces on the verge of
not affected by application of FSJC. For tank full case ‘τ’ is buckling, lateral stiffness reduces significantly. Ghali reports
between 0.63 to 0.7; which is well outside the critical range of that this reduction can be even up to 25% of original value
0.7 to 1.25 with and without considering FSJC. (Figure 10b) if the buckling factor (or the ratio of Euler load to the actual
load) is less than 2. [14]. Buckling can be defined as change
However for tank empty case, ‘τ’lies in between 0.98 to 1.12, of state of equilibrium from stable to neutral. Hence, even
with and without FSJC and three to six number of panels. though the compressive stresses are well within safe limits,
Hence, for tank empty case torsional response of structure the structure may not be able to maintain its original form.
seems to be more predominant as compared to lateral
For a tall, slender structure like water tank, with majority of
response.
mass concentrated at top, this type of failure is most likely
From Figure 11a, it is clear that, torsional stiffness increases to precede before material failure. The effective length as
10% to 15% when FSJC is considered. As number of panels calculated by Euler’s formulae for a fixed- fixed case is 0.5
increase from three to six, torsional stiffness in both cases times height of column. This increases even up to infinity
reduces up to 50%. Torsional period increases as number of for a sway frame such as water tower when end conditions
panels increase from 3 to 6. At the same time with application reach hinged-hinged, as per Figure 27 of IS 456 [6].
of FSJC torsional period reduces by 10%.
As introduction of FSJC, brings about some amount of fixity
The ratio of torsional to lateral period ‘τ’ is more or less to joint and thereby to connected columns, it is decided to
not affected by application of FSJC. For tank full case ‘τ’ is perform buckling analysis for the same frames analyzed
between 0.55 to 0.6; which is well outside the critical range of
above and compare the buckling factors with and without
0.7 to 1.25 with and without considering FSJC. (Figure 11b)
application of FSJC. Buckling analysis for gravity loads
However, for tank empty case, ‘τ’ lies in between 1.12 to 1.18, (dead+ live) with stiffness considered at the end of nonlinear
when FSJC is not considered. When FSJC is considered for case,is performed in a software for the tanks mentioned in
three to five panels, ‘τ’ lies outside the critical range. Only Table 2. For the loads specified in Tables 7, 8 and 9 for four,
when number of panels is six, it is in the critical range. Hence nine and twelve columns staging respectively, buckling
for tank empty case torsional response of structure shall be factor which is the ratio of load in first buckling mode to
closely monitored especially when panels are six or more. gravity load is calculated and presented in Table 10.
From Table 10 it is seen that when FSJC is applied, for four modal superposition for performing response spectrum
columns staging, buckling factor increases by about 12% to analysis, Wilson observed that the application of the CQC
18%. This increase in buckling factor is from 22% to 27% for method allows the sum of the base shears in the direction
nine and twelve columns staging respectively. of the external motion to be added directly [16]. In addition,
the sum of the base shears, normal to the external motion,
As number of panels increase from three to six, buckling tends to cancel. The ability of the CQC method to recognize
factor decreases. This decrease is about 30% for four the relative sign of the terms in the modal response is the
columns staging while it is up to 50% and 20% for nine and key to the elimination of errors in the SRSS method.For nine
twelve columns staging respectively. This behavior is rather columns staging with three panels it was decided to combine
expected because as number of panels increase, flexibility the modes by both CQC and SRSS method and results were
of staging increases and consequently structure is more compared. While SRSS method gave base shear as 15.62 kN;
vulnerable for buckling. CQC method resulted in a value of 19.82 kN. Hence, the
further calculations were performed by CQC method.
Comparison of Dynamic and other Force Pa-
rameters Along with top deflection (mm) and base shear (kN), the
Along with buckling, top deflection and base shear also get force parameters which govern the design of water tank
affected by stiffness of structural elements. Hence, it was in general and staging in particular, are bending moment
decided to assess the effect of FSJC on the above properties (kN-m) in column at footing top (MCB), bending moment
for stagings with four, nine and twelve columns. Response in column at staging top (MCT), bending moment in ground
spectrum analysis is performed for the tank full case with brace (MBG), and maximum bending moment in other than
and without FSJC, considering seismic zone IV and Type I ground brace (MBIM). These forces are evaluated for the
soil as per IS 1893:2002 [15]. For the tank staging data critical condition and results are compared in Tables 11 to
presented in Table 2, importance factor considered is 1.5 and 13 for four, nine and twelve column stagings respectively.
5% constant damping, for all modes. Single mass model is
From Table 11, it is seen that deflection at top of staging
considered for analysis.
decreases up to 8% with introduction of FSJC for all the
While comparing Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) panels. While base shear increases by about 8% to 9%,
and Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) methods of bending moment in column at footing top increases by 2% to
4% by considering fixity of joints.
Table 11. Comparison-Deflection, base Shear and moments: Four columns staging
Three Panels Four Panels Five Panels Six Panels
C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff
ΔTop 8.7 8.0 -8 11.1 10.3 7.2 13.2 12.1 8.3 15 14.0 7.9
Vb 40.3 43.4 8 33.2 36.1 8.8 29.6 31.9 7.8 27 29.6 8.4
MCB 32.0 33.3 4 25.5 26.0 2.0 23.3 23.8 2.2 21 22.0 2.3
MCT 103 116 13 98.6 112 13 96.3 109 14 94 108 12
MBG 34.1 38.0 11 30.5 34.3 13 27.6 30.7 11 25 28.9 13
MBIM 39.3 43.4 10 34.2 37.8 11 31.8 34.7 9.2 29 32.3 9.2
C/c FSJC Diff C/C FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff
ΔTop 7.4 6.7 -9.5 9.2 8.2 -11 10.9 9.7 -11 12. 11.4 -11
Vb 123 137 11.4 104 116 12 91.8 103 13 82. 91.9 12
MCB C1 34.4 35.4 3.0 28.8 29.6 3.1 25.8 26.5 2.7 17 17.9 5.3
C2 50.0 53.2 6.4 43.9 45.6 3.6 39.2 40.7 3.8 25 27.0 4.2
MCT C1 65.0 68.2 4.9 59.8 62.2 4.0 56.7 59.3 4.4 54 56.7 3.5
C2 47.1 51.1 8.5 45.2 49.6 9.7 43.3 47.5 9.7 40 44.2 8.6
MBG 35.1 41.9 19.3 30.2 36.1 20 27.2 32.5 20 25 30.2 18
37.6
MBIM 44.4 18.1 34.5 39.8 15 32.1 37.0 15 31.7 36.3 15
Table 13. Comparison-Deflection, base Shear and moments: Twelve columns staging
Three Panels Four Panels Five Panels Six Panels
C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff
ΔTop 7.8 7.0 -12 9.7 8.6 -11 11.0 9.8 -11 12 11.0 -11
Vb 156 174 11.5 131 145 11 119 133 12 108 122 12
MCB C1 29.9 31.1 4.0 25.2 26.1 3.6 22.6 23.5 4.0 20 21.2 2.4
C2 46.7 48.8 4.3 39.6 41.2 4.1 35.6 37.4 5.1 32 34.1 5.0
MCT C1 43.4 49.8 14.8 28.3 31.7 12 33.4 38.4 15 31 36.2 15.7
C2 47.3 52.3 10.7 44.5 49.6 11 31.1 33.4 7 27 30.2 8.9
MBG 35.8 41.5 15.9 30.8 35.8 16 28.3 32.9 16 25 30.2 19
MBIM 39.4 45.5 13.4 34.7 39.1 13 31.9 35.2 10.4 29.1 32.0 10
Maximum increase in bending moment at top of staging From Table 13 it is observed that, deflection at top of staging
is up to 13%. Increase in bending moment in ground and decreases up to 11% with introduction of FSJC for three to
intermediate braces is of the order of 9% to 12%. six panels.
It is interesting to note that values of all force parameters Increase in base shear is about 11% to 13%. Bending moment
decrease as number of panels increase from three to six. This in external column at footing top increases by 3% to 4%
is due to the fact that with increase in panels, the structure with introduction of FSJC, the effect is 4% to 5% for central
becomes more flexible and attracts less lateral forces. columns. Maximum increase in bending moment at top of
staging is up to 16% for external columns, while it is 7% to
For nine columns staging as per Table 12, deflection at top of 10% for middle and central columns.
staging decreases up to 9% to 11% with introduction of FSJC
for three to six panels. Increase in bending moment in ground brace is of the order
of 15% to 18% for intermediate braces it is of the order of 10%
Increase in base shear is about 11% to 13%. Bending moment to 18%.With increase in panels from three to six, base shear
in external column at footing top increases by 3% to 4% reduces by 40% and moments in columns and braces reduce
with introduction of FSJC, the effect is 5% to 6% for central almost by 35%.Correspondingly the staging top deflection
columns. Maximum increase in bending moment at top of increases almost by 50% to 60%.
staging is up to 5% for external columns, while it is up to 9%
for middle and central columns. Conclusions
The above study indicates, following observations.
Increase in bending moment in ground brace is of the order
of 18% to 20% while for intermediate braces it is of the order 1. It can be seen that the expressions reported for
of 14% to 18 %. With increase in panels from three to six, lateral and torsional stiffness’s give results in good
while base shear reduces by 50% and moments in columns agreement with FEA without drudgery of 3D analysis
and braces reduce almost by 20%, the staging top deflection which is practically impossible for hand calculations.
increases excessively by 70%.
Dr. Abhay Khandeshe holds PhD in Structural Engineering from Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology Nagpur. He is working as a consulting engineer for more than 32 years in the field of water
retaining structures including ground supported and elevated tanks, water and sewage treatment plants,
irrigation structures, etc.. He is panel consultant for various State and National level Government and
Semi Government organizations. His current interests include repair and rehabilitation of structures and
earthquake engineering.
Dr. R.K. Ingle is Professor and Head Department of Applied Mechanics Visvesvaraya National Institute
of Technology Nagpur. He has guided 5 Ph.D. and more than 40 M.Tech. students. His research interest is
bridges, water tanks, towers and multi storeyed buildings. He is panel member of IS 13920 (CED 39).
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