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Transient Analysis of AC Circuits
Transient Analysis of AC Circuits
AC Circuits
Transients
The time-varying currents and voltages
resulting from the sudden application of
sources, usually due to switching, are
called transients.
Where:
iss(t) = the steady state current.
itr (t)= the transient current which is a decaying
current with time.
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 4
To get iss(t) we solve the circuit in steady state
conditions:
V I ( R JX L ) I Z
Z Impedance ( R JX L ) Z
XL
Z R XL 2 2
tan 1
R
V v V
I ss ( v )
Z Z
V
iss (t ) 2 sin(t v )
Z
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 5
The itr(t) could be assumed in the following form:
t /
itr A e
Where :
A is a constant
L
is the time constant and given by :
R
t /
i(t ) iss (t ) Ae
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 6
To get the constant ‘A’ we use the initial conditions
Let at t = 0 the current i(t) has an initial value of Io
V
I o 2 sin( v ) A
Z
V
A I o 2 sin( v )
Z
Hence:
V V
i(t ) 2 sin(t v ) {I o 2 sin( v )}e t /
Z Z
vR (t ) R i(t ) vL (t ) v(t ) vR (t )
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 7
If Io= 0
V
A 2 sin( v )
Z
Hence:
V V
i(t ) 2 sin(t v ) { 2 sin(v )}e t /
Z Z
vR (t ) R i(t ) vL (t ) v(t ) vR (t )
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 8
If (θv-φ) = 90 and τ >> T
0 VR (t ) VL (t )
di(t )
0 Ri(t ) L
dt
This Equation is a first order differential equation and
has a solution given by:
t /
i(t ) iss (t ) Ae
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 10
iss(t) =0
t /
i(t ) Ae
To get the constant ‘A’ we use the initial conditions
Let at t = 0 the current i(t) has an initial value of Io
t /
Hence:
o I A i(t ) I e
o
VR (t ) R i(t ) VR (t ) RIoe t /
VL (t ) VR (t ) VL (t ) RIoe t /
vc (t ) vss (t ) vtr (t )
Where:
vss(t) = the steady state voltage.
Vtr (t)= the transient voltage which is a decaying
voltage with time.
R
V v V
I css v
Z Z
icss (t ) 2 I sin(t v )
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 14
Vss J I css X C
VX c
vss (t ) 2 sin(t v 90)
Z
t /
vtr (t ) A e
Where :
A is a constant
is thetimeconstantand given by : RC
t /
vc (t ) vss (t ) Ae
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 16
To get the constant ‘A’ we use the initial conditions
VX c
Vo 2 sin( v 90) A
Z
VX c
A Vo 2 sin( v 90)
Z
Vo A
t /
Hence: v (t ) V e
c o
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 21
dVc (t )
ic (t ) C
dt
Vo t /
ic (t ) e
R
vR (t ) VC (t ) ic (t ) R
t /
vR (t ) Voe
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 22
R-L-C Circuit
For the simple R-L-C circuit the voltage differential
equation at the transient period is given by:
v(t ) vR (t ) vL (t ) vc (t )
di(t ) 1
v(t ) Ri(t ) L i(t ) dt
dt C
v(t) 2 V sin(t v )
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 23
di(t ) 1
v(t ) Ri(t ) L i (t ) dt
dt C
2
di(t ) d i (t ) 1
v (t ) R
\
L 2
i (t )
dt dt C
This Equation is a second order differential equation
and has a solution given by:
R
Vv V
I v
Z Z
V
iss (t ) 2 sin(t v )
R (X L XC )
2 2
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 25
• To get itr(t) we solve the homogeneous
differential equation.
• The homogeneous differential equation is
obtained by setting the forcing function to zero.
2
ditr (t ) d itr (t ) 1
0 R L 2
itr (t )
dt dt C
d 2itr (t ) R ditr (t ) 1
2
itr (t ) 0
dt L dt LC
This equation has a general solution with the form:
1
n naturalfrequency
LC
R C
dampingratio
2 L
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 27
2 n 4 4 2 2 2
S1, 2 n n
S1 n n 1 2
S 2 n n 1 2
S1 n Jd
S2 n Jd
d n 1 2
S1 Jn
S 2 Jn
dvc (t )
i (t ) c
dt
v(t ) vR (t ) vL (t ) vc (t )
2
dvc (t ) d vc (t )
v(t ) RC LC vc (t )
dt dt
v(t) 2 V sin(t v )
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 36
2
dvc (t ) d vc (t )
v(t ) RC LC vc (t )
dt dt
vc (t ) vss (t ) vtr (t )
Where:
vss(t) = the steady state voltage.
vtr (t)= the transient voltage which is a decaying
voltage with time.
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 37
To get vss(t) we solve the circuit in steady state
conditions:
V IR J I X L J I XC
V I ( R JX L JX C ) I Z
Z R J ( X L X C ) Z
X L XC
Z R (X L XC )2 2
tan
1
R
Vv V
I v
Z Z
V
iss (t ) 2 sin(t v )
R (X L XC )
2 2
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 38
Vss J I ss X C
VX c
vss (t ) 2 sin(t v 90)
Z
1
n naturalfrequency
LC
R C
dampingratio
2 L
Transient of AC Circuits Dr. H.H. Hanafy 41
2 n 4 4 2 2 2
S1, 2 n n
S1 n n 1 2
S 2 n n 1 2
S1 n Jd
S2 n Jd
d n 1 2
S1 Jn
S 2 Jn