ISBN 978-86-7587-075-3

ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ
INSTITUTE OF ETHNOGRAPHY SASA

SPECIAL EDITIONS
Volume 81

Srÿan Radoviü

BELGRADE ODONYMS

Editor
Dragana Radojiþiü

BELGRADE 2014
ȿɌɇɈȽɊȺɎɋɄɂ ɂɇɋɌɂɌɍɌ ɋȺɇɍ

ɉɈɋȿȻɇȺ ɂɁȾȺȵȺ
Ʉʃɢɝɚ 81

ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾɋɄɂ ɈȾɈɇɂɆɂ

ɍɪɟɞɧɢɤ
Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ

ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾ 2014
 ɂɡɞɚɜɚɱ:
ȿɌɇɈȽɊȺɎɋɄɂ ɂɇɋɌɂɌɍɌ ɋȺɇɍ
Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɨɜɚ 36/IV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɬɟɥ. 011 26 36 804
eisanu@ei.sanu.ac.rs, www.etno-institut.co.rs

Ɂɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɚ:
Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ

Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɢ:
ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ȼɨʁɚɧ ɀɢɤɢʄ
ɞɪ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɚ ɉɪɟɥɢʄ

ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢʁɟ:
Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ȭɨɤɢʄ

Ʌɟɤɬɨɪ:
ɂɜɚɧɚ Ȼɚɲɢʄ

Ʉɨɪɢɰɟ:
Ɏɢɥɢɩ Ɋɚɻɟɧɨɜɢʄ

Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɚ:

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

Ɍɢɪɚɠ
500 ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɤɚ

Ʉʃɢɝɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ Kɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ,

ɛɪɨʁ 177026, ɤɨʁɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ, ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɒɬɚɦɩɚʃɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ, ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.
Ɇɨɦɟ ɨɰɭ
 ɋɚɞɪɠɚʁ

ɍɅɂɐȿ ɂ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊ. ɍȼɈȾɇȿ ɇȺɉɈɆȿɇȿ ___________ 9

ɆȺɏȺɅȿ ɂ ɑȺɊɒɂȳȿ. ɊȺɇɈ ɆɈȾȿɊɇɈ ȾɈȻȺ ______ 25
ɈɌɈɆȺɇɋɄɂ ɒȿɏȿɊ ______________________________ 25
ȻȿȾȿɆ ȾȼȺ ɐȺɊɋɌȼȺ ______________________________ 35
ɍɅɂɐȿ ɂ ɋɈɄȺɐɂ. (ȻɍȾɍȶȺ) ɉɊȿɋɌɈɇɂɐȺ ɋɊȻɂȳȿ 47
ɋɊɉɋɄɈ-ɌɍɊɋɄɂ ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾ __________________________ 47
ȽɅȺȼɇɂ ȽɊȺȾ ɋɊȻɂȳȿ _____________________________ 58
ɇȺ ɄɊȺȳɍ (ȾɍȽɈȽ) 19. ȼȿɄȺ _________________________ 69
ȻɍɅȿȼȺɊɂ ɂ ɌɊɈɌɈȺɊɂ. ȽɅȺȼɇɂ ȽɊȺȾ ɉɊȼȿ
ȳɍȽɈɋɅȺȼɂȳȿ ______________________________ 83
ɍɉɊȺȼȺ ȽɊȺȾȺ ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾȺ __________________________ 83
(ɇȿ)ɉɈɄɈɊȿɇɂ ȽɊȺȾ ______________________________ 93
ɈȻɇɈȼȺ ɂ ɂɁȽɊȺȾȵȺ. (ɇɈȼɂ) ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾ _________ 101
ȽɅȺȼɇɂ ȽɊȺȾ ɇɈȼȿ ȳɍȽɈɋɅȺȼɂȳȿ __________________ 101
ȳɍȽɈɋɅɈȼȿɇɋɄɂ ɉɍɌ ɍ ɋɈɐɂȳȺɅɂɁȺɆ _______________ 111
ɌɊȺȾɂɐɂȳȺ ɍ ɌɊȺɇɁɂɐɂȳɂ. ɉɈɋɌ-ȽɊȺȾ _________ 127
ɈȾ ɊȺȾɇɈȽ ȾɈ ɋɊɉɋɄɈȽ ɇȺɊɈȾȺ ___________________ 127
„ȳɈɒ ɋɌȺɊɂȳɂ ɂ Ʌȿɉɒɂ“ ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾ__________________ 138
'ɉɈɋɌɋɈɐɂȳȺɅɂɋɌɂɑɄȺ' ɂ 'ɉɈɋɌɆɈȾȿɊɇȺ' ɋɂɌɍȺɐɂȳȺ _ 154
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ ___________________________________ 169
ɋɅɍɀȻȿɇȺ ȽɅȺɋɂɅȺ ɂ ɒɌȺɆɉȺ ___________________ 181
BELGRADE ODONYMS ___________________________ 183

7
 ɍɅɂɐȿ ɂ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊ.
ɍȼɈȾɇȿ ɇȺɉɈɆȿɇȿ

Ƚɪɚɞ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɫɤɥɨɩ,

ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɦɟɫɬɨ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ.1 Ɉɜɚɤɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɞɭɝɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ʁɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɧɢɡɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ
ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɬɨ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ, ɧɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ
ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɢ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ (ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ) ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɢɧɢɰɢ-
ʁɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɦ ɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬɨɦ ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɢ ɪɭɪɚɥɧɢɯ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɬɟɦɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɟ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ. ɍ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨʁ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ʁɟ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ 20. ɜɟɤɭ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɩɫɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɢɻɟɧ ɤɚɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɨ ɟɬɚɛɥɢɪɚʃɭ
ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɬɟɦɚ ɭ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ.2 ɍɩɪɤɨɫ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɢɦ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ
ɭɫɚɻɟɧɢ ɭ ɪɭɪɚɥɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɨɜɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɩɨɞɧɟɛʂɚ, ɢ ɭ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ
ɛɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ, ɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɟ
ɧɚɭɤɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɨɜɚʁ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɫɜɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɢ. Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɢ
ɫɭ ɭ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ/ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɧɚʁɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ

1
Lewis Mumford, “What is a City?” in The City Reader, ed. R. LeGates and
F. Stout (London: Routledge, 1996), 185.
2
Edwin Eames and Judith Goode, Anthropology of the City, An Introduction
to Urban Anthropology (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1977), 10.
9
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɫɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɛʂɭʁɟ ɭ

ɞɨɛɚ ɩɨɡɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ, ɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɭ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɢ. ɍ
ɫɜɟɬɥɭ ɪɟɰɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɟɬɧɨɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭʁɚʃɚ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚ-
ʃɚ ɧɨɜɢʁɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɫɚɧɚ
ɢɫɤɚɡɨɦ „ɬɟɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɜɭɞɚ ɨɤɨ ɧɚɫ“,3 ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɟ
ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɟ/ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɨ ɤɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ
ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɰɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɦɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ.
ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɱɟɬɜɪɬ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢʁɟ ɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ
ɫɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɛɢɜɲɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ, ɚ
ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɭ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɬɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɟ ɞɟɤɚɞɟ, ɭ ɨɩɫɟɝ
ɟɬɧɨɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ.
ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ ɫɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɟɝ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ (ɪɟ)ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɝ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ. ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ) ɤɪɚʁɟɦ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ/ɚɧɬɪɨ-
ɩɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɤɚɨ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɬɟɦɚ
ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɥɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ.
Ɉɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ (ɨɞ ɝɪɱɤɨɝ hodós, ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɩɭɬ,
ɢ ónoma, ɢɦɟ, ɧɚɡɢɜ), ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɦɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɟ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɬɜɨɪɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɍ
ɧɚɲɟɦ ɢ ɭ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɨɛɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ ɢ ɯɨɞɨɧɢɦ, ɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ʄɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧ ɩɪɜɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ. ɂɡɪɚɡ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ (ɨɞ ɝɪɱɤɨɝ tópos,

3
Mladena Preliü, “Ethnographical Institute of the Serbian Academy of
Sciences and Arts (SASA) in Search of the Lost Subject of Serbian
Ethnology: From Ethnos to Ethnic Identity,” in Studying Peoples in the
People's Democracies II, ed. V. Mihailescu et al. (Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2008),
279.
10
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ

ɦɟɫɬɨ) ɬɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ ɭ

ɨɩɫɟɝ ɩɨʁɦɚ: ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ
ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ɬɚɱɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢɧɨʁ
ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ, ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ (ɢɦɟ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɭ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ) ɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ; ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ
ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɡɚ ɢɦɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɛɢɨ ɛɢ
ɨʁɤɨɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɟɤɨɧɢɦ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ, ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɚɬɢ ɭ
ɫɜɨɦ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɨɜɚɧɨ
ɢ ɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ
ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɰɢ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ Ɇɚɨɡ Ⱥɡɚɪʁɚɯɭ
(Maoz Azaryahu) ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɭɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɚ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɚ
ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ,4 ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɭ ɛɢɜɲɨʁ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɢʃɟ
Ⱦɭʃɟ Ɋɢɯɬɦɚɧ-Ⱥɭɝɭɲɬɢɧ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɦ
ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ.5 ɂɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɨɬɟɡ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɢɮɟ-
ɪɟɧɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ
ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ.6 ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɚɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɩɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɚ ɭ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʁ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ „ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɟ ɤɨɫɬɢɬɭɢɲɟ ɢ ɧɟ
ɦɟʃɚ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɨ, ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ,“7 ɚ ɰɢʂ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ,

4
Maoz Azaryahu, “Street Names and Political Identity: The Case of East
Berlin,” Journal of Contemorary History 21/4, (1986).
5
Ɋɚɞ ʁɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ Vijenac ɛɪ. 23 (1995. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ), ɚ
ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɞɟɨ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɢɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɟɞɢɰɢʁɟ XX
ɜɟɤ – ɜ. Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin, Ulice moga grada (Beograd: Biblioteka
XX vek, 2000).
6
Maoz Azaryahu, “The power of commemorative street name,”
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996), 312.
7
D. Rihtman-Auguštin, ɧ. ɞ, 48, 49.
11
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɫɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɟɻɭ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ.8 Ɇɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ (ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɨɩɲɬɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ) ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ (ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚ, ɩɚɪɤɨɜɚ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɢɬɞ.) ɭɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɱɢɧɟʄɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟ-
ɜɢɰɟ. ɍɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ, ɨɞɨɧɢ-
ɦɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ ɢ
ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɢɦɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɲɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ (ɧɚɨɤɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɭ ɨɞ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɚɧɢɩɭ-
ɥɚɰɢʁɟ) ɭ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ „ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɪɟɞɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ“ ɢ ɫɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ ʃɟɧ
ɢɧɞɭɤɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɚɪɬɢɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɚɧ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.9
Ɉɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɫɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɢ ɦɚɯɨɦ ɱɢɧɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ.10 Ɉɜɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɱɜɪɫɬɚ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ ɤɨɢɧɰɢɞɢɪɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ Ⱦɚɧɢɟɥ Ɇɢɥɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɇɨɪɢɧɨɦ (Pierre Nora)
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɥɚ ɢɡ
ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ, ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢ ɬɪɟɧɞ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɟ.11 Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ
ɩɨɲɬɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɭ 18. ɜɟɤɭ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɨ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ

8
M. Azaryahu, “Street names...,” 581.
9
Maoz Azaryahu, “German reunification and the politics of street names:
the case of East Berlin,” Political Geography 16/6 (1997), 481.
10
Maoz Azaryahu, “Renaming the Past: Changes in ‘City Text’ in Germany
and Austria, 1945-1947,” History and Memory 2/2 (1990), 34.
11
Daniel Milo, “Street Names,” in Realms of Memory: Rethinking the
French Past 2, ed. P Nora and L. Kritzman (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1996).
12
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɤɭʄɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ,

ɬɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɭ ɒɜɟɞɫɤɨʁ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1763. ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɨɦ
ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɬɚɛɥɟ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɟ ɧɚʁɛɢɬɧɢʁɢɯ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɋɬɨɤɯɨɥɦɭ.12 ɋɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ
ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ
ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ: ȿɧɝɥɟɫɤɨʁ (1765), Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɭ (1797),
Ȼɟɱɭ (1803), ɉɚɪɢɡɭ (1806) ɢɬɞ.13 Ɉɜɚɤɜɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɭ
ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɱɟʄɟ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɛɢɥɢ
ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɭ ɫɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ. Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɨ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɚ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɪɨʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɟɫɢɝɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɨ
ɧɟɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɚɧɬɟɨɧɚ, ɚ
ɭɫɤɨɪɨ ʄɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ
ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ. ɍ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨʁ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ
ɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ.
ɍ ɜɢɯɨɪɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ
ɫɤɥɚʃɚʃɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɤɢɩɨɜɚ, ɩɪɟɧɚɦɟɧɟ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ (ɬɟ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ
ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɚ Notre-Dame ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɭ ɏɪɚɦ ɛɨɝɢʃɟ Ɋɚɡɭɦɚ),
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ 'ɩɪɟɤɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɚ' ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɟ
ɫɜɪɝɧɭɬɭ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɭ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɟ ɧɨɜ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ (ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɩɪ. ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɩɚɪɢɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ Ʌɭʁɚ
XV ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɭ ɬɪɝ Ɋɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ – ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢ Place de la
Concorde).14 Ɇɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ

12
Allan Pred, Making Histories and Constructing Human Geographies: The
Local Transformation of Practice, Power Relations and Consciousness
(Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), 212.
13
M. Azaryahu, “The power…,” 313.
14
Alexander Demandt, Vandalizam – nasilje nad kulturom (Zagreb:
Antibarbarus, 2008), 146–147.
13
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɬɟ ɭɫɤɪɫɧɭɬɚ ɩɪɭɫɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ 1813. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ

ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɬɨɥɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ
(ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ) ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɨ
'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ' ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟɦ.15 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ
ɭ 19. ɜɟɤɭ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɧɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ
ɧɚɰɢʁɚ. ɇɚʁɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ 19. ɜɟɤɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ
nation-building, ɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɢ ɭ 20. ɜɟɤɭ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ
ɜɚɧɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ.
Ⱦɨ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɭ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɚ
ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɢ ɨɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɚ ʄɟ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚɧɚ.
ɋɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɭɞɟɥɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ɱɢɧɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɟ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɫɚɥɢ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɢɜɚ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɚɧ. Ɇɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɧɬɧɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ (ɚ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ) ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɭ
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ɨɧɟ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ/ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɨɧɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɩɨɩɭɬ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚɫɚ ɏɨʁɫɟɧɚ
(Andreas Huyssen) ɱɚɤ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɨɦ
ɫɥɚɛʂɟʃɭ ɭɥɨɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨʁ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
– ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ, ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɩɚɦʄɟʃɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ
ɧɟɨɞɜɨʁɢɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɲʄɭ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ
„ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ, ɧɟ
ɩɨɫɬɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɧɢɬɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɨ.“16 ɂ ɨɜɚɤɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ

15
Klaus Katzur, Berlins Strassennamen (Berlin: Haude und Spener, 1987),
5–6.
16
Andreas Huyssen, Present Pasts: Urban Palimpsets and the Politics of
Memory (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 16.
14
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ

ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɭ ɟɦɚɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɬɡɜ.

ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ
„ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɰɚ ɞɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɲɭ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɢɪɚʁɭ
ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.“17 ɂ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɞɟɨ ɫɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ, ɫɚ ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɨɦ ɞɭɝɚɱɤɨɝ
ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɢ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ,
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ
ɧɚʁɲɢɪɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨ. ɍ ɫɜɟɬɥɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨɝ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɫɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɧ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɭ 19. ɢ 20. ɜɟɤɭ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ
ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɨɤɪɢʂɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ. ɋɚ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ, ɭɪɛɚɧɚ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɢɬɟɪ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ (ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ), ɢ ɬɨ ɭ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɨɡɪɚɱʁɭ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɬʁ. ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
ɫɟʄɚʃɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦ, ɧɚɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɬɪɚʁɧɢ, ɚ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɥɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɢɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ, ɩɪɢʁɟɦɱɢɜ ʁɟ ɡɚ
ɫɬɚɥɧɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɭ.
ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ, ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɧɨɜɟ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ', ɤɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ȿɪɢɯ
ɏɨɛɫɛɨɦ (Eric Hobsbawm), ɛɥɢɫɤɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɧɨɜɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɦ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢɦ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ,
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɥ., ɚ ɫɜɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɱɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ
ɜɟɠɛɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɢɧɝɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɧɟ ɢ
ɭɜɟɤ ɢɧɨɜɚɬɢɜɧɟ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɢɧɚ

17
Richard Ned Lebow, “The Politics of Memory in Post-War Europe,” in
The Politics of Memory in Post-War Europe, ed. R. Lebow et al. (London:
Duke University Press, 2006), 13.
15
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɭ.18 'ɂɡɦɢɲʂɟɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ' ɬɚɤɨ

ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ,
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟʄɭɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ,
ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɭɫɚɞɢɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ, ɚ ɨɜɚʁ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɪɟɩɟɬɢɬɢɜɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
ɚɭɬɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɪɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɲʄɭ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ
ɨɜɨ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɢ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɧɨɜɟ/ɢɡɦɢɲʂɟɧɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ
'ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ' (ɤɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɉʁɟɪ ɇɨɪɚ), ɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɜɚɠɢ ɡɚ ɛɢɬɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɜɟʄɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɨɧɟ ɛɥɢɫɤɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟɦ ɢɥɢ
ɨɫɨɛɨɦ. Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ
ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟ ʁɟ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ IV ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɭ Ȼɪɢɫɟɥɭ
1949. ɭɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɭ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ.19 ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɚ ɨɜɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɪɚɡɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɭ Ʌɟɮɟɜɪ (Henri
Lefebvre) ɨɡɧɚɱɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ 'ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ', ɚ ɋɨɭʇɚ (Edward
Soja) ɤɚɨ 'ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ', ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ – ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɜɨʁɚ
ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ ɡɚɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɨɦ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɬɚʃɟɦ
ɦɟɻɭ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚ-
ɜɚʁɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ.
Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɤɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɪɚɡɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɫɚ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɢɦɚ – ɫɥɢɤɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ

18
Erik Hobsbom, „Uvod: kako se tradicije izmišljaju,“ u Izmišljanje
tradicije, ur. E. Hobsbom i T. Rejndžer (Beograd: Biblioteka XX vek, 2002),
24.
19
Petar Šimunoviü, „O pisanju naziva zagrebaþkih ulica,“ Jezik 18/1 (1970),
16.
16
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ

ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɜɢɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧ ɨɞ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚ, ɚ

ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɩɟɪɰɢɩɢɪɚ, ɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ
ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɡɭʁɟ.20 Ɉɫɢɦ ɟɦɚɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ,
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɟɞɭʁɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɰɢʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɨ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɚɥɢɦɩɫɟɫɬɢ,
ɤɚɨ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ
ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɨ ɢ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɦ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɢɦɚ,
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɬɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɩɥɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɤɪɢɛɨɜɚɧɚ.21 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɟ ɫɚ
ɰɢʂɟɦ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɞɚ ɨɬɟ-
ɥɨɬɜɨɪɟ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɟ,
ɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɢɪɚʁɭ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ.22 ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɞ
ɩɨɫɟɞɭʁɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɟɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ
ɜɪɫɬɭ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɯɢʁɟɪɨɝɥɢɮɚ.23 Ɇ. Ⱥɡɚɪʁɚɯɭ ɝɪɚɞ ɤɚɨ
ɬɟɤɫɬ (city-text) ɜɢɞɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɢɲɭ ɭ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧ ɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ,
ɱɢɦɟ ɫɚɱɢʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ.24
ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɢɫɭ
ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ, ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ
ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɜɨɪɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɚɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɢ-

20
Pekka Pesonen, “Semiotics of a City,” in Texts of Life and Art, (Helsinki:
Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures, 1997).
21
A. Huyssen, ɧ. ɞ, 51.
22
Francoise Choay, The Invention of the Historic Monument (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2001), 121.
23
David Frisby, “The Metropolis as Text: Otto Wagner and Vienna’s
Second Renaissance,” in The Hieroglyphics of Space – Reading and
Experiencing the Modern Metropolis, ed. N. Leach (London: Routledge,
2002), 15.
24
Maoz Azaryahu, “Renaming the Past: Changes in ‘City Text’ in Germany
and Austria, 1945-1947,” History and Memory 2/2 (1990): 33.
17
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɭ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɮɟɪɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɟɤɚ ɧɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ
ɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ, ɜɟʄ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ
ɩɨɥɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɨ ɫɤɥɨɩ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɟɰɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɥɚɩɚʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɞɟɥɭʁɭ
ɤɚɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ.25 Ɍɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɱɢɧɟ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɩɨɥɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɭɫɤɥɚɻɟɧɨ
ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ ɦɨɠɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɦ 'ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ'. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ,
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɟ 'ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ-ɡɧɚɱɟʃɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ', ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟ-
ɜɚʁɭ „ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɭ ɫɢɬɭɢɪɚɧɨɫɬ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɭ ɭɫɢɞɪɟɧɨɫɬ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ʂɭɞɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ.“26
ɉɪɢɯɜɚɬɟ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɟ ɨɰɟɧɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ
(ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ) ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɝɪɚɞ ɦɨɠɟ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɪɟɱɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɨɞ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ.“27 Ƚɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɡɛɢɪ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ
ɫɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɢɦɚ. Ʉɟɬɪɢɧ ȼɟɪɞɟɪɢ
(Katherine Verdery) ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ
ɦɨʄ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɝ
ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ

25
Maoz Azaryahu. „Politiþki simboli u svakidašnjici: polisistemski pristup
istraživanju,“ Etnološka tribina 22/29 (1999): 258.
26
Jasna ýapo i Valentina Gulin Zrniü, „Oprostornjavanje antropološkog
diskursa. Od metodološkog problema do epistemološkog zaokreta,“ u
Mjesto, nemjesto. Interdisciplinarna promišljanja prostora i kulture, ur. J.
ýapo i V. Gulin Zrniü (Zagreb: Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, 2011),
27.
27
Yi Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspecive of Experience
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977).
18
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ

ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɥɢɬɚʃɚ.28 ɂɡ ɬɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɢɦɟɧɨ-

ɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ
ɜɟɱɧɨɝ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɦɨʄɧɢʁɢɯ
ɢ ɧɚʁɤɨɧɬɪɨɜɟɪɡɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ, ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ
ɧɚʁɟɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ
ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɢ ɥɚɤɦɭɫ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɬɟ Ⱦ. Ɋɢɯɬɦɚɧ-Ⱥɭɝɭɲɬɢɧ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɡɚ
„ɩɪɟɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ʃɟɡɢɧɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ʃɟɡɢɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ,
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɢʁɟɱʁɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɜʁɟɬɨɧɚɡɨɪɚ, ɚ ɭɛɪɚʁɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ
ɦɚɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɛɪɢɲɭ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ, ɚ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɚ“.29 ɍɥɢɱɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ
ɩɪɢɡɟɦɧɢɦ, ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɢɦɚ, ɢ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɭɥɨɝɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɨɫɟʄɚʁɚ ɨ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɲɢɪɟʃɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɭ ɦɚʃɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ,
ɦɭɡɟʁɢ, ɟɜɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɥ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɧɢ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ
ɫʁɟɞɢʃɭʁɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɭ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ, ɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɧɫɤɢ ɭɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢ-
ɲɭ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ ʂɭɞɢ.30 Ʉɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɢ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ (ɫɤɨɜɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚ-
ɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɦ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ) ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ (ɭɥɢɰɚ,
ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, ɲɤɨɥɚ, ɱɢɬɚɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢɬɞ.) ɭɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɭ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɱɢɧɟʄɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɟ
ɱɢɦɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɨʁ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨʁ ɢɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɜɨɫɦɟɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ: ɤɨɦɟɦɨ-
ɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɦɚ, ɬɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɬʁ. ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ
ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ – ɨɜɚ ɫɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ

28
ɉɪɟɦɚ Duncan Light et al, “Toponymy and the Communist city: Street
names in Bucharest, 1948–1965,” GeoJournal 56 (2002), 136.
29
D. Rihtman-Auguštin, n. d, 60.
30
M. Azaryahu, “German reunification…,” 481.
19
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɚ

ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɟɩɨɯɟ.31
ɍ ɛɢɜɲɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɩɪɜɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ
ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ
ɭɪɛɚɧɨɦ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɭ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɢʃɟ
Ⱦɭʃɟ Ɋɢɯɬɦɚɧ-Ⱥɭɝɭɲɬɢɧ „ɍɥɢɰɟ ɦɨɝɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ“ ɢɡ 1995. (ɝɞɟ ʁɟ
ɱɥɚɧɚɤ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ 2000. ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ), ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɭɡ ɫɪɨɞɧɢ ɪɚɞ „ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ“ ɱɢɧɢɨ
ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɤ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɢɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ/ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ. ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɚɤ, ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɢ – ɜɪɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɭ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 19.
ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɚɜɤɚ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ32; ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɚɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚ-
ʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɲɱɢɬɚɬɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɞ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ Ɍɢɦɨɬɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɨ ɱɚɱɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ,33 ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɤɨɞ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ⱦɭɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɨ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ34 ɢɬɞ.
ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ/ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɻɢɜɚɨ ɬɟɦɭ
ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ Ɇɢɥɚɧ ȭ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ 1903.

31
M. Azaryahu, “Street Names and Political Identity…”
32
Ⱦɭɛɪɚɜɤɚ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɥɞɪɦɚ ɢ ɚɫɮɚɥɬ: ɍɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1890–1914 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɍɞɪɭɠɟʃɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ, 2008), 76–83.
33
Ɇɢɥɨɲ Ɍɢɦɨɬɢʁɟɜɢʄ, „ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɑɚɱɤɚ 1893–1992. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɜɟɤ
ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ,“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ 7/2-3 (2000).
34
Vladimir Duloviü, „Nazivi beogradskih trgova i ulica kao ogledalo
ideologija vladajuüih sistema (1848– 2003),“ u Zbornik beogradske otvorene
škole – Radovi studenata generacija 2002/2003, ur. V. Paviüeviü, (Beograd:
BOŠ, 2004). ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɯɭɦɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ ȴɭɛɢɲɟ Ɋɚʁɢʄɚ,
“Toponyms and the political and ethnic identity in Serbia,” Names and
Identities – Oslo Studies in Language 4/2 (2012).
20
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ

ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.35 Ɉɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɚɤ ɛɢɥɢ

ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɟ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɚ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ/ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ (ȼɟɫɧɚ ȼɭɱɢɧɢʄ-ɇɟɲɤɨɜɢʄ),36 ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɢ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɚ (ɂɥɞɢɤɨ ȿɪɞɟɢ).37
ɇɚɤɨɧ 2000. ʁɟɞɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɢɦɛɨ-
ɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨɝ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (Ȼɨʁɚɧ ɀɢɤɢʄ),38 ɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɥɨɝɨɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ
ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ (ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ).39
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɨɜɨɦ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ
ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ
'ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɟ'. Ɂɚ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ
ɫɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɥɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ (ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɥɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɧɨ ɫɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ).40 ɍ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɚɪɚ ɡɚ

35
Ɇɢɥɚɧ ȭ. Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, „ɐɪɬɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ,“
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɑɭɩɢʄɚ 22 (1903).
36
ȼɟɫɧɚ ȼɭɱɢɧɢʄ, ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, 1999).
37
ɂɥɞɢɤɨ ȿɪɞɟɢ, „ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɚ,“ ɭ Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ
ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɚ '94, ɭɪ. Ȼ. Ɇɪɜɨɲ ɢ ɞɪ. (ɉɚɧɱɟɜɨ: Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ
ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɤɚ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɚ, 1994).
38
Ȼɨʁɚɧ ɀɢɤɢʄ, „Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɟ 'ɩɪɢɱɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɱɚɤɟ': ɭɪɛɚɧɢ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪ ɢ
ɭɪɛɚɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ,“ ȿɬɧɨɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ 2/1 (2007).
39
ɇɩɪ. Srÿan Radoviü, “From Center to Periphery and Vice Versa: The
Politics of Toponyms in Transitional Capital,” Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 56/2 (2008). Ɍɭ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ
Grad kao tekst (Beograd: Biblioteka XX vek, 2013).
40
Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɡɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɢ Ɂɟɦɭɧ ɫɚɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ (Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ʌɟɤɨ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɇɚʁɯɨɥɞ), ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚ
21
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ, ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɨ

(ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɚ ɚɤɬɚ (ɭɤʂɭ-
ɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ). Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭɡɟɬɟ ɫɭ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɟ ɦɚɩɟ – ɭɩɨɪɟɻɢ-
ɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɩɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɭ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ. ɍ ɰɢʂɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢ
ɫɭ ɢ ɦɟɞɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɲɬɚɦɩɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ, ɚ ɭ
ɦɚʃɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɚɭɞɢɨɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ.
ɂɚɤɨ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɬɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ, ɭɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭɢ ɫɚ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ
ɤɚɨ 'ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ',41 ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɢ ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢɦɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ. Ɋɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɧɨ
ʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɚ ɦɟɞɢʁɚɬɨɪɢ ɢɥɢ
ɤɪɟɚɬɨɪɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ (ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢ ɢ ɛɢɜɲɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɥ.). Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɞ
ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɲɟ, ɢɫɤɚɡɢ
ɨɜɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɥɨɤɭɬɨɪɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɭ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɦɚɤɚɪ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɞɨɛɭ).
ɍɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ʄɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɬɢ
ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɢɲɟ. ɇɚɱɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɜɚɤɨ
ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ ɝɪɚɞ ɱɢɬɚ ɛɢʄɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ.

ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɩɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢɯ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɉɪɜɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ʁɟ ɩɚɤ: Danilo Radojeviü, Beograd i
njegove ulice (Beograd: Turistiþka štampa, 1966). ȼɢɲɟ ʁɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧɫɤɨɝ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɞɜɨɬɨɦɧɨ ɞɟɥɨ „ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ“ ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ.
41
Jennifer Jordan, Structures of Memory: Understanding Urban Change in
Berlin and Beyond (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 2–3.
22
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ

Ʉɨɥɨɤɜɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ

ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪɚ, ɧɚɡɢɜɚ, ɨɩɫɬɨʁɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɥɨɤɜɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ
ɧɟɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɚɦɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɞɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ, ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞ-
ɧɟɜɧɨʁ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɫɥ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɟ
ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɬɟ ɨɧɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɞʃɨʁ ɢ
ȳɭɠɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ, ɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɦɚ (ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ). ɍ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭ ʄɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢʁɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɯɪɨɧɨ-
ɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɚ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢʁɚɲʃɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ (ɦɚɯɨɦ ɢɡ ɨɤɜɢɪɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ). ɑɢɬɚʃɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɧɟɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɢ
ɲɢɪɟɝ (ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ, ɚ ɤɚɬɤɚɞ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ), ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ
ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɢɲɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɚ. ɍɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɟ ɢ
ɝɭɛɢɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɭɲɟɧɟ,
ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɟʂɚɜɚɧɟ, ɢ ɩɭɬɨɩɢɫ ɤɪɨɡ ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ
ɛɢʄɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨʁ
ɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɚ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ 1847. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ
ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɟ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (ɦɚɤɚɪ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɬɧɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ, ɢ ɭ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɨɜɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ),
ɚɥɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɫɨɤɚɰɢ, ɦɚɯɚɥɟ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɰɢ
ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɚ (ɧɟɨɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɚ) ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 19. ɜɟɤɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ
ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɚ ɛɟɥɟɠɟʃɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɂ
ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɫɭ ɡɚɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɦɚɤɚɪ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɨ ʃɢɦɚ
ʁɟ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚ, ɬɟ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟʄɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɟ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ.

23
 ɆȺɏȺɅȿ ɂ ɑȺɊɒɂȳȿ.
ɊȺɇɈ ɆɈȾȿɊɇɈ ȾɈȻȺ

Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɲɟɯɟɪ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ

ɜɟʄɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ. ɍ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɧɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ (ɫ
ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ) ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɝ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ), ɚɜɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɋɚɦɭɢɥɨɜɨɝ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ, ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ),
ɦɟʃɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɟɩɨɯɟ, ɨɞ 1427. ɞɨ 1521. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɭɠɧɢ ɛɟɞɟɦ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ (ɦɚɻɚɪɫɤɟ) ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ
(ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɭɬɚ ɛɢɨ). ɇɚɤɨɧ ɨɫɜɨʁɟʃɚ
ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɚɞɚ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ 1459. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ʁɭɠɧɨ
ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱʁɟ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ʁɨɲ ɭ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ
ɛɨʁɢɲɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɨʁɫɤɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ
ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤɚ, ɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɨ ɞɜɚ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɨɫɦɚɧ-
ɥɢʁɫɤɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ 1440. ɢ 1456. ɍ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɟɪɢɩɚɧɨɧɫɤɨʁ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭɤɨɛʂɚɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ 15. ɢ 16. ɜɟɤɭ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɩɨɞ
ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɜɭɱɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɦɚ, ɢ ɭ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɨʁ ɩɪɟɞɚʁɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɨɜɨɝ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ: Ɇɚɬɢʁɚ Ʉɨɪɜɢɧ, ȳɚɧɨɲ ɏɭʃɚɞɢ (ɋɢɛɢʃɚɧɢɧ
ȳɚɧɤɨ), ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɚɩɢɫɬɪɚɧ, ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ II, Ʌɚʁɨɲ II, Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ II
Ɉɫɜɚʁɚɱ, Ȼɚʁɚɡɢɬ II, ɋɟɥɢɦ I, ɋɭɥɟʁɦɚɧ ȼɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢ. ɉɟɬ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɦɚɻɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɥɨɦɚ ɭ Ɇɨɯɚɱɤɨʁ ɛɢɬɰɢ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɫɭ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ
ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɚ ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ
ɡɚɤɨɪɚɱɢɨ ɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɜɟɤ. Ɍɭɪɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɋɭɥɟʁɦɚɧ ȼɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢ
ɡɚɭɡɟɨ ʁɟ „ɤɚɩɢʁɭ ɍɧɻɭɪɨɜɢɧɟ“ 1521. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢ ɭ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɥɢ
ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧɨɝ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɚ (ɩɪɜɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤ-ɛɟɝ

25
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɚɨ ɢɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ Ȼɚɥɢ-ɛɟɝ ȳɚɯʁɚɩɚɲɢʄ).42

ɂɧɢɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɧʇɚɤ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ Ɋɭɦɟɥɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬɚ, ɚ
ɩɨ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɭ Ȼɭɞɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ ɭɥɚɡɢ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ, ɚ
ɝɪɚɞ ɜɪɥɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɲɟɯɟɪɚ, ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɝ ɪɚɧɝɚ.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɞɟɥɢɨ ɧɚ Ɍɜɪɻɚɜɭ/Ƚɪɚɞ
ɢ ȼɚɪɨɲ: Ɍɜɪɻɚɜɚ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɢ ɩɪɟ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɟ-
ʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ƚɨɪʃɢ ɢ Ⱦɨʃɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɚɧɚ ɛɟɞɟɦɢɦɚ, ɚ ɧɚ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨɭɝɚɨɧɚ
ɰɢɬɚɞɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɇɚɪɢɧ (ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɭɧɭɬ-
ɪɚɲʃɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ).43 ɋɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ Ɍɜɪɻɚɜɟ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ȼɚɪɨɲ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɜɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ (ɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɚ
ɛɚɡɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚɦɚ, ɢ ɨɧɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɟ) ɜɚɧ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɛɟɞɟɦɚ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɡ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɻɚ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɚɫɚɛɟ ɢ
ɲɟɯɟɪɟ, ɧɚɡɢɜ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɫɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɫɭɠɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɨ ɧɚ
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ, ɚɥɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɨ

42
Ɉɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɨɧ ɞɟɥɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɨɜɨ
ɩɪɟɫɟʂɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ (ɤɚɨ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢɡ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɟɥɢɨ ɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɭ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ)
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ
ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɚɩɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɲɭɦɚ) – Olga Zirojeviü, Srbija pod turskom vlašüu 1459-1804.
(Beograd: Srpski genealoški centar, 2007), 20.
43
ɂɧɢɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ʁɟ Ƚɨɪʃɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɢɦɚɨ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɜɨʁɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ,
ɚɥɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɬɟ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɝɨɪʃɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɨɤɨ ɧɨɜɨɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɟ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ
ɋɭɥɟʁɦɚɧɚ. ɍ Ⱦɨʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɫɚɛɨɪɧɚ (ɜɟɥɢɤɚ)
ɰɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɭ ʇɚɦɢʁɭ, ɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɢ, ɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ʄɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɞ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ Ȼɨɥɦɟ ɏɢɫɚɪ (Bölme Hisari) – ɏɚɡɢɦ
ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, „Ƚɪɚɞ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɭ XVI–XVII ɜɟɤɭ,“ ɭ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1, ɭɪ. ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974),
389– 393.
26
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ɧɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ, ɢ ɬɨ ɫɚɜɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ, ɬɟɤ ɭ 17. ɫɬɨɥɟʄɭ.44

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɬɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ (ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ
ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɻɭ) ɢɲɥɢ ɜɚɧ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ (ɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ
ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢ ɢ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɞɪɭɦ), ɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɬɪɝɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɜɚɪɨɲɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ
(ɦɨɠɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ). Ɉɜɚʁ ɬɪɝ, ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɧɚɥɨ
ɜɢɲɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, Ⱦɢɜɧɚ ȭɭɪɢʄ-Ɂɚɦɨɥɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ
ɉɨɩɨɜ ɬɪɝ, ɚ ɏɚɡɢɦ ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ Cay-i-
Pazar (ɭ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɬɪɝ, ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟ) ɡɚ ɬɪɝ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ
ɉɨɩɨɜɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ (Mahale-i Papas; ɬɭɪ. papas – ɩɨɩ), ɤɨʁɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɛɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ; ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ
ɪɚɫɤɪɲʄɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɥɢ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥ (ɬɭɪ. Dortyol
– ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ). ɍ ɪɚɧɨɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɦɪɟɠɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ
ɬɪɢ ɬɪɝɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɨʁ ɩɚɞɢɧɢ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ: ɉɨɩɨɜ ɬɪɝ/Ɍɪɝ,
Ɋɢɛʂɢ ɬɪɝ ɢ ɬɪɝ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɤɨʃɚ (ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ Ⱥɬ-ɉɚɡɚɪ).45
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ, ɚ ɞɭɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ, ɤɨʁɢ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢɦɚ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ, ɛɟɡ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢ-
ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɦɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ. ɍ ɞɨɛɚ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɟ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʃɟɧɟ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɪɰɭ ɋɪɟɞʃɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ, ɢ ɨɜɚ ʄɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ
ɛɢɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɢ
ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. Kaɤɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɦɨʄ ɩɨɱɧɟ
ɫɥɚɛɢɬɢ, ɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɧɭ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚɬɢ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɭ, ɜɨʁɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɩɚɤ
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ

44
ɂɫɬɨ.
45
Divna Ĉuriü-Zamolo, Beograd kao orijentalna varoš pod Turcima 1521–
1867 (Beograd: Muzej grada Beograda, 1977), 182–183.
27
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨ (ɦɚɯɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨ)

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɨ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɠɢɜʂɚ, ɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɭ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ (ɱɢʁɭ ɫɭ
ɨɤɨɫɧɢɰɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɰɢ ɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ ɧɚɲɟɝ
ɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɝ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ) ɭɩɨɬɩɭʃɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɜɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢʁɢ
ȳɟɜɪɟʁɢ, ȳɟɪɦɟɧɢ, Ɋɨɦɢ, Ƚɪɰɢ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ. Ƚɪɚɞ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɭɬɧɨɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɦ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɚɞɨɦ Ȼɭɞɢɦɚ 1541, ɢ ɫɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɢɦ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁɟɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɚ ɛɢɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɭ
ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦ. ȭɭɪɢʄ-Ɂɚɦɨɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨ-ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ (ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɛɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ) ɢɫɬɢɱɟ:
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ (ɤɢɥɢʁɚ), ɱɚɪɲɢʁɭ ɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ. Ɉɞ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 16. ɜɟɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɞɜɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ
ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɤɨɫɧɢɰɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɭɡ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ, Ⱦɨʃɚ (ɢɥɢ
Ⱦɭɝɚ) ɢ Ƚɨɪʃɚ (ɢɥɢ Ȼɚʁɪɚɦ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ), ɚ ɨɤɨ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ
ɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ.46 ɍ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɤɭɩɨɩɪɨɞɚʁɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ
ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɫɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ʂɭɞɢ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɚ ɞɭɠɢɧɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɜɪɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɟɧɟ, ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ
ɪɚɞʃɟ (ɞɭʄɚɧɟ), ɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ
ɪɚɞʃɢ (ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɪ).47 ɍ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɨɦ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɞɭɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɛɢɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
ɦɨɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ, ɚ ɞɚɤɚɤɨ ɢ
ɛɚɡɚɪɚ/ɩɚɡɚɪɚ. ɍ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ Ȼɢɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪ (ɝɞɟ ɫɟ

46
ɉɪɜɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ (ɤɢɥɢʁɚ) ʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɨ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ-
ɩɚɲɚ ȳɚɯʁɚɩɚɲɢʄ (ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɛɟɝ ɢ ɛɭɞɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɚɲɚ) ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ (ɞɨʃɟɝ) Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɂɦɚɪɟɬ-
ʇɚɦɢʁɟ, ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɨ ɢ ɦɟɞɪɟɫɭ, ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɫɚɪɚʁ, ɢɦɚɪɟɬ, ɬɟɤɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɟɛɢʂ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɤɢɥɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɛɟɝ Ȼɚʁɪɚɦ-ɛɟɝ
ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ʇɚɦɢʁɭ, ɦɟɞɪɟɫɭ, ɢɦɚɪɟɬ, ɚɦɚɦ ɢ ɬɭɪɛɟ, ɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ
ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ – D. Ĉuriü-Zamolo, n. d, 187–188.
47
Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, „'ɑɚɪɲɢʁɚ' – ɩɨɱɟɰɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɭ 19.
ɜɟɤɭ,“ Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɋȺɇɍ 44 (1995): 85.
28
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɪɨɛɚ), Ⱥɜɪɟɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪ (Ɍɪɝɨɜɤɟ) ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ

ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɭʄɧɟ ɪɚɞɢɧɨɫɬɢ, Ⱥɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪ (ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɤɨʃɚ), Ȼɚɥɢɤ-ɩɚɡɚɪ (ɪɢɛʂɚ ɩɢʁɚɰɚ) ɢɬɞ.48 Ɇɚɯɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɩɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢ ɤɜɚɪɬ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɤɭʄɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɨɤɨ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫʇɢɞɚ (ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɥɨ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ), ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɨ ɫɤɭɩ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɫɨɤɚɤɚ, ɫɨɤɚɱɢʄɚ,
ɛɭʇɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɥ.49
ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ ɢ
ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɜɪɲɢɥɢ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ ɛɪɨʁ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɡɨɦ (ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɢɫɭ
ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢ ɢ
ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɟʄɢɯ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɢ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɢ ɠɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ). Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɫɭɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ
ɱɚɪɲɢʁɭ ɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞ ɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɚɡɢɜ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɜɟʄ ɢɡ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɚɤɚɬɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɩɪ. ɫɨɤɚɰɢ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɭ (ɧɢɬɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɡɚɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ).50
ɍ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɢɫɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɟ ɛɚɪ 14
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ, ɞɨɤ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɧɟɬɟ ɭ
ɩɨɩɢɫ; ɩɨɩɢɫ ɢɡ 1536. ɩɚɤ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ 15 ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ, 4
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢ 2 ɪɨɦɫɤɟ/ɰɢɝɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ.51 ɋɚ ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɦ

48
ɏɚɡɢɦ ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, „Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɤɚɨ ɜɨʁɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɭ XVI-XVII ɜɟɤɭ,“ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1, ɭɪ. ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ
(Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974), 376.
49
Alija Bejtiü, Ulice i trgovi Sarajeva (Sarajevo: Muzej grada Sarajeva,
1973), 51.
50
ɂɫɬɨ.
51
ɏɚɡɢɦ ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, „ɍɪɛɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɤ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɞ 1521 ɞɨ 1688
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,“ Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 17 (1970), 10–12. Ɍɟ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ: ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɦɟɫʇɢɞɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ Ɏɟɪɯɚɞ-ɩɚɲɟ,
ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɦɟɫʇɢɞɚ Ⱥɯɦɟɞ-ɚɝɟ Ɇɚɥɤɨɱɢʁɚ, ɦɚɯɚɥɚ Ɂɟʁɧɭɞɢɧ-ɚɝɢɧɚ ɦɟɫʇɢɞɚ
ɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɏɚʇɢ-Ⱥɥɢʁɟ Ɍɢɪɟɜɢʁɟ. Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ
29
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɧɚɩɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ Ɇɚɻɚɪɫɤɟ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɢ

ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɭʁɟ, ɲɬɨ
ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɤ ɫɚɦɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ
ɛɪɨʁɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ 1560. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɢɦɚ ɜɟʄ 16
ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ, ɚ ɛɪɨʁ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ
ɫɟ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɟ, ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ 11. Ɇɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ
ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɩɨ ʇɚɦɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɫʇɢɞɢɦɚ (ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢɦɚ) ɢ ɦɟɫɧɢɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ, ɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ʃɢɯ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ
Ɍɪɝ, Ɍɚɛɚɤɯɚɧɚ (Ɍɚɛɚɱɤɚ), ȼɪɚɱɚɪ ɢ ɐɪɤɜɚ.52 ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ 1582. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɨɲ 10 ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ (ɬɟ ɢɯ ɫɚɞɚ ɢɦɚ 26
ɢɥɢ 27), ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ, ɛɢɥɨ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɟɦ
ɧɨɜɢɯ, ɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɞɚʂɟɝ ʁɚɱɚʃɚ Ⱦɨʃɟ (ɢɥɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ Ⱦɭɝɟ) ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ȳɟɧɢ-
ɯɚɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɫɚɪɚʁɚ ɫɚ ɛɟɡɢɫɬɚɧɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɜɚɤɭɮɚ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ-ɩɚɲɟ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄɚ. Ɉɞ
ɤɪɚʁɚ 16. ɢ ɭ 17. ɜɟɤɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɞɚʂɟ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɜɢɞʂɢɜɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɚɜɚʃɭ Ⱦɨʃɟ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɚ
ɩɪɨɬɟɡɚɥɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ ɞɭɠɢɧɨɦ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɍɥɢɰɟ ɰɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ, ɬɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ (Ɇɚɥɢ ɉɚɡɚɪ) ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ
ȿʁɧɟɯɚɧ-ɛɟɝɨɜɟ ɤɢɥɢʁɟ (ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɞɚɧɚ-
ɲʃɟɝ Ⱦɨɦɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ), ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɨɤɨ ȿʁɧɟɯɚɧ-
ɛɟɝɨɜɟ, ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ (ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ) Ȼɚɬɚɥ-ʇɚɦɢʁɟ.53

ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ

ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɚ.
52
Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɫɭ: ɦɚɯɚɥɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ (ɫɢɧɚ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɚ),
ɦɚɯɚɥɚ Ɋɚɬɤɢʄɚ, ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɀɢɜɤɚ (ɫɢɧɚ ȭɭɪɢɰɟ), ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ (ɫɢɧɚ
Ɋɚʁɢɧɚ), ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ (ɫɢɧɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ), ɦɚɯɚɥɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ (ɫɢɧɚ
Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ), ɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ Ʉɚɪɚ-ȳɨɜɚɧɚ (ɫɢɧɚ Ɋɚɞɨʃɟ). Ʉɚɪɚ-ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ʄɟ
ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɚɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɢɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ – ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, „Ƚɪɚɞ ...,“ 402–
403.
53
ȿʁɧɟɯɚɧ-ɛɟɝ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɧɚɡɨɪ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɢɪ (ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɤ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ
ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ) – ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, „ɍɪɛɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɤ...,“ 23.
30
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ȼɪɯɭɧɚɰ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ

ɭ 17. ɜɟɤɭ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ȿɜɥɢʁɚ ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɚ (1660) ɤɨʁɢ ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɭɬɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɯɜɚɥɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ
17 000 ɤɭʄɚ ɢ 98 000 ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɧ ɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɚɦɚ ɤɚɥɞɪɦɢɫɚɧɟ, ɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ 38 ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ (ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɨ ɢɡ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɲɟɪɢʁɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ), ɬɟ ɩɨ ɬɪɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ
ɋɪɛɚ ɢ Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ, Ɋɨɦɚ/ɐɢɝɚɧɚ ɢ Ƚɪɤɚ.54 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ȿɜɥɢʁɢɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɯɚɥɚɦɚ
ɧɢɫɭ ɧɚʁɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɨɧ ɭ ɯɚɪɚɱɤɢɦ ɞɟɮɬɟɪɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɜɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 17. ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ 8 ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ (ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɭɛɪɚʁɚɧɟ ɢ ɝɪɱɤɟ ɢ ʁɟɪɦɟɧɫɤɟ), ɲɬɨ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ
ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɢɪɚ ɫɚ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ȿ. ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɚ.55 ɇɚ
ɨɜɨɦ ʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɭɩɭɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ
ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨ ȿ. ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɢ, ɢ
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɨɫɚɦ ɭ ɬɚɛɟɥɢ, ɩɨ ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨ-
ɜɢʄɭ):56

Ⱦɨʃɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ƚɨɪʃɢ ɝɪɚɞ

Ⱥɝɢɧɚ Ʉɚɡɚɧʇɢʁɫɤɚ
ɑɭɤɭɪ-ɱɟɫɦɚ ɇɨɜɢ ɯɚɧ (Yeni han)
ɂɦɚɪɟɬ Ɂɟʁɧɭɞɢɧ-ɚɝɢɧɚ
Ɍɚɛɚɱɤɚ (Ɍɚɛɚɤɯɚɧɟ) Ȼɚʁɪɚɦ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ

54
ȵɢɯɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɩɚɤ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɢɲɟ ɤɚɤɨ ȳɟɜɪɟʁɢ ɠɢɜɟ
ɛɥɢɡɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ, ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ʁɟɪɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ, ɚ ɞɚ „ɮɪɚɧɚɱɤɟ
ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɧɟɦɚ.“ – Evlija ýelebi, Putopis (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1967), 84–85.
55
ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɧ.ɞ, 26.
56
ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞ ɞɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȿɜɥɢʁɢɧɢɦ
ɉɭɬɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ, ɬɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ
ɤɨɞ ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ („Ƚɪɚɞ...“), ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɚɰ ɫɩɢɫɚ ȿɜɥɢʁɟ
ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɟ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɦɚɯɚɥɚɦɚ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɜɚɧ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ/ɜɚɪɨɲɤɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ (Ɍɨɩɱɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɢ Ʉɭɱɭɤ-ɞɟɪɟ), ɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɨɱɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɲʄɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɟɡɧɢɤɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɪɚɧɢɦ ɧɨɜɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨ
ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɬɨɩɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɰɢ
(ɧɩɪ ɑɭɤɭɪ-ɱɟɫɦɚ ɢ Ɍɨɩɱɢʁɢɧɨ ɫɟɥɨ – Ɍɨɩɱɢɞɟɪ).
31
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

(ɏɚɛɢɥ-ɟɮɟɧɞɢʁɢɧɚ)
ȿʁɧɟɧɯɚɧ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ ɑɢɤ-ɋɚɥɢɧ
Ɇɟɯɤɟɦɚ (ɋɭɞɧɢɰɚ) ɂɛɪɚɯɢɦ-ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɢɧɚ
Ɍɚɲɥɢɤ (Ʉɚɦɟɧɢɬɚ) ɑɢɧɢɥɢ-ɯɚɦɚɦ
ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɢɧɚ ɏɚʇɢ-ɋɚɞɢɤɨɜɚ
ɑɚɭɲɟɜɚ (Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɟ ɑɚɭɲɚ) ɂɞɪɢɡ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ
Ȼɢɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪ (Ɍɟɥɚɥɢ) Ɏɟɪɯɚɞ-ɩɚɲɢɧɚ
ɏɚʇɢ-ɇɟɡɢɪɨɜɚ Ƚɟɧɢɲ-ɚɝɢɧɚ
ɏɚʇɢ-ɋɚɥɢɯ-ɚɝɢɧɚ Ɇɭɫɚɥɚ (Namazgah)
(ɏɚʇɢ-ɋɚɥɢɯɨɜɚ)
ȿɦɢɪ-ɏɚɫɚɧ-ɚɝɢɧɚ Ⱥɬ-ɉɚɡɚɪ (Ⱥɬɦɟʁɞɚɧ)
(ȿɦɢɪ-ɏɚɫɚɧɨɜɚ)
ɏɚʇɢ-ɉɢɪɢɧɚ Ʉɨɫɤɢ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ (Ʉɨɫɤɢɧɚ)
Ⱥɦɛɚɪɢ ɋɪɟɞʃɟ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ
(Orta mezarlik)
Ƚɨɪʃɢ Ɍɢɪ (Tir bala) ɏɚʇɢ-ɏɚɥɢɥɨɜɚ
Ⱥɛɞɭɥʇɟɛɚɪɨɜɚ Ɏɚɤɢɪ-ɏɚʇɢ-Ⱥɥɢʁɢɧɚ
Ɉɜɚʇɢɤ (ɉɨʂɢɰɟ) ȹɢɧ-Ⱥɥɢʁɢɧɚ
ȼɚɪɨɲ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɋɪɟɞʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ
(ȼɚɪɨɲ Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ)
Ʉɚɪɚ-ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɇɨɜɚ ɐɟɞɢɞ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ
Ɋɢɛʂɚ ɩɢʁɚɰɚ Ʉɭɱɭɤ-ɞɟɪɟ (Ɇɚɥɚ ɪɟɤɚ)
ɉɚɪɤɚʃ-ɛɪɨɞ Ɍɨɩɱɭ ɤɨʁɭ (Ɍɨɩɱɢʁɢɧɨ ɫɟɥɨ)

Ⱦɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 17. ɜɟɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ: ɏɚʇɢ-Ɏɟɬɯɭɥɚɯɨɜɚ, ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ȿɛɭ Ȼɟɤɪ-ɟɮɟɧɞɢʁɟ,
ɋɚɜɚ-ɦɚɯɚɥɚ, ȼɟɡɢɪɨɜ ɯɚɧ, Ʉɚɪɚ-Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɢɧɚ, ɋɟʁɞ-ɏɚɫɚɧɨɜɚ,
ɇɨɜɚ (Yeni) ʇɚɦɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪ.57 Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɜɚɪɢɪɚɥɟ ɭ
ɛɪɨʁɭ: ɧɟɤɟ ɫɭ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ, ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞɟʂɢ-
ɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚʃɟɦ.
Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɦɟʃɚɥɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɭ
ɞɟɮɬɟɪɢɦɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɫɤɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɢ. ɇɚɡɢɜɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɧɨɝ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɭ

57
ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, „Ƚɪɚɞ...,“ 412.
32
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ

ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɟ ɫɜɪɯɟ, ɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɨɞɨɦɚʄɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ. ɑɚɪɲɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɞɟɮɬɟɪɢɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɡɚɫɟɛɧɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɟ ɢ
ɩɨɪɟɫɤɟ ɨɛɜɟɡɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɭ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚɦɚ; ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɫɟ
ɤɪɨɡ ɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɤɚɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
ɱɟɫɬɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɤɭɩʂɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ (ɧɚɩɨɫɟ
ɩɨɪɟɫɤɟ ɨɛɜɟɡɧɢɤɟ), ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ. ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɫɭ
ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ
ʃɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ (ɋɪɟɞʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ), ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɦ
ɦɚɯɚɥɚɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɚ (Ɂɟʁɧɭɞɢɧ-
ɚɝɢɧɚ, ȿʁɟɧɯɚɧ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ, ɏɚʇɢ-ɏɚɥɢɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɥ.). Ʉɚɬɤɚɞ ɫɭ
ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ (ɑɭɤɭɪ-ɱɟɫɦɚ, ɑɢɧɢɥɢ-ɯɚɦɚɦ, Ⱥɬ-
ɉɚɡɚɪ ɢɬɞ.), ɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɢ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɦɚɯɚɥɚɦɚ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɟɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɡɚɪɭ. Ɇɚɯɚɥɫɤɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ
ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ (Ʉɚɪɚ-ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ), ɢɦɚ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ
ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ (Ɍɚɛɚɱɤɚ, Ʉɚɡɚɧʇɢʁɫɤɚ), ɚ ɞɟɮɬɟɪɢ ɞɚʁɭ ɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɫɟɥɚ (Ɍɨɩɱɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɢ Ʉɭɱɭɤ-ɞɟɪɟ) ɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ
ɨɞɨɦɚʄɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ (Ƚɨɪʃɢ ɝɪɚɞ, Ⱦɨʃɢ ɝɪɚɞ,
ȼɚɪɨɲ), ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɢ ɨɜɞɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɚɪɢɪɚɬɢ (ɬɚɤɨ
ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɞɟɮɬɟɪɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɩɨ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ʇɚɦɢʁɚɦɚ, ɚ ɭ 17. ɜɟɤɭ ɫɭɠɟɧ ɩɨʁɚɦ ȼɚɪɨɲɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɭ ɦɚɯɚɥɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɚɜɢ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧ ɐɪɤɜɚ). Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɭɡɪɨɱɧɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ
ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɟ ɬɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ (ɧɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʇɚɦɢʁɢ
ɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɢ, ɢɥɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ
ɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ), ɬɟ ɭ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɦɟɫɧɢɦ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɦɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ.58 Ⱥɥɢʁɚ Ȼɟʁɬɢʄ ɨɜɚʁ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ' ɩɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ
ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ.

58
A. Bejtiü, ɧ. ɞ, 52–53.
33
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɍɡɥɚɡɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬ ʁɟ

ɨɬɩɨɱɢʃɚʃɟɦ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ
ɩɨɪɚɡɢɦɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɥɟ ɨɩɫɚɞɟ Ȼɟɱɚ 1683. ɉɨ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɭ
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ, ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɬɚɥɚɫ ɩɪɟɩɥɚɜɢɨ
ʁɟ Ȼɭɞɢɦ, ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɭ, Ȼɚɪɚʃɭ, Ȼɚɱɤɭ ɢ ɋɪɟɦ, ɫɬɢɝɚɜɲɢ ɢ ɞɨ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1688. ɉɪɟɞ ɧɚɞɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɤɨɦɟɲɚʃɟ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ, ɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ʁɟ
ɢɡɛɟɝɥɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɨɝ
ɛɚɜɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɢɥɢʁɚɧɚ ȿɦɚɧɭɟɥɚ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɰɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ, ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɩɨɛɢɥɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ Ⱦɨʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɬɟ ɨɤɨ ɯɢʂɚɞɭ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ ɨɛɚ
ɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɭ Ƚɨɪʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ.59 ɉɚɞ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
ɢɡɚɡɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɨɞʁɟɤ ɲɢɪɨɦ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɟɻɭ
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɭ –
ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɜ ɜɨɻɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ, ɲɢɪɨɦ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ
Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɨɫɥɚɛʂɟɧɟ
ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɢɧɟ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɚɧɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɚ ɡɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢ ɡɛɟɝɨɜɢ
ɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɨɞ ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɨɫɜɟɬɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢɯ ɭɬɚɛɨɪɢɨ
ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢɦ ɨɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɢɦ
ɧɚɩɚɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ, ɩɪɟɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɠɢɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɭ ɨɛɚɥɭ
ɋɚɜɟ, ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɬɡɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɟɨɛɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɨɤɨ 70 000 ʂɭɞɢ.60 ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɜɟɡɢɪ Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɚ ȶɭɩ-
ɪɢɥɢʄ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɨ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɞ 1690, Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ
ɞɚ ɝɚ ɡɚɭɡɦɭ 1693, ɚɥɢ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ. Ɉɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ
ɦɢɪɚ ɢɡ 1699, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɟ. ɋ
ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɫɟ
ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɲɬɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢʁɟɝ ɞɪɠɚʃɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɨ ɧɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɨ

59
Ɋɚʁɤɨ ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, „Ɋɚɬɨɜɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ 1683–1717 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,“ ɭ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1, ɭɪ. ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974),
479.
60
ɂɫɬɨ, 493.
34
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1717. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ

ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɧɰ ȿɭɝɟɧ ɋɚɜɨʁɫɤɢ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ ʁɟ 1716.
Ɍɟɦɢɲɜɚɪ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɞɭʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɤɨɪɢɨ ɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ. Ɉɜɚ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟɦ
ɉɨɠɚɪɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ 1718, ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɏɚɛɫɛɭɪɲɤɟ
ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɭɲɥɟ ȼɥɚɲɤɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɪɟɤɟ Ɉɥɬ (Ⱥɥɭɬɚ), ɋɪɛɢʁɚ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ, ɞɟɥɨɜɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, Ȼɚɧɚɬ, ɞɨʃɢ ɋɪɟɦ
ɢ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.

Ȼɟɞɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ

ɉɨɛɟɞɚ ȿɭɝɟɧɚ ɋɚɜɨʁɫɤɨɝ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɚʁɨɦ

ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ – ɨɤɨ 30 000
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɭɦɨɦ (ɩɨɞ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɭɡ ɦɭɡɢɤɭ) ɤɪɟɧɭɥɨ ɤɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɞ
ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ.61 ȼɨʁɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧɚ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɧɰ Ʉɚɪɥɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ȼɢɪɬɟɦɛɟɪɲɤɢ.
ɇɟɦɚɱɤɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ (ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ
ɢɡ Ɏɚɥɚɱɤɟ) ɧɚɫɟɥɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ, ɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɭ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɢ ɜɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɋɪɛɢ
(ɦɧɨɝɢ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɟɨɛɟ) „ɞɚ ɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ
ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɞɭʄɚɧɟ“.62 ɉɨɫɬɚɜɲɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɧɨɜɨɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɯɚɛɫɛɭɪ-
ɲɤɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɚɧɨ
ɡɚɤɨɪɚɱɢɨ ɭ ɛɚɪɨɤ. Ƚɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɨɞ 1724. ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ ɛɢɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ
ɤɪɨɡ ɞɜɟ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ɇɟɦɚɱɤɢ ɢɥɢ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɫɤɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
ɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɋɚɜɫɤɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ

61
Ʉɨɫɬɚ ɉɪɨɬɢʄ, „Ɉɞɥɨɦɰɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ,“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ
ɑɭɩɢʄɚ 7 (1885), 313–314.
62
Ɋɚʁɤɨ ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, „Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ ɨɞ 1717. ɞɨ 1739,“
ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1, ɭɪ. ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974),
479, 526.
35
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ.63 Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨ (ɜɚɪɨɲɤɨ) ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɜɚɧ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ

ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɞɟʂɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɟɥɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ: ɇɟɦɚɱɤɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɧɚ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɨʁ ɩɚɞɢɧɢ ɢ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɭ,
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɢ
ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, Ʉɚɪɫɬɚɥ (ɩɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɫ
ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ) ɧɚ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ ɩɚɥɢɥɭɫɤɨɦ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɞɨʃɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ (ɢɥɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɚ ɇɨɜɚ
ɜɚɪɨɲ, ɋɚɜɫɤɚ ɞɨʃɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ, ɋɪɩɫɤɨ/ɪɚɲɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɟ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ
ɞɨʃɚ/ɧɨɜɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɧɚ ɫɚɜɫɤɨʁ ɩɚɞɢɧɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɲɚɧɰɚ.64
ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɤɚɨ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɢɞɚ
ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɢ, ɯɚɛɫɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɥɟ ɫɭ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɞɜɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
(ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ), ɬɟ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɟ
ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɢɦ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɲ
(ɇɟɦɚɱɤɭ ɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɭ): ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɦ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɫɚ ɲɚɧɰɟɦ
ɨɝɪɚɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɤɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɲɟɫɬ
ɪɚɜɟɥɢɧɚ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧ ɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɫɜɟɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɬɢɰɟ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɨɞ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦ
ɢɦɟɧɭ: ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɢ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɟ Ɍɟɪɟɡɢʁɟ, ɫɜɟɬɨɝ
Ɏɪɚʃɟ, ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ʉɚɪɥɚ, ɫɜɟɬɟ ȿɥɢɡɚɛɟɬɟ, ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ȼɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɚ
ɢɬɞ.65 Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ

63
Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, „Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɚɭɫɬɪɢɫɤɟ
ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ (1718–1739),“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ɇɭɡɟʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 3 (1956),
125.
64
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ
ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɬɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ – ɀɟʂɤɨ ɒɤɚɥɚɦɟɪɚ, „Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
ɧɨɜɚ ɞɨʃɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɭ 18. ɜɟɤɭ,“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 18 (1971), 54. ɋ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, Ⱦ. ȭɭɪɢʄ-Ɂɚɦɨɥɨ ɩɥɚɫɢɪɚ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ
ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɛɢɜɲɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ
ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɨɞɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɲɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɡɚ
ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɟ ɢ ɲɚɧɚɰ – D. Ĉuriü-Zamolo, ɧ. ɞ, 207.
65
Ɋ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 537.
36
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɤɚɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢ ɛɟɞɟɦɢ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɨ

ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɯɚɛɫɛɭɪɲɤɨʁ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɢ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ
ɧɨɜɢɦ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɬɜɪɞɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɦ ɞɨɛɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢʁɢ.66 Ʉɪɨɡ ɛɟɞɟɦ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɭʄɢ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɤɚɩɢʁɟ, ɚ ɪɟɞɨɦ ɨɞ ɋɚɜɟ ɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ ɬɨ ɫɭ:
ɋɚɜɚ-ɤɚɩɢʁɚ (ɒɚɛɚɱɤɚ ɤɚɩɢʁɚ), ɤɚɩɢʁɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ȼɢɪɬɟɦ-
ɛɟɪɲɤɨɝ (ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥ-ɤɚɩɢʁɚ), ɐɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɚɩɢʁɚ (ȼɢɞɢɧ-ɤɚɩɢʁɚ), ɢ
ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɚ ɤɚɩɢʁɚ (ɧɚ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɭ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ʉɫɚɜɟɪɚ/Ʉɫɚɜɢʁɟɪɚ).
ɍɧɭɬɚɪ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɜɚɪɨɲɤɨɝ ɛɟɞɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɡɚɦɚɲɧɨʁ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɚɫɢɪɚʃɭ ɭɥɢɰɚ. Ɉɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʄɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɭɬɚ
ɩɪɨɛɢʁɚʃɟɦ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɨɞ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨ ȼɢɪɬɟɦɛɟɪɝɨɜɟ ɤɚɩɢʁɟ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɚ (ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢ ɩɨɬɟɡ ɨɞ Ɍɪɝɚ
Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɞɨ Ʉɚɥɟɦɟɝɞɚɧɚ), ɭɨɛɥɢɱɟɧ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢ
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ, ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ Ⱦɭɝɟ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ (Langen
Gassen) ɢɬɞ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ,
ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɧɟ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ (ɛɨɥɧɢɰɟ, ɤɚɫɚɪɧɟ, ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢ
ɞɪ.), ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ – ɬɟɤ ɦɚʃɢ ɞɟɨ ɨɜɢɯ ɡɞɚʃɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɬɢʃɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɇɨɜɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ
(ɨɛɟ) ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɪɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɢ ɫɩɥɟɬ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ
ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ (ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ) ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ.
ɇɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚ (Viertel), ɢ ɭ ɨɛɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ, ɚ ɭ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ 1728.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɫɚɧɟ,67 ɧɨ ɬɨ
ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɜɟʄ
ɤɚɬɚɫɬɚɪɫɤɚ (ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɦɭ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ
ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ

66
ɋɥɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɛɢʄɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ
ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɤɚ ɬɚɛɢʁɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥ ɢ ȼɢɞɢɧ ɤɚɩɢʁɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɢɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɯɚɮɢɡɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ 1789. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ɉɫɦɚɧ-ɩɚɲɟ –
Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ Ɍɪɢɱɤɨɜɢʄ, „Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɲ 1739-1789. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,“
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 20 (1973), 62.
67
ȼ. Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, „Ƚɪɚɻɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɞ 1711-1739
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,“ ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋɄȺ 61 (1935).
37
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ). ɇɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɢ

ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ (Die lange
Gasse/Longa platea, Platea piscatoria, Siebenbürgergasse
ɢɬɞ.),68 ɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɧɟɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɭɬɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɰɟ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɬɟɤ
ɨɬɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ.
Ⱥɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɯɚɛɫɛɭɪɲɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ
(ɧɟɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨ) ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɪɚʁɧɚ – ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɭɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɭ ɰɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɚ
Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ, ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚɥɚ 1736. ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɫɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɚ
ɰɢʂɟɦ ʁɨɲ ɞɭɛʂɟɝ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɚ ɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢʁɨɦ, ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɢ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ
ɏɚɛɫɛɭɪɡɢ ɝɭɛɟ Ɇɚɥɭ ȼɥɚɲɤɭ, ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɚ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ ɢ ɋɚɜɢ.
ɂ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ (ɩɨɧɨɜɨ) ɩɪɢɩɚɨ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ, ɭɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɟ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɢ ɨɤɨ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɢ ɨɤɨ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ. ɇɨɜɢ ɜɨʁɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɨ ʁɟ
ɧɨɜɭ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭ –
ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨ/ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɟɥɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ, ɚ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ/ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ. ɍ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɫɭ (ɩɨɧɨɜɨ) ɞɨɲɥɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ/ɦɭɫɥɢ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢ, ɢ ɨɧ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɨɝ ɚɭɫ-
ɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɛɟɞɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɭɝɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɛɟɞɟɦ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ.69

68
Ɋ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ.
69
ɉɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɟ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ 1739. ɞɨɱɟɤɚɥɨ ʁɟ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ 50 Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ – 45 ȳɟɜɪɟʁɚ, 8 ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɧɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɇɟɦɚɰ; ɡɚɬɨ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɜɪɚʄɚɬɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢ 1717,
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɞɨɲɥɢɰɚɦɚ – Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ Ɍɪɢɱɤɨɜɢʄ, „ȼɚɪɨɲ ɩɨɫɥɟ
1740. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,“ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1, ɭɪ. ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974), 652.
38
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ɇɚɤɨɧ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɬɚɜɨɪɢɬɢ,

ɦɚʃɟ-ɜɢɲɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɱɢʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɨɞ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ ɛɢɨ –
ɞɟɤɚɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɭ ɨɫɟʄɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɨɝ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɚ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ) ɧɚ
ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ ɦɭɯɚɮɢɡɨɦ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚ, ɬɟ
ʄɟ ɜɨʁɧɨ-ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɬɢ (ɧɟ)ɪɚɡ-
ɜɢɬɚɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ – ɭɞɟɨ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɡɧɚɬɚɧ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɫɢʂɟɧɢɯ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɬɩɢ-
ɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɚ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɨɦ, ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɲɥɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. ɋɚ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɨɦ
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɚɰɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɨʁ
ɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɫɚ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ʇɚɦɢʁɚ, ɯɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ; ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɜɚɪɨɲ ʁɟ
ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɛɟɞɟɦɚ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨʁɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ
ɧɚɫɢɩ ɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɫɚ ɲɚɧɰɟɦ ɩɨɪɟɞ ʃɟɝɚ.70 Ɉɞ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ,
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɚɪɧɟ ɢ ɤɚɩɢʁɟ, ɬɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ (ɧɩɪ.
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɨ
ɝɪɨɛʂɟ) – ɫɜɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ
(ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɥɚɫɤɚ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɚɰɚ),
ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɭ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɭ (ɞɨɡɜɨɥɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɧɭ ɨɛɧɨɜɭ
ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ 1742). ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɭ
Ⱦɭɝɨʁ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɢ (ɫɚɦɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɦɚʃɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɞɭɠɢɧɭ)
ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ: Ɍɪɝ (ɋɭɤ), ɋɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ (ɋɭɤ
Ⱥɪɚɫɢ), Ⱥɪɚɫɬɚ (ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɨɛɭʄɟ), Ȼɢɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪ (ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ
ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ), Ⱥɪɧɚɭɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪ (ɞɟɨ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ
Ⱥɥɛɚɧɰɢ); ɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ
Ȼɚʁɪɚɤɥɢ-ʇɚɦɢʁɟ ɧɚ Ɂɟɪɟɤɭ, ɲɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɡɚɱɟɬɚɤ ɧɨɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ
ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ.71
ɇɚɤɨɧ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɚɧ
ɤɚɬɚɫɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɩɢɫ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɚɧ ɨɩɢɫ

70
D. Ĉuriü-Zamolo, ɧ. ɞ, 208.
71
ɂɫɬɨ, 209.
39
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢɡ ɬɟ ɟɪɟ „ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɨʂɚ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ ʃɟɦɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ

ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɞɨɲʂɚɤɚ,
ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɚ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɨɥɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢʁɢ ɧɟɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢ
ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢ ɡɢɞ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚɦɚ ɢ
ɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɩɭɫɬɨɲɟʃɢɦɚ... Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɭ ɦɚɱɟɦ ɩɨɜɪɚʄɟɧɟ
ɡɟɦʂɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ, ɩɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɱɢ ɐɚɪɫɤɨɝ
ɞɟɮɬɟɪɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ɞɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɢ ɢɦɟ
ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɚ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɢ ȿɜɥɢʁɚ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ
Ɍɚɛɚɤɯɚɧɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ɨɧɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɬɨʃɟɝ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ
ɉɢɪɢɧɱɯɚɧɚ...“.72 ɉɨɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1741. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢ
ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɲɟɫɬ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ʇɚɦɢʁɚ, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ
ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɨ – ɬɟ ɫɭ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ: ɏɚʇɢ ɉɢɪɢʁɢɧɚ (ɏɚʇɢ ɉɢɪɢɧɚ),
Ȼɚʁɪɚɦ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ, Ɍɭɪɝɭɬ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ, Ⱥɥɢ-ɩɚɲɢɧɚ, Ɋɟɢɫ-ɟɮɟɧɞɢʁɢɧɚ
ɢ Ɍɚɛɚɤɯɚɧɚ.73 ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɲɟɫɬ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ
ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ
ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɜɟʄɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɞ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ʇɟɦɚɬɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ʇɚɦɢʁɚ – ɩɪɚɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ (ɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢɬɢ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɢɫɬɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɤɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɝ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚ).74 Ⱦɨ 1789.
ɛɢʄɟ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ:
Ʌɚɡ ɏɚʇɢ Ɇɚɯɦɭɞɨɜɚ, Ȼɚʁɪɚɤɥɢ, Ⱥɥɢ-ɩɚɲɢɧɚ ɤɨɞ ȳɚɧɢɱɚɪ-
ɚɝɢɧɟ ɤɚɩɢʁɟ, ȳɚɯʁɚ-ɩɚɲɢɧɚ, Ɂɢɪɭɛɚɥɚ, Ɍɭɝʇɢɞ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ-ɚɝɢɧɚ,
ȼɚɪɚɬ (ɨɤɨ Ɏɭɤɚɪɚ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ), Ȼɢɬ-ɉɚɡɚɪ (ɢɥɢ Ⱥɪɚɫɬɚ), ɏɚʇɢ-
Ɉɦɟɪɨɜɚ, ɂɧɟɯɚɧ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɬɡɜ. ɐɢɝɚɧɫɤɚ (ɋɚɜɚ-ɦɚɯɚɥɚ);
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ/ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɤɨ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɟ
ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɚ ʁɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɟɞ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ.75 ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ʇɚɦɢʁɚ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ, ɢ ɭ

72
Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ Ɍɪɢɱɤɨɜɢʄ, ɭ ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, „ɍɪɛɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɤ...,“ 8.
73
Ɋ. Ɍɪɢɱɤɨɜɢʄ, „ȼɚɪɨɲ...,“ 653.
74
Ɋ. Ɍɪɢɱɤɨɜɢʄ, „Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ...,“ 63.
75
ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ȼɪɚɱɚɪ, Ɍɚɲɦɚʁɞɚɧ,
Ȼɭɥɛɭɥɞɟɪ, Ʉɚɪɚɛɭɪɦɚ, ɫɚɜɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɚ ȳɚɥɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɞɟɨ Ɋɚɬɧɨɝ
ɨɫɬɪɜɚ (Ȼɚɛɚɥɢɤ ɚɞɚ) – Ɋ. Ɍɪɢɱɤɨɜɢʄ, ɧ.ɞ, 653-654, ɢ D. Ĉuriü-Zamolo, ɧ.
ɞ, 209.
40
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ɡɧɚɬɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɛɨɝɨɦɨʂɚɦɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɩɨɞ

ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ, ɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɦ
ɩɚɦʄɟʃɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢ ɫɚ ɦɟɫɧɢɦ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɚ (ɩɨɩɭɬ Ȼɢɬ-
ɩɚɡɚɪɚ), ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɟ (ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɛɚɪ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɟɮɬɟɪɢɦɚ). Ʉɚɤɨ Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ Ɍɪɢɱɤɨɜɢʄ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ, ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɩɨɞ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɢ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫ-
ɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɢ 'ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɨɦ' ɢ ɧɟɫɥɭɠ-
ɛɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɤɪɭɰɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ.
Ɉɜɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ (ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɟ
ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ), ɜɟʄ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɚɡɚɪɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢ
ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 18. ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ.76
ȳɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ 1788, ɢ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɚʄɟɧ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ
ɢ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɮɪɚʁɤɨɪɚ. Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɮɟɥɞɦɚɪɲɚɥ
Ʌɚɭɞɨɧ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɝ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚ 1789.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝɚ (ɩɨɧɨɜɨ) ɨɞɥɚɡɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɚ
ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɛɢ, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧ ʁɟ 1791. ɋɜɢɲɬɨɜɫɤɢ ɦɢɪ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɢ status quo ɩɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢ-
ʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ. Ɂɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,
ɯɚɛɫɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ
ɪɚɲɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞ, ɚ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɟ
ɫɭ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɟ ɦɚɩɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ. Ⱦɜɚ
ɬɥɨɰɪɬɚ ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ
ɜɚɪɨɲɢ. Ɇɚɩɚ ɢɡ ɛɟɱɤɨɝ Ɋɚɬɧɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ (ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ Plan

76
ɉɪɢɬɨɦ, ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ
ʁɚɤɚ ɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ. Ɂɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɩɪ. ɛɢɬɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ
Ʉɭɥɟ ɇɟɛɨʁɲɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɝɨɪʃɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ
ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɰɢ, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɤɭɥɚ ɭ Ⱦɨʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɭ
ɧɚɦɟɧɭ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɡɢɜ – ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, „ɍɪɛɚɧɢ...,“ 11.
41
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

der Vorstädte der Festung Bellegrad, ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ – ɉɥɚɧ

ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ) ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ 4 ɤɚɩɢʁɟ, 4
ɭɥɢɰɟ, 1 ɝɪɨɛʂɚ ɢ 1 ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ.77 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ
ɩɨɯɪɚʃɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɩɨɪɭɱɧɢɤɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɚ ɮɨɧ Ȼɪɭɲɚ
(Franz von Brusch), ɬɡɜ. Ȼɪɭɲɨɜ ɩɥɚɧ (ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ
1949),78 ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɭɰɪɬɚɧɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ,
ɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ
ɭɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɪɭɲɨɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɫɭ ɧɚ
ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ (ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚ ɭɥɢɰɭ - Gassen
ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ Gasse), ɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɛɢʄɟ ɞɚɬ ʃɢɯɨɜ
ɫɩɢɫɚɤ (ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɚ):79

Ⱥɩɨɬɟɤɚɪɫɤɚ ɭɥ. Ⱥɪɧɚɭɬɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Arnaut G.)

(Apotheker G.)
Ȼɚʁɪɚɤɥɢ (Ȼɚɪʁɚɤ) ɭɥ.
(Barjak G.)
Ȼɢɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪɫɤɚ ɭɥ.
(Bit-Pazar G.)
Ȼɭɧɚɪɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Brun G.)
ȼɢɞɢɧɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Widinez G.)
Ƚɪɱɤɚ ɭɥ. (Griechische G.)
Ⱦɟɪɜɢɲɤɚ ɭɥ. (Derwisch G.)
Ⱦɭɧɚɜɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Donau G.)
ȳɚɯʁɚ-ɩɚɲɢɧɚ ɭɥ.
(Jaja Bascha G.)
Ʉɚɦɟɧɢɬɚ ɭɥ. (Stein G.)
Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɚ ɭɥ. (Banjaluker G.)
Ȼɪɟɝɨɜɢɬɚ ɭɥ. (Berg G.)
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɪɝ (Grosser Platz)
ȼɨɞɟɧɚ ɭɥ. (Wasser G.)
Ⱦɟɥɢ-Ⱥɯɦɟɞɨɜɚ ɭɥ. (Deli-
Achmed G.)
Ⱦɟɮɬɟɪɞɚɪɨɜɚ ɭɥ. (Defterdar
G.)
ɀɚɛʂɚ ɭɥ. (Frosch G.)
ȳɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Juden G.)
Ʉɚɮɚɧɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Caffe G.)

77
ɀɟʂɤɨ ɒɤɚɥɚɦɟɪɚ, „ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɡɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 19. ɜɟɤɚ,“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 14 (1967), 177.
78
ɍ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ
(1794–1804) (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ, 1949).
79
ɋɩɢɫɚɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɻɚɧ ɚɡɛɭɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢɯ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɢɡ: Ɇɢɥɢɜɨʁ ɇɟɲɢʄ, „ɂɦɟɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɭɬ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ (1789),“ Ⱦɚɧɢɰɚ 2010/17 (2009).
42
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

Ʉɭʁɭɧʇɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ. Ɇɚɥɢ ɬɪɝ (Kleiner Platz)

(Kupferschmied G.)
Ɇɚɥɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ, ɭɥ. (Kleiner Platz Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Kloster G.)
G.)
Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɫɤɚ ɭɥ. Ɇɭɮɬɢʁɢɧɚ ɭɥ. (Mufti G.)
(Bischofs G.)
ɇɨɜɟ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ, ɭɥ. Ɋɢɛʂɚ ɭɥ. (Fischer G.)
(Neue Moschee G.)
ɋɢɪɨɬɢʃɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Arme G.) ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɚ ɭɥ.
(Semendrianer G.)
ɋɩɚɯɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Spahi G.) ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɬɪɝ (Ratzischer
Kirch Platz)
ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɫɤɚ ɭɥ. ɋɬɚɪɚ Ⱥɝɢɧɚ ɭɥ. (Eski Aga
(Constantinopolitaner G.) G.)
ɋɬɚɪɚ ɉɨɲɬɚɧɫɤɚ ɭɥ. Ɍɪɢ ɯɚɧɚ, ɭɥ. (Drei Han G.)
(Alte Post G.)
ɍɝɚɨɧɚ ɭɥ. (Winkell G.) ɍɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Enge G.)
ɐɢɧɰɚɪɫɤɚ ɭɥ. (Zinzar G.) ɑɚɭɲɟɜɚ ɭɥ. (Csiousch G.)

ɉɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɭ Ȼɪɭɲɨɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɭ

ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɨɤɚɤɚ, ɬɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɟɝ ɬɪɝɚ –
ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɞɟɫɢɝɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ, ɚ ɢ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɭ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɚ.80 Ɉɜɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ
ɜɚɪɨɲɢ (Plan der Vorstädte der Festung Bellegrad) ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ: Grosser Platz ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ
Freüdhoff (ɫɚɜɪ. ɧɟɦ. Friedhof, ɭ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɭ
ɛɢɥɨ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɝɪɨɛʂɟ), ɚ Caffe Gassen – Dord Jolle
Gassen (Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ). Ɏɨɧ Ȼɪɭɲ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ
ɢɫɩɢɫɚɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɧɟɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ, ɨɞɨɦɚʄɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɢ ɧɚ
ɩɥɚɧɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɟɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ. ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɚ

80
Ɍɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨɦ (ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ) Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɝ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɬɟɤ 1816. – D. Radojeviü, ɧ. ɞ, 6.
43
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɫɟ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ɢ ɤɚɤɜɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɢɦ

ɢɦɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɢɡ
ɞɨɛɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.81 Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɚ, ɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɫɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɫɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ:
ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɦ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɚ (Ȼɪɟɝɨɜɢɬɚ, Ʉɚɦɟɧɢɬɚ, ɍɝɚɨɧɚ,
ɍɫɤɚ, ɬɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ Ɇɚɥɢ ɬɪɝ), ɛɢɬɧɢɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ
ʃɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ (Ⱥɩɨɬɟɤɚɪɫɤɚ, Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɫɤɚ, Ɇɭɮɬɢʁɢɧɚ,
ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɨɲɬɚɧɫɤɚ, Ɍɪɢ ɯɚɧɚ), ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ (Ȼɚʁɪɚɤɥɢ,
Ⱦɟɪɜɢɲɤɚ, Ⱦɟɮɬɟɪɞɚɪɨɜɚ, ȳɚɯʁɚ-ɩɚɲɢɧɚ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɚ, ɇɨɜɟ
ʇɚɦɢʁɟ, ɋɬɚɪɚ Ⱥɝɢɧɚ, Ɍɪɝ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢɬɞ.), ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭʄɢɦ
ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ (Ʉɚɮɚɧɫɤɚ, Ʉɭʁɭɧʇɢʁɫɤɚ), ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɢɦ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɭʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɞɟ (Ⱥɪɧɚɭɬɫɤɚ, Ƚɪɱɤɚ, ɋɢɪɨɬɢʃ-
ɫɤɚ, ɋɩɚɯɢʁɫɤɚ, ɐɢɧɰɚɪɫɤɚ), ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɟ
ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɟ (Ȼɢɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪɫɤɚ, ɭɥɢɰɚ Ɇɚɥɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ), ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɤɚ
ɤɨʁɟɦ ɜɨɞɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɪɭɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɩɢʁɢ ɤɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢ-
ɫɚɧɟ (Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɱɤɚ, ȼɢɞɢɧɫɤɚ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɚ, ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɫɤɚ) ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɦ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɬɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢ
ɧɟɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɬɪɝɨɜɟ, ɩɪɚɜɰɟ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɛɢʄɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɭ 19. ɜɟɤɭ.
ɋɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1791. ɫɬɜɚɪɢ
ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɟ (ɧɟɫɪɟɻɟɧɨ) ɫɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɚ ɢ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɯ ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ, ɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɭɥɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɨ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɨɦ Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɚ-ɩɚɲɟ ɒɢɧɢɤɨɝɥɭɚ ɢ

81
Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, „Ɉɤɨ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɚ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
(1807–1811). ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ 19. ɜɟɤɭ,“ Ʉɨɜɱɟɠɢʄ: ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢ
ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɨ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɭ ɢ ȼɭɤɭ 7 (1966), 78.
44
 Ɇɚɯɚɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ

ɩɨɞɟɥɨɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɚɯɢʁɟ.82 ɏɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɩɨɞɭɩɢɪɚɥɨ ɉɨɪɬɭ,
ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɬɪɩɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɥɚɞɨɦ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ, ɬɟ 1804.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɛɢʁɚ ɉɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɩɨɞ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢɦ
ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ. ɍɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɫɚɞɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɥɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1806, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɢ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ.
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɜɨɻɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ
ɂɱɤɨɜɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɞɭʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢ ɛɨʁ ɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɪɯɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɟ
ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɢɪɚ ɩɪɨɝɨɧ ɧɟɯɪɢɲ-
ʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɢɦɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɪɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɢɦ
ɩɨɤɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɟɦ, ɬɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ
ɝɪɚɞ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɫɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ.83 ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ
ɧɟɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪ-
ɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜʁɟɬ),
ɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɚʃɚ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɜɟ ɤɭʄɟ
ɧɭɦɟɪɢɫɚɧɟ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɟ.84 ɇɨ, ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬ ɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɬɟɤ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɦ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɤɨɝ
ɦɢɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɢ Ɋɭɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ (ɩɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ) ɭɥɚɡɢ 1813. ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɠʃɟɧ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɬɟɤ ɦɚʃɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ȳɟɜɪɟʁɚ ɢ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ.85 ɍ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ
ɜɪɚʄɚɬɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɢ ʁɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ
ɫɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɥɨɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɬɪɩɟɥɢ ɬɟɲɤɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ, ɨɜɨ ɢɲɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɢʁɟ. ɇɨ, ɜɟʄ

82
Ȼɥɚɝɨɧɚɤɥɨɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɟ-ɩɚɲɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɉɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ ɡɚ
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ʄɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ
1920. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɟɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɜ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɝ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢɤɚ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ (ɨɫɢɦ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ-ɩɚɲɟ
ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄɚ) – Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 2: ɇ–ɒ
(Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 2005), 790.
83
ȼɚɫɚ ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, „ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ 1804–1815,“ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 2, ɭɪ. ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974), 34.
84
D. Ĉuriü-Zamolo, ɧ. ɞ, 211.
85
V. ýubriloviü, ɧ. ɞ, 69.
45
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

1815. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɛɢʁɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ

Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ ɢ Ɇɚɪɚɲɥɢ Ⱥɥɢ-ɩɚɲɟ ɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭ
ɞɜɨʁɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɋɪɛɟ
(ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, ɫɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ɞɚɧɤɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɋɪɛɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɯɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɂ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɢ ɨɜɞɟ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ
ɨɫɟʄɚɥɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ
ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɨɝɨɞɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɫɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɬ-
ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɚɜɢ ɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ 'ɢɫɩɨɞ Ʉɚɦɟɧɚ'.86 Ⱦɚʂɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨɧɟʄɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɚ
ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɯɚɬɢɲɟɪɢɮɚ 1830. ɢ 1833. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.

86
ɂɫɬɨ, 212.
46
 ɍɅɂɐȿ ɂ ɋɈɄȺɐɂ.
(ȻɍȾɍȶȺ) ɉɊȿɋɌɈɇɂɐȺ ɋɊȻɂȳȿ

ɋɪɩɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

ɇɚ ɬɚɥɚɫɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ

ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ȳɟɞɪɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ 1828. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɯɚɬɢɲɟ-
ɪɢɮɢɦɚ 1830. ɢ 1833. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ, ɱɢɦɟ
ɫɟ ɭɞɚɪɚʁɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɢɥɨɲɭ
Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɯɚɬɢɲɟɪɢɮɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ɛɟɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɚ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ, ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɟʃɟ
ɲɟɫɬ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ
ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
Ɉɜɢɦ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ
ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɟ. Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɭɝɨɜɥɚɱɢɥɚ ɫɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢɦ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ. Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɥɨɲ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ
ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɨ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɰ (ɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɚɨ ɢ ɭ
ɉɨɠɚɪɟɜɰɭ), ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɤɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɰɟɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɜɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ (ɞɨ 1839) ɨɧ ʁɟ
ɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɨ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɜɚɧ ɲɚɧɰɚ,
ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚʃɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫ-
ɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ, ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚ-
ɞɭ – ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɟʂɟɧɚ ɋɚɜɚɦɚɥɚ, ɚ ɨɤɨ ɧɨɜɟ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɟ
ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢ ȼɚɪɨɲ-ɤɚɩɢʁɟ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɟɦɟʂɢ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ,
ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɞɢɧɨɦ ɩɪɭɠɚɥɟ ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ.87 Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɜɢ 'ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ' ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚ-

87
ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɢ, Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɚɦɚ,
ɩɪɟɞ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥ-ɤɚɩɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɞɟ, ɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡ
47
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɻɟɧɨɝ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɢ 'ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɡɞɚʃɚ' (ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ

ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɚɩɚɪɚɬ), ɲɢɪɟʄɢ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɱɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɤɨ
ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɦɚ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ ɡɚ Ʉɭɦɨɞɪɚɠ ɢ Ɍɨɩɱɢɞɟɪ (ɭ
ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ), ɩɪɢ
ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɢ ɫɚ
ɡɧɚɬɧɨɦ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɦ.88 Ɂɚ ɛɥɢɠɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɧɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ
ɭ ɲɚɧɰɭ, ɤɧɟɡ Ɇɢɥɨɲ ɨɫɧɢɜɚ ɧɨɜɭ, Ⱥɛɚʇɢʁɫɤɭ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɭ
(ɞɚɧɚɲʃɚ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ ɇɚɬɚɥɢʁɟ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ Ɏɢɲɟɤ-
ʇɢʁɫɤɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ), ɤɨʁɚ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɩɚɪɢɪɚɬɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ⱥɛɚʇɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨɦ
ɛɪɨʁɭ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɲɥɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɭ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɭ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɱɚɤ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ
ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɟ ɡɚ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɟɦɟɲɬɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ.89 Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɛɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɭ ɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ⱦɨʃɨʁ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɢ, ɬɟ Ƚɨɪʃɨʁ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɢ
(ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢɯ ɍɡɭɧ-Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɟ ɢ ȼɚɫɢɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ), ɚ ʃɢɯ ɞɜɟ
ʁɟ ɫɩɚʁɚɥɚ Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ (Ɂɟɪɟɱɤɚ) ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ (ɞɚɧɚɲʃɚ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ
ɉɟɬɪɚ).90 ɂ ɭ 'ɫɬɚɪɨɦ' Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ
ɡɚɦɚʁɰɚ, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɫɤɨʁ ɩɚɞɢɧɢ, ɚ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɚ (ɧɩɪ. Ʉɚɩɟɬɚɧ-Ɇɢɲɢɧɨ ɡɞɚʃɟ, ɯɨɬɟɥ Ʉɪɭɧɚ
ɢ ɫɥ.), ɞɨɤ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɚ ɩɚɞɢɧɚ, ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɚ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢɦɚ, ɩɨɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ
ɜɚɪɨɲɢ. Ɉ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɭ 'ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ' Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞ
ɨɧɢɦ 'ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ', ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɲɚɧɰɚ ɢɡ 1863. ɤɨʁɢ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚ (ɬɟɤ) ɞɟɜɟɬ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ (ɨɞ
ɬɨɝɚ ɛɚɪ ɬɪɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ), ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ Ⱥɥɢ-

ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɟʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟ Ƚɪɰɢ, ɐɢɧɰɚɪɢ ɢ ɞɪ. – Radovan Samardžiü,
„Beograd,“ u Enciklopedija Jugoslavije 1, ur. M. Krleža (Zagreb:
Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod, 1980), 582.
88
Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, „ɍɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɨɞ 1830. ɞɨ 1914,“ ɭ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 2, ɭɪ. ȼɚɫɚ ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974),
302–303.
89
Miloš Jovanoviü, „'The city in our hands': urban managment and contested
modernity in nineteenth-century Belgrade,“ Urban History 40/01 (2013), 37.
90
Ȼ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 299.
48
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɩɚɲɢɧɚ, Ɋɟɢɫ-ɟɮɟɧɞɢʁɢɧɚ, ȳɚɯʁɚ-ɩɚɲɢɧɚ, Ȼɚʁɪɚɦ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ ɢ Ʌɚɡ

ɏɚʇɢ-Ɇɚɯɦɭɞɨɜɚ.91 Ɉɜɨ ɫɦɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɫɭɠɚɜɚʃɭ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɨ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɭ
ɛɪɨʁɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ.
ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɨ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ. ɉɪɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɚ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɬɟɤɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɍɩɪɚɜɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1847. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ
Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ), ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɨɞ ɉɨɩɟɱɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚ-
ɲʃɢɯ ɞɟɥɚ (ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟʂ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɂɥɢʁɚ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ) ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɲɭ. Ɉɜɚʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɉɨɩɟɱɢ-
ɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ „Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɭɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɢʁɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ“, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɥɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ
ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚ (ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɫɤɢ, ɡɟɪɟɱɤɢ, ɫɚɜɚɦɚɥɫɤɢ,
ɬɟɪɚɡɢʁɫɤɢ, ɩɚɥɢɥɭɥɫɤɢ ɢ ɜɪɚɱɚɪɫɤɢ), ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟ
ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɜɚ ɤɭʄɧɚ ɧɭɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɱɧɟ ɨɞ Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ.92 ɂɫɬɚ
ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɭ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɨɤɚɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɨɜɟ“.
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɩɨɩɢɫ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɭ ɲɚɧɰɭ
ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ „ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɨɤɚɤɚ“ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɨ ɨɜɚɤɨ:93

Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ Ɂɟɪɟɱɤɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ

Ȼɢɬ-ɩɚɡɚɪ ȼɢɞɢɧ ɤɚɩɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ.
ȳɚɥɢʁɚ ɍɥ. ɒɚɪɟɧɟ ɦɟɚɧɟ

91
D. Ĉuriü-Zamolo, ɧ. ɞ, 214–215.
92
ɂɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɱɥɚɧ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɐɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɜɚ
ɧɭɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɱɧɟ ɨɞ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɨɝ ɞɜɨɪɚ. – Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɉɟɪɭɧɢɱɢʄ, „Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ
ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɪɜɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ,“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 14
(1967), 116–117.
93
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɞɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɭ
„ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢʁɭ“, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɉɟɪɭɧɢɱɢʄ („Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ
ɧɚɫɟʂɟ...“). Ɉɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɭ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɚ 1940. – Ⱦ. ȳ.
Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, „Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɚ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɤɭʄɟ – ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ,“ ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 11. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ, 1940.
49
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɍɥ. ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɫɤɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɫɤɚ ɭɥ.

ȼɚɪɨɲ ɤɚɩɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ. ɒɤɨɥɫɤɚ ɭɥ.
Ɇɟɧɡɭɥɫɤɚ ɭɥ. ɏ. ɋɚɪɚɜ Ʉɨɫɬɢɧɚ ɭɥ.
Ʉɚɥɟɦɟɝɞɚɧɫɤɚ ɭɥ. Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɚ ɭɥ.
ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥ ɤɚɩɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ. Ʌɨɦɢɧɚ ɭɥ.
ɐɭɤɢʄɟɜɚ ɭɥ. ɉʂɚɤɢɧɚ ɭɥ.
Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɜɚ ɭɥ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɚ ɭɥ.
ȳɚɤɨɜʂɟɜɚ ɭɥ. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɭɥ.
Ʉɭʁɭɧʇɢɧɚ ɭɥ. ɋɚɤɚ ɱɟɫɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɭɥ.
Ɇɨɥɟɪɨɜɚ ɭɥ. ɀɢɜɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɭɥ.
ɉɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ. Ⱥʁɞɭɤ ȼɟʂɤɨɜɚ ɭɥ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚɲɟɜɚ ɭɥ. ɋɚɜɚ ɤɚɩɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ

ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɉɨɩɟɱɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ

ɭɫɜɚʁɚ, ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ „ɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ
ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɟ“; ɧɨɜɢ,
ɪɟɜɢɞɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɧɟɥɚ ɭ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɭ 1848, ɚ
ʃɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɥɨ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɢ ɭɡ ɬɪɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ
ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɟ.94 ɍ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ʁɟ ɨɬɩɚɥɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɢɯ
ɜɨɻɚ, ɚ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ (Ʉɪɢɜɚ, Ɋɭɡɦɚɪɢɧɨɜɚ,
ɋɬɚɪɨɲɤɨɥɫɤɚ – ɩɪɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɋɭɞɟʁɫɤɚ, Ɍɟɫɧɚ, Ɍɪɨʁɧɚ,
ɐɢɝɚɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɑɭɤɭɪ-ɱɟɫɦɟɧɫɤɚ).95 ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ – ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ, ɬɭ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɛɚɪ ɞɟɫɟɬɥɟʄɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ
ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ (ɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɭ ɬɡɜ.
Ȼɪɭɲɨɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ), ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɭ ɩɭɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ
ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɢɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ (Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ, Ȼɢɬ-ɉɚɡɚɪ,
ȳɚɥɢʁɚ, ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥ-ɤɚɩɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥ, ɒɤɨɥɫɤɚ, ɉɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɇɨ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɭ

94
Ɍɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɜɚ ɤɭʄɧɚ ɧɭɦɟɪɚ ɢɩɚɤ ɩɨɱɧɟ ɨɞ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɨɝ
ɞɜɨɪɚ; ɞɚ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɟ: ɩɪɜɢ ɬɟɪɚɡɢʁɫɤɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɪɚɱɚɪɫɤɢ,
ɬɪɟʄɢ ɩɚɥɢɥɭɥɫɤɢ, ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɡɟɪɟɱɤɢ, ɩɟɬɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɢ
ɫɚɜɚɦɚɥɫɤɢ; ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɧɚɡɨɜɟ
ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ – Ɋ. ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 97.
95
Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ʌɟɤɨ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ: 1972–2003 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɂɚɜɨɞ
ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, 2003), 84–85.
50
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ, ɩɨ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ

ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ, ɬɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɟ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ,
ɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ – ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɰɢɦɚ (Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ, Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ, Ɇɨɥɟɪ, ɏɚʁɞɭɤ
ȼɟʂɤɨ ɢɬɞ.) ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ. Ɉɜɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɞɜɨʁɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɤɚɞɚ
ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɛɨɪɚɰɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (ɧɟ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ, ɞɨɞɭɲɟ,
ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ).96
ȳɨɲ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɢɬɢʁɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ
ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɪɟɜɢɞɢɪɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ – ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɛɢɨ ɨɩɪɟɡ ɭ
ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɦɨʄɧɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ – ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɚ
ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ (ɰɢɜɢɥ) Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ
Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ ɉɚɡɚɪɚɰ – Ʉɭʁɭɧʇɢʁɚ
(ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɛɟɡɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ –
Ʉɭʁɭɧʇɢɧɚ ɭɥ.), Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɚɥɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɩɨɞ
ɩɫɟɭɞɨɧɢɦɨɦ (ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɚ ɭɥ.), ɢ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ
ɋɚɪɚɮ-Ʉɨɫɬɚ (ɋɚɪɚɮɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ).97 Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɬɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɬɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ
(ɬɟ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɲɟ ɢ ɦɟʃɚ) ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ – ɢɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɧɚɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ, ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ, (ɦɥɚɞɚ) ɞɪɠɚɜɚ
ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɭɩɪɚɜɢ, ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɜɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. ɂ ɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɟ: ɭ
Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɭ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ 1815. ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɤ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɩɪɭɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɧ ɡɚ

96
Ʉɚɤɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ⱦɭɥɨɜɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɡɚ
ɭɥɢɱɧɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ, ɡɚ ɫɦɪɬ ɛɚɪ ɬɪɨʁɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɤɪɢɜ Ɇɢɥɨɲ
Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɞɪɚɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɤɥɢɦɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬ (Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ) ɫɥɚɜɢ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ʁɭɧɚɤɟ ɢɡ ɉɪɜɨɝ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɠɪɬɜɚɦɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ
– V. Duloviü, ɧ. ɞ, 68.
97
ɋɚɪɚɮ ɡɧɚɱɢ „ɦɟʃɚɱ ɧɨɜɰɚ“ – Ɋ. ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ.
51
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ.98 Ɇɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɚɩɢɪɚ ɢ

ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɭʁɟ (ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɞɟʂɟʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɟ ɢ
ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ), ɭɞɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɦɨʄɢ, ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɡɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ – ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ (ɬɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ʃɟɝɚ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ
ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ) ɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ
ɫɚ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ.99 ɍ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɜɚɧ ɲɚɧɰɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɨɜɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɢ
ɬɪɚɫɢɪɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ. Ɉ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɦ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ/ɫɨɤɚɤɚ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɦɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ
ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɥɚɰɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɢɡ 1862. ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɬɟɤ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɰɢɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ (Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɟ, Ⱥɛɚʇɢʁɫɤɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ, Ɂɟɥɟɧɢ
ɜɟɧɚɰ, Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɉɨɩɚ ɉɚɧɬɢɧ ɫɨɤɚɤ, ɋɨɤɚɤ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɚ Ʌɢɧɞɦɚʁɟɪɚ), ɫɜɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɨɩɢɫɧɨ:
ɫɨɤɚɤ ɩɨɪɟɞ Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɢ Ɍɟɚɬɪɚ, ɫɨɤɚɤ ɨɞ Ɍɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɚ
ɩɨɪɟɞ Ⱦɟɥɢɧɨɜɟ ɚɩɨɬɟɤɟ, ɫɨɤɚɱɢʄ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɝ.
ɋɬɚɧɢɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɝ. ɋɢɦɢʄɚ ɢ ɫɥ.100 ɉɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɞɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɜɚɧ ɲɚɧɰɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ (ɩɚ ɧɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɞɨɦɚʄɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɟ,
Ⱥɛɚʇɢʁɫɤɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɬɧɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɜɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢɡ 1847/1848. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɞɚʂɟ ɧɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ.
ɉɪɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɟɫɭɻɟɧɚ,
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟʂ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɝ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ – ɤɚɞɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ
ɚɤɬɢɦɚ, ɩɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɭʁɭ ɨɩɢɫɧɨ ʄɟ ɫɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ. ɉɨ

98
M.Azaryahu, “The power of commemorative…,” 314.
99
M. Jovanoviü, ɧ. ɞ, 39.
100
Ȼ. ɉɟɪɭɧɢɱɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 118.
52
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɧɚɥɨɝɭ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɡɚɦɟɧɢɤ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɻɟ-

ɜɢɧɚ ɫɟ 1864. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɍɩɪɚɜɢ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɩɢɫɦɨɦ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ
ɫɬɨʁɢ ɞɚ „ȵɟɝɨɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɥɨɫɬɢɜɢ ɤʃɚɡ ɠɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɰɟɥɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɟ ɦɚɚɥɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟ ɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ
ɩɥɚɰɟɜɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɱɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɟ.“101 Ɉɱɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɢɡ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɨɮɨɪɦʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢʁɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ (ɱɨɜɟɤ ɨɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɚ ɤɧɟɡɚ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ), ɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ȳɚɧɤɨ ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ (ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ Ʌɢɰɟʁɚ), ɢ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɫɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚʃɭ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɨɦ.102 Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɡɚɲɥɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɡɚ
ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɫɚɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ
„ɋɩɢɫɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɤɪɲɬɟɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ“:103

Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɲɬɟ Ⱦɨɥʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɲɬɟ

ɋɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ Ɉɪɥɨɜɢʄɫɤɚ
Ɉɡɪɟɧɫɤɚ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɜɚ
ɏɢɥɟɧɞɚɪɫɤɚ Ɇɢɥɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɚ
Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧɨɜɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜɚ
Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɚ ɋɢɬɧɢɱɤɚ
Ɇɚɰɟɞɨɧɫɤɚ Ɉɛɪɟɧ-ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ
ɋɢɧɢɲɢɧɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɚ
ɐɚɪɢɧɫɤɚ ɋɚɜɫɤɚ
Ȼɚɪɫɤɚ ɋɚɜɫɤɨ ɫɬɨɜɚɪɢɲɬɟ
ɋɬɚɪɨ-ɜɥɚɲɤɚ Ʉɨɡɧɢɱɤɚ
ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɚɱɢɧɚ
ȳɟɮɪɟɦɨɜɚ Ʉʃɚɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ
ɉɢɜɚɪɫɤɚ ɋɟɪɟɡɤɚ
ɋɨɤɨɥɫɤɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɤɚ

101
ɉɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɍɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɚ ɫɤɢɰɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɚ
ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ: ɫɚɜɫɤɨ-ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɭ, ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɭ, ɫɚɜɫɤɭ ɢ ɜɪɚɱɚɪɫɤɭ –
ɢɫɬɨ, 119.
102
V. Duloviü, ɧ.ɞ, 68–69.
103
ɂɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɪɟɻɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞɭ ɞɚɬɨɦ ɭ Ȼ. ɉɟɪɭɧɢɱɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 118.
53
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ Ɇɚɪɤɚ

Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜɥɟɧɫɤɚ Ʉɨɧɞɢɧɚ
ɍɡɭɧɦɢɪɤɨɜɚ ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɚ
Ɏɪɭɲɤɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɫɤɚ
Ɍɨɩɱɢɞɟɪɫɤɢ ɩɭɬ ɒɚɛɚɱɤɢ ɩɭɬ
ȴɭɛɢɱɢɧɚ Ɍɨɩʇɢɫɤɚ ɩɢʁɚɰɚ
Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ Ʌɢɦɫɤɚ
ɉɢʁɚɰɚ Ɂɟɥɟɧɨɝ ɜɟɧɰɚ Ɉɛɪɟɧ-Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ
Ȼɚʃɫɤɚ ɋɨɜʂɚɱɤɚ
Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɚ ȼɚɪɞɚɪɫɤɚ
Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɚ ɋɢɦɟ Ɍɟɪʇɭɦɚɧɚ
ɉɢʁɚɰɚ ɋɜ. ɋɚɜɟ ɂɜɤɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɪɚ
Ʉɭʁɭɧʇɢʁɢɧɚ ɑɚɪɞɚɤɥɢɧɚ
Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ Ⱦɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɚ
Ⱥɛɚʇɢɫɤɚ ɐɚɪ-Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ
ɋɩɚɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɋɚɲɤɚ
Ɇɢɥ-ɉɨɰɟɪɰɚ ɇɨʄɚʁɫɤɚ
ȴɭɛɢʄɫɤɚ ȼɟɥɟɫɤɚ
ȳɟɥɢɱɤɚ ȳɚɤɨɜʂɟɜɚ
Ɉɦɥɚɞɚɱɤɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱɟɜɚ
ɀɢɤɢʄɟɜɚ Ɂɥɚɬɢɛɨɪɫɤɚ
ɉɚɥɟɲɤɚ Ʉɚɫɬɪɢɨɬɨɜɚ
Ʉɪɭɲɟɞɨɥɫɤɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɚ
ȼɚɪɜɚɪɢɧɫɤɚ Ⱥʁɞɭɤ-ȼɟʂɤɨɜɚ
ɀɢɜɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɐɚɪ-ɍɪɨɲɟɜɚ
ɑɚɪɚɩɢʄɚ ȼɚɫɟ Ʉʃɚɠɟɫɤɚ
ɉɢʁɚɰɚ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɐɪɤɜɟɧɚ
ɐɟɬɢʃɫɤɚ ȼɢɞɢɧɫɤɚ
ɉɪɢɥɢɩɫɤɚ ɉɢʁɚɰɚ ɋɜ. ȭɨɪɻɚ
Ʉɭɪɲɭɦɥɢɫɤɚ ɉɪɢʁɟɩɨɥɫɤɚ
ɉɢɫɚɪɫɤɚ ɇɨɜɨɩɚɡɚɪɫɤɚ
ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɩɢʁɚɰɚ Ⱦɪɟɧɨɜɚɱɤɚ
Ⱦɟɥɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɑɭɩɢʄɟɜɚ
Ȼɨɥɧɢɱɤɚ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
ȼɨʁɧɢɱɤɚ Ɇɢɲɚɪɫɤɚ
ȴɭɛɨɜɢɫɤɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ
Ʌɨɡɧɢɱɤɚ Ⱦɭɛʂɚɧɫɤɚ
54
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɭɬ Ɍɟɫɚɥɫɤɚ

Ʌɨɦɢɧɚ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ
Ɉɝʃɚɧɨɜɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɚ
Ⱦɟʁɚɧɨɜɚ Ⱦɜɚ ɛɟɥɚ ɝɨɥɭɛɚ
Ɂɟɬɫɤɚ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ
ɋɟɧɢɱɤɚ ɋɭɜɨɞɨɥɫɤɚ
Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɚ ɉɨɩ-Ʌɭɤɢɧɚ
Ɇ. Ɉɛɥɢʄɟɜɚ Ɂɜɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ
ȼɭɱɢɬɪɧɫɤɚ Ɍɨɩɥɢɱɢɧɚ
Ʉɨɫɚɧɱɢʄɟɜɚ ɉʂɚɤɢʄɟɜɚ
Ɋɟʂɢɧɚ Ɇɭɬɚɩɨɜɚ
ɉɨɪɟɱɤɚ Ʌɚɧɞɨɥɫɤɚ
ɋɢɛɧɢɱɤɚ Ⱦɭɤɢʄɟɜɚ
Ʉɨɱɢɧɚ ɑɨɥɚɤ-Ⱥɧɬɢɧɚ
ȳɚɥɨɜɢɱɤɚ Ɂɨɪʃɚɱɤɚ
Ɋɚɢɱɢɧɚ Ⱦɨɛɪʃɱɟɜɚ
ɂɱɤɨɜɚ ɐɢɧɰɚɪ-ȳɚɧɤɨɜɚ
Ɂɦɚʁɟɜɫɤɚ Ɋɢɛɚɪɫɤɚ
Ɇɚɥɚʁɧɢɱɤɚ ȳɚɤɲɢʄɟɜɚ
Ʉɭɥɢɧɨɜɚ ȼɭɥɨɜɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚɲɟɜɚ ɉɟʄɚɧɫɤɚ
Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ ɉɨɠɚɪɟɜɚɱɤɚ
ɉɪɨɤɭɩɚɱɤɚ Ȼɚɲɬɨɜɚɧɫɤɚ
ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɱɤɚ
Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜɚ ȼɢɲʃɢɱɤɢ ɩɭɬ
Ⱦɭɧɚɜɫɤɚ ɐɢɝɥɚɪɫɤɚ
ɋɥɚɜɭʁɫɤɚ ɋɤɨɩʂɚɧɫɤɚ
Ɍɟɠɚɱɤɚ ɀɟɬɢɨɱɤɚ
Ʉɚɦɟɧɢɱɤɚ ɇɢɲɟɜɚɱɤɚ
ɉɪɟɩɟɥɢɱɤɚ Ɋɚɬɚɪɫɤɚ
Ʉɨɫɚɱɢɧɚ Ɇɟɥɟɧɬɢʁɟɜɚ
Ɍɚɤɨɜɫɤɚ Ȼɨɪɱɚɧɨɜɚ
ɋɬɪɭɦɢɱɤɚ ɉɢʁɚɰɚ ɋɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɟ
ɉɢʁɚɰɚ ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ȼɨʁɜ. Ⱥɧɬɢɧɚ
Ɋɚɢʄɟɜɚ

55
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɢɡ 1847/48. ɝɨɞɢ-

ɧɟ, ɧɨɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɢ ɬɨ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɫɨɤɚɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɚʁɭ ɨɩɢɫɧɨ (ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɭ), ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ
ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɥɢ (ɩɨɥɭ)ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ
ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɚ – ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢ ɪɚɫɤɢɞ ɫɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ
ɭɪɛɚɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɨɦ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢɡ ɜɪɥɨ ɨɩɨɪɬɭɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ –
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ, ɩɚ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɨɤɚɤɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ/ɬɭɪɤɨɮɨɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ. ɑɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɚɭɬɨɯɬɨɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ (ɨɩɲɬɟ) ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɛɢɬɧɚ
ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɡɚɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ
ɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɯ ɬɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ.104 Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɢɫɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɦɚ
ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ (ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ
Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɢ Ⱦɨʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɲɬɟ) ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɦɚ ɭ
ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɭɬ, ɬɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɚ/ɩɢʁɚɰɚ ɩɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɟɰɢɦɚ (ɫɜɟɬɨɝɚ ɋɚɜɟ, ɫɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟ-
ʁɟ, ɫɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢɬɞ.). Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɚɧɬɢɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɥɨɰɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɧɢɡɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɐɚɪɟɜɢɧɢ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ

104
ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ, ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ (1878), ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ
ɨɩɫɟɠɧɨɝ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨ
ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨ), ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɨɲɬɪɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ – D. Rihtman-Auguštin, ɧ. ɞ, 49.
ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɢ
ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɬɭɪɤɨɮɨɧɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ, ɛɢʄɟ ɭ ɢɞɭʄɢɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ
ɞɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɚɥɢ ʄɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ʁɟɡɢɱɤɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ
ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢ (ɧɩɪ. ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ: Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥ, Ʉɚɪɚɛɭɪɦɚ, ɋɚɜɚɦɚɥɚ,
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɪɟɱɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ – ɚɞɟ ɢɬɞ.). Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɨ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɜ. Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ
Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢʁɟɜɢʄ, „Ɍɭɪɰɢɡɦɢ ɭ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ,“ Ⱥɧɚɥɢ Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ
ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ 23/1 (2011).
56
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɋɪɛɢ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɚɞ

ɛɢɥɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ – ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨ-
ɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɢ ɨɞ ɉɪɢʁɟɩɨʂɚ, ɉɪɨɤɭɩʂɚ, ɋɬɚɪɨɝ ȼɥɚɯɚ ɢ
Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ, ɩɚ ɞɨ Ɍɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ, Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ (Ɇɚɰɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ), ȼɟɥɟɫɚ ɢ
ɋɟɪɟɡɚ (ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɬɜɚɪ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɢɫɭ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɏɚɛɫɛɭɪɲɤɨʁ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɢ).105
ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɫɬɪɬɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ – ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ
ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɬɟɬ ɝɪɚɞɢɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɢ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ (ɢ ɬɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɡɧɨ, ɫɚ ɪɟɜɢɞɢɪɚʃɢɦɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ, ɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ, ɨɱɢɬɨ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ), ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɭʁɟ ɢ ɨɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢɦ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ, ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ, ɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɨɬɜɨɪɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ/ɫɨɤɚɰɢɦɚ (ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɞɚɤɚɤɨ, ɛɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɢ
ɩɨ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ – ɨɫɢɦ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɤɧɟɡɚ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ) ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɢ ɫɚ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɦ, ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ
ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɪɭɧɭ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ
ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.

105
ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɦɚɩɢɪɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ,
ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɟʂɟɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɭ, ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɢ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚʃɢʄɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (ɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ) – Ɋɚɫɭ, ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ, ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ,
ɋɤɨɩʂɭ, ɋɟɪɟɡɭ/ɋɟɪɭ ɢɬɞ. ɍɥɢɱɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ʁɨɲ
ɟɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɚɧɬɢɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢ
ɪɟɫɟɧɬɢɦɚɧ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ – ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɞɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɠɪɬɜɚɦɚ ɩɚɥɢɦ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɞ ɑɭɤɭɪ ɱɟɫɦɟ 1862, ɋɢɦɢ ɇɟɲɢʄɭ (ɋɢɦɟ
Ɍɟɪʇɨɦɚɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ) ɢ ɂɜɤɭ Ȼɪɤɢʄɭ (ɂɜɤɚ Ɉɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɭɥ.).
57
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ

ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚ (ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɟ) Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ

ɩɪɟɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɨɲ 1841, ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ
ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɚ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɦ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɭ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɉɜɨ
ʄɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɢ 1867, ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɦ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ 1862, ɬɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ
ɫɧɚɝɚ ɢɡ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ ɋɨɤɨ ɢ ɍɠɢɰɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɟ ɞɢɩɥɨ-
ɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɬɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɢ ɮɟɪɦɚɧ
ɨ ɩɪɟɞɚʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɒɚɩɰɚ ɢ Ʉɥɚɞɨɜɚ,
ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ. ɂɫɬɟ ʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ
ɭɪɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɤʂɭɱɟɜɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɤɧɟɡɭ, ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ Ⱥɥɢ Ɋɢɡɚ-ɩɚɲɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ. ɍ ɨɬɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɝɪɚɞ
ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ,
ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɚʁɛɪɨʁɧɢʁɚ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ
ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ-ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ ʁɨɲ
ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɝɪɚɞ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɪɟɞɚ 1862. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɢɦɚʃɚ ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɞɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ
ɫɥɟɞɨɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.106 ɂ ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨ
ɭɪɛɚɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɬɢ.
ɉɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚʂɟɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɭ ɲɚɧɰɭ
ɞɨɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ – ɨ ɫɬɪɟɦʂɟʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɟ-
ɬɢɦɚ ɤɚ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ
ɟɩɨɯɭ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɠɢɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɢɲɬɟ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ: „... ɧɟʄɟ ɥɢ ɜɪɟɻɚɬɢ ɩɨɧɨɫ
ɧɚɲ, ɚɤɨ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɧɢɰɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɢ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ
ɞɚɥɨ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɬɜɨ? Ɉʄɟ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɠɢɜʂɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ, ɤɚɤɚɜ ɫɟ
ɫɩɪɟɦɚ, ɦɨʄɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɬɟɫɧɢɦ, ɤɪɢɜɢɦ, ɩɪɟɥɨɦʂɟ-
ɧɢɦ, ɫɬɪɦɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ?“107 Ⱦɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɨ ɧɚɡɚɞɧɨɫɬɢ ('ɜɚɪɜɚɪ-

106
Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɜ. M. Jovanoviü, ɧ. ɞ, 46–47.
107
Ȼ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 307.
58
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɫɬɜɭ') ɨɫɥɚʃɚɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɧɚ-

ɲɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ 'ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɦ'.108
Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɟʄ
ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɨɝ ɧɚɰɪɬɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ ȿɦɢ-
ɥɢʁɚɧɚ ȳɨɫɢɦɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ Ʌɢɰɟʁɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɥɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢ-
ɻɚɨ, ɚ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ, ɩɨɬɩɭɧɭ ɪɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ
ɦɪɟɠɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɝɪɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ, ɩɪɟɫɟɰɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɟ ɩɚɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɚ, ɭɡ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɜɪɟɞɧɢʁɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɲɟʃɟ. Ɉɜɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ
ɭɨɛɥɢɱɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɉɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɢ ɬɪɝ (ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢ Ɍɪɝ
Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ), Ʉɚɥɟɦɟɝɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɚɪɤ ɢ ɞɪ; ɭɡ ɧɨɜɭ ɦɪɟɠɭ ɭɥɢɰɚ
(ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɢɜɟɥɢɫɚʃɟɦ ɲɚɧɰɚ ɫɩɨʁɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɦɚ ɜɚɧ ʁɟɡɝɪɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ) ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɂ ɫɚɦ
ȳɨɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢ
ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ „ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ ɫɚɛɥɚɠʃɚɜɚʁɭ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ, ɫɬɢɞɧɨ ʁɟ
ɪɟʄɢ, ɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɢɦɚ.“109 ɇɚɤɨɧ 1867. ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɫɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

108
M. Jovanoviü, ɧ. ɞ, 50.
109
ȿɦɢɥɢʁɚɧ ȳɨɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, Ɉɛʁɚɫɧɟʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɟ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɞɟɥɚ
ɜɚɪɨɲɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɲɬɨ ɥɟɠɢ ɭ ɒɚɧɰɭ, (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚʃɟ – Ɇɭɡɟʁ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
1987), 33. Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɫɚɛɥɚɠʃɢɜɚɥɢ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬ
ɚɭɬɨɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɛɢɥɨ
ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɨʁɧɢɦɚ.
ȳɨɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɟɨɛɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɭ ɲɚɧɰɭ ɭ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜɲɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ (Ɇɢɲɢɧɚɰ ɩɨ Ʉɚɩɟɬɚɧ-Ɇɢɲɢ
Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢʁɟɜɢʄɭ, Ʌɭɤɢʁɚɧɨɜɚɰ ɩɨ Ʌɭɤɢʁɚɧɭ Ɇɭɲɢɰɤɨɦ, Ɇɢɥɨɲɢɧɚɰ ɩɨ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɭ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɭ, ȭɨɪɻɟɜɚɰ ɩɨ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɭ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄɭ, Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɜɚɰ
ɩɨ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɭ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɭ, ɢ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɟɜɚɰ ɩɨ ȼɭɤɭ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɭ), ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭ
ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɦɚ 'ɟɜɪɨɩɟɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ' ɢ 'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ'
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ (ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ) ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢ ɪɚɫɤɢɞ ɫɚ
'ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɦ'/'ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ' ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɦ. ȳɨɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɧ ɡɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɫɚʃɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɩɚɪɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɱɟɜɲɢ ɨɞ 1 ɭ
59
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɬɢ, ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ, ɤɚɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ-

ɧɢɰɚ (ɚ ɨɞ 1878. ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ), ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ
ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɭɡɨɪɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ (ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ) ɞɪɠɚ-
ɜɚ (ɦɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ), ɭɡ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟ ɢ
ɢɡɛɪɢɲɟ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ 'ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ' (ɬɭɪɫɤɨ), ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɡɚɞɧɨ
ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɚ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɢɦɚʄɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ
ɭɫɥɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ, „ɧɨ ɞɚ
ɛɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɫɬɢʄɢ ɢ ɫ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ, ɡɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɭʁɭʄɟ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ:
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦɟ ɤɪɚʁɭ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɢɦɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɧɨɫɢ...“110 ɇɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɡɚɯɬɟ-
ɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɬɟ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ 1872.
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɫɚʃɟ ɤɭʄɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ
ɜɚɪɨɲɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɨɜɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɬɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɫɬɚɥɢɬɢ ɢ ɭ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨʁ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ, ɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɭ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟʃɚɧɚ, ɢ ɭ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨʁ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ.
ɑɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨ
ɤɪɚʁɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɛɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɪɚ 'ɐɢɝɚɧɦɚɥɟ' (ɚ
ɧɟɫɭɻɟɧɟ ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ) ɢɡ 1868. ɞɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɧɨɜ
ɧɚɡɢɜ, ɭɡ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɦɨɥɢɬɢ „ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɫ
ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɪɭɝɚɬɟɥɧɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɢ, ɢ ɭɫʂɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɟɞɛɭ
ɨɜɨɜɚɪɨɲɤɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ ɢɡɞɚɬɢ ɢɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɨʁ
ɭɥɢɰɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚɞɟ...“.111 Ɇɨɥɛɚ

ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ

ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ 1872. (ɩɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɤɭʄɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɫɚɧɟ ɬɟɤɭʄɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɤɪɨɡ ɰɟɥɭ ɜɚɪɨɲ).
110
ɀɢɜɨɪɚɞ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ
ɲɬɚɦɩɚ, 1994), 122.
111
Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ɋɢɫɬɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɞɪ. (ɩɪɢɪ.), ɀɢɜɟɬɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɜ. 4 (1868–1878):
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɍɩɪɚɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, 2006), 330. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɲɟɫɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ
ɞɚʂɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɟɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɚ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɧɚɦ ɢɡ ɬɨɝ
ɞɨɛɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬ ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɨɦ
60
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɐɢɝɚɧɦɚɥɟ, ɚ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɤɚɞɚɪɥɢʁɟ, ɛɢʄɟ

ɭɫɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɂ ɩɪɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ
1872, 'ɤɪɲɬɟɧɚ' ʁɟ ɡɚɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
1870. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɟɱɟɧ ɢ ʃɟɧ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɞɟɨ, ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɚɲʃɨʁ ɬɪɚɫɢ ɨɞ 'Ɋɭɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɚ' ɞɨ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɋȺɇɍ.112 Ⱦɜɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ
ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɜɟʄ ɬɪɚɫɢɪɚɧɟ, ɢ ɭ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ,
ɱɢɦɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɫɟɬ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɪɢʁɚ ɭ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ:113

Ⱥɛɚʇɢʁɫɤɚ Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɚ (ɋɟʃɚɧɢɧɚ Ɍɚɞɢʁɟ)

(Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ ɇɚɬɚɥɢʁɟ)
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ Ȼɚɪɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ
(ɤɨɞ Ƚɥ. ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɬ.)

ɡɚɞɚɬɤɭ „Ɉɩɢɫ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ“ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɟ: „ȼɟɥɢɤɚ

ɩɢʁɚɰɚ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɜɚɪɨɲ, Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥ, ɋɚɜɚɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɐɪɤɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɨɤɚɤ. ɉɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɚ
ɞɟɥɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɢʁɚɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɦɨ ɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɚ: Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɟ,
ȼɪɚɱɚɪ ɢ Ⱥɛɚʇɢʁɫɤɭ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɭ. (...) ɇɚʁɡɧɚɬɧɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ:
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ, ɐɪɤɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɨɤɚɤ; ɭ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɢɦɚ: Ⱥɛɚʇɢʁɫɤɚ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɚ,
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɤɚɤ ɨɞ ȼɚɪɨɲ-ɤɚɩɢʁɟ ɢɞɭʄɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɉɢɜɚɪɫɤɢ
ɫɨɤɚɤ.“ – ɀ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ.
112
Ⱦɪɚɝ. ȳ. ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, „ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,“ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ 56/5-6 (1938), 398.
113
ɂɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɫɭ ɚɡɛɭɱɧɢɦ ɪɟɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɇ. Ʌɟɤɨ, ɧ. ɞ, 87-88. ɍ
ɡɚɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɬɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ ɭ
ɡɚɝɪɚɞɢ, ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɦɧɨɝɟ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ. Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɨɞ 176 ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ 1882. ɢɡɞɚɨ Ɇɢɥɨɲ
Ɇɢɥɢɫɚɜʂɟɜɢʄ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɞ ɜɢɲɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ (Ʌɟɤɨ,
ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɧ
ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɨɛʁɚɜɟ
ɢɡ 1896. ɇɢʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɢɯ 176 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɟʄ 1872.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɢɯ
(ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ. ɍ ɞɨɛɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɟ ɞɨ
ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɋɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚ (ȼɚɪɨɲɤɢ, Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɫɤɢ,
ɉɚɥɢɥɭɫɤɢ, ȼɪɚɱɚɪɫɤɢ, ɋɚɜɚɦɚɥɫɤɢ ɢ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɫɤɢ).
61
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ
Ȼɚɪɫɤɚ (Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɱɤɚ)
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
Ȼɨɥɧɢɱɤɚ
(ȹɨɪʇɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ)
Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ (Ɍɪɚɜɧɢɱɤɚ)
ȼɚɫɟ ɑɚɪɚɩɢʄɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɪɝ (ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ)
ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
ȼɥɚɞɟɬɢɧɚ (ȼɥɚɞ. ɢ
Ʉɚɪɧɟɝɢʁɟɜɚ)
ȼɨʁɧɢɱɤɚ (Ʉɚɩɟɬɚɧ Ɇɢɲɢɧɚ)
Ƚɥɭɦɚɱɤɚ (Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ)
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɤɚ (Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɚ)
Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɩɨʂɟ, ɞɨʃɟ
(Ʉɚɥɟɦɟɝɞɚɧ)
Ⱦɜɚ ɛɟɥɚ ɝɨɥɭɛɚ
(ɋɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ)
Ⱦɜɨɪɫɤɚ (Ⱦɪ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ)
Ⱦɟɥɢʁɫɤɚ
Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɜɚ
Ⱦɭɜɚɧʇɢʁɫɤɚ (ɂɜɚɧɤɨɜɚɱɤɚ)
ȭɭɤɢɧɚ (ȭɭɲɢɧɚ)
Ɂɟɥɟɧɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɚ (Ɂɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ)
ɂɛɚɪɫɤɚ (ɐɚɪɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ)
ɂɡɜɨɪɫɤɚ (ɋɬɚɧɨʁɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚɲɚ)
ȳɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɚ
ȳɟɞɪɟɧɫɤɚ (ȳɭɝ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɚ)
ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɚ (Ȼɪɚʄɟ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɚ)
Ʉɚɫɬɪɢɨɬɨɜɚ (Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚ)
Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɥɟɬɢɧɚ (Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɚ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ, ɛɭɥ.)
62
Ȼɚɲɬɨɜɚɧɫɤɚ (ȼɟɧɢɡɟɥɨɫɨɜɚ)
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟɧɫɤɚ (Ʉɧɟɡɚ ɋ.
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ)
Ȼɨɪɨɜɚ (Ⱦɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɫɤɚ)
Ȼɪɤɢɧɚ (ȼɢɲʃɢʄɟɜɚ)
ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɰɟ
ȼɢɫɨɤɚ (Ɏɪɭɲɤɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ)
ȼɢɲʃɢɱɤɚ (Ⱦɪɢɧɱɢʄɟɜɚ)
ȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧɫɤɚ (Ⱥɞɦɢɪɚɥɚ
Ƚɟɩɪɚɬɚ)
ȼɪɲɚɱɤɚ (Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ)
Ƚɨɪʃɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ
(Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ)
Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɩɨʂɟ, ɝɨɪʃɟ
(ȼɟɥɢɤɢ Ʉɚɥɟɦɟɝɞɚɧ)
Ⱦɚɜɢɞɨɜɚ (Ȼɪɚʄɟ Ȼɚɪɭɯɚ)
Ⱦɜɚ ʁɚɛɥɚɧɚ (Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ)
Ⱦɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɚ (Ʉɨɫɨɜɤɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ)
Ⱦɨɛɪɚɱɢɧɚ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ (Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ)
Ⱦɭɧɚɜɫɤɚ (Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ)
ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ (ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ)
Ɂɟɬɫɤɚ
Ɂɥɚɬɧɨɝ ɚɧɻɟɥɚ (Ɇɚɪɤɚ Ʌɟɤɚ)
ɂɜɤɨɜɚ (Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ȳɟɜɪɟɦɨɜɚ)
ȳɚɜɨɪɫɤɚ (ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪɚ Ɋɚɞɢʄɚ)
ȳɟɜɪɟɦɨɜɚ
(Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ȳɟɜɪɟɦɨɜɚ)
ȳɟɥɟɧɫɤɚ (ɂɜɚɧ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ)
Ʉɚɦɟɧɢɱɤɚ
Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ (Ʉɪ. Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɢ
Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɟ)
Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɚ

Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ (ɐɚɪɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ)
Ʉɨɠɚɪɫɤɚ (Ʌɢɱɤɚ)
Ʉɨɧɞɢɧɚ
Ʉɨɫɚɧɱɢʄɟɜ ɜɟɧɚɰ
Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ
Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ (Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ)
Ʉɪɭɧɫɤɚ
Ʌɟɤɚɪɫɤɚ (ɉɚʁɫɢʁɟɜɚ)
Ʌɟɫɤɨɜɚɱɤɚ (Ⱦɚɥɦɚɬɢɧɫɤɚ)
Ʌɨɦɢɧɚ
ȴɭɛɨɜɢʁɫɤɚ (Ɇɢɲɚɪɫɤɚ)
Ɇɚʁɭɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɟɞ 'Ɋɨɲɟ'
(Ʉɚɬɢʄɟɜɚ)
Ɇɚɥɚʁɧɢɱɤɚ (ɍɫɤɨɱɤɚ)
Ɇɢɥɚɧɨɜɚ (ɑɢɤɚ ȴɭɛɢɧɚ)
Ɇɢɪɢʁɟɜɫɤɚ
(ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ⱦɨɛɪʃɰɚ)
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɚ (ȼɥɚʁɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ)
ɇɚɞɟɠɞɢɧɚ (Ⱥɧɞɪɢʄɟɜ ɜɟɧɚɰ)
ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɚ (ɋɬɚɪɢɧɟ ɇɨɜɚɤɚ)
Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɟɜ ɜɟɧɚɰ
Ɉɪɥɨɜɢʄɚ (Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ)
ɉɢɜɚɪɫɤɚ (Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ)
ɉɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɢ ɬɪɝ
(Ɍɪɝ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ)
ɉɨɪɟɱɤɚ (ȼɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ)
ɉɨɲɬɚɧɫɤɚ (ɉɚɥɦɨɬɢʄɟɜɚ)
ɉɪɟɩɟɥɢɱɤɚ (Ʌɨɜʄɟɧɫɤɚ)
ɉɪɢʁɟɩɨʂɫɤɚ
63
ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ
Ʉʃɟɝɢʃɟ ȴɭɛɢɰɟ
(Ʉʃ. ȴɭɛɢɰɟ ɢ Ɂ. ȳɨɜɟ)
Ʉɨɥɭɛɚɪɫɤɚ
(Ɇ. ɉɨɰɟɪɰɚ ɢ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɨɜɚ)
Ʉɨɫɚ (ɐɢɧɰɚɪ ȳɚɧɤɨɜɚ)
Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɚ (Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ
Ȼɢɪʁɭɡɨɜɚ)
Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɚ (Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ)
Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ Ɇɚɪɤɚ
Ʉɪɭɲɟɞɨɥɫɤɚ (Ɇɢɤɟ Ⱥɥɚɫɚ)
Ʌɟɩɟɧɢɱɤɚ (ȭɭɪɟ ȳɚɤɲɢʄɚ)
Ʌɢɦɫɤɚ (ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ)
ȴɭɛɢʄɫɤɚ (ȼɭɤɚ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɚ)
Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɫɤɚ (Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɚ)
Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚ
(ɋɤɟɧɞɟɪ-ɛɟɝɨɜɚ)
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɚ
(Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɛɭɥ.)
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɤɚ (Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ
ɇɚɬɚɥɢʁɟ)
Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɜɚ ɛɚɲɬɚ
(Ʉɨɩɢɬɚɪɟɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɧɚ)
Ɇɨɫɬɚɪɫɤɚ (ȼɨʁɜ. Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɚ ɢ
Ɍɢɪɲɨɜɚ)
ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɚ (ɐɚɪɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ)
ɇɨʄɚʁɫɤɚ (Ɂɦɚʁɚ ɨɞ ɇɨʄɚʁɚ)
Ɉɡɪɟɧɫɤɚ (Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ
Ƚɥɢɲɢʄɚ)
ɉɟʄɚɧɫɤɚ (ɉɚɧɱɢʄɟɜɚ)
ɉɢɫɚɪɫɤɚ (Ⱦɟɥɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ)
ɉɨɩ Ʌɭɤɢɧɚ
ɉɨɰɟɪɫɤɚ (ɐɚɪɢɰɟ Ɇɢɥɢɰɟ)
ɉɪɟɤɚ (Ⱦɨɛɪɟ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄɚ)
ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɚ
Ɋɚʁɢʄɟɜɚ
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

(Ɇɚɫɚɪɢɤɨɜɚ ɢ ȵɟɝɨɲɟɜɚ)
Ɋɚɬɚɪɫɤɚ (Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ)
Ɋɢɛɚɪɫɤɚ (Ȼɚɧɚɬɫɤɚ)
ɋɚɜɚɦɚɥɫɤɚ
(Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ)
ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɫɤɚ
(ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ)
ɋɟɪɟɫɤɚ (Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ Ɇɚɪɤɚ)
ɋɢɦɢɧɚ
ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ
ɋɤɨɩʂɚɧɫɤɚ (ɇɭɲɢʄɟɜɚ)
ɋɨɤɨɥɫɤɚ (ɐɚɪɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ)
ɋɩɚɫɨɜɫɤɚ (Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɱɤɚ)
ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɚ
Ɍɟɠɚɱɤɚ (Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɚ)
Ɍɢɦɨɱɤɚ (Ɍɚɤɨɜɫɤɚ)
Ɍɨɩɥɢɱɢɧ ɜɟɧɚɰ
ɍɡɭɧ Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɚ
Ɏɪɭɲɤɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ (Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ)
ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɚ
ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ (Ʉɨɥɚɪɱɟɜɚ)
ɐɢɝʂɚɪɫɤɚ (Ɍɚɤɨɜɫɤɚ)
Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ
Ɋɭɞɧɢɱɤɚ (Ⱦɨɛɪɢʃɫɤɚ)
ɋɚɜɫɤɨ ɫɬɨɜɚɪɢɲɬɟ
(Ȼɪɚʄɟ Ʉɪɫɦɚɧɨɜɢʄ)
ɋɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ
ɋɢɛɧɢʄɤɚ (Ɋɟʂɢɧɚ)
ɋʁɟɧɢɱɤɚ (Ȼɢɪɱɚɧɢɧɨɜɚ)
ɋɤɚɤɚɜɢɱɤɚ (ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɚ)
ɋɨɜʂɚɱɤɚ (Ɋɚʁɢʄɟɜɚ)
ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɚ
ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɚ (ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɚ)
Ɍɚɤɨɜɫɤɚ (ɐɚɪɢɰɟ Ɇɢɥɢɰɟ)
Ɍɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ (ɋɪɟɦɫɤɚ)
Ɍɨɛʇɢʁɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ
(ɏɚʁɞɭɤ ȼɟʂɤɨɜ ɜɟɧɚɰ)
Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ (ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɋɩɚɫɢʄɚ)
ɍɪɨɲɟɜɚ
(ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ)
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ (Ɇɨɫɬɚɪɫɤɚ)
ɐɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ
ɐɟɬɢʃɫɤɚ
ɒɤɨɥɫɤɚ (Ɇɚʁɨɪɚ ɂɥɢʄɚ)

Ɇɟɻɭ ɝɨɪɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ

ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɲɬɨ ɢɯ ɱɢɧɢ
ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɦ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ.114 Ɇɟɻɭ ɨɜɢɦ

114
ɍ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ: Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ, ȼɚɫɟ ɑɚɪɚɩɢʄɚ, ȼɟɥɢɤɟ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɰɟ, ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ, Ⱦɟɥɢʁɫɤɚ, Ⱦɨɛɪɚɱɢɧɚ, Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɜɚ, Ɂɟɥɟɧɢ
ɜɟɧɚɰ, Ɂɟɬɫɤɚ, ȳɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɚ, Ʉɚɦɟɧɢɱɤɚ, Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɚ, Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ,
Ʉɨɧɞɢɧɚ, Ʉɨɫɚɧɱɢʄɟɜ ɜɟɧɚɰ, Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ, Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ Ɇɚɪɤɚ, Ʉɪɭɧɫɤɚ,
Ʌɨɦɢɧɚ, Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɟɜ ɜɟɧɚɰ, ɉɨɩ Ʌɭɤɢɧɚ, ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɚ, Ɋɚʁɢʄɟɜɚ, Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ,
ɋɢɦɢɧɚ, ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ, ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɚ, ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɚ, Ɍɨɩɥɢɱɢɧ ɜɟɧɚɰ, ɍɡɭɧ
Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɚ, ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɚ, ɐɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ, ɐɟɬɢʃɫɤɚ. ɇɟɤɟ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɭ
64
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɭɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɢɦɚ ʃɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ, ɢɥɢ

ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɩɭɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɢɦɚ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ
1864, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ: Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɜɚ, ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɚ, Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ Ɇɚɪɤɚ,
Ɂɟɥɟɧɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ (ɉɢʁɚɰɚ Ɂɟɥɟɧɨɝ ɜɟɧɰɚ), ɋɢɦɢɧɚ (ɋɢɦɟ
Ɍɟɪʇɭɦɚɧɚ), ɐɟɬɢʃɫɤɚ, ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɂɚɧɟɦɚɪɢ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɚɤ
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ, ɚ ɭɡɦɭ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɭ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ 'ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ' ɢɦɟ ɢɦɚ ȳɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɭ,
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ
Juden Gassen ɫɚ Ȼɪɭɲɨɜɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɚ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɟ (ɝɟɬɚ) ʁɨɲ ɢɡ ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ
ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ
ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɢ ɨ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ (ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ
ɢɦɚɥɨ ɜɟɡɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɚ
ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ). Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɫɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɟɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɭ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ
(Ⱦɜɚ ɛɟɥɚ ɝɨɥɭɛɚ, Ⱦɜɚ ʁɟɥɟɧɚ, Ʉɨɫɚ, Ɍɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɬɟ ʁɟ
ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɬɪɝ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɛɢɜɲɟ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥ-
ɤɚɩɢʁɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɉɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɢ ɬɪɝ ɩɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨʁ
ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚɫɥɚʃɚʁɭʄɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ – Ƚɥɭɦɚɱɤɚ (ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢ Ɍɪɝ
Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ). ȼɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ
ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨɰɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ʁɟɡɢɱɤɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɚɤ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢ (ɨɫɢɦ
Ⱥɛɚʇɢʁɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ), ɦɚɤɚɪ ɫɭ ɬɪɢ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭɡ ɛɢɜɲɭ Ⱦɨʃɭ
ɱɚɪɲɢʁɭ (ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɰɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ) ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɟ
ʁɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɬɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ (ɭɥɢɰɟ ȳɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɚ, Ⱦɚɜɢɞɨɜɚ
ɢ Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɚ). ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɢʁ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɨɜɚʁ
ɩɭɬ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɚ
ɉɪɜɢɦ ɢ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ ɜɟɤɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ ɢ ɏɚʁɞɭɤ ȼɟʂɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄɚ ɭ ɭɥɢɱɧɨɦ
ɩɚɧɬɟɨɧɭ (ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɦ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɟɦ

ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɞɭɠɢɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɢ

ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ.
65
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢ). Ɉ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɨʁ 'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ

ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ' ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɛɪɨʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ Ȼɢɏ (ɭɥɢɰɟ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ,
ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɫɤɚ, ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɬɚɪɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɩɪɟɞ
ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɬɡɜ. ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ. ɋɜɢ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɛɢɬɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ
ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ: Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ (ɛɢɜɲɢ Ɍɨɩɱɢɞɟɪɫɤɢ ɞɪɭɦ), Ʉɧɟɡ
Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ (ɛɢɜɲɢ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɭɬ, ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɟ ɢ ɍɥɢɰɚ
ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ), Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɚ (ɧɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɤɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ), Ʉʃɟɝɢʃɟ ȴɭɛɢɰɟ (ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɞɚɧɚɲʃɚ
ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ Ɂɦɚʁ ȳɨɜɢɧɚ) ɢɬɞ. ɍ ɞɨɛɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɢɡɜɪɲɚɜɚɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɜɨ ɫɜɟɨɩɲɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɭɥɢɱɧɨʁ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɨɩɭʃɚɜɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ
ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ,
ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ, ɛɢɥɨ ɭ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ, ɩɚ
ɢ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɦɚɯ. ɋɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɦɚɩɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɦɨɠɟ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɠɟʂɚɦɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚ ɛɢʄɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɨɰɢ 'ɩɪɟɫɥɚɝɢɜɚɬɢ' ɧɚɡɢɜɟ/ɫɢɦɛɨɥɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɨɜɢɦ
(ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ) ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɢɦɚ.
ɍ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɜɟʄ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɬɟɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɚ ɩɭɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɞ-
ɛɚɦɚ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ 1878, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ 1888. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɍɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɪɚɱɤɨɦ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɨ ɲɟɫɧɚɟɫɬ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɞɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ (ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ), ɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ʁɟ
ɨɞɛɨɪ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ 'ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɤɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ' ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ:
ȳɨɜɚɧ Ȼɨɲɤɨɜɢʄ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ), ɉɚɧɬɚ ɋɪɟʄɤɨɜɢʄ
(ɩɪɨɮ. ȼɟɥ. ɲɤɨɥɟ), Ⱥɧɞɪɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ (ɬɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɝɢɦɧɚ-

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 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɡɢʁɟ), ɢ Ʉɨɫɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɢɧɢʄ (ɩɪɨɮ. ȼɟɥ. ɲɤɨɥɟ).115 ɍɝɥɟɞɚɧ

ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ
ɞɚɜɚɧɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ
ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ.116 Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ
ɬɚɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ 'ɤɪɫɬɟ'
ɭɥɢɰɟ: „1) ɒɬɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɦɟʃɚɬɢ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ
ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ; 2) ɡɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ, ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢɯ ɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɢɯ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɬɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɟɤɚ, ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ; 3) ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɝɪɭɩɢɲɭ ɩɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɫɬɜɭ ɬɚɤɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɟ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɪɟɤɚ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ.“ ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ
ɦɟɫɬɭ ɜɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ Ʉɨɫɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɢɧɢʄ, ɱɥɚɧ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ:
„Ⱦɪɠɟʄɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɩɨɞ 3, ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ:
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɞɚɞɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɜɨɝ
ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɭɞɟɥɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ
'ɉɪɜɨɡɜɚɧɨɝ ɋɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɭ' 1806 ɝɨɞ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɥɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɚ
ɜɨɞɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɡɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ, ɞɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ
ȼɚɫɟ ɑɚɪɚɩɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɨ ɢ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ
ɱɭɜɟɧɭ 'ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥ' ɤɚɩɢʁɭ. (...) ɍɥɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɜɨɞɢ ɨɞ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨɝ
ɬɪɝɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɭ Ƚɨɪʃɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ,

115
Ʉɨɫɬɚ Ⱦ. Ƚɥɚɜɢɧɢʄ, „ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɨɞ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1888. ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1890,“ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ 12/54, ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1936, 894.
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ɉɪɢ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɟɧɨɦ
ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɤɭ Ⱥɭɝɭɫɬɭ ɒɟɧɨɢ ɡɚɩɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ, ɤɚɨ
ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɭ, ɞɚ 1878. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɟ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɭɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɚ
ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ – J. Staniü i dr, ɧ. ɞ, 94, 96. ɍ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɢ ʁɟ, ɩɚɤ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɢɤɚɞ
ɨɮɨɪɦʂɟɧɨʁ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ (1889) ɛɢɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
ʂɭɛʂɚɧɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ ɪɨɞɨʂɭɛ ɂɜɚɧ ɏɪɢɛɚɪ – Vlado
Valenþiþ, Zgodovina ljubljanskih uliþnih imen (Ljubljana: Partizanska knjiga
i dr, 1989), 101. ɏɪɢɛɚɪ ʄɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ 1941. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɨɤɨɦ ɭ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɢɰɭ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭɦɨɬɚɧ ɭ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɭ. Ɉɛɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɱɢɨ ɭ ɫɦɪɬ ɛɢʄɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ Hribarjevo nabrežje.
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ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɞɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ 'ɍɡɭɧ Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɚ', ɫ ɬɨɝɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ

ɧɚɩɚɞɚɨ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ ɢ ɭ ʃɭ ɭɲɚɨ ɍɡɭɧ Ɇɢɪɤɨ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɛɟʄɚɪɢɦɚ. ɋɚ ʃɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɞɭʄɢ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ, ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɢɦɟ 'Ɂɦɚʁɚ ɨɞ ɇɨʄɚʁɚ'. ɍɥɢɰɢ ɨɞ Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɞɨ ɍɡɭɧ-
Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɟ ɞɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɢɦɟ 'Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ', ɫ ɬɨɝɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ, ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɨɛɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ
Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɦɚɝɚɡɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ. Ⱦɟɥɭ
ɬɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɨɞ ɍɡɭɧɦɢɪɤɨɜɟ ɞɨ ɐɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɭɥ., ɞɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ
ɢɦɟ 'Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ'. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ
ɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɢɦɟ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ... Ⱦɨɰɧɢʁɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ, ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɛɟɡ
ɢɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɚ
ɬɚɤɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɢ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɞɚ ɫɟɬɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ.“117
ɋ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɚ
ɞɨɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ – ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚ
Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɭ, ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ 1886. ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɟɧ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ (ȿɧɝɥɟɡɨɜɚɰ, Ƚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɰ, ɋɚɜɢɧɚɰ, ɑɭɛɭɪɚ), ɤɚɨ ɢ

117
Ʉ. Ⱦ. Ƚɥɚɜɢɧɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ. Ƚɥɚɜɢɧɢʄ ɨɜɞɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ (ɍɡɭɧ-Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɚ ɢ
ȼɚɫɢɧɚ), ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ȼɚɫɢɧɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɧɚɞɟɧɭɥɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢʁɭ
ɞɟɫɢɝɧɚɰɢʁɭ – ɍɥɢɰɚ ȼɚɫɟ ɑɚɪɚɩɢʄɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɮɢɧɚɥɧɨɦ
ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢɡ 1896. ɧɚɜɨɞɢ - ɑɚɪɚɩɢʄɟɜɚ. Ɉɧ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ
ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɨ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɨɻɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɱɥɚɧ: „ȳɟɞɧɚ ɝɪɟɲɤɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɚ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɚ, ɡɛɨɝ
ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ, ɩɨɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ 'ɋɜ. ɉɪɜɨɡɜɚɧɨɝ
Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɭ' 1906, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɟ ɫɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ. Ɍɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɫɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɚ
ɫɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɨɦ ʁɟ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝɚ, ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɨɩɲɬ. ɨɞɛɨɪ
ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ: ɞɚ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɋɚɜɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɨɞ 'ɋɚɜɚ-ɤɚɩɢʁɟ' ɧɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɢ, ɩɚ ɞɨ
ɠɟʂ. ɫɬɚɧɢɰɟ, ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɢɦɟ 'Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ' ɚ ɬɨ ɫ ɬɨɝɚ: ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɢɦ
ɩɪɚɜɰɟɦ ȼɨɠɞ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ ɞɨɲɚɨ 1806 ɝɨɞ. ɞɨ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ
ɢ ɭ ʃɭ ɭɲɚɨ.“
68
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɧɟɤɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ.118 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢ ɭ

ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɤɚɨ
ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɧɢ ɱɢɧ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɬɟ 1888. ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ
ɨɞɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨʁ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɭ
ȴɭɛɢʄɫɤɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɭ ȼɭɤ-Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɟɜɭ, ɚ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɬɟ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ ȼɭɤɚ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɚ.119 Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɚ ɧɚʁʁɟɮɬɢɧɢʁɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɤɢɩɚ“,120 ɛɢɥɚ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɚ ɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 19. ɜɟɤɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ȼɭɤɭ Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɭ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɚɧ 'ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢ' ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ. ɇɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɢ 'ɫɤɭɩʂɢ',
ɫɤɭɥɩɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ, Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ ʄɟ ɦɨɪɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɱɟɤɚ ɢɞɭʄɢ
ɨɤɪɭɝɥɢ ʁɭɛɢɥɟʁ (1937), ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɦɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɞɢʄɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ
(ɞɟɥɨ ɤɢɩɚɪɚ ȭɨɪɻɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ) ɭɡ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɤɪɚʂɚ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ. ɇɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ʃɢɯ, ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɚ
ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɨ 'ɤɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ' ɪɚɞɢʄɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɞɚ
ɛɢ 1896. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɪɚɞ ɡɚɨɤɪɭɠɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɢɯ
(ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ.

ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ (ɞɭɝɨɝ) 19. ɜɟɤɚ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɦ ɥɢɫɬɭ 1896.

ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɫɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ.121 Ɉɞ 213 ɬɪɝɨɜɚ
ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ʃɢɯ ɬɟɤ 43 ɡɚɞɪɠɚʄɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ

118
V. Duloviü, ɧ.ɞ, 70.
119
Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɀɢɜɤɨ Ʉɚɪɚɛɢɛɟɪɨɜɢʄ
ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ: „Ⱦɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɬɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɡɜɚɥɚ ȴɭɛɢʄɫɤɚ, ɚ ɨɞ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɚ ɡɚ
ɜɟɱɢɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɟɤ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɟ 'ȼɭɤ-Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄɟɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ'. ɍɫɜɚʁɚɬɟ ɥɢ
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɨ ɨɞɛɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɦɨʁ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ? (Ƚɪɨɦɤɨ: 'ɭɫɜɚʁɚɦɨ')!“ – „ɋɜɟɱɚɧɚ
ɫɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 10 ɋɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1888,“
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ 80/7, 18. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ, 1888, 241.
120
Duncan Light et al, ɧ. ɞ.
121
„ɉɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ,“ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ
14/4 (1896), 21. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ, 1896, 13– 14.
69
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ

ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ. Ɇɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɨ
'ɩɪɟɩɚɤɢɜɚʃɟ' ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɪɢʁɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨ 'ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ', ɚɥɢ ɢ 'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ'
ɦɚɩɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɚɦɚ. ɂ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɢɯ
('ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɢɯ') ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ 'ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɯ' ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɱɥɚɧ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ) – ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɨ
ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ, ɨɩɢɫ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɉɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɟʂɫɤɨʁ,
Ȼɨɥɧɢɱɤɨʁ, ɉɨɲɬɚɧɫɤɨʁ, ɉɢɫɚɪɫɤɨʁ, Ɍɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɫɤɨʁ, Ȼɨɪɨɜɨʁ,
ɐɜɟɬɧɨʁ, Ɍɟɠɚɱɤɨʁ, Ʉɨɠɚɪɫɤɨʁ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ Ʌɟɩɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ,
ɋɟɞɚɦ ɤɭʄɚ, ɉɭɬ ɞɜɚ ɝɪɨɛɚ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ. 'Ɂɜɚɧɢɱɧɢʁɟ' ɢ
'ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢʁɟ' ʁɟ, ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɡɜɭɱɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ
ɩɨ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ, ɬɟ ȳɟɜɪɟɦɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ
ȳɟɜɪɟɦɨɜɚ, (Ƚɨɪʃɚ) ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ – Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ, ȴɭɛɢɱɢɧɚ
– Ʉɧɟɝɢʃɟ ȴɭɛɢɰɟ, Ɇɢɥɟɬɢɧɚ – Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɥɟɬɢɧɚ, ɢ ɫɥ. ɍ ɨɜɨ
ɞɨɛɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɩɥɚɜɟ ɛɨʁɟ ɫɚ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ.122
ɇɨɜɚ ɦɚɩɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ 'ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢʁɚ', ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ
ʁɟ ɢ 'ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ' ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɟ ɢ Ɏɢɲɟɤʇɢɫɤɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɬɪɝɚ
(ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɢʁɚɰɚ ɢ ɉɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɢ ɬɪɝ) ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜ ɬɪɝ ɢ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ (ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɝ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ).123
ɋɪɟɞɢɲʃɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ
ɤɨʃɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɚ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ
Ʉɧɟɠɟɜ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ. Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ ɨ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɭ ɞɨɧɟɬɚ ʁɟ 1871.
ɭ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ, ɚ 1882. ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ ȿɧɪɢɤɚ
ɉɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ ɤɢɩ ɧɚ ɦɟɪɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɨʂɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ,

122
„Ɂɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚʁ ɨɜɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɤɭʄɚ ɢɡɪɚɻɭʁɟ 'Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɡɚ
ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ' ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɨɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɩɥɚɜɨ ɨɦɚʂɢɫɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɛɟɥɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ.“ - ɢɫɬɨ, 14.
123
ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɚ Ƚɥɭɦɚɱɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɉɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɭ.
70
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɭɨɤɜɢɪɟɧ ɰɜɟɬʃɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɧɞɟɥɚɛɪɢɦɚ, ɞɚɜɚɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ

ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɫɬ, ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɝɚ
ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ.124 ɉɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ
ɉɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ
ɩɪɟɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɩɨɡɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɧɚ
ɤɢɩ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɫɚɦɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɜɟʄ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ, ɢ ɤɚɨ ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɤɧɟɡ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɡɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ, ɚɥɢ
ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
ɫɭ ɞɨ ɫɤɨɪɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɟ
(ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ) ɱɚɪɲɢʁɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɱɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɚ
(ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɚɫɢɪɚʃɚ ɬɪɚɦɜɚʁɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɢʁɚ) ɢ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ
ɛɢɬɧɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ. Ɇɢɬɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ (ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ)
ɬɪɝɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɚɝɨɪɚɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɟ Ƚɪɱɤɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
'ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɟ' ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ, ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ
ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ ɫɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ – ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ
ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ ɢ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɟ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɧɚɞ
ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ, ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɬɪɝ, ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɫɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ (ɭɡ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ), ɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ʄɟ
ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ-ɡɧɚɱɟʃɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ-
ɱɤɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɧɟ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ,
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɬɨɤɨɜɟ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ (ɮɢɡɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ) ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚ-
ɞɨɜɚ. ɉɪɨɫɟɰɚʃɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɭ
ɧɢɡɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɚ in stricto senso (ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɢ
ɨɥɚɤɲɚɧ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ ɤɪɨɡ ɝɪɚɞ, ɛɨʂɟ ɯɢɝɢʁɟɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɫɥ.), ɜɟʄ ɧɩɪ. ɢ ɠɟʂɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ

124
Ȼ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 319.
71
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɧɚɞ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ. ɍ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ

ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ Ɉɫɦɚɧɨɜ (Georges-Eugene Haussmann) ɩɥɚɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ
ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɦɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɪɨɛɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɥɚɤɲɚɧɨ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɢɪɚʃɚ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ.125 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ, ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɛɟɱɤɟ Ɋɢɧɝɲɬɪɚɫɟ
(Ringstrasse) ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 19. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʂɟ-
ɧɚ ɤɨɞ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚ (ɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɝɨɪɤɢɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɡ 1848),
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɢ „ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɧɚʁɲɢɪɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ
ɫɟ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɨ ɲɬɨ ɜɟʄɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɨɤɪɟɬʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɚ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɦɚʃɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ
ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɛɚɪɢɤɚɞɚ.“126 ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɚɧ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ
ɛɟɱɤɨɝ Ɋɢɧɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɨ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɡɝɪɚ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ „ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧ“, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ
ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɚ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɫɬ, ɜɟʄ ɨɞɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ.127 ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 19. ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ-
ɪɚ, ɢ ɧɚɞɚʂɟ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ/ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ, ɢ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ
ɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ-ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧ-
ɰɢʁɟ.
Ɇɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ ɢ ɭ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɦɚʃɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɧɟɝɨ

125
ɒɬɨ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɬɚɱɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɪɜɚɜɨɝ ɝɭɲɟʃɚ ɉɚɪɢɫɤɟ
ɤɨɦɭɧɟ 1871, ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɫ ɥɚɤɨʄɨɦ
ɩɪɨʁɟɡɞɢɬɢ Ɉɫɦɚɧɨɜɢɦ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɢɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ
ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ – David Harvey, Paris, Capital of Modernity (New York –
London: Routledge, 2003), 107, 108, 319. Ɉɜɭ (ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɧɭ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ
Ɉɫɦɚɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɉɚɪɢɡɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɢ Ʌɭɢɫ Ɇɚɦɮɨɪɞ.
126
Karl E. Šorske, Fin-de-siecle u Beþu (Beograd: Geopoetika, 1998), 30.
127
ɂɫɬɨ, 25–26.
72
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɭ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,128 ɞɨɱɢɦ ʁɟ

ɨɧɚ ʁɟɮɬɢɧɢʁɚ ɢɧɚɱɢɰɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ-ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ – ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ – ɜɟʄ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢʁɟ
ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ 1896.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, 83 ɭɥɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ,
ɢ ɬɨ ɦɚɯɨɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ
„ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ, ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ –
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ,
ɚ ɭ ɭɲɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɫɭ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ, ɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɢ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ 'ɧɚɲɢ'.“129 Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɢɡɨɦ
ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ
ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟ-
ɝɨɜɢɧɟ, Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ, Ȼɚɱɤɟ ɢ Ȼɚɧɚɬɚ,
Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɝ, ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ, Ȼɢɬɨʂɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬɚ
(ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɧɚʁʁɭɠɧɢʁɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɛɢɥɟ Ⱦɪɚɱ,
ɋɤɚɞɚɪ ɢ ɋɨɥɭɧ), ɱɢɦɟ, ɤɚɤɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɚɜɤɚ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ,
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 19. ɜɟɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɜɟʄ ɫɟ
ɡɚɨɤɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɪɚɧɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ. Ɉɜɨ 'ɟɬɧɨɰɟɧɬɪɢ-
ɱɧɨ' ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ʁɟɞɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ –
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨɧɡɢɫ-

128
„ɏɪɨɧɢɱɚɧ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɞɨɜɟɥɚ ɫɭ ɞɨ
ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɞɨ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɨ ɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ
ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɜɨɞɢɱ ɤɪɨɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
ɢɡ 1896. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (...) ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɟ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ,
Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɚ, ɤɨɧɚɤ ɤʃɟɝɢʃɟ ȴɭɛɢɰɟ, ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ..., ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨ
ɩɨɡɨɪɢɲɬɟ (ɞɨɜɪɲɟɧɨ 1869), ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɭɡɟʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ
ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɚɥɨʁ ɡɝɪɚɞɢ ɧɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ, ɫɬɚɪɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɧɚ
Ɍɚɲɦɚʁɞɚɧɭ (1838), ɫɬɚɪɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ, Ⱦɜɨɪ (1882), ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ
ɩɢɜɚɪɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɚɧɞɪɟʁɫɤɚ
ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ.“ – Ⱦ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 105.
129
ɂɫɬɨ, 79–80.
73
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɬɟɧɬɧɨ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ 'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ'/ɛɚɥɤɚɧ-

ɫɤɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ, ɢɦɟɧɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɮɚɧɚ ɫɭ
ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɢɪɟ ɦɟɪɢɞɢʁɚɧɟ: „ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɢɦɩɪɟɫɢɜɧɨɝ
ɛɪɨʁɚ ɨɞ 330 ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɮɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɪɜɢ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢʁɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ, ɨɞ
'Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ' ɞɨ 'Ȼɟɥɨɝ ɉɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞɚ', ɨɞ 'ȵɭ-ȳɨɪɤɚ' ɞɨ 'ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨ-
ɩɨʂɚ', ɩɪɟɤɨ 'Ȼɨɫɮɨɪɚ', 'Ⱦɚɪɞɚɧɟɥɚ', 'ȿɜɪɨɩɟ', 'Ɇɚɥɟ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ',
'Ɇɚɥɨɝ ɉɚɪɢɡɚ', 'Ɇɚɥɨɝ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ', 'Ɇɨɧɚɤɚ', 'ɉɨɪɬ Ⱥɪɬɭɪɚ' ɢ
'ɋɢɛɟɪɢʁɟ'. Ɍɚʁ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɭɩɚɞʂɢɜɨɝ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ
ɢɡɜɚɧɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɢɯ ɢ
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ
ɤɚɮɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨ-
ɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɟɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.“130 Ɉ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ
ɜɨɞɟʄɢɯ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ 'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ'
ɩɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ,131 ɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ
ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ 19. ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɨɤ ɫɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɢ,
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɪɟʁɨɧɚ, ɡɚʁɦɚ ɨ
ɭɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɥ, ɩɪɨɥɨɧɝɢɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɚ,
ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ, ɤɚɤɨ Ⱦ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ, ɫɥɚɥɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɨɪɭɤɚ ɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ
ɩɪɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ.132 Ɍɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɪɛɚɧ(ɢɫɬɢɱɤ)ɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ
ɨɞɭɞɚɪɚɥɨ ɨɞ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɞɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɟɬɧɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ
'ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ' ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ, ɚ ɨɜɨ,
ɢɩɚɤ, ɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɚɝɥɚɫʁɭ ɫɚ ɨɧɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ. ɇɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɢɬɢɥɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ

130
ɂɫɬɨ,79.
131
ȼ. ɧɩɪ. Latinka Peroviü, „Srbija u modernizacijskim procesima 19. i 20.
veka,“ u Žene i deca: Srbija u modernizacijskim procesima 19. i 20. veka
(Beograd: Helsinški komitet za ljudska prava, 2006).
132
Ⱦ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 82–83.
74
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ

ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟ ɢɡ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɚɧɬɟɨɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ, ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɢ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɢ ɞɟɫɢɝɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ƚɥɟɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɚɤ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ/ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɨɜɚɤɨ ɱɟɫɬɚ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɜɟʄ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ, ɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ
ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɤɚɱɟʃɟ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɢ ɭɧɨɫ ɭ
ɤɚɬɚɫɬɚɪ ɢ ɫɥ.) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ – ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɚɤ, ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 19. ɜɟɤɚ ɱɟɫɬɟ ɫɭ ɠɚɥɛɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɚɠɭɪɧɨɫɬ
ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ/ɤɪɲɬɟʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɦɚʃɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛ
ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɢɬɞ. ȳɨɲ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨɝ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɬɪɢ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɱɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɤɭʄɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ
1844. ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɛɚɜʂɟɧɨ 1809 ɩɥɟɯɚɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ –
ɨɜɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɍɩɪɚɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɧɚɪɭɱɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ
ɦɚʁɚ 1844, ɥɟɠɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɉɪɢɦɢɪɢɬɟɥɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ 1847,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɟ ɪɚɞɢ 'ɩɪɢɤɢɜɚʃɚ' ɡɚ ɤɭʄɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢ ɬɚɞɚ
ɫɜɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɭɞɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ 595.133 ɉɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ (ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ) ɬɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɦɚɤɚɪ
ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ
ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɱɟɫɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɨ-
ɝɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɦɚɩɢɪɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɥɚɤɲɟ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ. ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɛɢɥɚ
ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ (ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɢɡ ɨɩɟɬɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɡɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ), ɢɚɤɨ ɫɚ ɨɜɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
ɦɟɪɢ ɫɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɚɧɢ ɢ
ɭɫɜɚʁɚɧɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ.

133
Ɋ. ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 98.
75
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ɉɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɫɭ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ, ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ

ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ (ɛɚɲ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ), ɬɟ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɠɟɧɢɞɛɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ 1900. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɢɬɢ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɪɢ Ɇɨɥɟɪɨɜɟ
ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɛɭɞɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɩɲɬɢɧ-
ɫɤɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ „ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɨɜɨʁ ɦɨɥɛɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ Ɇɨɥɟɪɨɜɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ɇɨɥɟɪɨɜɚ ɫɭɜɢɲɟ
ɭɞɚʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ, ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɢ
ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɨɥɢ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɬɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɪɨʁ ɤɪɭɧɫɤɨʁ
ɭɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɡɨɜɟ
'ɭɥɢɰɚ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɟ' ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɞɨ
ɞɜɨɪɚ ȵɟɝɨɜɨɝ ȼɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ
ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɤɭʄɚ ȵɟɧɨɝ ȼɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɟ.“134
Ɉɞɭɲɟɜʂɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɨɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɚɪɢ
Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, „ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɥɢ
ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɛɢɜɲɨʁ ɤɨɦɲɢɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɨʁ
ɭɡɜɢɲɟɧɨʁ ɧɚɦ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ ɢ ɨɞɚɥɢ ɜɢɞʂɢɜ ɡɧɚɤ
ɩɪɟɬɰɢɦɚ ɭɡɜɢɲɟɧɟ ɧɚɦ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɦ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɭɞɚɪɢɥɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɚɦɟɧ ɬɟɦɟʂɚɰ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɨʁ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɦɨɥɟ ɨɩɲɬ. ɫɭɞ, ɞɚ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ
ɞɨɫɚɞɚʃɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ, ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢ ɝɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ 'Ʌɭʃɟɜɢɱɢɧɚ'
ɭɥɢɰɚ.“135 Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɨɪ ɛɢɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɧɚɤɥɨɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ

134
„Ɋɚɞ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ,“ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ 18/38
(1900), 3. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ, 1900, 157.
135
„Ɋɚɞ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ,“ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ 18/39
(1900), 11. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ, 1900, 161. ɇɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɡɚɫɟɞɚʃɭ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ, ɢ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ Ɇɥɚɬɢɲɭɦɢɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ, „ɤɨʁɨɦ ɦɨɥɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɚɞɚʃɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɢ
ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɢɦɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɧɟʄɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɢɦɚɬɢ
ɧɢɤɚɤɚɜ ɧɟɨɡɛɢʂɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ.“ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɛɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɟ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɧɚɞɦɚɲɭʁɭ
ɛɨʁɚɡɚɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɢ ɧɚ
'ɧɟɨɡɛɢʂɚɧ' ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɢ ɨɞɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ.
76
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɢɡ Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɟ, ɬɟ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɨ.136 ɇɨ,

ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɭɝɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ
ɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ – ɧɚɤɨɧ ɰɪɧɨɪɭɤɚɲɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɪɚ 1903. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ
ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɯɪɚɛɪɢɜɚɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɨɦ ɱɟɝɚ ʄɟ 1904. ɭɥɢɰɟ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ
Ⱦɪɚɝɟ ɢ Ʌɭʃɟɜɢɱɢɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɬɪɚɝ.137
ɉɨɞɫɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɪɝɧɭɬɭ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɭ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɫɭ ɭ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɫɤɥɚʃɚɧɢ,138 ɚɥɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɨɜɨ
ɧɢʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɨ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ – ɨɫɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ (ɭɤʂɭ-
ɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɤɭ),
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɩɨ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɩɪɨ-
ɦɟʃɟɧɚ (ɫɜɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɟ ɢ
ɤɪɚʂɟɜɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ). ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ Ɉɛɪɟ-
ɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɤɨɧʁɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɢ
ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɟ/ɫɬɚɪɟ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ.
ɉɟɬɚɪ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ ɤɪɭɧɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ 1904. ɭ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ (ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɲɥɚ ɩɪɜɚ ɞɟɨɧɢɰɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɤɪɭɧɢɞɛɟɧɟ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢʁɟ) ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɭ ɍɥɢɰɭ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ

136
Ɉɫɢɦ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɩɨ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ
Ⱦɪɚɝɢɧɚɰ ɤɪɚʁ Ʉɪɭɩʃɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɨ Ⱦɪɚɝɢʃɟ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ Ʉɨɰɟʂɟɜɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɨɫɟ ɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ.
137
Ɉ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨʁ ɧɟɥɚɝɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɦɟ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɟ Ɇɚɲɢɧ
ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɨ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ: „Ɉɞɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɝ. Ɍɪɚʁɤɨ ɋɬɨʁɤɨɜɢʄ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɦ. 'Ʉɪɭɧɫɤɚ' ɢ 'Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ' ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ 1900 ɝɨɞ.
ɩɪɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɟ ɜɪɚɬɟ ɞɨɬɚɞɚʃɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɭ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɬɥɟ
ɡɜɚɥɟ 'Ʉɪɭɧɫɤɚ' ɢ 'Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ'. ɉɨ ɫɚɫɥɭɲɚʃɭ ɬɨɝɚ ɨɞɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɨɜɚʁ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɝ. ɋɬɨʁɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɨ: ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ
'Ʉɪɭɧɫɤɨʁ' ɢ 'Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɨʁ' ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɬɟɧɟ 1900 ɝ. ɜɪɚɬɢ ɞɨɬɚɞɚʃɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɭ 'Ʉɪɭɧɫɤɚ' ɢ 'Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ' ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɬɥɟ ɡɜɚɥɟ.“ –
„Ɋɚɞ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ,“ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ 22/3 (1904), 7.
138
ɇɩɪ. ɪɭɲɟʃɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɚ
Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɢɡɦɟɲɬɚʃɟ ɱɟɫɦɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ Ɇɢɥɨɲ
Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄ (ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɨ ɤɪɚʂ
Ɇɢɥɚɧ) ɢ ɞɪ. – Ⱦ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 82.
77
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

(ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɢɲɥɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ). ɉɪɨɦɟɧɚ

ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ
ʄɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɢɡ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ
ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ – ɬɚɤɨ ʄɟ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ
ɤɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ, Ɂɨɪɤɚ (ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɚ 1890. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ), ɫɜɨʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ
ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ (1930), ɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɨɬɚɰ, ɤɧɟɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ 1928. (ɧɚ
Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɰɭ), ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ 1930. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (ɧɚ Ⱦɟɞɢʃɭ); ɩɨ ɪɨɞɨɧɚ-
ɱɟɥɧɢɤɭ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɛɢʄɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɫɚɜɚɦɚɥɫɤɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ 1906. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɧɨ).
ɂ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ
(ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɧɚʁɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ
1906, 1908. ɢ 1909. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ), ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚɞɚʂɟ 'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɨ-
ɜɚɥɚ' ɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ, ɚ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɭ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɧɬɟɨɧɚ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ ɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɐɚɪɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ 1909. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ – ɬɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɭ
ɦɢɬɫɤɭ ɚɭɪɭ, ɤɚɨ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ⱥɧɟɤɫɢɨɧɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɫɚ
ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ. Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɤɫ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɭɫɦɟɪɟɧɢɯ ɤɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟʃɭ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɫɜɟɥɚ
ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢ ɞɟɨ Ɍɪɚɤɢʁɟ, ɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ. Ɉɜɚʁ ʁɟ ɪɚɬɧɢ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ
ɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɚ
ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢ ɞɟɨ ɍɥɢɰɟ
ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ, ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɟ. Ɉɜɚʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ 1913.
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɭ ɉɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɪɝ139 (ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɦ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝ ɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɜɟʄ

139
Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ʌɟɤɨ (ɧ.ɞ, 323) ɤɚɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɨɝ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ 1903, ɞɨɤ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɬɨɦɧɨ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ (Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 2: ɇ–
ɒ..., 744), ɚ ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɫɚɦ Ʌɟɤɨ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɭʁɟ 1913.
ɝɨɞɢɧɭ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɧɨɜɢʁɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ
ɜɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧ.
78
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɬɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ

Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ), ɢ ɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɭɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ
ɩɨɛɟɞɟ. Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɟ (ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɭɥɢɰɟ Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ) ɜɟʄ
ɫɭ 1911. ɛɢɥɟ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɧɟ (ɤɨʁɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɟ
ɫɤɥɨʃɟɧɚ ɤɧɟɡ-Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɚ ɱɟɫɦɚ), ɚ ɭ ɨɫɜɢɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɫɟ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɥɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɚ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟɦ
ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɨɝ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɢ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɜɧɚʃɟɦ ɂɜɚɧɚ
Ɇɟɲɬɪɨɜɢʄɚ. Ɇɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢɲɥɨ ɢ
ɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɛɢ ɩɚɪɢɪɚɨ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɭ ɧɚ
ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɬɪɝɭ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ. Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ, ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤ-
ɬɭɪɟ, ɢɦɚʁɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ „ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɟ
ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɧɚ/ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ/ɞɨɦɨɜɢɧɟ, ɝɞɟ
ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭʁɟ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɨɪɟ (ɩɥɚɬɧɚ)
ɨɬɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɭʁɟ
ɧɚɡɚɞ ɭ ɬɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɟ, ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɨɪɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɭ“.140 Ɉɜɚ 'ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɩɥɚɬɧɚ' ɧɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ
ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɨɰɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɫɬɢɠɭ ɢ ɞɨ ʂɭɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ.
ɇɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɪɚɬ ʄɟ ɨɦɟɫɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ, ɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɉɪɜɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢʁɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɤɭɥɩɬɭɪɟ 'ɉɨɛɟɞɧɢɤɚ' ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ ɧɢɤɚɞ
ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɝɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɭɥɩɬɭɪɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɭ. ɍɫɥɟɞ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ
ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɬɪɝ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɢ
ɨɛɨɝɚʄɟɧ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɟɲɬɪɨɜɢʄɟɜ ɤɢɩ (ʁɟɞɧɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧ ɢ 'ȼɟɫɧɢɤ') ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɧɚ

140
Neil Leach, “The Denazification of Post Revolutionary Berlin and
Bucharest,” in The Hieroglyphics of Space – Reading and Experiencing the
Modern Metropolis, ed N. Leach (London: Routledge, 2002), 88.
79
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ʉɚɥɟɦɟɝɞɚɧɫɤɭ ɬɟɪɚɫɭ.141 Ɍɚɤɨ ʄɟ Ɇɟɲɬɪɨɜɢʄɟɜ 'ɉɨɛɟɞɧɢɤ'

ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥ ('ɢɞɟɨɥɨ-
ɲɤɢ ɩɪɢɡɨɪ'), ɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ-
ɱɢʁɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ.
ɉɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɨ
ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɨ ɞɜɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ: ɩɪɜɭ,
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɪɚʁɧɭ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1914. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (ɧɚɤɨɧ Ʉɨɥɭɛɚɪɫɤɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ
ɰɚɪɫɤɚ ɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɭɤɥɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ), ɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɬɪɚʁɚɥɚ ɨɞ 1915. ɞɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ 1. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1918. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɍ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɮɚɧɡɢɜɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ
ɞɨɜɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɋɪɟɦɚ,
ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ Ɂɟɦɭɧ (10–14. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ), ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɫ
ɪɚɞɨɲʄɭ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɞɟɥɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɚ ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɫɭ „ɋɪɛɢ ɞɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɥɟɩɢɦ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɫɬɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɞɚɞɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɚ“.142 Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ (ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ), Ȼɟɠɚɧɢʁɫɤɚ
(ɭ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɀɢɜɤɨɜɢʄɚ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ.143 ɉɪɢ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɪɚʁɧɨɦ
ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɭɝɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1914. ɩɚɤ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɦɟʃɚʃɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟɫɬ ɛɢɥɨ ɩʂɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɝɨʃɟʃɚ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚ. ɂɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɭ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ
ɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ, 10. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1915, ɤɚ ʁɭɝɭ ɟɜɚɤɭɢɫɚɨ ɢ ɞɟɨ
ɰɢɜɢɥɚ, ɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɪɩɟʄɟ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ K und K
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɢɦɚɲɬɢɧɭ, ɝɥɚɞ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɩɨɝɚɻɚɥɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɧɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɡɚɯɜɚʄɟɧɭ ɪɚɬɨɦ, ɚ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ.
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1916. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢɨɧɚ
Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɨʁ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɤɨ-

141
Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɜ. Ɋɚɞɢɧɚ ȼɭɱɟɬɢʄ, „ɉɨɛɟɻɟɧɢ 'ɉɨɛɟɞɧɢɤ',“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɡɚ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ 6/2 (1999).
142
Ƚɚɜɪɚ ɒɤɪɢɜɚɧɢʄ, „Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ,“ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 3, ɭɪ. ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974), 38.
143
Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1: Ⱥ-Ɇ, 43, 173.
80
 ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɰɢ

ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɨɦ ȼɨʁɧɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɝɭɜɟɪɦɚɧɭ.144 Ɉɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɢ

ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬ ɢ ɫɬɟɰɢɲɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɪɚʃɟɧɢɤɚ,
ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɢɪɚɰɚ, ɚ ɱɜɪɫɬ ɫɬɢɫɚɤ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ,
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɦ ɢɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ
ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪ
ɯɚɛɫɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.145 ɍ ɞɨɛɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ɬɪɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɯ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɨ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɤɫɚɦɚ. ɇɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ Ɋɭɠɢɧɭ,
Ʉɪɭɧɫɤɚ ɭ ɉɨɫɥɚɧɢɱɤɭ, ɚ Ʉɨɥɚɪɱɟɜɚ ɭ Ʉɨɥɨɜɪɚɬɨɜɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ.146
Ɇɢɥɚɧ Ʌɟɤɨ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɭ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ
1916. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ: Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ
(ɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ) – ɋɬɚɪɨɰɪɤɜɟɧɚ, ȼɚɫɟ ɑɚɪɚɩɢ-
ʄɚ – ȼɚɬɪɨɝɚɫɧɚ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɚ – Ⱦɨʃɚ, ɢ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ –
ɋɚɛɨɪɧɚ.147 Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɭ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɭ ɪɭɤɭ
ɩɥɚɧ ɞɚ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɰɚɪɫɤɨ-ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɚɧɬɟ-
ɨɧɭ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢɡ ɑɚɱɤɚ (ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ
ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ) ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɰɚɪɭ
Ɏɪɚʃɢ ȳɨɫɢɩɭ, ɰɚɪɢɰɢ Ɇɚɪɢʁɢ Ɍɟɪɟɡɢʁɢ, ɩɪɟɦɢʁɟɪɭ ɢ
ɢɧɨɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɭ ȭɭɥɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɚɲɢʁɭ (Gyula Andrassy), ȿɭɝɟɧɭ
ɋɚɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ, Ʌɚɭɞɨɧɭ ɢ ɞɪ.148 Ɉɤɭɩɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚ-
ɬɭɪɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɤɨɥɢɤɢ ɝɨɞ ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɩɫɟɝ, ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɞɭɝɨɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɩɨɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɩɬɧɨ ɭɤɢɧɭɬɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɨɦ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɜɨʁɫɤɢ 1918. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.

144
Ƚ. ɒɤɪɢɜɚɧɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 42.
145
Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ, „ɇɚɞɪɚɫɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ,“ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ 6/2, ɭɪ. Ⱥ. Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ
ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ, 1983), 139.
146
ȼ. Ⱦɭɥɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 72.
147
Ɇ. Ʌɟɤɨ, ɧ. ɞ, 141, 176, 334, 350.
148
Ɇ. Ɍɢɦɨɬɢʁɟɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ.
81
 ȻɍɅȿȼȺɊɂ ɂ ɌɊɈɌɈȺɊɂ.
ȽɅȺȼɇɂ ȽɊȺȾ ɉɊȼȿ ȳɍȽɈɋɅȺȼɂȳȿ

ɍɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ

Ʉɪɚʁ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨʁ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɲɚɨ ʁɟ 1. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ

1918. ɤɚɞɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɭɥɚɡɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɉɪɜɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ, ɚ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɨɜɨɝɚ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɚ, ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɰɚ
(ɋɏɋ). ɇɨɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɭ, ɐɪɧɭ Ƚɨɪɭ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɭ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɭ ɋɥɨɜɟ-
ɧɚɰɚ, ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ, ɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨ-
ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ, ɡɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɢɦɚʄɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ
ɦɟɻɭɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɦ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɨ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɢɡ 1903. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (ɭɡ ɦɚʃɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɧɟ), ɚ ɋɬɚɬɭɬ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧ 1922. Ɉɜɚ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɲɟɫɬɨʁɚɧɭɚɪɫɤɟ
ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɫɜɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɥɚ
(ɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɭʁɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɦ ɭɤɚɡɨɦ, ɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ
ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ȴɭɛʂɚɧɟ ɢ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ).149
Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɡɟɦʂɟ 1929. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɫɟɛɧɚ 'ɍɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ', ɜɚɧ ɫɬɚɫɬɚɜɚ
ɧɨɜɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɛɚɧɨɜɢɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɫɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɨɦ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ
Ɂɟɦɭɧ ɢ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɨ. Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɢ ɦɟɻɭɪɚɬɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɚ ɋɏɋ (ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ),

149
Ȼɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ Ƚɥɢɝɨɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ, „Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1918-1941,“ ɭ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 3, ɭɪ. ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, 1974),
116.
83
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɤɪʃɢɦ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɦɨɦ, ɦɟɻɭɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ-

ɧɢɦ ɬɪɜɟʃɢɦɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚɦɚ, ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɨɦ ɢ ɫɥ. Ɉɜɨ
ɧɟɫɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɨ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɢɪɚ Ɇɢɪɨɫ-
ɥɚɜ Ʉɪɥɟɠɚ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɭʄɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ
„ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦɭ ɝɨɦɢɥɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɧɨɫɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɟ, ɞɟɪɭ ɫɟ, ɤɪɜɚɪɟ, ɪɚɡɛɢ-
ʁɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɟɤɬɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ, ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ, ɩɚɪɨɥɟ.“ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɨ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ, ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ
ɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ,
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ. Ɉ ɬɨʁ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ, ɩɪɢʁɚɬ-ɧɢʁɨʁ (ɢ
ɩɨɟɬɫɤɢʁɨʁ) ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, Ʉɪɥɟɠɚ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ, ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ, ɪɟɦɢɧɢɫɰɢɪɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ: „Ƚɪɚɞ
ɭ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɚɦɚ, Ƚɪɚɞ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ, Ƚɪɚɞ ɢɝɪɚɱɤɚ, ɩɚɧɨɪɚɦɚ ɫɚ
ɡɟɥɟɧɢɦ ɤɭɩɨɥɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɡɢɪɧɢɦ ɤɚɨ ɞʁɟɱʁɟ ɲɩɟɤɭɥɟ ɨɞ ɡɟɥɟɧ-
ɤɚɫɬɨɝ ɫɬɚɤɥɚ ɫ ɦɟɪɢɞɢʁɚɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɚɦɚ ɭ ɠɭɬɢɦ ɢ
ɰɢɧɨɛɟɪ-ɛɨʁɚɦɚ, Ƚɪɚɞ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ, ɞɚɥɟɤɢ Ƚɪɚɞ ɭ ɫɧɭ.“150 ɇɨɜɢ
ɩɪɢɡɨɪɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɨɜɟ (ɜɟɥɢɤɟ) ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɭ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ, ɩɪɨɫɟɰɚʃɭ ɢ
ɭɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɧɨɜɨɭɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ, ɲɟɬɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɨɬɨɚ-
ɪɚ, ɧɨɜɢɯ ɰɟɫɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ. Ɉɜɟ ɧɨɜɟ (ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ)
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ (ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ),
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ, ɞɚɤɚɤɨ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞ-
ɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɬɢ.
ɇɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ,
ɬɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɋɭɞɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɻɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚʃɟ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ
ɨɞɛɨɪɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ, ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɪɭɤɭ
ɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, ɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɟ.151 ɉɪɜɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ ɢ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɭ,
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɨ 'ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ' ɢ
'ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ', ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚʃɟɦ
ɨɜɢɯ, ɬɚɞɚ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɨɬɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ 1919.

150
Miroslav Krleža, Dnevnik. 4 – 1943 (Sarajevo: Osloboÿenje, 1977).
151
ȼ. Ⱦɭɥɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 72.
84
 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ

ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɭ

Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ (ɢɚɤɨ ɨɜɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ), ɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɩɚɥɢɥɭɥɫɤɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɫɟ
ɞɚʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ.152 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, 'ɭʁɟɞɢɧɢɬɟʂɫɤɨ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ' ʁɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢɦ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ 'ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɢ' ɢ
'ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢ', ɬɟ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɏɋ ɉɪɜɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɦ, ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ 1920. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɚ, ȭɟɜɻɟɥɢʁɫɤɚ, ɉɪɟɲɟɜɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ;
1923. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ: ȴɭɛʂɚɧɫɤɚ, Ɇɚɪɢɛɨɪɫɤɚ ɢ Ɍɟɬɨɜɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ;
1924: Ⱦɢɧɚɪɫɤɚ, Ⱦɨʁɪɚɧɫɤɚ, Ⱦɪɚɜɫɤɚ, Ȼɚɪɚʃɫɤɚ, Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɫɤɚ,
Ⱦɟɛɚɪɫɤɚ, ɋɭɛɨɬɢɱɤɚ, ɋɬɪɭɦɢɱɤɚ, ɒɢɛɟɧɢɱɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ; 1925:
ȭɚɤɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɢ Ʉɚɱɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ; 1926: Ɍɪɢɝɥɚɜɫɤɚ, ɉɟɪɢɫɬɟɪ-
ɫɤɚ, ɒɚɪɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɚ, ɉɪɟɫɩɚɧɫɤɚ, Ɍɢɤɜɟɲɤɚ, ɐɟʂɫɤɚ, Ʉɚɜɚ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɚ, ɉɟʄɤɚ, ɉɪɢɥɟɩɫɤɚ, ɋɟʃɫɤɚ, ɋʁɟɧɢɱɤɚ, ɋɩɥɢɬɫɤɚ,
ɋɭɛɨɬɢɱɤɚ, ɋɭɲɚɱɤɚ, ɒɬɢɩɫɤɚ, Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɫɤɚ, ɍɥɰɢʃɫɤɚ,
ȼɟɥɟɲɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ; 1928: Ɇɭɪɫɤɚ, ɉɪɢʁɟɞɨɪɫɤɚ, ɋɬɨɥɚɱɤɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ. ɂɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ
ɛɢʄɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɚ ɞɨ 1930. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɟ 'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ'
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ (ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɠɟʂɟɧɭ,
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ). ɋɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɢ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɨɩɟʁɚ ɢɡ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ: Ⱦɨɛɪɨɩɨʂɫɤɚ, Ʉɨɥɭɛɚɪɫɤɚ, Ʉɨɡʁɚɱɤɚ, Ʉɪɮɫɤɚ, ɋɭɜɨ-
ɛɨɪɫɤɚ, ȼɟɬɟɪɧɢɱɤɚ, ȼɢɞɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ. Ɍɡɜ. ɫɨɥɭɧɚɲɤɚ
ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚɜɚɥɚ ɢ
'ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢʁɟ', ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɫɤɢɦ, ɱɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɦ

152
ɍɱɢɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨ ɢ
ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɝ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɭ
ɨɜɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɦ ɢɦɚɥɢ: Ɂɚɝɪɟɛ – ɉɭɬ Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ (ɭ Ʉɭɫɬɨɲɢʁɢ), ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ
– Ɍɪɝ Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ (ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ), ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ – Ɍɪɝ Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ (ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɬɪɝ)
ɢɬɞ.
85
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɢ ɚɪɦɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟ

ʃɢɯ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄɚ
ɢ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɉɭɬɧɢɤɚ, ɭɥɢɰɟ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬɟɩɟ, ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ ȼɭɤɚ,
ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɉɟʄɚɧɰɚ ɢɬɞ. ȼɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɨʁ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɜɢɞ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢɦ
ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ. ȼɢɲɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ Ⱥɧɬɚɧɬɟ, ɧɚɩɨɫɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯ, ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ʁɟ
ɞɨɛɢɥɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ
Ɏɪɚɧɲɟ Ⱦ'ȿɩɟɪɟ 18. ɦɚʁɚ 1936. ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʃɭ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɨɝ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɢɨ Ɋɢɫɬɨ ɋɬɢʁɨɜɢʄ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɭ Ɏɪɚɧɲɟ Ⱦɟɩɟɪɟɚ (ɬɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨɦ
1930, ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɟ Ⱦ'ȿɩɟɪɟɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ). ɋɚɜɟɡɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɭ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɦɚʃɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨ-ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɟɞɢɥɨ
ɜɢɲɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ.
Ɇɟɻɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨ-ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɨʁe ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɟɧɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨʁ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢ ɋɪɟɦ, ɬɟ ɝɪɚɞ Ɂɟɦɭɧ, ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ
ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɫ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭ-
ɪɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ.153 Ɉɜɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ
ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɬɢ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɢɯ
ɭɥɢɰɚ. ɍ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ 1816. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɧɟɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɢ
ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ.154 Ɂɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɜɟɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ, ɭɥɢɱɧɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɞɟ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ, ɦɟʃɚɥɢ, ɚ ɤɪɚʁ ɉɪɜɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢʄɟ ɫɜɟɨɩɲɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚ-
ɬɭɪɟ. ɍɥɢɰɟ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɜɢɲɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨ
1918. ɛɢɨ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɟ ɫɭ

153
ɍ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɍɩɪɚɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɢʄɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɨ, ɧɨ ɨɧɨ
ʄɟ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ, ɩɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ.
154
Ɉ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɩɢɲɟ: Branko Najhold,
Zemunske ulice (Beograd: Trag, 1996).
86
 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ

ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ

ɞɪɠɚɜɨɬɜɨɪɧɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ
ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨ ɜɨʂɢ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɚ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɬɚɥɚ (Franztal, Franzenstal) ɢ ȳɨɡɟɮɲɬɚɬɚ/ȳɨɫɢɩɨ-
ɜɚ/ȳɨɡɟɮɢɧɚ (Josefstadt), ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɨ
ɰɚɪɟɜɢɦɚ Ɏɪɚʃɢ ɉɪɜɨɦ ɢ ȳɨɫɢɩɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ, ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɫɭ
ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɇɨɜɢ Ƚɪɚɞ ɢ Ƚɨɪʃɢ
Ƚɪɚɞ. ɇɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɝɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɲɬɟɻɟɧɢ
(ɉɚɪɤ ɰɚɪɢɰɟ ȳɟɥɢɫɚɜɟɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ, ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɩɚɪɤ, ɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɐɚɪɚ ȳɨɫɢɩɚ – ɐɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ), ɤɚɨ ɧɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɚ
ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɤɟ (Ʉɟʁ ɛɚɧɚ Ʉɭɟɧɚ-
ɏɟɞɟɪɜɚɪɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ Ʉɟʁ 5. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ, ɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɉɪɢɧɰɚ ȿɭɝɟɧɚ ɭ Ɂɦɚʁ ȳɨɜɢɧɭ). Ɉɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ ɨɞ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɭɝɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨ(-ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɨ)
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɜɪɲɚɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɰɢɦɚ (Ʉɨɥɨɦɚɧɨɜɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ɂɪɢɧɫɤɨɝ, ɒɬɚɪɟɦɛɟɪɝɨɜɚ – Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ,
Ʌɚɭɞɨɧɨɜɚ – Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɬɢɧɚ ɢɬɞ.), ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ
ɛɪɢɫɚʃɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ (ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɧɟɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ) ɢ ɞɚʂɟ
ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ. ɂɫɬɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɨɩɫɬɚʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɬɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ, ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɧɩɪ. Ȼɪɟɡɢɧɚ, Ⱥɥɚɫɤɚ, ɉɪɟɤɚ, Ɉɪɚɱɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.),
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɟʃɚɧɨ ɢɦɟ – ɭɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩ ɝɪɚɞɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɂɟɦɭɧ ʁɟ ɭɧɟɨ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ,
ɩɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɟ ɢ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɚʃɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɛɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ
ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɝɪɚɞ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɭ, ɜɟʄ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ
ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ
ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɚɜɟ. ɇɨ, ɞɚ
ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ,
ɩɨɛɪɢɧɭɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɢ ɱɟɥɧɢɰɢ, ɢɦɟɧɭʁɭʄɢ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ
ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɨʁ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɢ: ɬɚɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɉɪɜɨɝ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɬɚɥɫɤɚ/ɧɨɜɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ – Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ, Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɤɚ – Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɢ
ɞɪ.
87
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɜɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɢɦ

ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ. ȼɟʄ
ɢ ɩɪɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɨɦ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɨɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ –
Ʉɧɟɠɟɜ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ, Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨɝ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ.
Ɉɜɚɤɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ
ʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɨɝɚʄɟɧ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ Ʉɧɟɡ-Ɇɢɥɟɬɢɧɟ ɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ Ʉɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ,155
ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɧɢɡɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɦɨɧɚɪɫɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ (ɞɟɨ
Ɉɛɢɥɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɜɟɧɰɚ – Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɛɟɪɬɚ, ɞɟɨ Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ –
Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɚ ɢɬɞ.), ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ (ɋɪɟɦɫɤɚ –
Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɚ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɋɤɨɩʂɚɧɫɤɚ – ɉɚɲɢʄɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ (Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚ – ɉɨɟɧɤɚɪɟɨɜɚ, Ȼɢɬɨʂɫɤɚ – ɀɨɪɠɚ
Ʉɥɟɦɚɧɫɨɚ ɢɬɞ.). Ⱦɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɧɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ ɢ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɢ
'ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜʂɟɧɢ', ɫɚ ɦɚɥɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɱɚɤ
ɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ.156 ɂ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ

155
Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ – ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ 6. ɪɟʁɨɧɭ (ɞɚɧɚɲʃɚ ɍɥɢɰɚ ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɚ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɟ). Ɉɱɢɬɨ
ʁɟ ɭɡɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ (ɪɟɝɟɧɬɭɪɚ) ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɟɦ
ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɢ (ɍɥɢɰɚ Ʉɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɧɚ
ɉɚɲɢɧɨɦ ɛɪɞɭ ɧɟʄɟ ɦɟʃɚɬɢ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɟ, ɬɟ ʄɟ ɤɧɟɡ ɉɚɜɥɟ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ 1946. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ).
ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɬɨɜɚ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ, ɤɧɟɝɢʃɚ Ɉɥɝɚ, ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ 1935.
ɫɜɨʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ, ɛɢɜɲɭ Ɋɚɞɧɢɱɤɭ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
156
ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɪɚɬɧɨɦ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ: ɞɨ Ⱥɩɪɢɥɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɫɜɢ ɞɨʃɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ (ɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɝɨɪʃɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ) ɬɪɝɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ:
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɦɚ (Ɍɪɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɢ Ɍɪɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ),
ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ (Ɍɨɦɢɫɥɚɜɨɜ ɬɪɝ, Ʉɪɟɲɢɦɢɪɨɜ ɬɪɝ),
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ʁɭɧɚɰɢɦɚ (ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɟɜ ɬɪɝ, Ɂɪɢɧɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ), ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ (Ɋɚɞɢʄɟɜ ɬɪɝ, ɋɬɚɪɱɟɜɢʄɟɜ ɬɪɝ, Ȼɚɪɬɭɨɜ ɬɪɝ,
ȼɢɥɫɨɧɨɜ ɬɪɝ, ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɨɜ ɬɪɝ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɢ
ɩɢɫɰɢɦɚ (ɒɬɪɨɫɦɚʁɟɪɨɜ ɬɪɝ, Ɇɚɠɭɪɚɧɢʄɟɜ ɬɪɝ, Ɇɚɪɭɥɢʄɟɜ ɬɪɝ), ɚ
ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ (ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɫɚ ɦɚɩɟ:
Najnoviji nacrt Zagreba, T. J. Vuketiü. Zagreb, 1934). ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɚ
88
 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ

ɲɢɪɟɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɫɭ

ɫɜɨʁɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɱɚɪɫɤɚ Ƚɟɬɟɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ 1922.
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɭ ɉɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɭ (ɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ
ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɨɻɟɧ ɢɞɭʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ), ɚ Ʉɢɱɟɜɫɤɚ 1926. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ, ɉɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ. ɋɚ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɦɚɥɨɝ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ,
ɉɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ (ɧɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ) 1930.
ɧɚɫɥɟɻɭʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɛɪɚɬ (ɍɥɢɰɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ Ɍɨɦɢɫɥɚɜɚ), ɚ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɨɜɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɢʁɚʄɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ-
ɫɤɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ – ɭɥɢɰɟ: Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ ȭɨɪɻɚ (1926), Ʉɧɟɡɚ
Ⱥɪɫɟɧɚ (1928), Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ (1930), Ʉɧɟɝɢʃɟ Ɂɨɪɤɟ
(1930) ɢɬɞ. ɇɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɫɭ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ
ɧɟɤɢɯ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɚɜɚɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ
ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ: ɉɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɟ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ (1923. ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ ȼɨɠɞɨɜɰɭ), ɉɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɟ (1930.
ɭɡ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ), ɇɚɫɟʂɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ (ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭ
ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɍɥɢɰɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ) ɢ ɞɪ; ɩɪɢ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨ-
ɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ʃɢɯ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ
ɧɚ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ.157 ɋɜɟɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ
ɠɢɜɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ-
ɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɜɟɪɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɥɨ ɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɭ
ɦɥɚɞɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ȳɭɠɧɢɯ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚ.
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɲɟɫɬɨʁɚɧɭɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ
ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɨɛɢɦɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝɟ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɲɢɪɢɨ (ɢɫɬɟ ʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɟɧɚ ɢ
ɱɭɤɚɪɢɱɤɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ), ɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɨɪ ɫɚ ɟɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ

ɦɚɩɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɨ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ (ɋɜɟɭɱɢɥɢɲɧɢ,
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɤɢ, Ɍɪɝ ɛɭɪɡɟ, Ɇɚɪɤɨɜ ɬɪɝ/ɩɨ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.).
157
Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ Ʉɚɪɚɛɭɪɦɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ
ɇɚɫɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ, ɚ ɤɜɚɪɬ ɉɚɲɢɧɨ ɛɪɞɨ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɭ
ɉɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬɟɩɟ – Ⱦɢɜɧɚ ȭɭɪɢʄ-Ɂɚɦɨɥɨ, ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ ɇɟɞɢʄ,
„ɋɬɚɦɛɟɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɞɨ 1941. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,”
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 40/41 (1993).
89
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ ɇɭɲɢʄ, ɋɢɦɚ ɉɚɧɞɭɪɨɜɢʄ,

Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ.158 Ⱦɨ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɨ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ
ɞɨɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɟ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ 1930. ɞɢɫɤɭɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɨ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ.159 ɍ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɤɪɨʁɟʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɞɨɧɨɦɚɫ-
ɬɢɤɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɚɯɨɦ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ
ɩɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ
ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɧɚɞɟɧɭɬɨ ɢɦɟ ȭɨɪɻɚ Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɰɚ, ɚ Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɨʁ
– Ɉɪɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ. ɇɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ: Ɇɨɪɚɜɫɤɚ –
ɒɬɪɨɫɦɚʁɟɪɨɜɚ, ɞɟɨ Ƚɪɨɛʂɚɧɫɤɟ – Ⱥɞɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɉɢɤɨ, Ⱥɪɢʂɫɤɚ
– ɉɟɤɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ȼɟɥɟɲɤɚ – Ɇɢɤɥɨɲɢʄɟɜɚ, ȼɢɧɤɨɜɚɱɤɚ –
ɒɟɧɨɢɧɚ, Ⱦɪɟɧɢɱɤɚ – Ƚɪɝɭɪɚ ɇɢɧɫɤɨɝ, ȳɚɝɨɞɢɧɫɤɚ – ɐɚɧɤɚ-
ɪɟɜɚ, ȳɚɫɬɪɟɛɚɱɤɚ – Ɍɨɦɚɡɟɨɜɚ, Ʌɟɜɚɱɤɚ – Ʉɨɪɧɟɥɢʁɚ ɋɬɚɧɤɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ, ȴɭɛɨɜɢʁɫɤɚ – Ⱥɧɞɪɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄɚ, Ɇɢɨɧɢɱɤɚ – Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧɚ
Ƚɥɢɲɢʄɚ, Ɇɥɚɜɫɤɚ – Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄɚ, ɋɜɪʂɢɲɤɚ –
Ʌɭɤɢʁɚɧɚ Ɇɭɲɢɰɤɨɝ, Ɍɚɦɧɢɲɤɚ – ɋɭɩɢɥɨɜɚ, ɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ʃɢɯ. ɇɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɬɨ
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɧɟɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ – ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ
ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɲɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɪɢʁɭ.
Ɉɜɚʁ ɡɚɨɤɪɟɬ ɨɞ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɟ ɟɬɧɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ
(ɫɪɩɫɤɟ) ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɧ ɢ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ
ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ 'ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɨɝ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ' ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ-
ɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ
ɟɬɧɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɩɚɧɬɟɨɧɢɦɚ (ɋɪɛɚ, ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ

158
D. Radojeviü, ɧ. ɞ, 6. ɇɟɲɬɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, 1928. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ
ɞɨ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ
ɦɟɪɢɬɨɪɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ (ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɛɢɥɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɧɚ
ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ)
ɩɨɩɭɬ ȼʁɟɤɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ʉɥɚɢʄɚ, Ɋɭɞɨɥɮɚ ɏɨɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ ȿɦɢɥɚ Ʌɚɫɨɜɫɤɨɝ.
159
„Ɂɚɩɢɫɧɢɤ – Ɋɚɞ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ,“ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ 48/2
(1930), 15. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1930, 101.
90
 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ

ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚɰɚ; ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨ-

ɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ). ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɞ
ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɢ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɛɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ
ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɚ
'ʁɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ' (ɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɚ 'ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ') ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɜɪɟɥɨ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ.
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɰɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɢ
ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧ-
ɬɧɢʁɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɨɞɫɟɱɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɋɚɜɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɪɭɲɟɧ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɞɢɨ ʁɟ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1919. ɇɚ ɰɟɫɬɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɩɟɲɚɱɤɟ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɟ
ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɦɨɪɚʄɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɱɟɤɚ (ɱɚɤ) ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ
ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɭɯ-
ɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚɪɚ,
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɻɚɱɢɦɚ –
ɞɪɭɦɫɤɢ ɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɋɚɜɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ 1934, ɚ ɨɧɚʁ
ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ 1935. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.160 Ɇɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ (ɉɚɧɱɟ-
ɜɚɱɤɢ) ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧ ʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ (ɩɨ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɦɚɥɨɞɨɛ-
ɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɭ), ɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɫɚɜɫɤɢ (Ɂɟɦɭɧɫɤɢ) ɩɨ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɭ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɭ. Ɂɟɦɭɧɫɤɢ ɦɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɫɩɚʁɚɨ ɲɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɭ ɫɚ ɫɪɟɦ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɚʂɟ
ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ, ɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ ɧɚ
ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɡɞɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɚʁɦɚ.
ɋɚʁɦɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ 1937. (ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɋɜɟɬɫɤɚ
ɢɡɥɨɠɛɚ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ) ɤɚɨ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɛɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɟ
ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɚɧ show-case ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ
ɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɬɟ ɛɢɬɚɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɱɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɟ. ɂɡɥɨɠ-
ɛɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ, ɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚʁɚɦɫɤɟ
ɩɪɢɪɟɞɛɟ (ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɋɜɟɬɫɤɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɛɟ/World Fair)

160
Peÿa J. Markoviü, Beograd i Evropa 1918–1941 (Beograd: Savremena
administracija, 1992), 144–145.
91
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɨɰɢʁɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ

ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɠɭ ɤɪɨɡ ɧɨɜɚ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɚ, ɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɞ-
ɧɨ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɭ ɤɪɨɡ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ ɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ,
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.161 Ɍɚɤɜɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ-
ɧɢɰɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɋɚʁɦɢɲɬɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɪɭɤɭ ɢ
ɤɚ ɫɩɨʂɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢɩɚɤ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɤɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɦ (ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɢ
ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ) ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭ, ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡ-
ɦɨɦ, ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɲʄɭ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ (ɩɪɜɚ ɢɡɝɪɚ-
ɻɟɧɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɪɟɤɟ ɋɚɜɟ) ɢ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ (ɋɚʁɦɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ-
ɲʃɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨ-ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ) ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɨ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɭ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ Ɇɨɫɬɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤ-
ɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɋɚʁɦɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɧɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɭ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ ɢ ɜɚɠɚɧ
ɦɚɪɤɟɪ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ȼɢɡɭɟɥɧɨ (ɜɢɞʂɢɜ ɫɚ ɨɛɪɨɧɚɤɚ
Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɚɞɢɧɟ) ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ (ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧ ɬɪɚɦɜɚʁɫɤɨɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɨɦ)
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɋɚʁɦɢɲɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɫɜɟ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɧɢʁɢ ɞɟɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɫɜɟ
ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢʁɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
ɍ ɦɚɪɬɭ 1940. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ
(ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ, ɢ ɬɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɭ 53 ɭɥɢɰɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ, ɚ ɱɚɤ 141
ɧɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɢɦɟ.162 Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ 1930, ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ, ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɜɚɥɨ ɧɨɜɭ ɟɬɧɨ-
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɤɨɧʁɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ Ȼɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ-
Ɇɚɱɟɤ. ɇɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ, ɞɨɞɭɲɟ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɟɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɧɨ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ, ɭɡ ɬɟɤ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɭ

161
Goran Bolin, “Visions of Europe: Cultural Technologies of Nation-
states,“ International Journal of Cultural Studies vol. 9 (2006), 193.
162
„Ɂɚɩɢɫɧɢɤ ɬɪɟʄɟ Ɋɟɞɨɜɧɟ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɟ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɜɟʄɚ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ,“ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ 58/9–11 (1940), ɦɚɪɬ 1940.
92
 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ

ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ. Ɉɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɨɞɨ-

ɧɢɦɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɏɋ, 1. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ,
ɭɥɢɰɨɦ ɧɚ Ȼɚʃɢɰɢ, ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ (ɋɉɐ) ȼɚɪɧɚɜɚ (ɛɢɜɲɚ Ȼɪɚɧɢɱɟɜɫɤɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ), ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɤ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢɯ ɤɭɦɨɜɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɤ Ȼɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜ ɇɭɲɢʄ (ɛɢɜɲɚ ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ) ɢɬɞ. ɍɥɢɰɚ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄɚ (ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɨʁ
ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɧɚ Ⱦɨʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ) ɧɚ ɉɚɲɢɧɨɦ ɛɪɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ
ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɑɢɤɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ, ɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɉɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ
ɬɪɝɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɨ/ɜɪɚʄɟɧɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢɦɟ Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɟ.
ɇɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɛɪɨʁɚɥɚ
ɭ ɯɢʂɚɞɚɦɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɨɰɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɨ
ɲɚɪɟɧɢɥɨ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚ, ɧɚɥɨɠɢɜɲɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢ „'ɂɦɟɧɢɤ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɢ-
ɦɚ' ɭ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢʁɢ ɝ. ɋɢɦɟ ɉɚɧɞɭɪɨɜɢʄɚ, ɲɟɮɚ Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ
ɨɬɫɟɤɚ ɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ Ɉɞɛɨɪɚ ɡɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ.“163 Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɱɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɢ
ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɢɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɨɝ ɧɚɢɥɚɫɤɚ ɪɚɬ-
ɧɨɝ ɜɢɯɨɪɚ ɢ ɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ, ɢ ɩɪɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɛɢʄɟ
ɪɟɚɤɬɭɟɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɟɤ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.

(ɇɟ)ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ

ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɚ 27. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1941. ɇɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ

ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɩɚɥɟ ɫɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭ, ɚ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ
ɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɢɦ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɟɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 6. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ. Ɍɪɭɩɟ Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ
ɪɚʁɯɚ ɭɲɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɛɨɦɛɚɦɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɨʄɢ
12/13. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ, ɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɞɟɫɢɥɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. Ⱦɟɡɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɨɬɩɨɪ, ɬɟ ʁɟ 17. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ
ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ-
ɬɪɚʁɧɢ Ⱥɩɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ, ɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɨɦ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ

163
ɂɫɬɨ, 106.
93
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ ɬɥɨ, ɢɡ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɛɟɝɥɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɢ ɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ. ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ
ɫɢɥɚ Ɉɫɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɢ
ɪɚɫɤɨɦɚɞɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɚɧɟɤɫɢʁɨɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɦ (ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ) ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɫɚɬɟɥɢɬɢɦɚ,
ɛɢɥɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɦɚɪɢɨɧɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɍɩɪɚɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɦɚɪɢɨɧɟɬɫɤɟ ɬɡɜ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ (ɇȾɏ)
ɩɨɞ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ (Ɂɟɦɭɧ ɫɚ ɨɤɨɥɢ-
ɧɨɦ), ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɜɨʁɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɦ
ɜɥɚɞɚɦɚ (ɲɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɚɧɚɬɫɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ
ɍɩɪɚɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ). ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɫ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɫɚɪɫɤɚ
ɜɥɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ Ⱥʄɢɦɨɜɢʄɚ, ɬɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɪɚɬɧɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɬɡɜ. ȼɥɚɞɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɩɚɫɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɇɟɞɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ
ɭɡ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɚɦɟɧ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1944.
ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɫɚɱɭɜɚ ɫɪɠ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“,
ɇɟɞɢʄɟɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭ, ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɥɚɛɨɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɫɧɚɝɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɫɭɡɛɢʁɚɥɟ ɚɧɬɢɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ
ɛɨɪɛɭ ɢ ɭɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɟɨ
ɪɚɬɧɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ ɪɚʁɯɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞ ʁɭɧɚ 1941. ɜɨɞɢɨ ɛɨɪɛɟ
ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ
ɢ ɪɚɬɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ (ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɢɦ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ), ɚ
ɪɟɠɢɦ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɇɟɞɢʄɚ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɞ
ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨɝ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ ɦɢɪ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ,
ɨɤɭɩʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɋɪɛɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ.164 Ɍɨ
ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɭ ɩɪɨɦɨɰɢʁɭ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ,
ɚɧɬɢɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɫɟɦɢɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ,
ɨɫɢɦ ɜɟʄ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɦɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ (ɝɭɲɟʃɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɩɨɬɩɨɦɚɝɚʃɟ ɯɨɥɨɤɚɭɫɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɢ
ɛɨɪɛɭ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ.

164
Ɉɥɝɚ Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɨɜɢʄ, „Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ 1941–1944. ɭ ɫɜɟɬɥɭ ɩɢɫɚʃɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɟ,“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ
ɡɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ 1/1 (1994), 78.
94
 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ

Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɛɨʁ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ

ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɨʁɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨ ɩɪɟɭɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɟ, ɦɟɞɢʁɫɤɨ-ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɧɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚʁɨɱɢɬɢʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ – ɧɚɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɫɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɜɟɲɚʃɢɦɚ
ɧɚ Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɚɦɚ, ɥɨɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɟ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨ-
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ (ɇɈɉ), ȳɟɜɪɟʁɟ ɢ Ɋɨɦɟ, ɫɥɚʃɟɦ
ɞɨɦɢɰɢɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢ ɪɚɞ ɢ ɫɥ., (ɪɟ)ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ 'ɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɭɯɭ'. ɇɚ
ɧɨɜɢɦ ɬɟɦɟʂɢɦɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ Ɋɚɞɢɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
(Soldatensender Belgrad), ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɡɨɪɢɲɬɚ (ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨ-
ɜɚɧɨɝ ɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɡɨɪɢɲɬɟ), ɲɬɚɦɩɟ (ɧɩɪ. ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ ȼɪɟɦɟ ɭ ɇɨɜɨ ȼɪɟɦɟ), ɚ ɨɯɪɚɛɪɢɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɪɚɞ
ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɢ ɛɢɨɫɤɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɟɪɚ, ɫɜɟ ɫɚ
ɰɢʂɟɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɜɢɞɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ).165 Ɍɚ ɧɨɜɚ 'ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɫɬ' ɭ 'ɇɨɜɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ'
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɡɭɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɜɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɩɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɟ ɢ
ɮɢɥɦɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɟ (ɫɪɩɫɤɟ) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɢɡ
ɡɟɦɚʂɚ Ɉɫɨɜɢɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɛɢ ɩɨɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭ ɇɟɞɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ „ɜɟɫɟʂɟ ɭ
ɤɨɧɰ-ɥɨɝɨɪɭ“.166 Ɍɨ 'ɜɟɫɟʂɟ' ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ ɧɚ
ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɤɭ 'ɇɨɜɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ' ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɱɢɦ ɜɢɲɟ
'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ', ɩɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ 'ɬɪɨɲɢɥɚ' ɬɚ
ɧɨɜɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɜɟ ɤɢɧɨ ɞɜɨɪɚɧɟ
ɭ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ 'ɧɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ' ɧɚɡɢɜɟ
(Ʉɚɫɢɧɚ, ɍɧɢɨɧ, Rex…), ɞɨ 1943. ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ‘ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɚ’ ɢɦɟɧɚ – ɇɨɜɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɒɭɦɚɞɢɧɚɰ,
Ɇɨɪɚɜɚ….”167 ɍ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ, ɨɫɢɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ,
ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɢ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ

165
Ɉ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɭ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɜ Ɉ.
Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɨɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, ɢ Olivera Milosavljeviü. Potisnuta istina (Beograd:
Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji, 2006).
166
ɂɫɬɨ, 41.
167
ɂɫɬɨ, 52.
95
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ 'ɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɭ' ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ

(ɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɩɪ. ɫɚɜɫɤɨ ɨɫɬɪɜɨ Ⱥɞɚ ɐɢɝɚɧɥɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɭ –
ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɞɚ). Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ, ɞɚɤɚɤɨ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢʁɢ.
ɇɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɭ 1943.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɨ 84 ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ.
Ⱦɟɥɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ, ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɚ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɨɝ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ
ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ Ɍɚɧɚɫɢʁɚ Ⱦɢɧɢʄɚ. Ɍɚɱɧɨ ɚɭɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɜɨɝ
ɫɟɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ (ɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɭ ɨ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ „ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ“),168
ɚ ʃɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ 'ɫɪɛɢɡɢɪɚɧ' ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɪɢʁ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ
ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ, Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɢɦɚ, Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɪɟʄɧɢʁɟ ɪɭɤɟ
ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɢ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ' ɫɪɩɫɤɢ/ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢ-
ɰɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɢ (ɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɏɨɲɚ – ɭ
ɀɭɩɚɧɚ ȼɥɚɫɬɢɦɢɪɚ, Ⱥɞɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɉɢɤɨɚ – ɭɥɢɰɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɢ
ɛɨɠɭɪɢ, Ȼɪɢʁɚɧɨɜɚ – ɋɪɛɢʁɚɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɥ.), ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟ-
ʃɟɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ, ɧɨɜɨ
ɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɱɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɧɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ – ɉɪɚɯɨɜɫɤɚ),
ȿɧɝɥɟɫɤɚ (ɋɟʃɚɱɤɚ), ȭɨɪɻɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ (ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɫɤɚ), Ʉɚɪ-
ɧɟʇɢʁɟɜɚ (Ƚɭɫɥɚɪɫɤɚ), ȼɢɥɡɨɧɨɜ (ȼɢɥɫɨɧɨɜ) ɬɪɝ (ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ),
Ƚɥɟɞɫɬɨɧɨɜɚ (ɭɥɢɰɚ ɑɨɛɚɧɢɰɚ Ɋɚɞɚ), Ɇɢɫ ɂɪɛɢʁɟɜɚ (Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ
ȳɟɥɟɧɫɤɟ), ɋɟɪ ȿɞɜɚɪɞɚ Ƚɪɟʁɚ (ɭɥɢɰɚ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɚ ɋɢɦɨɧɢɞɚ),
Ɇɚɫɚɪɢɤɨɜɚ (ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟɧɫɤɚ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ
ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ʁɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɭɤɢɧɭɬɢ ɫɭ ɢ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɭ:
ȳɟɜɪɟʁɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɫɤɚ, Ⱥɜɪɚɦɨɜɚ – ɋɟʃɚɧɢɧ
Ɍɚɞɢʁɟ, ɂɡɪɚɢʂɟɜɚ – Ɇɢɤɟ Ⱥɥɚɫɚ, Ɇɨʁɫɢʁɟɜɚ – Ⱦɨɛɪɢɰɟ Ɇɢ-
ɥɭɬɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ. ȼɪɥɨ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɡ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧ-
ɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ

168
„ɇɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ,“ Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ ɝ. 61 ɛɪ. 1–12 , ʁɚɧɭɚɪ,
ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ ɢ ɦɚɪɬ 1943, 10–11.
96
 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ

ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭ-

ɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ: Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɋɚɜɚɦɚɥɫɤɚ,
Ɂɚɝɨɪɫɤɚ – ȴɭɛɨɫɬɢʃɫɤɚ, ȳɚɝɢʄɟɜɚ – Ɇɥɚɜɫɤɚ, Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɋɜɚɱɢ-
ʄɚ – ɑɭɤɚɪɢɱɤɚ, Ʉɭɤɭʂɟɜɢʄɟɜɚ – ɇɢɤɚɧɨɪɚ Ƚɪɭʁɢʄɚ, Ɇɚɠɭɪɚ-
ɧɢʄɟɜɚ – ɏɨɩɨɜɫɤɚ, Ɋɚɱɤɨɝɚ – Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɚɱɤɚ, ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ Ɋɚɞɢ-
ʄɚ – ȼɟɧɱɚɱɤɚ, ɒɭɛɢʄɟɜɚ – ȼɚʂɟɜɫɤɚ ɢɬɞ. ɍ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ
(ɭɥɢɰɟ Ɂɪɢɧɫɤɨɝɚ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨɩɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɟ
Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ, ɀɨɪɠɚ Ʉɥɟɦɚɧɫɨɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ, ɉɨɟɧɤɚɪɟ-
ɨɜɚ – Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚ, ɏɚɪɬɜɢɝɨɜɚ – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ), ɪɚɞɢ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɚ
ɧɟɩɨɠɟʂɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɬɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɫɤɚɤɚʃɚ ɢ ɚɧɭɥɢɪɚʃɚ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ
ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɚ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɫɚ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ Ⱥɧɬɚɧɬɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɢ-
ɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɨɦ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ ʁɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ:
ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ. ɇɟɨɦɟɬɚɧ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ ɦɟɻɭ
ɭɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ (ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɦɟɻɭ
ʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɥɭ 'ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɯ' ɡɟɦɚʂɚ
ɚɧɬɢɯɢɬɥɟɪɨɜɫɤɟ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɟ), ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɱɢɬɚʃɭ ɨɜɟ
ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɨɜɨɝɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɭ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɤʂɭɱɭ.
ɉɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚʃɟ 'ɧɨɜɢɯ' ('ɢɡɦɢɲʂɟɧɢɯ') ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ'
ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɧɢɡɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɟɩɫɤɨ-
ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɦ ɫɚɝɥɚɫʁɭ
ɫɚ ɧɟɞɢʄɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɫɟʂɚɲɬɜɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ: Ⱦɟɥɢ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁɚ
(ɛɢɜɲɚ Ȼɢʁɚɧɤɢɧɢʁɟɜɚ), Ɇɚɥɨɝ Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɰɟ (ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ȼɢɞɪɢʄɟɜɚ),
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ȼɢɥɚ (Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɉɪɢɧɚ), Ɉɛɥɚɱɢʄ Ɋɚɞɚ
(Ƚɭɩɱɟɜɚ), ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ⱦɨʁɱɢɧɚ (Ʉɜɚɬɟɪɧɢɤɨɜɚ), ȼɭɤɚ Ɇɚɧɞɭ-
ɲɢʄɚ (Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ʉɪɟɲɢɦɢɪɚ), ȼɢɥɚ Ɋɚɜɢʁɨʁɥɚ (ɇɢɧɱɢʄɟɜɚ), ȼɢɥɚ
Ɂɚɝɨɪɤɢʃɚ (Ɋɨɡɚɥɢʁɟ Ɇɨɪɬɨɧ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉ ʁɚɫɧɨʁ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ
ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɐɢɝɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ (ɧɨɜɨ
ɢɦɟ – ɭɥɢɰɚ Ȼɚɧɨɜɨ Ȼɪɞɨ), ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɢɦɟ ɩɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ
ɡɚɜɟɪɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɭ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɞɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ɏɪɚʃɟ Ɏɟɪ-
97
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɞɢɧɚɧɞɚ.169 Ɉ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ʁɨɲ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ

Ɍɨɩɥɢɱɢɧɨɝ ɜɟɧɰɚ ɭ Ɍɪɝ ɩɪɢɧɰɚ ȿɜɝɟɧɢʁɚ.
ȼɪɥɨ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ – ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ, ɭɡ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɟ, ɜɥɚɫɬ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ
ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɡɢ (ɭɫɬɚɲɟ) ɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ,
ɮɨɥɤɫɞɨʁɱɟɪɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɭ ɧɚɰɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɚɩɚɪɚɬ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨ
ɟɬɧɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɚ. ɋɚ ɛɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ, ɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ
ʁɟ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɞɟɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɟ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ Ɇɚɬɨɲɟɜɭ, ɋɬɚɪɰɚ
ȼɭʁɚɞɢɧɚ ɭ Ȼɚɞɚɥɢʄɟɜɭ, ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪɚ Ɇɢɥɟɬɢʄɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ Ȼɪɭɤ-
ɧɟɪɨɜɚ, ɐɜɢʁɢʄɟɜɚ – Ȼɭɥɢʄɟɜɚ, ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ɍɟɫɥɟ – ȼɢɥɢɦɚ Ʉɨɪɚʁ-
ɰɚ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄɚ – Ƚɧɚɦɡɟɧɚɭɨɜɚ ɢɬɞ. ɍ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ,
ɞɚɤɚɤɨ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɨɦ ɱɭɜɚʃɭ 'ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ
(ɭ)ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ' ɧɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɟ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɯ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɧɢ
ɞɨ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢɡ (ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟ) ɯɚɛɫɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɟɩɨɯɟ – ɧɨɜɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢʁɟ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɐɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɚɲʃɟ ɢɦɟ ɐɚɪɚ
ȳɨɫɢɩɚ, ɜɟʄ ɉɪɢɧɰɚ ȿɭɝɟɧɚ; ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɢ Ʉɟʁ 5. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ
Ʉɟʁ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɟ ɋɥɚɜɤɚ Ʉɜɚɬɟɪɧɢɤɚ (ɭɦɟɫɬɨ Ȼɚɧɚ Ʉɭɟɧɚ-
ɏɟɞɟɪɜɚɪɢʁɚ); Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɪɤ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɬɟɤ 'ɤɪɨɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢʁɢ'
ɧɚɡɢɜ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɜɨʁ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɩɨ ɰɚɪɢɰɢ ȳɟɥɢɫɚ-
ɜɟɬɢ (ȿɥɢɡɚɛɟɬɢ) ɢɬɞ.170 ɇɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɚ ɫɭ
Ɍɪɟʄɢ Ɋɚʁɯ, ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɨɞɟʄɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ

169
ɉɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɡɚ ɐɢɝɚɧɨɜɢʄɟɜɭ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɭ ȼɢɞɨɜɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɭ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ 'ɚɧɬɢɰɢɝɚɧɢɡɚɦ' ɤɨɥɚɛɨɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚ – ɬɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɱɭɤɚɪɢɱɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɭ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɦɟʃɚɥɚ ɧɚɡɢɜ.
170
Ɉɜɨ 'ɩɪɟɩɚɤɢɜɚʃɟ' ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɨ
ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟɧɨ 'ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ', ɩɨɲɬɨ, ɤɚɤɨ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɇɚʁɯɨɥɞ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ,
ɧɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɬɚɛɥɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ.
98
 Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ

ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɞɰɪɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ

Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɐɟɫɬɚ Ɋɚʁɯɚ,
ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɚ ȹɨɪʇɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ – Ƚɭɬɟɧɛɟɪɝɨɜɚ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɚ –
ɏɢɧɞɟɧɛɭɪɝɨɜɚ, ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ – ɏɨɪɫɬɚ ȼɟɫɟɥɚ, Ɍɨɲɢɧ ɛɭɧɚɪ –
ɏɟɪɦɚɧɚ Ƚɟɪɢɧɝɚ, Ƚɨɪʃɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ – ɒɬɭɬɝɚɪɬɫɤɚ, ɒɚʁɤɚɲɤɚ –
ɇɢɪɧɛɟɪɲɤɚ, ɀɟʂɟɡɧɢɱɤɚ – ɒɜɚɩɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɂ ɬɡɜ. ɇȾɏ ɢ
ʃɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟʄɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ –
ɭɥɢɰɚ Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɉɨɝɥɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɞɪ Ⱥɧɬɟ
ɉɚɜɟɥɢʄɚ, Ƚɪɚɛɨɜɚɱɤɚ – Ʌɨɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ, Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɚɱɤɚ –
ɍɫɬɚɲɤɚ, ɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɨ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɟ (ɬɟ ɒɬɪɨɫɦɚʁɟɪɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ
Ʉɚɱɢʄɟɜɚ).171 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,
ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ʁɨɲ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɞɨ
ɡɧɚʃɚ ɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ – ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɞɨ
ɪɚɬɚ ɡɜɚɧɚ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɉɪɜɨɝ, ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɩɨ Ⱥɞɨɥɮɭ
ɏɢɬɥɟɪɭ.
ɑɜɪɫɬ ɫɬɢɫɚɤ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɚɛɨɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɚ ɧɚɞ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ ɢ Ɂɟɦɭɧɨɦ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢɦ ɬɟɪɨɪɨɦ
ɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɟ ɢ ɦɟɤɟ (ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ) ɞɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ,
ɩɚ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ
ɞɟɥɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɜɟʄ ʄɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɩɭɬ Ȼɚʃɢɰɟ,
ȳɚʁɢɧɚɰɚ, ɋɚʁɦɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ. Ⱦɟɫɟɬɢɧɟ ɯɢʂɚɞɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ ɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɯ
ɡɟɦɚʂɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɲɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ,
ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɫɭ ɢ ɪɚɲɢɪɟɧɨɝ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɬɟɪɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɬɩɨɪɚ
ʃɟɦɭ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɇɈɉ-ɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ (Ʉɉȳ) ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ, ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ, ɬɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢ-
ɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɰɢ ɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɨ

171
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɭ, ɢ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨ
ɇɟɦɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɭɤɭɫɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ
ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ Ƚɟɬɟɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɭ ɒɜɚɪɰɜɚɥɞɫɤɭ.
99
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɩɨɩɭʃɚɜɚɥɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ, ɦɨɝɥɨ

ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɪɚɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɨ
ɤɪɚʁɚ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧ. Ɂɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɟ ɢ ɛɨɪɛɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ (ɇɈɊ), ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ
ʄɟ 20. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1976. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞɥɢɤɨɜɚɧ Ɉɪɞɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ. ɋɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɢɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ
ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɚ ɧɟɫɬɚʄɟ ɢ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ.

100
 ɈȻɇɈȼȺ ɂ ɂɁȽɊȺȾȵȺ.
(ɇɈȼɂ) ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɇɨɜɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ

ɇɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ

ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧ 20. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1944. ɫɥɟɞɨɦ ɩɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɢɯ ɞɟʁɫɬɚɜɚ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ (ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɉɟɤɨ Ⱦɚɩɱɟɜɢʄ) ɢ
ɐɪɜɟɧɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ (ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɀɞɚɧɨɜɚ), ɚ ɞɜɚ
ɞɚɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɭɲɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧ.
Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ʄɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɦɚʁɚ ɢɞɭʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ
ɩɨɡɚɞɢɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɜɚ, ɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɪɚɬɚ ʄɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɢ ɢ ɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɢɲɬɭ. ɉɨ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɭ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ
ɇɈɉ-ɚ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɡɚɫɟɞɚʃɚ ȺȼɇɈȳ-ɚ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɛɢɬɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɧɨɜɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ.172 ɉɨɛɟɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɮɚɲɢɡɦɨɦ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ
1945. ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ Ⱦɟɦɨɤ-
ɪɚɬɫɤɟ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ (ʁɨɲ ɡɚ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɪɚɬɚ),
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ ɡɚɫɟɞɚʃɚ ȺȼɇɈȳ-ɚ, ɢɡɛɨɪɢɦɚ ɡɚ
ɍɫɬɚɜɨɬɜɨɪɧɭ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɟɦ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ 29. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1945. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ('ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɚ'), ɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʃɟɧ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ. ɇɚ ɩɪɜɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɭ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ

172
Ʉɪɚʁ ɚɜɧɨʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɭ ȳɚʁɰɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ʁɟ Ɍɢɬɨɜɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ: „Ⱦɨɜɢɻɟʃɚ,
ɞɪɭɝɨɜɢ, ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɧɚ Ɍɪɟʄɟɦ ɡɚɫɟɞɚʃɭ.“ – Svetozar Tadiü i Dragoljub
Ĉuroviü, ur, Tako je stvorena Titova Jugoslavija (Jajce: Muzej Drugog
zasjedanja AVNOJ-a, i dr, 1983), 73.

101
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɚ-

ʁɚʃɟ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ (ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɞɥɭɤɨɦ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɨɝ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ), ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ
ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟɧɨ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɟɦ „Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɩɚʁɚʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ“ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ. ɍ ɧɨ-
ɜɨʁ/ɫɬɚɪɨʁ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɢ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ,
ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɨɝ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ,
ɧɚ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢ-
ɱɤɢɯ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɚ, ɬɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɡɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ, ɪɚɫɤɪɱɚ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɪɝɟɧɬɚɧ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ, ɞɨɤ ʄɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɪɨɤ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɭ (ɪɟ)ɤɨɧ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɭɡɪɨɤ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ (ɪɟ)ɤɨɧ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ
ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ. ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɛɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɟɦ
ɨɬɩɨɱɢʃɟ 1946. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, (ɱɚɤ) ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ,
ɬɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟ-
ɧɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ
ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢɨɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɨɦ, ɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ
ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɞɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟ-
ɜɚɥɨ ɯɢɬɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɢ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚ) ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɰɢʂ ʁɟɡɢɱɤɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɨɞ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɛɢɥɨ
ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪ, ɬɟ ɯɢɬɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ Ɍɢɬɨ, Ʉɟʁ 3. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɢ, Ʉɟʁ
Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ ȼɥɚɯɨɜ, ɂɥɢɧɞɟɧɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɍɥ. ȳɇȺ, 29. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɢ ɢ
ɞɪ.173 ɍ ɋɩɥɢɬɭ, ɩɚɤ, ɛɨɪɛɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ

173
Ⱦɢɦɱɟ Ɂɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ. (ɭɪ.), ɂɦɢʃɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɤɨɩʁɟ,
(ɋɤɨɩʁɟ: Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɭɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ
ɋɤɨɩʁɟ, 1980), 9–10.
102
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɜɟʄ ɫɚ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ – ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɫɭ ɞɨ

ɨɞɥɚɫɤɚ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɢ ɇɈɉ-ɚ ɡɚɰɪʃɢɜɚɥɢ
ɦɚɫɬɢɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɪɛɨɦ ɧɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɬɚɛɥɟ ɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ
ʁɟɡɢɤɭ.174 ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɬɧɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ
ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ
ɛɢɬɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ: 24. ɦɚʁɚ 1945, ɧɢ ɬɪɢ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɨɞ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ
Ɍɪɟʄɟɝ ɪɚʁɯɚ, ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɚ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɚ – ɨɫɢɦ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɭɪɝɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɪɚɜʃɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɩɫɤɪɛɚ ɯɪɚɧɨɦ ɢ
ɫɦɟɲɬɚʁ ʂɭɞɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɪɨɜɚ ɧɚɞ ɝɥɚɜɨɦ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɨ ɢ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ. Ⱦɨ 22. ʁɭɧɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫɜɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɚɲʃɭ, ɫɚɞɚ
ɩɪɨɫɤɪɢɛɨɜɚɧɭ ɧɚɰɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɢ
ɫɤɢɞɚʃɟɦ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɢɯ, ɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɨɞ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɚɫɚɤɚ.175
ɍ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɦɢɪɧɨɞɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ, ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɧɚɪɚɬɢ-
ɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ ɚɧɬɢɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ, ɚɧɬɢɤɜɢɫɥɢɧ-
ɲɤɢɦ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɢɲɬɢɦɚ, ɭɡ ɧɟɨɦɟɬɚɧɭ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ/ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ (ɭɝɥɚɜ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ). Ɉɜɚɤɜɢ ɪɟɫɟɧ-
ɬɢɦɚɧɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɧɨɜɚɥɢ
ɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɢɦ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ. Ȼɨɪɛɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɨɦ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɦ
ɡɚɨɫɬɚɰɢɦɚ ɇɟɞɢʄɟɜɟ ɢ ɉɚɜɟɥɢʄɟɜɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ – ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ „ɜɚɧ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɫɜɟ
ɨɞɥɭɤɟ, ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɢ ɬ. ɫɥ. ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ“, ɚ ɂɡɜɪɲɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɨɞɛɨɪ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɦɟʃɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɨɦ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɍ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ
ɛɪɨʁɭ ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟ

174
Marin Kuzmiü i dr. (ur.), Antifašistiþki Split: ratna kronika 1941. –1945
(Split: Udruga antifašistiþkih boraca i antifašista grada Splita, 2011).
175
M. Azaryahu, „Renaming the past...,“ 37.
103
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ 'ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɚ' ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞ-

ɫɤɨʁ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢʁɢ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɭ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ
ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɚ – ɞɨɛɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɟ ʁɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɛɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɢɡ ɦɚɩɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɟ ɦɢɪɧɨɞɨɩɫɤɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɜɨɦ
ɩɨɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ 1946. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 18 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
(ɛɟɡ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ) ɞɨɛɢɥɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɟ: Ȼɪɚʄɟ Ⱥɦɚɪɚ, ȭɨɪɻɚ
ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ (ɫɚɞɚɲʃɚ ȹɨɪʇɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ), Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɚ,
Ʉɚɪɧɟʇɢʁɟɜɚ, Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ Ƚɭɩɰɚ, ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬɚ ɉɨɫɚɜɫɤɨɝ, Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ
ɉɪɢɛɢʄɟɜɢʄɚ, ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ Ɋɚɞɢʄɚ, Ɍɨɦɚɲɚ ȳɟɠɚ, Ɍɨɩɥɢɱɢɧ
ɜɟɧɚɰ ɢ ɞɪ.176 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ
'ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ' ɭ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ: 1946.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ 114 ɭɥɢɰɚ – ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ, ɨɫɢɦ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɞɢʄɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɟʃɚɥɟ ɢɦɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɜɨɦ ɨɞɥɭɤɨɦ
ʁɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ 52 ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɪɚɬɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɩɨɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɥɟ ɧɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɟ ɨɫɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɉɪɢɧɰɚ
ȿɜɝɟɧɢʁɚ (ɭ ɍɥɢɰɭ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ȼɚɪɭɯ), Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ (ɭ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɉɚɩɚ),177 ɚ
ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɛɪɢɫɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɫɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɨɦ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ (ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ƚɪɚɞɚ – Ɏɪɚɧɰɬɚɥɚ), ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɝɪɚɞ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ
ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ: Ȼɚɞɟɧɫɤɚ (ɭ Ɉɝʃɟɧɚ
ɉɪɢɰɟ), Ɇɨɡɟɪɨɜɚ (ɋɢɦɟ ɒɨɥɚʁɟ), ɒɬɪɚɰɨɜɚ (Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɚ
ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ), ȼɟɧɞɟɥɢɧɨɜɚ (ɉɟɬɪɚ Ⱦɪɚɩɲɢɧɚ) ɢ ɞɪ; ɢɩɚɤ, ɧɚ
ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɭ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɥɭ ɮɨɥɤɫɞɨʁɱɟɪɫɤɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɒɢɥɟɪɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ

176
„ɉɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 16,
20. ɚɩɪɢɥ 1946, 134–135.
177
Ⱥ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ-ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ ɒɭɦɢɰɟ ɛɢʄɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɦ (1969).
104
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

Ƚɟɬɟɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ.178 ɉɨɞ ɭɞɚɪ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ

ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɨɬɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɨɫ-
ɬɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ: ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ȼɚɪɧɚɜɟ (ɧɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ – Ȼɨɪɟ ɋɬɚɧɤɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ), ȼɥɚɞɢɤɟ ɉɥɚɬɨɧɚ (Ⱦɪ ȼɟʂɟ Ʉɨɫɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ), ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ –
ɀɭɩɧɚ (ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ), ɋɜɟɬɨɬɪɨʁɢɱɧɚ (ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ),
ɚ ɜɪɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɫɤɪɚʁʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɪɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɚɜɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ
ɍɥɢɰɭ ɋɚɜɟ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɚ.179
Ɇɚɫɨɜɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɟ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɫɜɪɝɧɭɬɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ. ɋɜɨʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ
ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɨɫɢɦ
ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤɚ: ɬɚɤɨ ɨɛɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ Ʉɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ (ɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɰɭ ɢ
ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ) ɛɢɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ (ɭ ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɚ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɟ ɢ 29.
ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ), Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ 7. ʁɭɥɚ, ɚ
ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ, ɭɥɢɰɟ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɢ
ɧɚ ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɢ – ɋɬɚʂɢɧɨɜɚ ɢ 27. ɦɚɪɬɚ, Ʉɧɟɝɢʃɟ Ɉɥɝɟ – ȭɭɪɟ
ȭɚɤɨɜɢʄɚ, Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ Ɍɨɦɢɫɥɚɜɚ – ɂɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɛɪɢɝɚ-
ɞɚ, ɉɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ – Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚ Ƚɨɪɤɨɝ, Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ⱥɪ-
ɫɟ-ɧɚ – ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ Ƚɚɱɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɬɞ.180 ɇɢ ɦɧɨɝɢ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɢ

178
„Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ,“
ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ Ƚɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɝ. 4 ɛɪ. 15–16, 17.
4. 1948, 106.
179
ɉɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ 1944,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɜɪɚʄɟɧɨ 'ɫɬɚɪɨ' ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɚɜɫɤɚ 1947. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ –
Ɇ. Ʌɟɤɨ, ɧ. ɞ., 335.
180
Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɬɚɥɚɫ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɧ ɭ ɝɨɪɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɭ: ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɛɢɜɲɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚʂɭ ɉɟɬɪɭ
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ (ɩɨɩɭɬ Ɇɪɤɨʃɢʄ Ƚɪɚɞɚ, ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ȼɚɪɰɚɪ
ȼɚɤɭɮɚ, ɢ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɰɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɭ, ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ Ʉɚɫɬɟɥ Ʌɚɫɬɜɟ), ɫɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ (ɢ
ɫɟɥɚ) ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚʂɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɦ
ɜɪɚʄɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɀɚɛʂɚɤ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɪɦɢɬɨɪɭ, ɉɭɧɚɬ ɧɚ Ʉɪɤɭ, ɫɟɥɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ
Ʌɢɜɚɞɟ ɭ Ȼɚɧɚɬɭ – ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɨ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɇɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ
Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɟʃɚɱɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ
105
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɢ, ɬɟ ɞɨ 1948. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ

Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ, Ʉɧɟɝɢʃɟ ȴɭɛɢɰɟ – Ȼɨɥɟɫɥɚɜɚ
Ȼʁɟɪɭɬɚ, Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ – Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɐɪɜɟɧɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ, ɚ
Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ ɇɚɬɚɥɢʁɟ – ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ (Ɇɢɥɨɲ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ
Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄ ɡɚɞɪɠɚʄɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ). ȳɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ
ɦɧɨɝɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ (ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɦɭ-
ɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɢɦ): Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɚ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ (ɭɥɢɰɢ ɜɪɚʄɟ-
ɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɚ), ɉɚɲɢʄɟɜɚ (ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɇɭɲɢʄɟɜɚ),
Ɍɪɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɉɚɲɢʄɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ (Ɍɪɝ ɉɨɛɟɞɟ), Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ
ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝ (ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ ɧɚɻɟɧɚ 'ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɢʁɚ' ɩɨʂɫɤɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɚ Ʉɨɲʄɭɲɤɚ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɟʃɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɧɚ
(ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ) ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ,
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ (ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɱɟɫɬɚ
ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬɥɟʄɚ). ɇɟɨɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɚ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɚ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɨɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɛɢɬɧɢʁɢ ɨɞ
ɨɧɢɯ ɫɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɨɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɨɲ ɨɞ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ 19. ɜɟɤɭ, ɚ ʁɚɜɧɨ ʁɟ
ɧɩɪ. ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟ ɞɚ
„ɡɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɫ ɧɢɠɨɦ ɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɚ-
ɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, (...) ɚ ɡɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟɪ ɭ ɫɤɭɩɢɧɚɦɚ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ, ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ.“181
ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɤɪɢɛɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɯ, ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫ-
ɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ’ɧɟɩɨɠɟʂɧɢɯ’ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ, ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ
ɪɚɬɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ
ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ, ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ, ɬɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɧɢɤɟ
ɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɟ ɠɪɬɜɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ. ɉɪɚɜɰɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ
ɫɟ ɤɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɭ ɛɢɬɤɢ ɡɚ

Ɇɪɤɨʃɢʄɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɫɟɭɞɨɧɢɦ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨ-

ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ.
181
P. Šimunoviü, ɧ. ɞ, 18. ɍ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɫɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟʃɫɤɢ ɝɪɭɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ.
106
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ (Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ɉɫɥɨ-

ɛɨɻɟʃɚ, ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɫɤɚ) ɢ ɐɪɜɟɧɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ (ɍɥɢɰɚ
ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ), ɐɚɪɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ
Ɍɨɥɛɭɯɢɧɚ, ɚ Ɂɪɢɧɫɤɚ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨɩɚɧɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɨɤɭɩɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ – Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ) ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɭ ɀɞɚɧɨɜɭ. ɉɨ
ɧɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɋȺȾ Ɋɭɡɜɟɥɬɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ
ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɚ Ƚɪɨɛʂɚɧɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɻɢ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ
ɋɬɚʂɢɧɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɨɦ ɇɨɜɨɦ
ɝɪɚɞɭ (ɛɢɜɲɚ Ʉɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ). Ʉɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ-
ɦɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ ɩɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɚɧɬɢɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ
ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ: ɭɥɢɰɚ Ʌɨɥɟ Ɋɢɛɚɪɚ (ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɀɨɪɠɚ Ʉɥɟɦɚɧɫɨɚ, ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ), Ɏɪɚɧɰɚ
Ɋɨɡɦɚɧɚ (Ɍɪɢɝɥɚɜɫɤɚ, ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɑɚʁɟɬɢɧɫɤɚ), ȼɭɤɢɰɟ
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ (Ɂɥɚɬɢɛɨɪɫɤɚ), Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ɇɚɯɢɧɚ (ɋɪɛɨɛɪɚɧɫɤɚ),
Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ (Ʉɨɩɚɨɧɢɱɤɚ), ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ
(Ʉɧɟɝɢʃɟ Ɂɨɪɤɟ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɚɰ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɝɢɧɭ-
ɥɢɦ ɛɨɪɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɥɟɝɚɥɰɢɦɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɯɟɪɨʁɢɦɚ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɛɢʄɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ,
ɬɟ ʄɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1948. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɬɚɥɚɫɭ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɱɚɤ 47 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ
ɯɟɪɨʁɢɦɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
(ɧɩɪ. ɍɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ Ɂɞɪɚɜɤɚ ɑɟɥɚɪɚ, ɍɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɪɨɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɂɪɰɚ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ Ɋɢɮɚɬɚ
Ȼɭɪʇɟɜɢʄɚ Ɍɪɲɟ ɢ ɫɥ.),182 ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɚɧɬɢɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɢ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɚɬɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɝ-
ɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢɧɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɫɟɥɟ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɩɨ ’ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ’
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɟɩɨɩɟʁɚ (Ʉɨɪ-
ɞɭɧɚɲɤɚ – ɧɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ Ɂɜɟɡɞɚɪɢ, Ʉɨɪɞɭɧɚɲɤɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ –
ɛɢɜɲɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, Ȼɚɧɢʁɫɤɚ – ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɚ,

182
„Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɦɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ
Ƚɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɝ. 4 ɛɪ. 7, 14. 2. 1948, 45–51.
107
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ɂɟɥɟɧɝɨɪɫɤɚ – ɀɢɜɤɚ Ɍɨɩɚɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ɂɝɦɚɧɫɤɚ – ɉɟɬɪɚʂɢɱɤɚ

ɢɬɞ.), ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɨʁɟɧɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɜɨɞɢɥɚ
(ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɚ) ɛɨɪɛɚ (Ɍɪɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ – ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɚ,
Ʉɨɪɭɲɤɚ – ɧɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ, ɂɫɬɚɪɫɤɚ – ȴɭɛɟ
Ʉɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ, Ɉɩɚɬɢʁɫɤɚ – Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ʉɪɟɲɢɦɢɪɚ, ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ
ɡɜɚɧɚ ȼɭɤɚ Ɇɚɧɞɭɲɢʄɚ ɢɬɞ.).
ɑɟɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɢ
ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ ɫɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢʁɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ – ɱɢɬɚɜ
ɧɢɡ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ –
ɭɥɢɰɟ Ʉɧɟɝɢʃɟ ɉɟɪɫɢɞɟ ɢ Ʉɪɭɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɭ, ɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɚ Ɇɨɪɮɢʁɟɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚ; ɉɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ
Ʌɟʃɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ; ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɢɡ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ Ʌɟʃɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
(ɛɢɜɲɚ Ɍɜɨɪɧɢɱɤɚ) ɢ ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨɩɨʂɫɤɚ (ɭɥɢɰɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɫɩɚʁɚɥɚ Ɍɨɲɢɧ ɛɭɧɚɪ ɢ ɍɲʄɟ), ɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɋɬɚʂɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ
(ɉɨɟɧɤɚɪɟɨɜɚ, ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚ) ɢ Ɉɞɟɫɤɚ
(Ɂɟɧɤɥɟɨɜɚ, ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɚ). ɉɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ
ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɋɋɋɊ-ɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɨ 1948. ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ
(ɧɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ Ʌɟɤɢɧɨɦ ɛɪɞɭ), Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɤɚ (ɧɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɧɨɜɨɦ ɛɪɞɭ), ɍɪɚɥɫɤɚ ɢ Ʉɚɦɱɚɬɫɤɚ (ɧɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚ
Ʉɚɪɚɛɭɪɦɢ), Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɢ ȼɨɥɝɢɧɚ (ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚ Ɂɜɟɡɞɚɪɢ),
Ɉɪɟɥɫɤɚ, ȼɨɪɨʃɟɲɤɚ ɢ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɫɤɚ (ɧɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚ ȼɨɠɞɨɜɰɭ)
ɢɬɞ. Ʉɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ, ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɫɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ
(ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ), ɛɢɥɢ
ɧɚʁɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ
ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ (ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɦ ɫɚ ɚɧɬɢɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɦ) ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨɦ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ
ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ, ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ (ɢ
ʁɚɜɧɨ) ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɫɬ ɫɚ
’ɩɪɜɨɦ ɡɟɦʂɨɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ'. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɢ
ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɰɪɬɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ,
ɭɡ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɭ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ

108
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɨɩɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɦɪɬɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɐɪɜɟ-

ɧɨɚɪɦɟʁɚɰɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɧɚɞ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ
ɯɭɦɤɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɜɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ
ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ 20. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1944.183 Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ
ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ
1945. ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪɭ Ɇɢɥɟɬɢʄɭ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɧɨɜɨɫɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɚ
ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɚ ɚɜɢʁɚɬɢɱɚɪɚ.
ɇɨɜɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɢ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɇɈȻ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ
ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɟ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ. Ⱦɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɚ ɬɪɝɚ ɭ ʁɟɡɝɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ Ɍɪɝ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ (Ʉɧɟɠɟɜ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ) ɢ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢ
ɬɪɝ (Ʉɪɚʂɟɜ ɬɪɝ), ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɛɡɧɚʃɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ
ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ (ɚ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɫɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ). ɉɨ
ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɞɚɬɭɦɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ
ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ Ɍɪɝ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ (ȼɢɥɫɨɧɨɜ ɬɪɝ, ɡɚ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ), ɍɥɢɰɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ (ɏɚɪɬɜɢ-
ɝɨɜɚ, ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ), Ɍɪɝ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ (Ɍɪɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ
ɉɚɲɢʄɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ, ɡɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ȼɟʄɧɢɱɤɢ ɬɪɝ), 7. ʁɭɥɚ (Ʉɪɚʂɚ
ɉɟɬɪɚ), 29. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ (Ʉɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ) ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɜɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɨɰɢ
(ɨɫɢɦ Ɍɢɬɚ) ɧɢɫɭ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ, ɨɞ ɬɚɞɚ
ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ, ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɋɬɚʂɢɧ (ɭ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ) ɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ (ɛɢɜɲɚ Ȼɢɬɨʂɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɢ ɢ
Ⱦɨɛɚɧɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ), ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɭɡ ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɟ
ɀɞɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ Ɍɨɥɛɭɯɢɧɚ, ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɛɢɥɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɠɢɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɫɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɦ ɩɨ ʃɢɦɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɉɞ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ
ɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ

183
ɉɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɨɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɚɪɦɟʁɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ –
ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1944. ɧɢʄɢ ʄɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ 18 ɜɟʄɢɯ ɢ 32 ɦɚʃɚ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ – Olga Manojloviü Pintar, „'Široka
strana moja rodnaja' – Spomenici sovjetskim vojnicima podizani u Srbiji
1944–1954,“ Tokovi istorije 1–2 (2005), 137.
109
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ (ɪɚɧɢʁɚ

Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ), ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ 1947. Ɉɜɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ ɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɞ Ɍɢɬɨɜ ɪɨɻɟɧɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨʁ
ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ (ɇɈ): ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
(„ɭ ɱɚɫɬ 55-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ
ȳɨɫɢɩɚ Ȼɪɨɡɚ Ɍɢɬɚ“) Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧ ɩɨɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧɨɦ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɍɥɢɰɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɍɥɢɰɭ
Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ,
ɇɈ „ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ, ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ
ɛɢɜɲɢ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɚ ɜɟʄ ɞɨɛɢɨ
ɧɚɡɢɜ: Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ.“184 Ɍɚɤɨ ʄɟ Ɍɢɬɨ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɱɚɤ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ (ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ
ɢ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɭ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ – ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɭ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ, ɡɚ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ Ⱥɞɨɥɮɚ ɏɢɬɥɟɪɚ, ɬɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɭ Ȼɟɠɚɧɢʁɢ), ɢ
ɬɨ ɞɨ 1953. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ
ɧɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ – Ⱦɟɞɢʃɫɤɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɩɨ Ɍɢɬɭ ɫɭ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ
ɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ 'ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ', ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɥɢɰɟ (ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ)
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɢɯ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɢ Ɍɪɝ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ
Ɍɢɬɚ ɩɪɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɨ Ɍɪɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɫɚɪɚʁɟɜɫɤɚ ɍɥɢɰɚ
ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ – Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɚ ɫɤɨɩɫɤɢ ɉɥɨɲɬɚɞ
ɦɚɪɲɚɥ Ɍɢɬɨ ɢ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ Ɍɢɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɬɪɝ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ
Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɟ ɧɚ
ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɭ (ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ) ɫɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɪɨʁɚɥɢɫɬɢ-
ɱɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɢ-
ɦɚ, ɩɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ 'ɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ' ɞɪɭɲ-
ɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ 'ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ' ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ.185

184
„Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ (ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ Ƚɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɪɚɞɚ),“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ Ƚɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɪ. 21–22 ɝ. 3, 31. 5. 1947.
185
ɂ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɢɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɨɛɪɨʁ
ɦɟɪɢ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ;
ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɜ. Ɉɥɝɚ Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɨɜɢʄ ɉɢɧɬɚɪ, „'Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɟɧɚ.' (Ⱦɢɫ)
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ XX
ɜɟɤɚ,“ Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ 2–3 (2004).
110
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ

ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ

ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ (ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɚ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ) ʁɚɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ: ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɋɬɚɪɢ Ƚɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɰɢʂɚɧɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʁɭ
ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ (ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɭɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞ-
ɧɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ), ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɞɨ 1950. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɝɪɭ
ɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɬɟɤ ɞɜɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɭ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɟ
ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ ɢ Ʉɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ).
ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ – ɡɚɤʂɭɱɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɢɡ 1949.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɦ
ɫɚ ɇɈȻ-ɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ 19 ɨɞ ɨɤɨ
130 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɋɬɚɪɢ Ƚɪɚɞ (ɩɪɢ
ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɜɟʄɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɧɨɜɢɦ
ɩɨɪɟɬɤɨɦ). ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɞɟɥɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭ
ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɧɚ ɫɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɞɟʂɢɜɚɧɚ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɚʁɩɪɨɦɟɬɧɢʁɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɦɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞɢ-
ɲɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɛɢɬɧɢɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɢ-
ɦɚ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚʃɚ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ.186 Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɨɝ 'ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ'
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ
ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢʁɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧ-
ɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɻɭʁɭ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ

186
ɍ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1947. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ 13 ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɭʄɢ ɧɨɜɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ, ɦɟɻɭ 190 ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɭ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɨɦ Ƚɨɪʃɟɦ ɢ
Ⱦɨʃɟɦ Ƚɪɚɞɭ; ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ ʁɟ, ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ
(ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɑɚɪɲɢʁɟ ɢ Ɇɚɪɢɧ ɞɜɨɪɚ) ɨɞ ɨɬɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ 110 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɧɚ
ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɇɈȻ, ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɨɦ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɨɦ ɞɨɛɢɥɨ ʃɢɯ 29.
111
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɦɨɝɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ, ɪɚɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɢɥɢ

ɡɧɚɱɟʃɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɦɟɫ-
ɬɚ. ɍ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɛɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ
'Ʉɪɟɦʂɚ', ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ
ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ (ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ ɐɪɜɟɧɟ
ɚɪɦɢʁɟ) ɨɤɨ ɉɢɨɧɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɪɤɚ (ɪɚɧɢʁɟ Ⱦɜɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɪɤɚ), ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɞɨ 1941. ɛɢɥɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɢ ɡɞɚʃɟ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɜɢɯ
ɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɟ ɨɜɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ („ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɟɦɚ ɛɚɪɢʁɟɪɟ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ”) ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɡɜɟɡɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɨɜɟ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ
ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɡɞɚʃɚ ɋɚɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɢɡɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɜɟʄɚ ɢ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.187 Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ (ɬɚɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ) ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɨ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɨɲɬɟʄɟɧ ɢ ɭ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɭɫɟʂɚɜɚɬɢ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɧɨɜɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ: ɭ
ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢ Ⱦɨɦ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɤɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɭɫɟɥɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ
ɎɇɊȳ, ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɋɬɚɪɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɋɚɜɟɡɧɟ
ɜɥɚɞɟ, ɡɝɪɚɞɚ Ⱥɝɪɚɪɧɟ ɛɚɧɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɐɄ Ʉɉȳ, ɞɨɤ
ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɫɥɚʃɚʁɭʄɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɭ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɚ
ȼɪɟɦɟ ɭɫɟɥɢɥɨ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɝɥɚɫɢɥɨ Ȼɨɪɛɚ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɫɭ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɦɨʄɢ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
Ɉɜɚʁ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ-ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɫɩɥɟɬ ɭɩɨɬɩɭʃɟɧ ʁɟ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɝ Ⱦɨɦɚ ɫɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ
ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɫɥɚʃɚʁɭʄɟɝ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɢ ȿɧɝɟɥɫɚ (ɫɚɞɚ Ɍɪɝ
ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɉɚɲɢʄɚ), ɱɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɟ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨ--
ɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɥɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɟ ɭ
ɫɭɛɥɢɦɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɦɨʄɢ (ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ
ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɱɟɫɬɢɯ ɩɪɜɨɦɚʁɫɤɢɯ ɢ

187
ɋɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɥɨɝɢɤɨɦ ʁɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝɚ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ
ɩɪɜɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ 1996. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɫɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɡɜɟɡɞɟ ɫɚ ɜɪɯɚ ɤɭɩɨɥɟ
ɋɬɚɪɨɝ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɢ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ/ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɞɜɨɝɥɚɜɢɯ ɨɪɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ
ɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ.
112
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ). ɂɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɧɚɛɨʁ ɨɜɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ

ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ
Ɇɚɪɤɫɭ ɢ ȿɧɝɟɥɫɭ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧ ɢ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɢ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ „ɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɢɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡ-
ɦɚ.“188 Ʉɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɮɨɪɭɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɢɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ
ɧɟɭɩɢɬɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɢɦ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɢɪɚɨ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨɦ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥ-
ɧɨɦ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ – ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɭ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɭ.
ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɞ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɨɝ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ, ɚ
ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɫɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɧɟ ɉɚɥɚɬɟ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɞɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ (ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɐɄ ɋɄȳ) ɧɚ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,
ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚ-
ɞɢɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɲɬɚʃɟɦ ɞɟɥɚ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɦɨʄɢ (ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ
ɋɂȼ-ɚ ɢ ɐɄ ɉɚɪɬɢʁɟ) ɧɚ ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɩɨɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɢ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ.
ɉɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ, ɚ
ɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɢɫɩɟɥɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɬɢɦ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɚɬɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ Singidunum Novissima ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɚɧ ɩɥɚɧ
ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɦɪɟɠɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɨ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɚʁɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ.189 Ɉɞ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ, ɞɨ 1941. ɫɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚʁɦɢɲɬɟ ɢ ɚɟɪɨɞɪɨɦ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɚɤ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɢ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɥɭɱɧɢʁɟ. ɍɡ

188
Milan Šüekiü, „Živjeti na trgu,“ ýovjek i prostor 9/1987 (1987), 8.
189
Ɋɚɧɤɚ Ƚɚɲɢʄ, „ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɚʁɦɢɲɬɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ – Judenlager Semlin -
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɧɨɝ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ?,“ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ 29/2 (2011), 135.
113
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁ ɢɡ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚ, ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɨ ʁɟ

ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɭɪɛɚɧ(ɢɫɬɢɱɤ)ɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɤɟ. ɉɪɜɚ ɫɤɢɰɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɢ-
ʄɚ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɪɛɢɡʁɟɨɜɢɦ (Le Corbusier) ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ
'ɫɭɧɱɚɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ' ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɚ ɡɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɩɥɚɧ. ɍ ɚɩɪɢɥɭ (ɫɭɞɛɨɧɨɫɧɟ) 1948.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ – ʃɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɨ (ɚ ɢ
ɧɚɞɚʂɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ) ɧɚɫɢɩɚʃɟ ɦɨɱɜɚɪɧɨɝ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ
ʄɟ ɧɢʄɢ ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɝɪɚɞ. ɍ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɫɬɭɛ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʄɟ ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɞɧɟ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɟ – ɦɥɚɞɢ ɢɡ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢʄɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɮɢɪɦɟ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɝ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ
ɝɪɚɞɢɥɢɲɬɚ 11. 4. 1948, ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ ȼɥɚɞɚ Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ,
ɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɢɪɢɦɚ, ɪɟɤɚɨ: „Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢ, ɇɨɜɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʄɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɧɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɫɜɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ.“190
ɇɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɬɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɛɪɡɢɧɨɦ ɞɚ ɜɟʄ 1952. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ɚ 1955. ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ
Ȼɟɠɚɧɢʁɚ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢɦ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ
ɋɂȼ-ɚ (ɉɚɥɚɬɚ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ), ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ, ɧɚɫɟʂɟ
'ɉɚɜɢʂɨɧɢ', ɯɨɬɟɥ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ. ɇɚ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧ ʁɨɲ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɡɞɚʃɚ (ɨɞ
ɤɨʁɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ), ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨʁ
ɦɟɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɝɪɚɞ-ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɭʁɟ ɧɨɜɨ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɟ. ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨ,
ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚɨ ɢ 'ɞɜɨʁɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ' ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ
ɝɪɚɞɚ: „ɨɞɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɞʂɢ-

190
ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ Ɋɢɫɬɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɭɤɭ ɞɟɥɚ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɉɞɛɨɪ
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ – ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɪ., 2014), 362. Ɉɦɥɚɞɢɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ
ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɡɚɩɟɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɟ: „Ⱦɜɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɭɝɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɟ, ɚɥ' ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚ, ɝɪɚɞɢʄɟɦɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɤɨ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.“ – ɢɫɬɨ, 363.
114
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɜɨɫɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɛɢʁɟɞɢɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤ ɞɢɨ ɬɟɪɟɬɚ ɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ

ɩɪɟɞɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɬɢɧɟɧɰɢʁɟ.“191 Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɡɧɚɬɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɧɟ ɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɝɪɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦ ɞɢɫɥɨɰɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ
ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɭɤɚ ɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɢ-
ɧɭɢɬɟɬɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɨɦ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɫɚ
ɫɜɟ ɭɛɪɡɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɢ ɬɨ
ɢɡɦɟɲɬɚʃɟɦ ɞɟɥɚ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ 'ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ' ɞɟɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɂɧɢɰɢ-
ʁɚɥɧɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ
ɫɬɪɟɦɢɨ ɢɞɟʁɢ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ “ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧ ɨɞ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ ɛɢɜɲɟ
ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ – ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ (...) ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ
ɉɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɢ, ɱɢɫɬ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ
ɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɧɨɜɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɛɢɨ ɤʂɭɱɧɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɡɨɪ ɤɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ.”192 Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚ-
ʃɟ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ-ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ,
ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɢ ɞɚ „ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɪɭɲɟʃɟ
ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ“193 –
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɢ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ
ɡɟɦʂɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ (ɢ

191
Sanja Potkonjak i Tomislav Pletenac, „Grad i ideologija: ’kultura
zaborava’ na primjeru grada Siska,“ Etnološka tribina 19/1 (2007), 177.
192
ȴɢʂɚɧɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɦ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɪ, 2007), 248.
193
Olga Manojloviü Pintar i Aleksandar Ignjatoviü. „Prostori selektovanih
memorija: Staro Sajmište u Beogradu i seüanje na Drugi svestki rat,“ u
Kultura sjeüanja: 1941. Povijesni lomovi i savladavanje prošlosti, ur.
Sulejman Bošto i dr. (Zagreb: Disput, 2008), 107.
115
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ) ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧ, ɬɟɤ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ

ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɚ
ɜɢɡɢʁɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɥɚ
ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɟ ɢ
ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɬɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ: ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɐɂȺɆ-ɨɜɟ ɞɨɝɦɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ, ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫ-
ɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.194 ɍ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɨɪɚɤɭ, ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɧɢɤɚɞ
ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɭ ɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ɫɚɜɟɡɧɟ) ɞɪɠɚɜɟ,
ɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɝɪɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ
ɞɚʂɟ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜ ɩɪɢɦɚɬ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ
ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
Ɉɜɨ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɜɚɠɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ
ɨɜɨɝ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɜɚ ɧɨɜɨɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ Ⱦɚɤɢʄɚ (ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɲɥɚ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɫɨɦ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ) 1948. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɭ
ɢɫɬɨɦ ɤɜɚɪɬɭ (ɬɡɜ. ’ɉɚɜɢʂɨɧɢ’) ɫɭ 1953. ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɢ
ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɉɨɯɨɪɫɤɚ, ȳɨɠɟ ȼɥɚɯɨɜɢʄɚ, Ʌɭʁɚ
Ⱥɞɚɦɢɱɚ ɢ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɫɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ,
ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɬɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, Ʌɟʃɢɧɨɜ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ, 1957. ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɜɨʁ
ɧɚɡɢɜ, ɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɭ
ɉɚɥɚɬɢ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɞɟɪɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɍɲʄɭ – ɫɜɨʁɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɝ ɭɫɩɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɭ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɫɜɟ
ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɨʁ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɬɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ
en-bloc ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ
ɟɩɨɯɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ 1965. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ). Ɉɜɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨ
ɭɫɩɨɪɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ, ɜɟʄ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɨ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ’ɡɚɦɨɪɭ’ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ
ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɭɬ,

194
ȴ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɧ. ɞ, 244.
116
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɩɚʁɚɨ Ɂɟɦɭɧ ɫɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ, ɬɟɤ 1980. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ

ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ’ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢʁɟ’ ɢɦɟ ɩɨ ȿɞɜɚɪɞɭ Ʉɚɪɞɟʂɭ (ɧɚɤɨɧ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɫɦɪɬɢ). ɇɨɜɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɟɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞ-ʁɭɝɨ-
ɢɫɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɫɟɰɚɥɢ ɞɟɨ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧ ɤɚɨ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ (ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɟʂɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɋɂȼ-ɚ), ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ
ɞɟɫɢɝɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɉɪɜɢ, Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɢ Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ. ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ʄɟ ɉɪɜɢ
ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ 1969. ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ (Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ȺȼɇɈȳ-ɚ),
ɞɨɤ ʄɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɱɤɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ
ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ.195 Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɛɢɬɧɢɯ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧ ɤɚɨ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɚɧ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɦɚɤɚɪ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨɦ
ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɭ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ-
ɜɪɫɧɨɝ ’ɝɪɚɞɚ-ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ’. Ɉɜɨɦɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɨ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɧɚʁɛɢɬɧɢʁɟɝ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɫɢ ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨɝ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɚɭɬɨɩɭɬɚ – ɦɨɫɬ Ƚɚɡɟɥɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ 1970, ɚ ɢɦɟ ɦɭ
ʁɟ ɞɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɦɨɫɬɚ
Ɇɢɥɚɧ ȭɭɪɢʄ, ɪɟɤɚɜɲɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɨɜɚʁ ɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɫɤɨɱɢɨ ɋɚɜɭ ɤɚɨ
ɝɚɡɟɥɚ ɭ ɫɤɨɤɭ.“196 ɋɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ ɨɜɨɦɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ 1956. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɡɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ ɧɨɜɢ ɰɟɫɬɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɋɚɜɟ, ɨɧ ʁɟ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢʁɟ – Ɇɨɫɬ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ʁɟ ɨɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɦɟɻɭ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨʁɟ ɝɚ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɡɨɜɟ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɦɨɫɬ (ɩɨ
ɨɛɥɢɠʃɨʁ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɫɬɭ). ɋɥɢɱɧɨ
ɬɨɦɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ 1946.
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɧ ɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɦɚɪɲɚɥ Ɍɢɬɨ ʁɟ 'ɤɪɫɬɢɨ' ɨɜɚʁ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ
Ɇɨɫɬ ɐɪɜɟɧɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ.197 ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɨɜɚʁ

195
ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɨɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɦɟɫɬɚ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɛɢɥɟ ’ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɫɚɧɟ’ ɞɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɢ.
196
Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɚɜɫɤɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ,
2013), 26.
197
Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, „ɉɚɧɱɟɜɚɱɤɢ ɦɨɫɬ 1946. ɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɢ Ɋɭɫɢ,“
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 12. ɚɩɪɢɥ, 2008.
117
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɦɨɫɬ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɥɨɝɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɥɨ ɉɚɧɱɟ-

ɜɚɱɤɢ ɦɨɫɬ (ɢɥɢ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɚɰ), ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɦɨɫɬ.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɨ ɧɟɡɚɩɚɦʄɟɧ
ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧ
ɪɚɩɢɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɜɟɫ-
ɬɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɭ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢ-
ɦɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
Ʉɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ, ɤɚɨ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɚ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɚɨ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫ ɢ ɡɚɦɢɫɚɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ
ɞɟʁɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɭ, ɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɤɪɟɧɭɬ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ.198 Ɍɚ (ɫɜɟɬɥɢʁɚ) ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɤɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɨ ɭ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɡɟɦɚʂɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ 'ɩɭɬ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ' ɨɬɩɨɱɟɨ
ʁɟ ɪɚɡɢɥɚɠɟʃɟɦ ɫɚ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧɢɦ
ɋɋɋɊ-ɨɦ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɂɧɮɨɪɦɛɢɪɨɚ 1948. Ɉɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɞ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ
ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɟ ɞɨɜɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɧɢɡɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ,
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɚ, ɞɚɤɚɤɨ, ɢ ɞɨ
ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ-ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɫɟɬɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ
'ɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚɜɚʃɭ' ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɨɦ
ɩɥɚɧɭ. ɍ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɫɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɚʁʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɞ
1945. ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɟ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɢ ɋɚɜɟɡ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɟ, ɚ ɢɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ.
ɋɬɚʂɢɧ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɨ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ: ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɋɬɚʂɢɧɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɉɪɜɨɦɚʁɫɤɚ,
ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɢ Ɍɪɝ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɢɦɭɫɚ ɋɬɚʂɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ Ʌɟʃɢɧɨɜ,
ɧɨɜɨɫɚɞɫɤɚ ɋɬɚʂɢɧɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ – Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ ɢɬɞ. ɇɢ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɠɟʂɚɧ ɫɢɦɛɨɥ, ɬɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɉɪɨɥɟɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɚ (ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɢɦɟ
22. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ), ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ, ɭ

198
Boris Groys, “Back from the Future”, Third Text 17/4 (2003), 327.
118
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɀɟɥɟɡɧɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɫɥ.

Ɋɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ
ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɦɢʁɢ (Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɐɪɜɟɧɟ Ⱥɪɦɢʁɟ ɢ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɐɪɜɟɧɟ
Ⱥɪɦɢʁɟ) ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ɋɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɍɥɢɰɭ
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, ʁɚɫɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɨɤɪɟɬ ɤɚ
ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɭ 'ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ', ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɤɜɢɪɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɡɥɚɡɚ ɫɚ
ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ 'ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ', ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤ ɛɪɨʁ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɥɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ – ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ,
ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ: ɭɥɢɰɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɀɞɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ
Ɍɨɥɛɭɯɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɦɚʁɚ (1951) ɢ Ɋɚɬɧɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ (1952), ɋɬɚʂɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ʁɟ 1952. ɞɚɬ ʃɟɧ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɢ' ɧɚɡɢɜ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚ, ɚ Ʌɟʃɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ
Ɍɜɨɪɧɢɱɤɚ ɢɬɞ. ɇɢɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɜɲɢɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɦɚɩɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ
ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ. ɋɥɟɞɨɦ ɨɜɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ, ɢ ɩɨɫɦɪɬɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ
ɐɪɜɟɧɨɚɪɦɟʁɚɰɚ, ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ɍɪɝɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ (ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ), ɩɪɟɦɟɲɬɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ Ƚɪɨɛʂɟ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɰɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɤɥɨʃɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɢ
ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ-ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɢɡ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɢ
ɜɢɡɭɟɥɧɢ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɞɨʁɭɱɟɪɚɲʃɭ 'ɫɚɛɪɚʄɭ' ɩɨ ɨɪɭɠʁɭ ɢ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ. ɇɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ, ɢɩɚɤ,
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɧɢɯ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ, ɚ ɞɚʂɚ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɂ. Ʌɟʃɢɧɚ
ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɢ ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɱɟɥɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ
ɨɬɩɨʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɫɚ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɋɬɚʂɢɧɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʄɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ
ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɨɜɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ (ɞɚɤɚɤɨ, ɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚʃɟɦ ɨɩɫɟɝɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɪɚɬɚ), ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ 1965. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɚɜɢɨɧɫɤɟ
ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢ ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɟ ɀɞɚɧɨɜ ɢ
Ȼɢɪʁɭɡɨɜ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɀɞɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ Ɍɨɥɛɭɯɢɧ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɡɚɞ
'ɫɜɨʁɟ' ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɚ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɭ Ȼɢɪʁɭɡɨɜɭ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
119
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɇɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɫɚɤ ɫɚ ɂɫɬɨɤɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ

ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ, ɢ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ: ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ɍɢɬɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɚ ʁɨɲ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɠɚɪɨɦ, ɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɢɞɭʄɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɚɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ ɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ-
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɚɧɬɟɨɧ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɨɩɫɟɠɧɢʁɟ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɨɞɟʄɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɰɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɭ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ȿɞɜɚɪɞ Ʉɚɪɞɟʂ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɞ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ ʂɭɛʂɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ 1952. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɭ
Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɭ ɫɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ (ɛɢɜɲɚ ɋɬɚʂɢɧ-
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ), ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ (ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɋɬɚʂɢɧɨɜɚ) ɢɬɞ. ɍ ɝɥɚɜ-
ɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɢɦɚɨ ɛɚɪ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ-
ɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ Ɍɢɬɭ, ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ
ȳɭɠɧɨɝ ɭ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ
ȿɞɜɚɪɞɚ Ʉɚɪɞɟʂɚ (ɚ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ ʁɟ 1950. ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɠɚɧɢʁɢ), ȼɥɚʁɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɭ Ɇɨɲɟ ɉɢʁɚɞɟ, ȼɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ƚɥɢɝɨɪɚ ɭ
Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɚ ɇɟɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɭɥɢɰɟ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɫɬɢʄɚ ɭ ȭɢɥɚɫɨɜɭ, ɬɟ
ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɭɬɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ
Ȼɟɠɚɧɢʁɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨ Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧɭ ȭɢɥɚɫɭ. ɇɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɨɞɟʄɢ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɨɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ, ɜɟʄ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ – ɩɨ Ɍɢɬɭ ɫɭ ɞɨ
ɤɪɚʁɚ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ
(Ɍɢɬɨɜɚ Ʉɨɪɟɧɢɰɚ), ɋɪɛɢʁɢ (Ɍɢɬɨɜɨ ɍɠɢɰɟ), ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ
(Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞ) ɢ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɢ (Ɍɢɬɨɜ ȼɟɥɟɫ), ɞɨɱɢɦ ɋɬɪɧɢɲɱɟ ɭ
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢʁɢ 1947. ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ Ʉɢɞɪɢɱɟɜɨ, Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ 1949.
Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɨ, ɚ ɉɥɨɱɟ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ 1950. Ʉɚɪɞɟʂɟɜɨ. ɂ ɧɚ
ɭɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɩɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɢ ɫɩɨʂɧɟ ɢ
ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢʁɢ ɂȻ-ɚ)
ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɢ, ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ʁɚɜɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɜɨɻɟ ɢ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ 1948. ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ
ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɜɪɫɢ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɞɢɤɰɢʁɭ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ
ɧɚʁɝɥɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ
ɋɋɋɊ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧ ɤɭɥɬ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɬɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ
ɛɢɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɚɬɨɪɧɚ
ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɫɤɟ
120
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ (ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ,

ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɬɪɚɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ
Ʉɉȳ ɭ ɋɄȳ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɡɚɨɛɢʄɢ ɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɬ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɇɚɪɨɞ-
ɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɎɇɊȳ ɨ „ɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ,
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ“ 1953. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ
ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ
ɠɢɜɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɚ – ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɧɢʁɟ ȳɨɫɢɩ Ȼɪɨɡ Ɍɢɬɨ. ɍ
ɉɪɟɩɨɪɭɰɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ „ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ
ɞɟɥɨɦ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ-
ʃɚ ɩɭɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ,“ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ
ɨɞɥɭɤɟ „ɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɚ
ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ, ɩɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɚʁɚʃɭ.“ Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɢɜɲɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɠɢɜɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɨɰɢɦɚ „ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɲ-
ɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ“, ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɚ ɨɞɛɨɪɢɦɚ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɥ., ɞɚ „ɜɟʄ ɞɚɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɟʄɢ ɫɟ
ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɫɜɪɫɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚʁɭ“, ɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ „ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ Ɍɢɬɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɞɛɨɪɟʃɟ ɋɚɜɟɡɧɨɝ ɢɡɜɪɲɧɨɝ ɜɟʄɚ.“199
Ɉɱɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧ ɨɞ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɫɤɢɯ, ɱɚɤ ɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɩɨ ɠɢɜɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧ – ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ȼɥɚɞɟ, ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ
ʁɟ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥ, ɢ
ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧ ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ. Ʉɭɥɬ Ɍɢɬɨɜɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɬɨ
ɛɢɨ ɤɪɭɰɢʁɚɥɚɧ ɭ nation-building-ɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɫɢɥɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ (ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɜɨʂɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɟ) ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɫɜɢ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɨɰɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ
ɬɚɛɥɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɩɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ

199
„ɉɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɚ ɨ ɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ
ɥɢɫɬ ɎɇɊȳ ɛɪ. 39, ɝ. 9, 23. 9, 1953.
121
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ɍɢɬɚ. ɍ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɟɤ ɤɨʁɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ

(ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ (ɩɨɧɨɜɨ) ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ, ɬɟ ɫɟ
Ʉɚɪɞɟʂɟɜɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɜɪɚʄɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɦɟ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ, ɭɥɢɰɢ
Ɇɨɲɟ ɉɢʁɚɞɟ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ȼɥɚʁɤɨɜɢʄɟɜɚ, ɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ⱥɥɟɤ-
ɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ȳɭɠɧɢ; ȭɢɥɚɫɨɜɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɧɚ
ȼɪɚɱɚɪɭ ɞɚɬ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɚ ɭ Ȼɟɠɚɧɢʁɢ –
Ɂɟɦɭɧɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɚ ɇɟɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʄɟ
ɍɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɚ. ɍ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ʄɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-
ɧɟɪɢ ɛɢɜɚɬɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɬɟɤ ɩɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɫɦɪɬɢ:
ɬɚɤɨ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ (ɩɨɧɨɜɨ) ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɧɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ (1957) ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɨ Ɇɨɲɚ ɉɢʁɚɞɟ, ɭɥɢɰɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟ-
ɧɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ Ȼɨɪɢɫɭ Ʉɢɞɪɢɱɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɨ
(1953), ɍɥɢɰɚ ɞɪ Ʉɟɫɬɟɪɚ 1958. ɫɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɭ ȭɭɪɟ ɋɚɥɚʁɚ
ɢɬɞ. ɂ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɨɞɥɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɟɧ ʁɟ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ – ɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɱɢʃɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɜɢɞ
ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɧɢɡ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɉɚɬɪɢɫɚ Ʌɭɦɭɦɛɟ
(1961), ȹɨɧɚ Ʉɟɧɟɞɢʁɚ (1963), Ƚɟɨɪɝɟ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɭ Ⱦɟɠɚ (1965),
ɏɨ ɒɢ Ɇɢɧɚ (1969), ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚ Ⱥʂɟɧɞɟɚ (1973) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɞ
ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɢɦɚɤɚ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɟɬɢɨɩɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɏɚɢɥɟ
ɋɟɥɚɫɢɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɡɚ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, 1972. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ɉɞ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɜɟ ʁɟ ɪɟɻɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚ-
ɻɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ. Ⱦɨ ɦɟʃɚʃɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚ-
ʃɚ ɩɪɟɪɢɮɟɪɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɭɠɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭ ɀɚɪɤɨɜɭ, Ɇɢɪɢʁɟɜɭ, Ɇɚɥɨɦ
ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ Ɇɨɤɪɨɦ Ʌɭɝɭ ɢ ɫɥ., ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨ-
ʁɟʄɢɦɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɚ ɭ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ (ȼɢɞɢɤɨ-
ɜɚɰ, Ɇɢɪɢʁɟɜɨ, Ʉɨɬɟɠ, Ʉɪʃɚɱɚ ɢɬɞ.), Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ (ɇɨɜɚ Ƚɚɥɟɧɢɤɚ,
Ɂɟɦɭɧ ɉɨʂɟ) ɢ ɧɨɜɨɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ, ɧɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɫɭ

122
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢ-

ɰɚɦɚ (ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɜɚɧ ɡɟɦʂɟ)
ɢ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ (ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɇɈɉ-ɚ ɢɬɞ.), ɚ ɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ
ɩɨ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɬɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɭ Ʉɪʃɚɱɢ ɫɭ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɛɨɪɰɢ ɢ ɠɪɬɜɟ
ɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɬɟɪɨɪɚ: Ȼɪɚɧɤɭ Ɇɨɦɢɪɨɜɭ, Ƚɪɝɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɚɧɨɜɢ-
ʄɭ ɢ Ȼɪɚʄɢ Ɇɚɪɢʄ). Ɉɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ʁɨɲ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɪɭɛɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ, ɭ ɡɚɨɤɪɟɬɭ ɜɢɲɟɞɟɰɟ-
ɧɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɢɜɚʃɚ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɚ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɩɪ. ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟ-
ɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɢɡ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ Ɇɨɤɪɨɦ Ʌɭɝɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ
ɩɨɧɟɨ ɨɞɨɦɚʄɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɢɱɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ: Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜ
ɤɥɚɞɟɧɚɰ, ɉɟɬɤɨɜ ɤɥɚɞɟɧɚɰ, Ɋɢɫɬɢɧ ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɢ
ɢɬɞ. ɍ ɀɚɪɤɨɜɭ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
Ɂɦɚʁɟɜɚɰ ɢ Ɋɟɩɢɲɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɭ ɀɚɪɤɨɜɭ ɠɢɜɟɨ ɡɦɚʁ ɢɫɩɪɭɠɟɧ ɨɞ Ɂɦɚʁɟɜɰɚ (ɝɥɚɜɚ) ɞɨ
Ɋɟɩɢɲɬɚ (ɪɟɩ).200 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ, 1980. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ
Ɇɢɪɢʁɟɜɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ-
ɧɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ (ɒɟɜɚɪɢɰɟ, ȶɭɪɬɨɜɨ ɛɪɞɨ, Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɬɟ ɢ
ɞɪ.), ɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɚ Ⱦɜɚ
ɛɟɥɚ ɝɨɥɭɛɚ, ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɭ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ (ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɨɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ) ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ
ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɚɧ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɨ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ,
ɦɚɤɚɪ ɜɚɧ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. ɂɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢʁɟ ɭɡ Ɇɢɪɢʁɟɜɫɤɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɚ Ɋɨɫɩɢ
ʄɭɩɪɢʁɚ (ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɭ ɫɚ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ), „ɩɨ ɦɨɫɬɭ ɧɚ
Ɇɢɪɢʁɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɭ ɫɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ
ɛɚɰɚɧɟ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɠɟɧɟ ɨɫɭɻɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɦɪɬ.“201

200
Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 2: ɇ–ɒ..., 654.
201
ɂɫɬɨ, 660.
123
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ɉɞ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɚ ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠ-

ɛɟɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɢɧɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧo ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɭɤɟ ɨɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪɟ (ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ), ɩɚ ɧɢ ɦɨɞɭɫ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ (ɧɟɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ), ɜɟʄ ɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ, ɧɟɫɬɚʁɟ,
ɛɪɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɜɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, 1979. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢʁɚɬ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ-
ʂɚʃɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ
ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ (ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ
ʁɟɡɝɪɚ), ɝɞɟ ɛɢ ɨɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ
Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ.202 ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ
(ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɨ, ɭ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɜɢɞɢɦɚ ɨ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ
ɧɚɱɢɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɦɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɚɲɚɨ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɥɨɦɨɜɚ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ
ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢ
ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɦɚɤ ɨɞ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ
ɫɦɚʃɟɧɨɝ ɮɨɤɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ
ɨɫɟɬɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɜɟ ɪɟɻɟɝ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɜɟʄ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɜɨʁ
ɧɚɡɢɜ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɜɨ 'ɡɚɬɢɲʁɟ' ɭ ɜɟʄ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɧɨʁ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞ-
ɫɤɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɛɢʄɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɨ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɦ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɜɚɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɨ ɪɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ
ɭɧɭɬɪɚʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ɬɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ
ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚʃɟɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɭ

202
Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1: Ⱥ-Ɇ..., 6.
124
 Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ

ɫɰɟɧɭ. ɋɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ

ɜɨɞɟʄɟɝ ɩɪɨɦɨɬɟɪɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ, ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ-
ɱɤɨɝ ɦɨɡɚɢɤɚ, ɚ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɚɤɬɟɪɢ. Ⱥɧɬɢɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ, ɚɧɬɢʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɢ
ɚɧɬɢɬɢɬɨɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɬɚɥɚɫ ɭɫɤɨɪɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɩʂɭɫɧɭɨ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɟ
ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɩɚ ɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɭ
Ɍɢɬɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ 1990. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ
Ɍɢɬɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨɝ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ,
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ. ɉɨɤɭɲɚʁɢ ɫɤɢɞɚʃɚ
ɬɚɛɥɢ ɫɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚʄɟɧɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɫɚ
ɦɢɥɢɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɜɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ „Ɏɚɲɢɫɬɚ, ɮɚɲɢ-
ɫɬɚ!“203 Ⱦɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɧɬɢ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɪɚɥɢ:
„Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ!“, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ
ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ, ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜ
ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɟɝ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ (Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ), ɬɚɤɨ ɢ
ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɢɦɟ.

203
„ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ 1990“, ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɫɤɚ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ Ɍȼ,
ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1990.
125
 ɌɊȺȾɂɐɂȳȺ ɍ ɌɊȺɇɁɂɐɂȳɂ.
ɉɈɋɌ-ȽɊȺȾ204

Ɉɞ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɞɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ205

ȿɩɨɯɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟ-

ɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 20. ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ 'ɪɚɞɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ' ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɨ ɭ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ 'ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ', ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɭ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ-
ɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢ-
ɪɚɥɟ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɥɟ 'ɧɨɜɢ' ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ
ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ, ɬɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɭ ɦɚɩɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ȼɪɟɥɨ
ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɚɤɪɢɬɢ, ɬɟ ɬɚɤɨ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ 24. ʁɭɥɚ 1991. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɞɚʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ ɡɚ „ɭɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚ, ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ,
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɟ ɡɚ ɩʂɚɱɤɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɋɪɛɢ-
ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɫɟʂɟʃɟ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɢɲɟɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɫɤɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɭ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ – ɤɚɨ ɢ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ.“206 ȿɭɮɟɦɢɡɚɦ „ɩʂɚɱɤɚɲɢ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ“ ɫɤɪɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ) ɢɡ
ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɞɨʁɭɱɟɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɭɡɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɰɚ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɬɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ

204
ɉɪɜɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɞɧɚɫɥɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨ ɢɡ Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ɇɚɥɟɲɟɜɢʄ,
„Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ: ɭ ɩɨɬɪɚɡɢ ɡɚ 'ʁɨɲ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɦ ɢ ɥɟɩɲɢɦ'
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɨɦ,“ ɭ ȿɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ: ɫɬɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ,
ɭɪ. ȴ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, 2005).
205
ɉɨɞɧɚɫɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɟɧ ɢɡ Ivan ýoloviü, Bordel ratnika (Beograd:
Biblioteka XX vek, 2000), 153.
206
ɂ. Ⱥɧɨʁɱɢʄ ɢ ɞɪ, „Ɂɚɫɟɞɚʃɟ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,“
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 25 ʁɭɥ, 1991.
127
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

(ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧɚ

ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɨɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɛɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɋɄ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ – ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɛɨʁɤɨɬɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɭ
ɫɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ), ɫɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɲɬɟɬɨɦ, ɬɟ ʁɟ
ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɚ
ɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɨ, ɡɧɚɤɨɜɢɬɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ/ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɭɤɥɚʃɚʁɭ (ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ), ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚʁɭ (ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ). ɍ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢɡ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ȳɨɫɢɩɚ Ȼɪɨɡɚ Ɍɢɬɚ (ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ),
ȿɞɜɚɪɞɚ Ʉɚɪɞɟʂɚ, Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɢ ȿɧɝɟɥɫɚ, Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɚ (ɢ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ), ɏɨ ɒɢ Ɇɢɧɚ, ɏɚɢɥɚ ɋɟɥɚɫɢɚ, ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ
Ɋɚɞɢʄɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ 'ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ', Ɉɤɬɨɛɚɪɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ
ɢɬɞ. ɇɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ Ⱦɨʃɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɢ Ⱦɪɭɝɢ
ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɩɨɞɢɱɢɬɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɥɚ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, „ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ”, ɢ ɬɨ: 'ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ', ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɉɚɲɢʄ,
ɂɥɢʁɚ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ, Ⱥɪɫɟɧɢʁɟ ɑɚɪɧɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɤɪɚʂ ɉɟɬɚɪ I
Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄ, ɀɚɧɤɚ ɋɬɨɤɢʄ,207 Ɇɢɥɚɧ
Ɍɟɩɢʄ208, ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ɍɟɫɥɚ209, ɪɟɤɚ ɋɚɜɚ210 ɢɬɞ. 'ɑɚɫɬ' ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ

207
ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɡɜɚɥɚ Ʌɚɡɟ ɋɢɦɢʄɚ, ɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ
ɫɟʃɚɱɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɀɚɧɤɢ ɋɬɨɤɢʄ, ɩɨ ɋɢɦɢʄɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ
Ʉɪʃɚɱɢ. Ɇɨɬɢɜ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɲ ɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɡɨɜɟ ɩɨ ɀɚɧɤɢ ɋɬɨɤɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ
ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɪɟɡɨɧ ɢɡɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɀɚɧɤɟ ɋɬɨɤɢʄ ɢ ɫɟʂɟʃɚ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ Ʌɚɡɟ ɋɢɦɢʄɚ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ
ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ: ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɀɚɧɤɚ ɋɬɨɤɢʄ ɡɛɨɝ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɝ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɤɨɦɢɱɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɫɭɻɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɭ ɨɞ ɨɫɚɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ (ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ ʁɟ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɚɤ ɭɤɢɧɭɬɚ), Ʌɚɡɚ ɋɢɦɢʄ, ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪ ɢ ɱɥɚɧ Ʉɉȳ,
ɪɚʃɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɡɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɞɢɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɦ Ɋɚɯɟɥɨɦ Ȼɚɪɭɯ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɟʂɚɧɢ –
Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ. ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1: Ⱥ–Ɇ, 421.
208
ɇɟɫɤɪɢɜɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɚ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɭ
Ɋɚɞɢʄɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɪɭ ȳɇȺ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ 1991. ɭ
ɛʁɟɥɨɜɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɫɚɪɧɢ (ɍɥɢɰɚ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ Ɍɟɩɢʄɚ ɨɞ 1992), ɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ
128
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɩɪɜɟ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ

Ɍɪɝ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɢ ȿɧɝɟɥɫɚ, Ɍɪɝ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ
ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, ɢ ɭɥɢɰɟ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɚ, ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ
Ɋɚɞɢʄɚ, ɏɨ ɒɢ Ɇɢɧɚ ɢ Ʌɟʃɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ.211 ȼɟʄ ɥɟɬɢɦɢɱɚɧ
ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɦɚɩɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɡɛɨɝɨɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ
ɩɨɤɪɟɬɭ ɢ ɧɟɫɜɪɫɬɚɧɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɢɲɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫ-
ɬɢɱɤɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ. Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɦɚʃɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɢ
ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ) ɩɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɩɚɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɫɭ
'ɢɡɜɚɻɟɧɟ' ɢɡ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ –
ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɥɚ
ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɭ 'ɪɟɯɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢʁɭ' ɫɦɟɲɬɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ
ɬɚɛɥɟ (ɉɚɲɢʄ, Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ɢɬɞ.), ɢ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɟɪɰɢɩɢɪɚɧɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɪɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ ɬɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ (ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ
ɑɚɪɧɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ȼɨʁɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɫɥ.).212
Ɉɞɪɢɰɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɞɨɫɤɨɪɚɲʃɟɝ ɲɟɮɚ
(ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ) ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɦɟʃɚʃɟɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ

ɢɫɤɚɡɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɲɟɮɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ

ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚ ɜɚɧ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ.
209
ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɜɟʄ ɢɦɚɨ ɭɥɢɰɭ, ɢ ɬɨ ʁɨɲ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɨɞ 1925.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫɚɞɚɲʃɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ Ⱦɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ʉɨɫɬɢʄɚ.
210
ɋɚɜɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ Ɍɪɝɚ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ.
211
„Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ
ɥɢɫɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 5/1992, 21. ɦɚɪɬ 1992.
212
Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɨɱʂɢɜ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɤɨɞ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɭ ɫɨɛɟ ɢ
ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨʁɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ ɡɚ 'ɧɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɟ': ɬɚɤɨ
ɨɞ 1992. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ,
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ ɉɱɢʃɫɤɨɝ (ɭ ʁɟɤɭ ɬɢɯɨɝ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ
ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɫɚ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɨɤɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ
ɉɪɜɨɝ ɡɚɫɟɞɚʃɚ ȺɋɇɈɆ-ɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɭ ʁɭɠɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ),
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟɧɫɤɚ, Ȼɨɠɢʄɧɚ ɢ ɫɥ. – „Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɚ, Ɂɜɟɡɞɚɪɚ, ȼɨɠɞɨɜɚɰ, ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
Ɂɟɦɭɧ, ɋɚɜɫɤɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɢ ɝɪɚɞ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɥɢɫɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
8/1992, 15. 5. 1992.
129
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ

Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ 15. ɦɚʁɚ 1992. ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ, ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ (Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ), ɜɟʄ ɍɥɢɰɨɦ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ʁɚɫɚɧ ɟɯɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɨɝ Ɍɪɝɚ
ɠɪɬɚɜɚ ɮɚɲɢɡɦɚ ɭ Ɍɪɝ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɚ 1990. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.213
ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɚʄɢ ɢ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɦ
ɦɨɬɢɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɨɛɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ – ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢ-
ɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɚɫɥɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɟɥɚɝɨɞɧɨ ɨɫɟʄɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɭ ɍɥɢɰɢ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ
Ɍɢɬɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɨɦ Ɍɪɝɭ ɠɪɬɚɜɚ ɮɚɲɢɡɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ
ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ
ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɍɥɢɰɚ Ɋɚɫɬɤɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ, ɚ ɤɪɨɡ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ
ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɚɜɚʃɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ ɞɨ Ɍɟɪɚɡɢʁɚ, ɬɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ ɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɟ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɟ (ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɢ
ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɨɜɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɭʄɟ).214 Ɉɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ Ɍɢɬɨɜɨɝ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ: ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɨ ɤɚɨ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɛɢɬɧɢʁɢɯ (ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɛɢɬɧɢʁɢ) ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢ
ɦɚɪɤɟɪ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɨɞ 1990. ɫɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɢ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɩɚ ɢ ɢɡ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɛɢɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ – ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɭ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ,

213
ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ, ɭ ɱɚɤ ɲɟɫɬ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ (ɉɨɠɚɪɟɜɚɰ, ɉɢɪɨɬ,
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɚɰ, Ⱥɩɚɬɢɧ, ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚɰ ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɜɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚ ɉɚɥɚɧɤɚ), ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɟ ɭɥɢɰɨɦ
ɋɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ.
214
ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ, 1991. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʁ ɲɤɨɥɢ „ȳɨɫɢɩ
Ȼɪɨɡ Ɍɢɬɨ“ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɨɦ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ
ɧɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ (ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɞɭɯɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɨɜɚ
ʁɟ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɚ „ȳɨɜɚɧ Ⱦɭɱɢʄ“) – „Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ
ɲɤɨɥɟ 'ȳɨɫɢɩ Ȼɪɨɡ Ɍɢɬɨ',“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɥɢɫɬ Ƚɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 24, 4. 12.
1991, 1635.
130
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɪɟɞɨɜɚ ɬɚɞɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ

ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɢɦɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ Ɍɢɬɭ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ,
ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɡɛɪɢɲɟ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ – ɢɩɚɤ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɭɛɧɨɦ ɪɭɪɛɚɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ ȼɢɲʃɢɰɚ
ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɭɥɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ. Ɉ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɚʃɭ ɧɚ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ 'Ɍɢɬɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ' ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ
ɛɪɡɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɫɚɬɟɥɢɬɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɬɟɤ 2004.
(Ȼɚɬɚʁɧɢɰɚ), ɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦɚ ɧɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɜɚʃɚ (ȼɢɲʃɢɰɚ, Ⱦɨɛɚɧɨɜɰɢ, ɋɥɚɧɰɢ, Ȼɨɥɟɱ, Ʌɟɲɬɚɧɟ ɢ
Ɇɟʂɚɤ).
ɋɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɨɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɫɜɪɝɧɭɬɢ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɰɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɲ-
ʃɟɝ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɢ ȿɧɝɟɥɫɚ ɭ Ɍɪɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɉɚɲɢʄɚ – ɨɱɟɜɟ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɬɚɰ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞʃɚɲɬɜɚ,
ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫ-
ɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɤɚ (ɪɟ)ɚɤɬɭɟɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚ-
ɦɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɢɜɚɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɦ
ɩɨɫɬʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ. ɍɫɤɨɪɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɉɚɲɢʄɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ
Ɂɨɪɚɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦ ɩɢʁɟɞɟɫɬɚɥɭ,
ɡɚɭɡɟɜɲɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɫɭɻɟɧɨɝ (ɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝ) ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ Ɇɚɪɤɫɭ ɢ
ȿɧɝɟɥɫɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɚɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɭ ɩɨɪɭɤɭ ɢ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɡɦɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨʁ
ɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɰɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɟ (ɪɟ)ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɫɬʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɚɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɥɨɫɟɤɚ: ɫɬɢɰɚʃɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɭɫɩɨɧɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡ(ɚ)ɦɚ, ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɚʃɚ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝ, ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɧɨɝ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɟɪɭɩɬɢɜɧɭ ɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨ-

131
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɪɢʁɭ;215 ɞɨɤ ɨɬɩɨɱɢʃɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɟɦ

ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢ-
ɪɚʃɚ, ɨɫɭɞɟ ɢ ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɨ-
ɥɨɝɢʁɟ. ɇɨɜɢ, ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɢ ɫɭ ɬɢɦɟ ɛɢɥɢ
ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɟ, ɢ ɨɜɟ ʁɟ
ɛɢɬɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɦɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɩɨɬɩɨɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ
ɟɬɧɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ: ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢ-
ɰɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɟɬɧɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɭ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɢ
Slovenska cesta, ɚ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ ɉɥɨɲɬɚɞ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ) ɢɥɢ ɞɪɠɚ-
ɜɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ-ɦɢɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɜɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɫ-
ɬɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɟɬɧɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɫɟ-
ɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ „ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɞʃɨʁ ɢ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ
ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɭ
ɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ.“216
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, 'ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɬɪɚɜɟɫɬɢʁɚ' ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɲɥɚ ɧɚ 'ɪɟɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɭ' ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ, 'ɩɪɟɬɤɨ-
ɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ' ɭɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɭ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɛɪɡɨ
ɭɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɧ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ 'ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ', ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɱɢɦ ɩɪɟ
ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢʄɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɛɪɢɫɚɬɢ.217 ɋ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɭ Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɭ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɜɪɚʄɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ
(ɢɡ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɟɩɨɯɟ), ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɞɚɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ
ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɨɫɢɦ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ – ɬɟɤ ɞɟɥɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ 7. ʁɭɥɚ

215
Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ ɉɪɨɲɢʄ-Ⱦɜɨɪɧɢʄ, „Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ 'ɪɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ': ɩɭɬ ɭ
ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟɦ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ,“ Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɋȺɇɍ XLIV (1995): 307.
216
Laura Kolbe, “Central and Eastern European Capital Cities: Interpreting
www-pages – History, Symbols and Identity,” Planning Perspectives 22
(2007).
217
Krisztina Fehervary, “American Kitchens, Luxury Bathrooms, and the
Search for a 'Normal' Life in Postsocialist Hungary,” Ethnos 67/3 (2002).
132
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɜɪɚʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɩɨ ɤɪɚʂɭ ɉɟɬɪɭ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɢʄɭ, ɬɟ

ʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ʉɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɨ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ ɏɚɢɥɭ ɋɟɥɚɫɢɭ. ɍ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɛɢɨ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢʁɢ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ (Ʉɨɡɚɪɚ, Ɇɚɤɫɢ-
ɦɚ Ƚɨɪɤɨɝ, Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ, Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɥ.) 1992.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɜɪɚʄɟɧɚ ɬɡɜ. ɫɬɚɪɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ (ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ,
ɉɪɟɝɪɟɜɢɰɚ, Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ, Ⱦɨɛɚɧɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɢɬɞ.), ɢ ɬɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ
ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ
(ɬɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɢɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ I, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɢɨ ʃɟɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɞɨ
ɪɚɬɚ, ɜɟʄ Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɜɚɥɚ ɞɨ 1923.).218 Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ
ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɧ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɧɚ 'ɫɬɚɪɨ', 'ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɨ' ɫɬɚʃɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ 'ɚɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ' ɟɩɢɡɨɞɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ – ɩɪɟɤɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ
ɛɟɡ 'ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝ' ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɻɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ/ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧɚ – ɢɚɤɨ
ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ
ɨɩɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ Ʌɟʃɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɢ ɐɪɜɟɧɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ, ȳɇȺ ɢ
Ɋɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, ɭɥɢɰɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɀɞɚɧɨɜɚ, ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ,
ɬɪɝ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ɍɭɰɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɬɞ. Ɂɧɚɬɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɩɚɧɬɟɨɧɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɇɈȻ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɢ.

218
Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ, „ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɦɚ
'ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ' – ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɨɝ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ
ɜɢɲɟ, ɧɟɤɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɬ-ɲɟɫɬ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɜɨɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɥɚɡɢɲɬɚ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ, ɬɨʁɟɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ 'ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ' ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚ ɢ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ
ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɬɚʁ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɧɢ ɭ ɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɬɢ.“ – Nebojša
Dragosavac, „Masovna promena naziva ulica kao deo preimenovanja
prošlosti i obraþuna sa Narodonooslobodilaþkom borbom i avnojevskom
Jugoslavijom,“ u Antifašistiþki Narodnooslobodilaþki rat u Jugoslaviji i
savremenost, ur. N. Dragosavac (Beograd: Društvo za istinu o antifašistiþkoj
narodnooslobodilaþkoj borbi u Jugoslaviji 1941–1945, 2004), 377.
133
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

Ɍɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞ-

ɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɍɢɬɭ ɢ Ʉɚɪɞɟʂɭ,
ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ-ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɚɧ, ɫɜɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʃɢɦɚ,
ɜɟʄ ɫɟ (ɩɨɩɭɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭ-
ʄɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ) ɧɢʁɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧ-
ɬɚɧ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬ, ɚ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɲɬɨ
ɲɢɪɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɜɨɦ.219 ɂɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ (ɡɥɨ)ɭɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ
ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɩɚ
ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɪɟɰɢɤɥɢɪɚɨ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɢɫɚɨ ɩɨʁɚɦ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧ-
ɫɬɜɚ220 (ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɢ-
ɧɭɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɋɊȳ ɫɚ ɋɎɊȳ), ɭ ʁɟɤɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɭ ɛɢɜɲɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ 'ɚɧɬɢɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ'
ɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɟɬɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɬɚ221 ɢ ɫɥ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɨɩɨɪɬɭɧ ɢɞɟʁɧɢ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɟɤɥɟɤ-
ɬɢɰɢɡɚɦ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ,
ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɨʁ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨʁ ɧɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢ
ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɭ ɇɈɊ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɢ.

219
Erik Gordi. Kultura vlasti u Srbiji (Beograd: Samizdat B92, 2001), 21–
33.
220
ɉɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɥɭɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟʂ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ
ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɫɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ
ɦɭɥɬɢɩɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ – Marina Simiü. „EXIT u Evropu: Popularna muzika i
politike identiteta u savremenoj Srbiji,“ Kultura 116/117 (2006): 117.
221
Ildiko Erdei, „Medijska konstrukcija realnosti korišenjem razliþitih
vremenskih modela i perspektiva,“ u Kulture u tranziciji, ur. Mirjana Prošiü-
Dvorniü (Beograd: Plato, 1994): 131.
134
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɧɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɢɦɧɟ ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɟ

ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɡ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɥɢɦ ɢɡ ɋɎɊȳ. ɋɜɚɤɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ,
ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɨ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɚ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɪɟɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ/ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ
ɞɚʁɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɲɟ ɜɥɚɫɬ
ɧɚɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ. Ⱦɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɚɤ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ: Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɬɡɜ. ɋɚɜɟɡɧɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ (ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ), ɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ
ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ 'ɫɜɢɯ ɋɪɛɚ', ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚ ɦɚʃɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɢɦ
ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɛɢɜɲɢɯ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ, ɫɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɚ
ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɤɪɢɜɟɧɢɦ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɚ ɨɛʁɟɞɢʃɚɜɚʃɭ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ
ɞɪɠɚɜɭ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ
ɛɢɨ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɛɥɚɧ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨ Ʉɚɪɥɨɛɚɝɚ, Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɚ ɢ ȼɢɪɨɜɢɬɢɰɟ,
ɢɥɢ „ɨɞ ɏɨɪɝɨɲɚ ɞɨ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɲɚ“. ɋɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɫɟɝɨɦ 'ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ', ɬɟ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ
ɩɥɟɞɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɱɤɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ
ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ ɨɩɫɟɠɧɨ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɨɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ
ɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɫɤɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɧɨɜɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚ –
ɰɢʂɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɝɨɜɚɥɟ ɨɧɚʁ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɟɝ
ɫɭ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢ ɠɟɥɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɚʁɭ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɢ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɬɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ
ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɜɢɞɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɬɨ
ɨɩɨɪɬɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ. 'ɉɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ' ɫɬɚɥɨ
ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɩɚʁɚ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥ ɢ ȼɚɪɨɲ ɤɚɩɢʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɡɨɜɟ Ʉɪɚʂɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ 7. ʁɭɥɚ – ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ
135
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɬɢɪɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ

ɫɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟɝ
ɟɫɬɚɛɥɢɲɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ (ɩɪɟ)ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢ-
ɱɧɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
ɋɉɋ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɨ ɜɥɚɫɬ. Ɉɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ 1997. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɢ ɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ
ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢɦ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ.
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ (ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɥɢ
ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ,
ɱɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɫɭɩɚɪɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ), ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɩɨɪɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ, ɚ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɚ,
ɦɚɯɨɦ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ.222 ɇɨɜɚ/ɫɬɚɪɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɇɈȻ-ɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ:223 ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ɋɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ
Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ, ɐɪɜɟɧɟ Ⱥɪɦɢʁɟ – ȳɭɠɧɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ,
ɭɥɢɰɚ ȭɭɪɟ ɋɬɪɭɝɚɪɚ – ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ, Ɏɢɥɢɩɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɢʄɚ –
ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ, ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ – Ʉɧɟɝɢʃɟ Ɂɨɪɤɟ, Ɇɨɲɟ
ɉɢʁɚɞɟ – Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ, ɋɚɜɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄɚ – Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɫɤɚ, ɬɪɝ Ⱦɢ-
ɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ɍɭɰɨɜɢʄɚ – ɬɪɝ ɋɥɚɜɢʁɚ ɢɬɞ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɰɪɩɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɬɟɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɟɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ, ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ (ɧɢɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ) ɚɭɬɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɢ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɚɧ – ɬɚɤɨ ɭɥɢɰɢ Ʌɨɥɟ Ɋɢɛɚɪɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɜɪɚʄɟɧ ɧɚʁɪɟɰɟɧɬɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ (ɀɨɪɠɚ
Ʉɥɟɦɚɧɫɨɚ), ɧɢɬɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɨ (Ȼɢɬɨʂɫɤɚ), ɜɟʄ

222
Ɉɫɢɦ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ Ʌɟʃɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɭ ɉɭɩɢɧɭ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɚ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɨɝ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɟ.
223
ɋɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɨɦ ɍɥɢɰɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɜɪɚʄɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ.
136
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɧɚɡɢɜ ɋɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɞɨ 1922. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ

ɬɨɦɟ, ɭɥɢɰɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɀɞɚɧɨɜɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ Ɂɪɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɢ
Ɏɪɚɧɤɨɩɚɧɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɜɚɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɰɟɥɨ ɦɟɻɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɜɟʄ
Ɋɟɫɚɜɫɤɚ (ɲɬɨ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɞɨ 1921).224 ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ (ɭɡ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ) ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
1997–2000. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɢɯ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɫɚɥɚ
ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɜɨʂɨɦ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɲʄɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
'ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ' ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧ-
ɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ, ʁɟɪ ɢ 'ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɭɧɚɡɚɞ' ɡɧɚɱɢ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɝɥɟɞɚ – ɬɨ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɩɪɟ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢɥɢ 'ɩɪɟ ɪɚɬɚ', ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɢ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɞɨɛɚ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ
(ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɦɢʁɟɪ, ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɰɢ/ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ʁɭɧɚɰɢ
ɢɬɞ.), ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɜɢɻɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɢ ɭ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ, ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɚɨ ɧɚ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢʁɟ'
ɧɚɡɢɜɟ. ɑɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɟ ɪɟɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɢɦɛɨ-
ɥɚ, ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɪɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ 'ɩɪɟɦɨɬɚɜɚʃɟ'
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭɧɚɡɚɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɢɡ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɟɲɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɜɚɧ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɟɝ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɨɜɚʁ ɬɚɥɚɫ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɟ ɨɞ
ɫɜɢɯ ɢɞɭʄɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɚʄɚɨ
ɫɬɚɪɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ’ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ’ – ɛɭɞɭʄɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɫɭ ɭɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɟ
ɞɟɫɢɝɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɢ ’ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ’.

224
Ɉɜɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ 1943. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɨɦ ɤɜɢɫɥɢɧɲɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɡɟɬ ɤɚɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ
ɥɟɝɢɬɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɫɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɭ.
137
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

„ȳɨɲ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɥɟɩɲɢ“ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɞ 2000. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɤɥɚɩɚʃɚ

ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ, ɬɟ ɫɟ
(ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɤɨɧɫɬɟɥɚɰɢʁɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ. ɉɟɬɨɨɤɬɨɛɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɬɟɤ
ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟʂ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɝ ɪɚɫɤɢɞɚ ɫɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɦ, ɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɭʁɟ ɩɭɬ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɤɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨʁ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɱɤɨ-
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɢ.225 ɇɚ ɢɞɟʁɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɩɚɤ,
ɩɟɬɨɨɤɬɨɛɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬ ʁɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɫɥɚɨ (ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ
ɲɚʂɟ) ɭ (ʁɚɜɧɢ) ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢʁɭ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ ɤɪɟɢɪɚ ɭ ɯɨɞɭ, ɤɚɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɡɢɜɧɨɝ
ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ-
ɪɚɬɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɢɡɚɦ,
ɛɚɧɚɥɧɢ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɚɦ, ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢ-ɚɧɬɢɮɚ-
ɲɢɡɚɦ.226 Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ, ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɟɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɱɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ (ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɰɢ, ɧɚɭɱɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɧɢɰɢ),
ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɞɨɦ 15. ɦɚɪɬɚ 2001. ȵɟɧ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢ
ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ – ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɝ
ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢ-
ɰɚɦɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ ɢ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɭ. Ɉɜɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɫɭ, ɩɚɤ,
ɢɦɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪ-
ɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ.227 Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ

225
ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, „Ɍɪɚɧɡɢɰɢɨɧɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ,“
ȿɬɧɨɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ 1(2) (2006), 17, 18.
226
Todor Kuljiü. Prevladavanje prošlosti: uzroci pravci promene slike
istorije krajem XX veka (Beograd: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji,
2002), 405, 441.
227
ȼ. M. Azaryahu, “German reunification and the politics of street
names...,” ɢ Guy M. Robinson, Sten Engelstoft, Alma Pobric, „Remaking
Sarajevo: Bosnian Nationalism after the Dayton Accord,“ Political
Geography 20 (2001): 967–969. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ
138
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

2001. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɬɪɟɛɚ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟ-

ɪɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɪɚʁɧɢɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ
ɬɢɦɟ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ
ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɬɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1945.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.“228 ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ 2002. ɞɨɧɟɨ ʁɟ
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ 33 ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɋɬɚɪɢ Ƚɪɚɞ
ɢ ȼɪɚɱɚɪ, ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɜɨɻɟɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɧɚʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɧɨɦ
ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ,
ɫɚ „ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɧɚɱɟɥɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ, ɝɞɟ ɝɨɞ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ,
ɜɪɚɬɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ“229, ɬɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢɦɚ ɩɨɩɭɬ
„ɜɪɚʄɚʃɚ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʁɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɨ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɬɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɚ 1896–1914. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɨ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɫɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ 18. ɢ ɢɡ 19. ɜɟɤɚ.”230 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ – ɨɞ 33 ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɬɟɤ ʃɢɯ ɞɟɜɟɬ ʁɟ
ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ 'ɫɬɚɪɨ' (ɢɡ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ), ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ
ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ
Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ
Ɇɚɯɢɧɚ ɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ Ɇɢʄɟ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ, ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɇɟɲɢʄɚ ɭ
Ɇɢɯɢɡɨɜɭ, ȭɭɪɟ ɋɚɥɚʁɚ ɭ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɥɚʁɧɢɱɤɟ
ɭ Ȼɨɪɢɫɥɚɜɚ ɉɟɤɢʄɚ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ
ɇɈɊ, ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɞɨɛɨɦ, ɭɡ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭɫɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɠɪɬɚɜɚ (ɤɪɚʁɢɧɫɤɨ ɫɟɥɨ Ɇɚɥɚʁɧɢɰɚ

'ɪɚɬɧɨʁ' ɫɚɪɚʁɟɜɫɤɨʁ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɥɟɬɚ 1992. ɭɡɟɨ

ɭɱɟɲʄɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɤ Ɇɢʂɟɧɤɨ ȳɟɪɝɨɜɢʄ – Miljenko
Jergoviü, „Ulica sa viškom povijesti: Kako sam mijenjao ime ulice Vase
Miskina,“ Dani br. 354, 26. 3. 2004.
228
I. Vuškoviü, „Imena opet kao nekad,“ Danas, 6. april, 2002.
229
ȳ. Ⱦ. Ɇ, „ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ,“ Ƚɥɚɫ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, 10. 4,
2002.
230
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,
oɛɪɚɻɢɜɚɱ: ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢʁɚɬ ɡɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ ɢ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 8. ɦɚɪɬ 2003.
139
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɩɨ ɛɨʁɭ ɢɡ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, Ɍɚɞɟɭɲ Ʉɨɲ-

ʄɭɲɤɨ, ɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɫɥɚɜ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ɂɦɚʁ
ɞɟɥɨɦ ɬɪɚɫɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɬɚ).231
ɍɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɧɟ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ (ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1997. ɞɨ 2000. ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ) ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ʁɟ 'ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ', ɤɨɪɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɧɭ ɫ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ 'ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ'. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɭ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɰɢʂɚɧɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɟɝɨ
ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚɝɨɜɟɫɬɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɭɩɥɢɪɚʃɟ
ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ (ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɍɥɢɰɟ 29.
ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɭ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɜɟʄ
ɞɭɠɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɤɚ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɧɢ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪ ɨɞ ɨɜɟ,232 ɢ ɞɟɥɚ
ɍɥɢɰɟ Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɚ Ʉɨɲʄɭɲɤɨɝ ɭ ȼɟɧɚɰ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ,
ɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟɦ ɞɚ „ɭɥɢɰɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɜɟʄ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ, ɚɥɢ ɭ ɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ“233), ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɦɭɲɬ

231
Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ʁɚɫɚɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɡ, ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɭɫɩɭɬɧɟ, ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɟ ɠɪɬɜɟ. ɍ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ, ɢ ɧɚɛɪɨʁɚɧɟ ɞɟɫɢɝɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɧɢɫɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ ɜɢɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ
ɩɨɝɨɞɧɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɚɤ: ɫɪɛɢʁɚɧɫɤɨ ɫɟɥɨ (ɦɚɤɚɪ ɩɨɩɪɢɲɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɟ
ɛɢɬɤɟ) ɢ ɩɨʂɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɥɢɤ ɤɚɨ ɟɮɟɦɟɪɧɢ, ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɪɟɤɬɨɪ
Ⱦɪɚɝɨɫɥɚɜ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɤɥɨʃɟɧ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢɦɚ, ɚ ɱɚɤ
ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɱɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɚ ɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ɂɦɚʁ ɢɦɚ 'ɩɭɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ
ɝɥɚɜɢ' (ɬɟ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ
ɞɭɠɢɧɨɦ), ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɟɫɚɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢʁɟ ɡɚ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɟ ɉɚɪɢɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɟ – ɜ. Mirko Ĉorÿeviü. “Vojvodina's Cultural
Matrix,” in Vojvodina's Multiethnic Identity: Challenges in 2007–2008, ed.
Pavel Domonji (Belgrade: Helsinki Committe for Human Rights in Serbia,
2008), 35.
232
ɍɥɢɰɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɭ – ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɤɨɥɨɤɜɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɫɟɭɞɨɧɢɦɨɦ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ ʁɨɲ ɨɞ 1896. – Ɇ. Ʌɟɤɨ,
ɧ. ɞ, 312, Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ. ɍɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1: Ⱥ-Ɇ, 123, 124, ɢ
Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ ɐɢɝɚ Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɟ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ȼɟɨɫɬɚɪ,
1998), 27.
233
ȳ. Ⱦ. Ɇ, „ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ.“ „ɇɟɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɟɨ
ɝɪɚɞɚ“ ɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ʁɟ ȼɢɲʃɢɰɚ.
140
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɍɥɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ȼɢɪʁɭɡɨɜɚ ɧɚɡɨɜɟ ɋɬɚɪɚ

Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɚ (Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ ɀɚɪɤɨɜɨ). Ʉɨɧɮɭɡɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ (ɞɭɩɥɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɬɟɤ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɚ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɥ.) ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ – ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɭ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɋɬɚɪɢ Ƚɪɚɞ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɝɪɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ) ɧɟ ɛɢ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ
ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɨ ɧɚ ɇɈȻ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ (ɨɫɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ
Ȼɪɚʄɟ Ȼɚɪɭɯ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɭ, ɬɟ ȭɨɪɻɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ
ɩɨ ɧɚɞɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɦɟɫɚɪɭ) – ɝɟɨɞɟɬɫɤɢ
ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ, ɢɡ ɞɟɥɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɟɪɰɢɩɢɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ, ɢɫɟʂɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɭɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɫɟ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɚ, 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ'
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢʁɚ, ɜɟʄ ɦɚɯɨɦ ɧɨɜɢ ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɫɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɨɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɨɦ, ɚ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ
ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ
ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɢ
ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɨɩɲɬɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɟɩɨɯɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ (ɞɟɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ – ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ
ɋɬɚɪɢ Ƚɪɚɞ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ ɩɟɬ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɇɈȻ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɢɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ: Ɍɪɝ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ȳɟɥɟɧɟ ȶɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ
Ȼɢɪʁɭɡɨɜɚ, ȭɨɪɻɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɪɚʄɟ Ȼɚɪɭɯ). Ɉɞ 2000. ɞɨ
2008. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ Ɂɟɦɭɧ, ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ
ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜ
(ɢɥɢ ɞɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɢɦɚ) ɡɚ 153
ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɨɦ
Ⱦɨʃɟɦ, Ƚɨɪʃɟɦ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ
ɱɥɚɧɚ ɨɜɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ, ɢɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ
ɞɟɥɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɭ ɫɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɢɦɚ
ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ.“ Ɉɜɚʁ ɰɢʂ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧ – ɭ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɨɦ Ⱦɨʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚɥɚ ɧɚ 'ɢɧɤɪɢɦɢɧɢɫɚɧɢ' ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ʁɟ 22. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ
(ɞɚɬɭɦ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɝ ɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɚ), ɚ ɭ
141
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɤɜɚɪɬɭ Ʉɚɥɜɚɪɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɬɟɤ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɤɨʁɢ

ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɭ ɟɩɨɯɭ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ƚɨɪɚɧɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɢʄɚ.
ɉɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɨɫɬ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɡɝɪɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ
ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɦ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɚ, ɬɟ ɫɭ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɟ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟ
ɜɢɞɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɟɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ
ɧɚɫɥɟɻɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨɦ
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ,234 ɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɩɪɢɞɚʁɭ ɜɟʄɭ
ɭɪɛɚɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ
ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɭ.235 ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ 'ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ' ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨɫ-
ɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɢɦɚ ʁɚɤɭ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɡɢɜɧɭ ɦɨʄ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɭ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ, ɬɟ ɢɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɭɫɪɟɞɫɪɟɻɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɋɬɚɪɨɦ Ƚɪɚɞɭ ɢ ȼɪɚɱɚɪɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɟɬɨɨɤɬɨɛɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɭʁɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɢɡ 2001. ɡɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ (Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ), ɱɢɦɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɢ ɧɚʁʁɚɱɢ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢ, ɲɬɨ, ɞɚɤɚɤɨ, ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ȼɨʁɚɧ ɀɢɤɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɭ ɱɟɫɬɨʁ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɨɧɨ ɫɚ ɱɢɦ ɫɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɭ
'ɝɪɚɞ' ɢ 'ɰɟɧɬɚɪ' ʁɟɫɬɟ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ Ƚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɚɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ Ɍɪɝ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ, ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɤɨɧɨɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚʃɚ Ƚɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ
ɬɚɤɜɨɝ – ɤɚɤɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ,
ɡɚɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɧɚɞ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɦɨʄ
ɧɚɞ ɰɟɥɢɧɨɦ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɧɚɞ ɬɪɝɨɦ
ɡɧɚɱɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɨɧɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɨɧ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɟ – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɤɨɧɨɬɢɪɚ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɦ
ɫɨɰɢɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɨ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ.236 ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ

234
Ognjen ýaldaroviü, Suvremeno društvo i urbanizacija (Zagreb: Školska
knjiga, 1987), 217, 218.
235
Ȼɨʁɚɧ ɀɢɤɢʄ, „Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɟ 'ɩɪɢɱɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɱɚɤɟ': ɭɪɛɚɧɢ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪ ɢ
ɭɪɛɚɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ,“ ȿɬɧɨɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ 2/1 (2007), 86.
236
ɂɫɬɨ, 88.
142
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢ-

ɤɚɧɫɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ, ɭ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɉɨɡɨɪɢɲɧɢ ɬɪɝ (ɨɞ 1896.
ɧɟɚɤɬɭɟɥɚɧ) ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɫɤɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ
ɡɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ,
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɨɛɪɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɚ
ʁɚɫɚɧ ɞɢɫɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɚɧɭɥɢɪɚʃɟ ɟɮɟɤɚɬɚ
ɪɚɬɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ – ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɞ-
ɧɨɲʄɭ (ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɟɫɬ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚɰ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ) ɤɨʁɚ
ɨɛɡɧɚʃɭʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ.237
ɋɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɨ, ɦɢɦɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɧɨ-
ɜɚʃɚ, ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ
ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ
ɚɩɪɨɩɪɢʁɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɤɫɢ (ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɨɜɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ) ɦɨɝɭ
ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢ-
ɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɚ. Ʉɪɟɢɪɚʃɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬ-
ɧɢɯ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɚɪɢɪɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɦ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɢɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɭ
ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚʃɟ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɢ
ɚɧɬɢɪɟɠɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɦɚ.238 ɂ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɰɢɦɚ
ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɱʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɢ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɛɢʁɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ
ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚʁɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ 9. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1991. (ɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ,
ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɚ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɨɨɫɧɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ). Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ
Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɞɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɭ

237
M. Azaryahu, “German reunification..,” 481.
238
ɇɩɪ. ɭ ɋɨɮɢʁɢ – ɜ. Radost Ivanova, Zbogom dinosauri, dobrodošli
krokodili! (Beograd: Biblioteka XX vek, 2000), 27.
143
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɭ ɞɟɫɢɝɧɚɰɢʁɭ 'Ɍɪɝ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ' ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɚɥɭɞɢɪɚɥɨ ɧɚ

ɨɜɚʁ ɬɪɝ ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɧɟɫɩɭɬɚɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ
ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ 1996. ɢ
1997. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɟ
ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɟ
ɚɩɪɨɩɪɢʁɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ
ɢɧɨɜɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɬɢɥɧɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ
ɩɪɟɤɥɚɩɚʃɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪ-
ɫɨɦ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨɩɭɬ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛ-
ɥɢɤɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɭ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ
ɞɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɚ (ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɦɨɧɨɩɨ-
ɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɦɟɞɢʁɢ ɧɩɪ.).239
ɉɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɛɪɢɫɚʃɟ 'ɧɟɩɨɠɟʂɧɢɯ' ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɢɡ
ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ʁɟɡɝɪɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɤɢ
ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɟɪɰɢɩɢɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɚɧ
ɞɟɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɭɡ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɟ 'ɩɨɠɟʂɧɢɦ' (ɧɟ ɧɭɠ-
ɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɦ) ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ, ɧɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɝɥɟɞɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ. ɍɫɪɟɞɫɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ
ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɨ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɨ ɤɨɧɨɬɢɪɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ, ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱ-
ɧɨɫɬ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ (ɭ
ɩɪɜɨɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɟɬɨɨɤɬɨɛɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ), ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚ-
ɥɨɝ, „ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɭɤɢɧɭɬɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɦ
ɡɨɧɚɦɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ’ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɬɢ’ ɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ.“240
'ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʃɟ' ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɦ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ
ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɟ (ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɪɧɟ), ɱɢɧɢ
ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ 'ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ' ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɚɬɢ

239
Ivana Spasiü i Ĉorÿe Paviüeviü, „Simbolizacija i kolektivni identitet u
graÿanskom protestu,“ Sociologija 39/1 (1997). Ɉ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ
Ɍɪɝɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɜ. ɢ Stef Jansen, „The streets of Beograd: Urban space and
protest identities in Serbia,“ Political Geography 20 (2001).
240
I. Vuškoviü, „Imena opet kao nekad.“
144
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɧɨ, ɧɚ

ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɡɚ 'ɫɟɥɢɞɛɭ' ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɮ. ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ (ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɤɨɧɨɬɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɧɨɫɢ) ɢɡ
ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɞɟɥɨɠɚɰɢʁɭ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɮ. Ⱦɪɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ (ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɬʂɚɝɨɦ) ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɭ ɜɚʂɞɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɜɚɧ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ, ɚɤɨ ɢ ɬɚɞɚ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɢ ɨ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɬɟ ɫɥɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ. ɂɩɚɤ,
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɧɢɫɭ 'ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɟ' – 'ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɚ-
ɬɢɜɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ' ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ
ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɧɚ ɢ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɨɪɚɤɭ ɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟʃɟɦ
ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɫɟɬ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ
ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɜɟɪɡɧɚ, ɛɢɨ ɩɨɩɪɚʄɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɧɢɦ
ɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚʃɟɦ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɬɨɦɟ, ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ, ɭ
ɩɚɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɨɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɜɟʄ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɫɜɚʁɚ
ɜɟʄɢɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɚ (26 ɨɞ 33), ɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ, ɭɡ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɫɤɢ ɢ
ɤɚɞɪɨɜɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ. ɉɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɫɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɡɚɥɨɝɚʁ, ɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟ-
ʃɢɦɚ, ɨɞɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɚ
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ȼɭɤɢɰɟ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɚɞɟɭɲɚ Ʉɨɲʄɭɲɤɚ ɢɬɞ.241
ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɢɲɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢɩɚɤ ʁɟ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɨɫɬ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɦɨʄɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ
ɭɪɛɚɧɟ (ɪɟ)ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɭɛɪɡɚɨ, ɬɟ
ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ 2004. ɞɨ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 2008. ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ
Ƚɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ (ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭ ɧɟ
ɭɛɪɚʁɚʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɧɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ, ɩɨɩɭɬ Ⱥɥɬɢɧɚ 1, ɇɨɜɚ 2, Ʉɪɭɠɧɢ ɩɭɬ 6, ɂɝɦɚɧɫɤɚ
1. ɩɪɢɥɚɡ ɢ ɫɥ.) 126 ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɚ, ɨɞ ɱɟɝɚ 45 ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ (ɢɡ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ

241
Ⱦ. Ɋɚɞɟɤɚ, „ɇɨɜɢɯ 26 ɢɦɟɧɚ,“ ȼɟɱɟɪʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ, 3. ɚɩɪɢɥ, 2003.
145
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɟɩɨɯɟ).242 ɍɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɛɪɨʁɤɚ ɫɚ 153 ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɚ

ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ ɞɟɫɟɬɨɦɢɥɢɨɧɫɤɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ,243 ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɜɟʄɟɝ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɬɚ (288
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ),244 ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɨɤɪɭɡɢɦɚ (Bezirk) ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤ
ɤɚɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ (ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞ 80),245 ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɟ
ɞɨ 1997, ɫɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɩɫɟɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȼɟʄ
2004. ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ 192 ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ
ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ in stricto senso (ɚ ɫɜɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ
ɬɡɜ. ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ), ɨɞ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ 95 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɭɬ (ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɩɭɬ 45. ɧɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɇɨɜɚ 4, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢ ɩɭɬ 2.
ɩɪɢɥɚɡ, Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɨ ɫɨɤɚɱɟ 3, ɢ ɫɥ.), ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ (ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɫɬɨɬɢɧɭ ʃɢɯ) ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɧɚʁɨɛɢɦɧɢʁɟɦ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢʁɢ ɛɢɨ ɬɟɦɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɢ ɬɨ
ɦɚɯɨɦ ɭ ɫɚɬɟɥɢɬɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ (ɩɨɩɭɬ Ȼɚɬɚʁɧɢɰɟ,
ɋɪɟɦɱɢɰɟ, Ɉɫɬɪɭɠɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɥ.), ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ,
ɢɚɤɨ ɛɪɨʁɧɚ, ɛɪɨʁɱɚɧɨ ɦɚʃɚ ɧɟɝɨ 2004. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟʂ
ɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɚɥɚɫɚ (ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ 2004. ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ) ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɚ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ ɢ
ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɨɦ (ɨɞ 126 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ

242
Ɉ ɨɛɢɦɭ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɨɤɨ 2500 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɨɞ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 2004. ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 2006. ɢɦɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ
500 ɭɥɢɰɚ (Z. Vukoviü, „ýeste promene ulica zbunjuju graÿane,“ Danas,
15. ɚɜɝɭɫɬ, 2006), ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɧɚʁɲɢɪɟ
ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɦ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɛɟɡɢɦɟɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɫɚ
ɨɩɢɫɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ.
243
Robert Arbenbright, “Remaking Moscow: New Places, New Selves,”
Geographical Review Vol. 89, No. 1 (1999), 14.
244
Duncan Light, “Street names in Bucharest, 1990–1997: exploring the
modern historical geographies of post-socialist change,” Journal of
Historical Geography 30 (2004), 160.
245
M. Azaryahu, ɧ. ɞ.
146
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫɚɦɨ

ʃɢɯ 18 ɧɟɦɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɭ ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ
ɟɩɨɯɨɦ, ɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ), ɢ ɬɨ
ɫɜɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢʁɟ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɨɝ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ
ɟɩɨɯɨɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɨɦ (19 ʃɢɯ ɞɨ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 2008). ɂɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ,
ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɇɈȻ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɫɤɪɢɜɚɧɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɢ
ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɢ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɞɭɩɥɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɥ. Ʉɚɨ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɜɨɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɢ ɭ
ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ – ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ,
„ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɤɚɞ
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɭ, ɱɢɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ
ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɢɦ ɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɢɦɚɬɟ ɞɢɥɟɦɭ
ɞɚ ɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢ ɱɢɧ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɟ... ɚɥɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦ
ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɛɚɪɟɦ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ; ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɪɚɬɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɟ.“246
ɉɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɢ
ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ 2002), ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ
ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɭ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨʁ ɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɢ,247 ɚ
ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɪɧɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭ-

246
ɂɫɤɚɡ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ (ɫɚɡɢɜ ɧɚɤɨɧ 2005.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ) ɭ ɮɢɥɦɭ „ɇɟɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ“, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢ ɮɢɥɦ, ɪɟɞɢɬɟʂ ɂɜɚɧ
Ɇɚɧɞɢʄ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢʁɚ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɢ ɮɢɥɦɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ Ⱦɨɦ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ, 2009.
247
Ɍɚɤɨ ɉɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɪɚʄɟɧ ɧɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ (Ɇɢɪɢʁɟɜɫɤɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ/ɩɭɬ ɢɥɢ Ȼɚɪɬɭɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ) ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɞɚɬ ɧɚɡɢɜ
ɍɥɢɰɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɚ ɋɪɟʁɨɜɢʄɚ, Ɇɢɪɤɚ Ɍɨɦɢʄɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ Ʌɚɫɬɨɜɫɤɚ
ɧɟɝɨ ɋɢɦɟ Ʌɨɡɚɧɢʄɚ ɢɬɞ.
147
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɦɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɭɥɢɰɚ ȼɟʂɤɚ Ʌɭɤɢʄɚ Ʉɭɪʁɚɤɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ Ⱥɭɬɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ

ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ (18. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ) ɜɟʄ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ
ɉɚɜɥɚ ȳɭɪɢɲɢʄɚ ɒɬɭɪɦɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɬɟɤ ɩɨɥɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɚʂɟ,
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ, ɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ, ɍɥɢɰɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɒɬɭɪɦɚ (ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɍɠɢɱɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ). Ⱦɭɩɥɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢɬɢ, ɭ ɠɭɪɛɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɨɜɚɥɨ, ɬɟ ʁɟ
2004. (ɨɫɢɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ)
ɭɥɢɰɚ ȳɚɧɤɚ Ʌɢɫɚɤɚ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ
ȳɨɫɢɩɚ Ʉɭɥɭɧʇɢʄɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɜɟʄ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ȳɨɫɢɩ Ʉɭɥɭɧʇɢʄ
ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɭ Ɇɚɥɨɦ Ɇɨɤɪɨɦ Ʌɭɝɭ.248
Ⱦɭɩɥɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ
ɢɡɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɟʄɟ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɭɩɥɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɭɥɢɰɟ ɰɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɢ ɭ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪʄɨɥɭ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɢ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢɬɞ., ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ, 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ'
ɧɚɡɢɜɟ), ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɟɩɨɯɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ
(ɧɩɪ. ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɋɩɥɢɬɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɭ Ⱥɩɚɬɢɧɫɤɭ
2008.) ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɚ.249 Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ

248
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ,
ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɉɚɜɥɚ
ȳɭɪɢɲɢʄɚ (ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɤɪɢɥɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ ɦɨɬɢɜ
ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ) ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ
ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɢɡ ɪɟɞɚ Ⱦɋ-ɚ. Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ
ɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɭɩɥɢɪɚʃɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɢ
ɧɟɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɲʄɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɒɬɭɪɦɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ – ɬɚɤɨ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɦɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ
ɭ ɞɟɥɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ Ʌɭɤɢʄɟɜɟ ɭ (ɞɪɭɝɭ) ɒɬɭɪɦɨɜɭ
ɭɥɢɰɭ ɫɬɨʁɢ: „ɉɚɠʃɚ: ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɒɬɭɪɦɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ 1935. ɭ ɋɈ ɋɚɜɫɤɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɭʄɧɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ.“ –
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ: Ɂɜɟɡɞɚɪɚ, ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɚ, ɋɚɜɫɤɢ ȼɟɧɚɰ... Ɉɛɪɚɻɢɜɚɱ:
ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢʁɚɬ ɡɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2002, 16.
249
Ʉɚɤɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɢ, ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɢ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ
ɡɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ, ɞɭɩɥɟɬɢ, ɢɫɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɫɭ ɩɚɤ ɛɢɥɢ
ɬɨɥɟɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢ
148
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢɫɤɚɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ 2005.

ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚ „ɧɟ ɧɟɫɬɚʁɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɩɨ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɯɟɪɨʁɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢɫɬɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɨɦ... Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ 14 ɭɥɢɰɚ Ɇɨɲɟ ɉɢʁɚɞɟ, ɩɚ ɤɚɞ
ɫɦɨ ɭɤɢɞɚɥɢ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ ɧɢɫɦɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ
ɢɡɛɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɜɟʄ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɢɯ 14 ɭɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɢɦɚ
ʁɟɞɧɭ.“250 Ɍɚɤɨ ɬɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ɇɨɲɟ ɉɢʁɚɞɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɋɥɚɧɰɢ ɤɪɚʁ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ (ɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɚ), ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢ
Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɤɨʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɢ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɭ
ɋɚɜɚɦɚɥɢ, Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ, Ɉɫɬɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɍɦɤɢ, ɫɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ, ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ).
Ⱥɪɛɢɬɪɚɪɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ (ɫɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝɚ ɫɟ
ɭɡɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ), ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɛɪɡɭ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚʃɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ (ɬɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ
ɍɥɢɰɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ɂɥɢʄɚ ɑɢɱɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɢɦɟ ɍɥɢɰɚ ɜɢɥɟ Ɋɚɜɢʁɨʁɥɟ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʃɟɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɨɞ 1943– 1946, ɚ ɧɟ ɇɢɧɱɢʄɟɜɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɡɜɚɥɚ ɞɨ 1943; ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ɇɨɫɥɚɜɚɱɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ
Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɪɟɡɚɱɤɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ).
Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɭ
ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢʁɟ ɦɟʃɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨ ɢɦɟ – ɬɚɤɨ ɧɢ „ɦɥɚɻɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ“,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ 'ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ' ɛɨɪɚɰɚ
ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ 'ɩɨɱɢɲʄɟɧɢ' ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚ, ɧɢɫɭ
ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɢ ɞɚ ɧɨɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɬɚɛɥɟ. Ɉɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢ

ɬɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɟɜɚɥɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ

ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɚ
ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɨɝ ɞɭɩɥɟɬɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨɝ ɩɨ ɋɩɥɢɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɬɡɜ. ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ Ɂɟɦɭɧ ɢɦɚɨ ɢ
ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɛɢɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢʁɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
250
ɂɡ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝ ɮɢɥɦɚ „ɇɟɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ“.
149
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ Ɇɢɪɢʁɟɜɭ, ɀɚɪɤɨɜɭ, ȼɢɞɢɤɨɜɰɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɞɟ,

ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɞɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɦɟʃɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɥɢɦ ɚɧɬɢɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɛɨɪɰɢɦɚ, ɧɨɜɨ-
ɫɤɪɨʁɟɧɢɦ ɜɟɪɧɚɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ – ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɩɪ. ɉɚɪɬɢ-
ɡɚɧɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ȼɢɞɢɤɨɜɰɭ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɚ ȼɢɞɢɤɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ, ɚ
ɭɥɢɰɚ Ɏɪɚʃɟ Ɉɝɭɥɢɧɰɚ ɭɥɢɰɨɦ Ɂɜɟɡɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ʁɟɥɤɢ.251 ɂɞɟɨ-
ɥɨɲɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɚʁɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɢʁɟ
ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɭɥɢɰɟ Ⱥɥɢʁɟ Ⱥɥɢʁɚɝɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ 2005.
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɭɥɢɰɭ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɚ Ⱦɪɚɲɤɨɜɢʄɚ – ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ
ɢɪɨɧɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɭ ɩɨ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɠɪɬɜɚ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɨ ɰɢʂɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ
'ɢɡɤɨɤɪɟɧɭ' ɢ 'ɩɪɟɪɚɞɟ' ɫɥɢɤɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢ. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢ ɭ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɚ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɭ 'ɬɨɩɨɧɢ-
ɦɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ' ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɨɞɪɠɚɰɚ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɚ, 1947. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɱɢʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɢ
ɱɟɤɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ – ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɨɦ ɥɨɝɢɤɨɦ, ɍɥɢɰɚ
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ Ɏɪɚʃɟ
Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɚ. Ⱦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɞ
ɧɚɫɢɥɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ
ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧɭ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟɜɢʄɭ Ⱥɩɢɫɭ (ɂɝɦɚɧɫɤɚ 1.
ɩɪɢɥɚɡ, ɫɚɞɚ Ⱥɩɢɫɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ) 2004. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɭ ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɨɫɭɻɟɧ ɡɚ ɬɟɲɤɚ
ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ, ɚ ɪɟɯɚɛɢɥɢɬɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ
ɫɭɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢʁɟɥɧɨɫɬ

251
ɂɧɬɟɪɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɍɥɢɰɭ Ɏɪɚʃɟ Ɉɝɭɥɢɧɰɚ (ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ
ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨ ɢɦɟ – ɩɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ, ɭɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ 1946. ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɇɨɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ,
ɞɚ ɛɢ 1948. ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɛɨɪɰɭ – Ɇ. Ʌɟɤɨ, ɧ. ɞ, 1265,
1519) ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɨɜɚɤɨ – „ɍɥɢɰɚ ɡɜɟɡɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ʁɟɥɤɢ – ɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ʁɟ
ɡɚɫɚɻɟɧ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ʁɟɥɤɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɫɚɥɨ ɆɁ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɡɢɜ.“ – ɉɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ: Ɂɜɟɡɞɚɪɚ, ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɚ, ɋɚɜɫɤɢ ȼɟɧɚɰ...
Ɉɛɪɚɻɢɜɚɱ: ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢʁɚɬ ɡɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2002, 9.
150
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɭ 'ɩɪɟɦɨɬɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ' ɪɟɬɤɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ

ɨɩɨɪɬɭɧɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɱɟɲʄɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ.252 Ɉɱɢɬɨ
ɞɚ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ
ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ 'ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨɝ' ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ
ɭɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ 'ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɢɯ' ɜɥɚɫɬɨɞɪɠɚɰɚ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ
ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ, ɢ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɟɩɨɯɚɦɚ ɜɢɻɟɧɨ, ɤɪɨʁɟʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢɡɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ
'ɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ' ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ, ɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɜɢɲɟ 'ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ', ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɚ
ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɫɚɧɚ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ
ɨɧɚ (ɪɚɧɢʁɚ) ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚ 'ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ' ɢ ɨɫɭɞɢɬɢ.
ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɚɜɤɢ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɤɨɧ 2000. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ʁɟ ɭ
ɩɨɬɪɚɡɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚ-
ɰɢʁɨɦ, ɢ ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɚʃɭ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɲ-
ɬɚɜɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɧɚɻɭ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɢɦ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɥɚ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɚɝɚʃɭ ɡɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɝɚ ɡɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ
ɧɨɜɚ 'ɡɥɚɬɧɚ ɞɨɛɚ' ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɬɢ
ɩɨɠɟʂɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɫɚ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɨɦ'. Ɉɜɨ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɟ 'ɛɨʂɟ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ' ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɬɭʁɭ
ɫɥɢɤɭ 'ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɛɟɡɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ' ɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ

252
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ Ⱥɩɢɫɭ ɭ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɩɨɩɪɚʄɟɧ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɤɪɚʄɨɦ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ
ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɫɬɨʁɢ: „ȳɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɚ ɬɚʁɧɨɝ ɭɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ
ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɪɬ (ɐɪɧɚ ɪɭɤɚ). ɇɚ ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɫɚ ʁɨɲ ɞɜɚ
ɦɚʁɨɪɚ, ɩɭɤɨɜɧɢɤ Ⱥɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɨɫɭɻɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɦɪɬ ɤɚɨ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɚ
ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɋɟɯɚɛɢɥɢɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ 1953. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.“ – Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɝ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ
ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1998, 6.
151
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɚ 'ɫɪɟʄɧɢʁɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ'.253 Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ

ɤɪɨɡ ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ
ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɛɥɢɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ʁɟɫɭ ɬɚ 'ɡɥɚɬɧɚ ɞɨɛɚ',
ɧɭɥɬɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɜɪɚʄɚ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɋɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
(ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ) ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɥɢ
ɜɪɚʄɚ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɝ 'ɡɥɚɬɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ', ɢɥɢ
ɫɟ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚʁɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɚɫɨɰɢɪɚʁɭ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ 2001.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ254 ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ
ɢɡ ɞɨɛɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɟ, ɚ ɬɨ ɛɢ ɡɚ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
ɛɢɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1896–1914, ɚ ɡɚ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ Ɂɟɦɭɧɚ ɤɪɚʁ 18. ɜɟɤɚ ɢ 19.
ɜɟɤ. Ɉɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ (ɬɟɤ) ɭ ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ-
ɫɤɢ ɨɞɫɟɱɰɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɧɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɭʁɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɩɚɤɟɬ
ɠɟʂɟɧɟ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ: ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɩɪɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ
Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɏɋ, ɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ
1895/1896. ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɨɛɪɢɫɚɧɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɧɚ-
ɤɭɥɚɪɧɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ, ɚ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɫɚ ʁɚɫɧɢɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ
ɤɨɧɨɬɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢ ɧɚʁɡɪɟɥɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ. ɍ
Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ʁɟ ɩɚɤ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ: ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɬɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɰɚɪɟɜɚɥɟ ɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚɥɟ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-
ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɞɟɫɢɝɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɡɚ Ɂɟɦɭɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɤɜɢʁɚɥɧɚ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ (ɢɡɦɢɲʂɟɧɟ) ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɚ ɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɭ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ', ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ – ɧɚʁɪɚɡɥɢɱɢ-

253
Dubravka Stojanoviü, „Godina okupacije: slika ‘1945’ u srpskim
udžbenicima istorije,“ u Kultura sjeüanja: 1945, ur. Sulejman Bosto i
Tihomir Cipek (Zagreb: Disput, 2009), 266.
254
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢ ɞɨɧɟɬɢ 2001, ɚ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɪɟɜɢɞɢɪɚɧɢ 2003:
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,
oɛɪɚɻɢɜɚɱ: ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢʁɚɬ ɡɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ ɢ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 8. ɦɚɪɬ 2003.
152
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɬɢʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ

ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ 'ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ', ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡɦɢɲʂɚʁɭ ɭ 'ɬɪɚɧɡɢ-
ɰɢʁɫɤɨ' ɞɨɛɚ, ɚ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.255 (ɉɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɞɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɤɨɧɨɬɢɪɚʁɭ ɬɟɤ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ (ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɧɚʁɪɟɰɟɧɬɧɢʁɢ), ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ
„ʁɨɲ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ ɢ ɥɟɩɲɟɝ“ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ
ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ, ɚ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ
ɨɞɪɚɡ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ.256 Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ-
ɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɭ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɨɫɬʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ
ɩɨɜɟɫɧɢɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ, ɭɡ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɫɚʃɟ
ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ, ɬɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɡɢɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ
„ɫɢɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɚ“.257 ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɬɢɤɟ ɭ
ɡɧɚɬɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ
ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɚɬɚ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ (ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɧɨɝ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɫɬɢ-
ɱɤɨɝ) ɢɞɟ ɪɭɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɭ ɫɚ ɚɝɟɧɞɚɦɚ ɪɟɟɝɡɨɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɪɟɨɪɢ-
ʁɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɧɬɢɤɜɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ.258

255
ȼ. Ɇ. Ɇɚɥɟɲɟɜɢʄ, „Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ...“
256
Ƚɞɟ ɛɢɬɧɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ (ɧɚʁ)ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ, ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜʂɟ, „ɫɚɧ ɨ Ɂɥɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɨɛɭ ɒʂɢɜɟ“ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ/ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨ ɜɢɻɟʃɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ – Ljiljana Gavriloviü,
„Implicitna ideologija: Ograniþavajuüi faktor multikulturalizma u Srbiji,“ u
Modeli kulturne politike u uslovima multikulturnih društava na Balkanu i
evrointegracionih procesa, ur. Lj. Mitroviü i dr (Niš: Filozofski fakultet u
Nišu, 2004), 114.
257
Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ɇɚɥɟɲɟɜɢʄ, „ɇɚɫɢʂɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ,“ ɭ Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɟ:
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɭɪ. Ɂ. Ⱦɢɜɚɰ
(Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, 2008), 17.
258
B. Groys, ɧ. ɞ, 327.
153
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

'ɉɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ' ɢ 'ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ' ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ

Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ

ɟɩɨɯɚɦɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ, ɬɚɥɚɫɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ
ɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɡɜ. 'ɪɢɬɭɚɥ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ',259 ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ
ɬɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɚɰɢʁɫɤɢ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɪɟɤɨɧ-
ɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ⱥɡɚɪʁɚɯɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɝɥɚɬɤɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɭ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ɨɩɲɬɢ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫ – ɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɟ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ.
ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬ ɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɟ (ɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨʁ
ɦɟɪɢ ɢ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɢ) ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ
ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɨ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɚɪɯɢ-
ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɭ, ɬɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ 'ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ' ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢ-
ɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚ
ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦ,260 ɢɥɢ ɬɢɯɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨʁ (ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨʁ) ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɢ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ
ɩɪɟɦɟɲɬɚʃɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɭ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɭ (ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɭ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɭ), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɢ
ɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɢ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɜɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɜɢɞʂɢɜ
ɭɪɛɚɧɢ (ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ) ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ),
ɜɟʄ ɭ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧɬɚɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɟ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɢ, ɜɟʄ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ,
ɩɨɩɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ

259
M. Azaryahu, ɧ. ɞ.
260
ɉɨɩɭɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɨɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɍɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɟɪɫɤɟ
ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɍɥɢɰɭ ɚɧɬɢɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ, ɢ ɧɟ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ
ɨɛɡɢɪ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ
„ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɨɛɨʁɟɧɟ“ – „ɍɥɢɰɚ ɚɧɬɢɮɚɲɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ,“ ɜɟɫɬ ɚɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ Ȼɟɬɚ ɧɚ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɭ Ȼ92 (b92.net), ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɜɟɫɬɢ 19. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ, 2007.
154
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ȼɢɲʃɢɰɟ ɭ ɋɬɚɪɢ Ƚɪɚɞ (ɢ ɫɚ ɪɭɛɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɭ

ʃɟɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ), ɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɩɨɱɧɭ ɩɪɢɛɥɢ-
ɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ.261 Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɜɨɝ, ɧɟɭɫɩɟɥɨɝ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚ ɫɟʂɟʃɚ ɫɚ
ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ
ɭ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ 2011. ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ, ɭɡ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɜɚɧɢɰɚ,
ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɉɥɚɬɨ ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɢ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɭ
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɭ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɦɢɧɟɧ-
ɬɧɢʁɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ ɨɜɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ.262 ɉɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨ-
ɜɚɧɨɝ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɢɦɚ ɧɟɭɦɢɬɧɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ
ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɭ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟ
ɞɨɛɚ, ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɟɥɢɬɟ, ɧɚʁɦɨʄɧɢʁɢ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɚʁɭ
ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɭ ɚɝɟɧɞɭ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɡɪɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ.
ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɚ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ, ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɦɚʃɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ
ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨʁ ɫɮɟɪɢ. ɂ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɢ
ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɤɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ

261
Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ
ɛɥɢɠɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ, ɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢʁɚ
ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɜɟʄ 1992. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɭɥɢɰɢ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ ɐɪʃɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɭ ɪɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ ɆɁ Ɋɚɤɨɜɢɰɚ
ɫɟɥɨ, ɚ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢʁɟɦ
ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ ȼɢɲʃɢɱɤɚ ɛɚʃɚ – „Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɉɚɥɢɥɭɥɚ, Ɂɜɟɡɞɚɪɚ, ȼɨɠɞɨɜɚɰ,
ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, Ɂɟɦɭɧ, ɋɚɜɫɤɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɢ ɝɪɚɞ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɥɢɫɬ
ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 8/1992, 15. 5. 1992.
262
ɋɚɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨ, ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɟɜɢɦ
ɥɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɟɲɬɚʃɟɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
155
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɤɨʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɨɫɬ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢɜɚʁɭ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɟ

ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɚ
ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɚʃɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ, ɚ
ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟɦ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɭ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɟʄɚʃɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɧɢɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɭ ɫɮɟɪɭ, ɚ
ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɧɚ – ɡɚ Ɏɭɤɨɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɟʄɚʃɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɝɞɟ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɢɬɟɬ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɢɫɤɚ-
ɡɭʁɟ ɨɬɩɨɪ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɬɢ-
ɧɭɢɬɟɬɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɡɧɨɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɢ-
ɬɟɬ.263 Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɦɚʃɢɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢ ɦɚʃɢɧɫɤɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɫɚɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ 'ɤɨɧɬɪɚ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ' ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɚ, ɝɞɟ ɨɜɢ ɦɚʃɢɧɫɤɢ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ
ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
Ɉɜɚɤɨ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɝɥɟ-
ɞɢɲɬɚ ɭɤɪɫɬɢʄɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɢ 'ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɢ', ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ ɩɨ Ɂɨɪɚɧɭ ȭɢɧɻɢʄɭ. ɍɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ȭɢɧɻɢʄɟɜɟ
ɬɪɚɝɢɱɧɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ 2003. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ʁɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɦɢʁɟɪɭ. ɋɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ
ɛɪɡɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢɯ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɟɭɨɛɢɱɚ-
ʁɟɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɧɢ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɧɢ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ, ɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ
ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɭʁɭʄɟ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ
ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɬɚɱɧɢɦ ɢ 2009. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ
ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ
ɭɬɪɤɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɜɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɡɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ ɩɨ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɭ

263
Maja Brkljaþiü, Sandra Prlenda, „Zašto pamüenje i sjeüanje,“ u Kultura
pamüenja i historija, ur. M. Brkljaþiü i S. Prlenda (Zagreb: Golden
marketing – Tehniþka knjiga, 2006), 13.

156
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɉɚɜɥɭ.264 ɇɚɤɨɧ ȭɢɧɻɢʄɟɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ

ɜɢɲɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɛɟɝɧɭɬɨ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɩɚɤ
ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɩɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɨ-
ɦɢɫɧɢɦ ɪɟɲɟʃɟɦ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ 2004. ɞɟɨ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ
ɉɥɚɬɨ ɞɪ Ɂɨɪɚɧɚ ȭɢɧɻɢʄɚ.265 Ⱦɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ
ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɚ ʁɚɜɧɚ ɩɟɬɢɰɢʁɚ (ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɨɞ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ) ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɨɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ
ȺȼɇɈȳ-ɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɭ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɞɪ Ɂɨɪɚɧɚ ȭɢɧɻɢʄɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɭ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɩɟɬɢɰɢʁɚ
ɢ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ʁɚɜɧɚ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɚ ʁɟ
ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ,266 ɢ
ɨɜɚʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧ ɭ ɦɚɪɬɭ 2007, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ
ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ

264
ɍ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ „ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɚ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɞɭɠɢɧɢ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɢ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɞɨɡɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɟ ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɩɨɪɟɞ ʃɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɏɪɚɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ.“ – D. Miliüeviü – J. Jovanoviü, „Neüe
se þekati tri godine,“ Blic, 25. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2009. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ Ɋɚɤɨɜɢɱɤɢ
ɩɭɬ.
265
ɍɨɱɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɭ
ɞɟɥɚ Ɍɪɝɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɩɨ ȭɢɧɻɢʄɭ, ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɚ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɢɦ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɭ, ɢ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɢɯ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɰɟʃɭʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɢ
ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ – Christine Lavrence,
“’The Serbian Bastille’: Memory, Agency and Monumental Public Space in
Belgrade,” Space and Culture 8/1 (2005), 42.
266
Ʉɚɤɨ Ɇɚɨɡ Ⱥɡɚɪʁɚɯɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚʃɚ, ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢʁɟ
ɢ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɪɚʁʃɨʁ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɬɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɜɨʂɟ. – Maoz Azaryahu, “German
reunification and the politics of street names: the case of East Berlin,”
Political Geography 16/6 (1997), 481.
157
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɤɪɚʁɭ ɞɨɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɭ ɬɨɥɢɤɨʁ

ɦɟɪɢ, ɚɤɨ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɢɧɚ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ȺȼɇɈȳ-ɚ (ɬɟɤ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɲɥɨ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɦɟɪɭ), ɜɟʄ ɡɛɨɝ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ
ȼɥɚɞɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ
Ɂɨɪɚɧɭ ȭɢɧɻɢʄɭ, ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɢɪɚ ʁɚɜɧɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɠɟʂɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɚ
ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ
ɢɡɚɲɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ (ɬɚɱɧɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ) ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɬɚɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɧɫ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɨ ɢɦɩɪɨɜɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɬɚɛɥɟ. ɉɪɨ-
ɬɢɜɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɨɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɟɦ
ȭɢɧɻɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪɭ ɫɚ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɤɚɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɢɦɢɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɬɚɛɥɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ „Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪ Ɋɚɬɤɚ Ɇɥɚɞɢʄɚ“, ɦɚɲɭʄɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ
ɥɟɩɟʄɢ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɡɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɞɚɦɚ ɭɡ ɭɥɢɰɭ. Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɚ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ Ɂɨɪɚɧɚ
ȭɢɧɻɢʄɚ, Ɋɚɬɤɨ Ɇɥɚɞɢʄ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ ɱɢʁɟ
ɢɦɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɨɜɚ
'ɩɪɨɬɢɜ-ɚɤɰɢʁɚ' ɧɢʁɟ ɭɪɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɥɨɞɨɦ (ɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɚɪ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɨɫɢ
ȭɢɧɻɢʄɟɜɨ ɢɦɟ), ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɭɫɦɟɪɢɥɚ ɩɚɠʃɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ Ȼɭɥɟɜɚɪɚ ȺȼɇɈȳ-ɚ.
Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɟ
ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ʁɟɫɬɟ, ɨɫɢɦ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɢɫɩɨʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ
ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɢ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ: ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫ-
ɬɢ ɫɭ ɬɢɩɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɱɢɬɭ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢ-
ɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɢɬɢɯ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.267 Ɉɜɢ ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ

267
Mina Petroviü, Transformacija gradova: ka depolitizaciji urbanog
pitanja (Beograd: Institut za sociološka istraživanja Filozofskog fakulteta,
2009), 55.
158
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ, ɚ ɬɨ ɜɚɠɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɟ

ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ
ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢɯ 'ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ' (ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨ-
ʁɟʄɢɯ) ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɨɰɢʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɞɟ,
ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ ɡɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɢʁɚɱɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɢɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ
ɎɄ ɉɚɪɬɢɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɬɚɤɦɢɰɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɥɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɝ Ⱥɪɫɟɧɚɥɚ
2010. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɟɧɬ ɩɥɚɜɟ ɛɨʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɨɩɨɧɚɲɚɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɭɥɢɱɧɟ ɬɚɛɥɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɨ „ɍɥɢɰɚ
Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ Ɇɚɧɰɟ“. ɋɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɟ
ɚɤɰɢʁɟ, ɧɚɜɢʁɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɫɭ ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚɥɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ
ɧɚɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɨɝ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɫɬɟ, ɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɝɪɥɢɥɟ –
Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɡɟɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɍɝɪɢɧɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɩɨ Ɇɚɧɰɟɭ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ
ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ʁɭɧɭ 2011. ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɦ
ɮɭɞɛɚɥɟɪɭ ɧɚɡɨɜɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ
ɫɬɚɞɢɨɧɚ ɉɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɚ.268 ɋɬɚɞɢɨɧɫɤɚ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɚ ɧɚɜɢʁɚɱɤɢɯ
ɝɪɭɩɚ ɧɚɢɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɩɬɧɭ (ɚɮɢɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭ) ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɭ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɨɜɨɝɚ ɞɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɭɝ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɪɟɚɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɲɢɪɢ
ɨɞ ɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɢ ɦɨʄɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɝɪɭɩɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ.269 Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ,
ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɨʄɢ ɨɞ
ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɝɚ: ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ, ɭɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ,
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ,

268
L. Gedoševiü, „Dragan Mance i Milan Mladenoviü dobili ulicu i trg,“
Blic, 16. ʁɭɧ, 2011.
269
Ⱥɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ „ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ
ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ, ɩɚ ɨɬɭɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɚ
ɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ
ɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɰɢʁɢ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ, ɬɟ ɧɭɞɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɟ ɨ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ
ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɠɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ.“ – Sreten Vujoviü,
„Lokalni, glokalni, preduzetniþki i socioekološki aspekti savremenog
grada,“ Sociologija 54/1 (2012), 112.
159
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɟ, ɛɢɥɨ

ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɭɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɢ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɩɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɲɢɪɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɞɟ, ɜɟʄ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɜɢɪɭ ɢɡ
ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ, ɬɟ ɬɚɤɨ 1998. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨʁ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɢɠɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧɭ Ɇɚɬɢʄɭ Ɂɚɩɥɚʃɰɭ (ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɩɨɞɧɟɨ
Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟ Ɇɚɬɢʄ), ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɭ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɭ Ⱥɥɢʄɭ (ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱ
ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜ Ⱥɥɢʄ), ɜɥɚɞɢɰɢ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɭ Ʉɨɧɱɚɪɟɜɢʄɭ (ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱ
Ʉɫɟɧɢʁɚ Ʉɨɧɱɚɪɟɜɢʄ) ɢɬɞ.270 ɑɟɫɬɨ ɛɥɢɠɢ ɢ ɞɚʂɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɢ
ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢ ɭɱɢɬɚɜɚʁɭ ɲɢɪɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ
ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɠɟɥɟ ɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɢ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɲɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ (ɭ
ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ), ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɚ
ɭɩɢɬɧɢɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ.
Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ-
ɬɢɜɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ (ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɨɫɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ), ɭɩɢɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɨɛɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ,
ɧɟɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢ-
ʁɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɡɚ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɤɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟ-
ɧɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɭʁɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɭʁɭ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ (ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ Ɂɟɦɭɧ) ɫɭ ɧɚʁɧɢɠɚ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɚ
ɩɚɪɬɢɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ
ʁɚɤɨ ɪɟɬɤɚ.271 Ɉɜɨ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ

270
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɝ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ. ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
ɢ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1998.
271
ɋɤɨɪɢʁɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɋɚɜɟ 2011. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɚɧɤɟɬɨɦ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɦɨɫɬɚ. ɇɚʁɱɟɲʄɢ
160
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ,

ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ
ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɩɪɟ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɫɤɢ (ɨɞɨɡɝɨ-ɧɚɞɨɥɟ) ɧɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢ
(ɩɚɪɬɢɰɢɩɚɬɢɜɧɢ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ). Ɇɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɢɜɚ ɨɰɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɚɲɥɚ
ɢɡ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɟ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɨ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɰɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɢɯ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɢ ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ 90% ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɨɧɢ
ɫɚɦɢ, ɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɟɱɚɧ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ
ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ.272 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟ ɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ,
ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ (ɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ
ɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ), ɱɟɫɬ ʁɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɜɟʄɢ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɟɥɭʁɭ ɜɚɧ
ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ɋɬɪɚɧɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɚɨ ɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
ʁɟ ɧɩɪ. ɞɨɲɚɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ 2009. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
(ɧɟɧɚɞɚɧɨɝ) ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
1944. ɋɤɨɪɨ ɩɚ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɟ 20. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ
ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢ ʁɭɛɢɥɟʁɚ ɭ
ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɢ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢ
Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜ, ɚ ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɧɞɚɲʃɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɤɨɫɨɜɤɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ,
ɝɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ Ƚɪɨɛʂɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɰɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɪɟɞ, ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɚ ɐɪɜɟɧɨɦ ɚɪɦɢʁɨɦ ɢ
ʃɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡɛɪɢɫɚɧ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɪɢʁɚ. Ɉɜɭ

ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ (Ɇɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱥɞɟ) ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɨɜɨɝɚ

ɦɨɫɬɚ.
272
Sreten Vujoviü, Mato Jelušiü, Ko odluþuje u Budvi (Budva: Argonaut,
2002), 90, 163.
161
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ʁɟ ɫɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɤ ɢɡɧɟɨ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪ Ɋɭɫɤɟ

Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɪɟɤɚɜɲɢ: „ɋɦɚɬɪɚɦ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɦ
ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɚɦɚ... ɍ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɭ ɫɬɢɠɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɨɥɛɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɚ-
ɦɚ...ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɠɭ ɡɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɯ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ.“273 ɂ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɚɩɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɯɟɪɨʁɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɥɚɬɢ ɫɚ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɫɚʃɟ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɦɨɥɛɟ ɢ ɚɩɟɥɢ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɟ ɫɭ (ɭɡ
ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚʃɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɢɡ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ) ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɩɬɧɨ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɨɞ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ ɪɟɤɚɨ:
„ɇɚɱɟɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɠɟɦ ɫ ɢɞɟʁɨɦ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɟ, ɩɨɧɟɫɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ
ɢɦɟɧɚ... ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɭɡ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɟɦɨ
ɞɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ“.274 ɍɡ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ʃɢɯ, ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɭ
ɧɚɻɟɧɚ ɜɟʄ ɢɞɭʄɟ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɢɡɛɪɢɫɚɧɚ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ (ɐɪɜɟɧɟ Ⱥɪɦɢʁɟ, Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɀɞɚɧɨɜɚ,
Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ɍɨɥɛɭɯɢɧɚ) ɪɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɢɫɚɧɚ ɭ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɦ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɭ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɦɚ.275
ɇɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɢ (ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ) ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɚ (ɛɟɨ)ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ 2009. ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɢ ɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨʁ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢ-
ɡɚɰɢʁɢ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɭ ɭ
ɩɚɪɤɭ ɤɪɚʁ ȼɭɤɨɜɨɝ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɭ Ɍɚɲɦɚʁɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɤɭ, ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɟ ɏɟʁɞɚɪɚ Ⱥɥɢʁɟɜɚ, ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ
Ⱥɡɟɪɛɟʁʇɚɧɚ.276

273
„Rusi traže da se vrati Bulevar Crvene Armije,“ Blic, 25. 9. 2009.
274
L. Gedoševiü, „Novi bulevari poneüe imena ruskih boraca,“ Blic, 26. 9.
2009.
275
''Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ
ȼɨɠɞɨɜɚɰ, ɇɨɜɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɑɭɤɚɪɢɰɚ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɥɢɫɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ
54/14, 12. 5. 2010, 56.
276
ɋɥɢɱɧɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ 2003. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɨɜɟ
ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɟ ɋȺȾ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɭ Ȼɭɡɢɧ, ɧɨɜɚ
162
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ

ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ, ɢ ɱɚɤ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɬɢɰɚɬɢ ɢɡ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ, (ɞɨɦɚʄɚ)
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɢɦɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ
ɤɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚʃɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɥɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɉɜɨ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ
ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɯ, ɦɚɯɨɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɢɡ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ
ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ. ɍ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚ-
ɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɭ ɜɟɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɞɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ
ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ. ɇɚ
ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚ ɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ. ɂ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɞɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ
ɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ
ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ (ɚ ɲɬɨ
ɜɟʄ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɭ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ, ɢɬɞ.): „ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ ɢ ɞɭɝɟ ɚɤɬɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɭɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ,
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭɥɢɰɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩ-
ɪɚɜɟ, ɪɚɞɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.“277 ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɭ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɨɦ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ
ɧɢɜɨɭ, ɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɜɪɲɢ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɚ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɧɢɜɨɚ, ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɭʁɟ ɢ
ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɚɪ ɨ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ
ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ: „Ⱥɤɨ ɫɚɞɪ-
ɠɢɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɟ
ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɤɚɬɚ ɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɯ

ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɦ

ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɭ Ɍɨɦɚɫɭ ȹɟɮɟɪɫɨɧɭ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɢɯ 'ɫɬɚɧɚɪɚ'
– ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ. – Saša Šimpraga, Zageb – javni prostor (Zagreb:
Porfirogenet, 2013).
277
„Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɢ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
9/2002, 2002.
163
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢɦ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ,

ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ, ɧɚɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɚ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɻɚ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɦɨɪɚɥ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɞɛɢʄɟ, ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ
60 ɞɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɚɤɬɚ,
ɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ.“278 ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɦɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɰɟɧɭ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ, ɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɭ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɞ
ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨɝ ɮɚɤɬɢɰɢɬɟɬɚ
(ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɡɚ
ɬɨ), ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟ ɲɢɪɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ (ɲɬɨ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɭ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɪɧɨɫɬ).279
Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɚɩɚɪɚɬ ɬɚɤɨ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ-
ɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɢɝɧɢɮɢɤɚɧɬɧɨ ɭɬɢɰɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫ-
ɬɨɪɚ (ɲɬɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɢɨ ɢ ɱɟɫɬ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ
ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɉɋ ɜɪɥɨ
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ),
ɚɥɢ ɬɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɢ ɛɢɬɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɟ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʁɭ ɡɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ.280 Ɇɨɝɥɨ
ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢɦɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɯɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ
ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚ ɧɚ ɜɟʄ

278
„Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɢ,“ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
129/2007, 2007.
279
ȼɪɥɨ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɬɟɤ ɤɚɦɭɮɥɢɪɚɨ ɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ –
ɬɚɤɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɢɡ ɇɊ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ:
„ɇɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɬɟɤɨɜɢɧɚɦɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ.“ – „Zakon o
imenima naseljenih mjesta i ulica i o obilježavanju kuüa brojevima,“
Službeni list NR Bosne i Hercegovine 1/1948, 1948.
280
Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɜ. S. Radoviü, Grad kao tekst.
164
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɝɥɟɞɢɲɬɟ ȼɭʁɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ȳɟɥɭɲɢʄɚ ɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɢ

ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɞ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɟɦ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.281 ɋɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɨɦ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɚɜɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ
ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɨ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɭ
ɪɚɫɩɨɧɭ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɨɛɢɱɧɢʁɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɞɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ – ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ, ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɞɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɜɚɪɢɪɚʁɭ. Ɉɩɨɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɢɦ
ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɦɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ, ɢ ɨɜɨ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ
ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɫɬɟɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟʁɚɤɚ. ɉɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɱɚɤ ɢ
ɭ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɛɥɨɤɚ (ɩɪɟ)ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ-ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɦɟɪɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɢɰɚɨ ɢɡ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɟ, ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɚɬɤɚɞ ɱɚɤ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ 'ɩɨɥɢɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ
ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɰɢ' (politicised landscapes) ɢɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ.282 Ɉɛɥɢɰɢ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɩɨɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ
ɩɚɪɬɢɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ, ɚ ɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɨɤɨɥ-
ɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɲɭ ʁɚɜɧɨ

281
S. Vujoviü, M. Jelušiü, ɧ. ɞ, 90.
282
Katherine Lebow, “Revising the Politicized Landscape: Nowa Huta,
1949-1957,” City and Society 1/1–2 (1999).
165
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɛɪɡɢɦ, ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɚɦɚ

ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɦ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɭ.283
ɂ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭ-
ɚɰɢʁɚ – ɩɥɭɪɚɥɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɚɜɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚ-
ɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɫɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢɦɚ ɦɚʃɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɢɥɢ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɚ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɭ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɚɥɢ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ. Ⱦɨɤ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɚ
ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ʁɚɜɧɭ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜ-
ɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɦɚʃɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɞɢ ɭ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ʁɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɜɢɲɟ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɜɨʂɨɦ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɧɢɜɨɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ. Ɇɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢ-
ɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ
ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɟɤɫɤɥɭɡɢɜɧɢ ɞɨɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ-
ɤɟ, ɢ ɬɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɱɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ. ɂ ɞɨɤ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɧɟ
ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɦɚʃɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ, ɨɧɨ
ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɡɢɪɚʃɟ ɲɢɪɢɯ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ
ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚʁɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɢʁɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɬɨɝ
ɩɨʁɦɚ. Ɉɱɢɬɚ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɩɪɟɞ
ɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɦɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɛɢɱɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ, ɭ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ,
ɧɨ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɨ, ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ
ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɢɜɨ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨʄɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɫɧɚɝɚ
ɫɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɧɢɜɨɚ, ɢɡ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ
ɩɨɫɬʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɰɟɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɦɨʄɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɤɥɚɫɟ. ɇɚʁɦɨʄɧɢʁɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢɨɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ
'ɰɪɜɟɧɚ ɧɢɬ' ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɬɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɚɬɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɭ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɭ ɞɟɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ. Ɇɟɻɭ-

283
ɜ. Hermine De Soto, “(Re)Inventing Berlin: Dialectics of Power,
Symbols and Past, 1990–1995,” City and Society 8/1 (1996).
166
 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɢ

ɬɢɦ, ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɜɟ 'ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɟ' ɧɟ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɻɚɲʃɢ,

ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɢ 'ɩɚɤɟɬ' (ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɭ
ɧɟɤɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɛɢɜɲɢɦ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ), ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ
ɱɢɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɚ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɦɚʃɢɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɭ ɫɟ
ɦɚɯɨɦ ɭɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɨɜɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ
ɢɡɧɢɦɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɪ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɤʂɭɱɭ
'ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ', ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɤɚ ɧɨɜɚ, ɫɤɨɪɢʁɟ
'ɢɡɦɢɲʂɟɧɚ' ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɪɟɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɧɟ
ɦɨɪɚ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɤɪɟɢɪɚʃɚ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɟɩɨɯɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɦɢɫɥɟɧ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ.
ɋɤɭɩ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɦɟɦɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɮɨɧ-
ɞɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɚɧ, ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɛɪɢɫɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɢɯ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ 1945, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɢɪɚɥɟ ʁɚɫɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɟ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ
ɲɢɪɨɦ ɛɢɜɲɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɉɜɨ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨɝ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɟɤɥɟɤɬɢɰɢɡɦɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɨɞɟʄɢɯ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢ-
ɨɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɯɟɝɟɦɨɧɫɤɢɯ
ɛɥɨɤɨɜɚ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ, ɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɟɩɨɯɟ,
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɟ (ɫɜɟɬɥɨʁ) ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟʄ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢ
ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ 'ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ' ɢ 'ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ'.
ɉɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ
ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɧɟɝɨ
ɤɨɯɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɜɢɡɢʁɨɦ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɢ,284 ɲɬɨ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ (ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ) ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ.
Ɍɪɚɝɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɨɞɝɨ-

284
Kiril Stanilov, “Political reform, economic development ad regional
growth in post-socialist Europe,” in The Post-socialist City, ed. K. Stanilov
(Dordrecht: Springer, 2007), 21.
167
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɨɦ ɨɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɨɦ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ

ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ (ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ) ʁɟ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɭ
ɩɭɧɨɦ ʁɟɤɭ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ (ɢ
ɞɚʂɟ) ɩɨɫɬɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ, ɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ
ɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɫɤɟ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɢ-
ɡɚɰɢʁɟ (ɦɚɤɚɪ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɢ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ) 'ɨɞɨɧɢɦɫɤɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ'
ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɦ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ
ɨɞɦɚɤ ɨɞ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ,
ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜ-
ɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɫ-ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɭɫɩɨɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ (ɭɡ ɱɟɲʄɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ), ɩɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ 'ɡɚɦɨɪ' ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ
ɩɪɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ (ɪɟ)ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ
(ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢ-
ɨɞɚ). ɋɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɦ 'ɬɪɚɧɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɦ' ɢ ɨɞɦɚɤɨɦ ɨɞ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɥɨɦɨɜɚ, ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ
ɢ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, (ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɚ) ɧɨɜɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɪɨʁɚɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɨ
'ɡɚɯɭɤɬɚɜɚʃɟ' ɜɟʄ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ (ɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ) ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ
ɩɚɦʄɟʃɚ. Ⱦɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɢɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɨɞɨɧɨ-
ɦɚɫɬɢɤɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɢ ɭɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟɦɨ ʁɨɲ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɨ-ɭɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ.

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 Belgrade Odonyms

Summary
Odonyms, or street names, have been systematically
researched since at least the late 1970s, primarily by cultural
geographers, and later on within paradigms of other disciplines.
In former Yugoslavia interest in symbolical capacities of street
names was initially pursued in Croatian ethnology/anthropology,
and scholars from other disciplines (geography, history,
sociology etc.) in this part of Europe followed suit. Official
naming of streets, squares and other public spaces primarily
serves the function of the orientation of citizens and public
services in a congested cityscape, but it also enables the
administrative control of urban space and its inhabitants, and
spatializes political symbols into urban surroundings. This
political and symbolical aspect of official street names mostly
coincides with the emergence of the nation-state in Europe, and
represents one of the (spatial) utterances of the ‘imagined
traditions’ which follow the ascent of nations, nationalisms etc.
That way, major European cities started officially naming their
streets in the late 18th and early 19th century, by means of
replacing (and to a lesser extent keeping) previous vernacular and
unofficial designations of urban thoroughfares, which correlated
with the shift from ‘organic’ to ‘historical’ memory. The same
process also occurred in the city of Belgrade. During the Ottoman
era of its history, Belgrade represented a network of mahalas and
charshiyas/bazaars (which included streets and pathways of
lesser prominence) whose names are recorded in Turkish
censuses. These ‘proto-odonyms’ were unofficially designated,
but were adopted and documented for administrative purposes
(censuses, tax-collecting, mapping) by both Ottoman and
Austrian authorities. Only a few of them would surpass the
Turkish rule and gradual transfer of the city to Serbian

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Srÿan Radoviü

authorities. Becoming the capital of Serbia, Belgrade odonyms

were losing their unofficial and vernacular character given the
increasing interest of new state and municipal governments in
regulating the urban nomenclature. Eventually, new officially
imposed street names took over the urban toponymy, and they
largely consisted of names commemorating prominent
individuals and places, very often as means of identity politics of
the new nation-state. Street commemoration (and
decommemoration) usually correlated with shifts in ethno-
national politics and dynastic changes in the Principality and
Kingdom of Serbia. This is also the case with regard to large-
scale political and national transformations such as the formation
of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later named
Yugoslavia) in the aftermath of World War I, which brought
upon new political symbolism inscribed into the city’s urban
space. The enlargement of the city’s territory also meant the
renaming of streets of former Austrian-Hungarian towns
incorporated into the Belgrade area. Ideological and political uses
of odonyms were made most obvious during World War II when
quisling authorities initiated a large-scale renaming of streets and
squares in Belgrade and Zemun, which were not to last long since
they were mostly annulled after the liberation in 1944. New
socialist Yugoslavia which emerged after the war’s end brought
in new social and political values which were to be inscribed into
the public space of the country’s capital, which at the same time
meant erasing or marginalizing much of the old pre-war political
mythology, also by means of (re)naming the city streets. The
same de-commemorative odonomastic practices would be
deployed with the fall of the socialist system and Yugoslavia in
the 1990s, when yet another large-scale renaming of public
spaces and institutions would occur, catering to the newest ethno-
national and political agendas. During the course of the
mentioned commemorative and decommemorative street
(re)naming politics in various periods, different social actors
emerged pursuing their distinctive identity and memory politics.
‘Belgrade Odonyms’ is a book that gives both an overview and

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 Belgrade Odonymus

interpretations of these consecutive transformations of the city’s

official street names.

185
CIP - Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
316.75:711.432(497.11)"15/20"
316.334.56(497.11)"15/20"
94(497.11 Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ)"15/20"

ɊȺȾɈȼɂȶ, ɋɪɻɚɧ, 1976-

Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɨɞɨɧɢɦɢ / ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ. - Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ :

ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, 2014 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ :
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ). - 185 ɫɬɪ. ; 24 cm. - (ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ
ɢɡɞɚʃɚ / ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ ; ɤʃ. 81)
ɇɚ ɫɩɨɪ. ɧɚɫɥ. ɫɬɪ.: Belgrade Odonyms. - Ɍɢɪɚɠ 500. -
ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɟ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɟ ɭɡ ɬɟɤɫɬ. -
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ: ɫɬɪ. 169-182. - Summary: Belgrade
Odonyms.

ISBN 978-86-7587-075-3

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