AH Engineering Science QP

AH
X723/77/11
National
Qualications
2018
Engineering Science
THURSDAY, 24 MAY
1:00 PM – 3:00 PM
Total marks — 60
Reference may be made to the Advanced Higher Engineering Science Data Booklet.
SECTION 1 — 30 marks
Attempt ALL questions.
Write your answers clearly in the answer booklet provided. In the answer booklet, you must
clearly identify the question number you are attempting.
For questions 1 (a) and 6 (a), write your answers clearly in the worksheets provided in booklet
X723/77/21.
Show all working and units where appropriate.
The number of significant figures expressed in a final answer should be equivalent to the least
significant data value given in the question. Answers that have two more figures or one less
figure than this will be accepted.
Use blue or black ink. Sketches, diagrams and graphs may be drawn in pencil.
Before leaving the examination room you must give your answer booklet and worksheets to the
Invigilator; if you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.
*X7237711*
B/PB
MARKS
Attempt ALL questions
1. A partially complete activity network for an engineering project involving six stages,
A–F, is shown below. Time for each stage is measured in weeks.
• STG – stage
• DUR – duration
• EST – earliest start time EST STG EFT
• EFT – earliest finish time FLT
• LST – latest start time LST DUR LFT
• LFT – latest finish time
• FLT – float
0 A 3 4 C 9 9 E 10
3 5 1
START FINISH
0 B 4 4 D 6 10 F 11
4 2 1
(a) Complete the activity network given on the worksheet for question 1 (a) by
adding the latest finish time, the latest start time and the float for each of
activities A–F, and hence identify the critical path. 3
(b) Discuss how the project manager would use information in the network diagram
to manage the project effectively. 2
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2. A Wien-bridge oscillator is being tested by a student.
6·8 μF
560 Ω
+Vcc
−Vcc
2 kΩ
6·8 μF 560 Ω R1
0 V
The tolerance of the components used in the circuit is 5%.
(a) Calculate the range of frequencies within which the circuit will oscillate. 2
The student selects an incorrect resistor value for R1 which produces the output
waveform shown below.
Vout
Time
(b) State the reason why the student’s choice of resistance for R1 has caused the
output waveform and suggest a value for R1 which would produce a constant
amplitude sine-wave. 2
[Turn over
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3. A shaft within a gear box has loads applied as shown due to the transmission of
power. Gear locations on the shaft are also shown.
F1 = 355 N
F1
F2 20°
A
F2 = 1065 N
20°
B A
B
30 mm
50 mm
30 mm
Not drawn to scale
Calculate the magnitude of the reaction at the bearing at A. 4
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4. A student is designing an amplifier circuit based on the circuit shown below.
For component calculations, ignore the greyed-out components.
Vcc = 15 V
R1 Rc
Vout
Vin
R2 Re
0 V
Circuit specifications
• Ic = 1 mA
• A-Class biased, with Vout = 50% of Vcc
• hfe = 100
• Ve = 1 V
• Vbe = 0·6 V
• Vcc = 15 V
(a) Calculate values for Rc and Re. 2
(b) Calculate values for Ib and Vb. 1
(c) Calculate values for R1 and R2 using the design rule IR2 = 10Ib. 2
[Turn over
page 05
5. Two block diagrams for a hydropower pump-storage scheme similar to Cruachan in
Scotland, are shown below.
upper
reservoir
pumping
lower
reservoir
generating
pump/turbine
hall
PUMPING
Electric Upper
Electricity Transformer Pump Pipework reservoir
motor
Water
GENERATING
Upper
reservoir Pipework Turbine Generator Transformer Electricity
Water
The main system components have the following operating efficiencies.
Overall
efficiency
(%)
Step-down transformer, electric motor driving pump and pump 87·0
Turbine, generator and step-up transformer 90·3
Energy loss in the water pipework between the pump and the upper reservoir
amounts to 0·6% of the energy supplied to the water when pumping and 0·8% of the
potential energy of the water in the upper reservoir when generating.
page 06
5. (continued) MARKS
(a) Calculate the percentage of the electricity drawn from the grid to pump water
that is returned to the National Grid as electricity by this system. Ignore
evaporation from the reservoir. 2
Cruachan pump-storage scheme can switch from pumping water to generating

electricity in two minutes. It can generate up to 440 MW of electricity continuously
for a maximum of 22 hours.
(b) Define the terms ‘base load’ and ‘peak load’ when used in relation to the
National Grid and explain the role that pump storage generation capacity plays
in maintaining electricity supply at all times. 3
[Turn over
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6. A static beam is loaded as shown below.
20 kN 10 kN
−1
8 kN m
4∙0 m 1∙0 m 1∙0 m
(a) Draw, on worksheet for question 6(a), the shear force diagram for the beam.
Indicate the important values of the shear force on the diagram. 3
(b) By considering the section of the beam 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 from the left-hand end, find the
position and magnitude of the maximum bending moment. 3
(c) Give a reason why it is important to find the position and magnitude of the
maximum bending moment in a loaded beam which has a constant cross-section
along its length. 1
page 08
[Turn over for SECTION 2
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7. On a dairy farm cows are milked and then weighed each day using an automated
milking unit and weigh-bridge. A cow’s weight is recorded in kilograms.
beam
milking unit weigh-bridge
The structural support for the milking unit is considered to be a cantilever beam of
length 1·00 m. The milking unit weighs 10 kg and is attached to the free end of the
cantilever beam. The beam is made from aluminium alloy and has a hollow
rectangular cross-section with external dimensions of width 30 mm and height
70 mm, and a wall thickness of 3·5 mm.
The beam has been designed to not only carry the load of the milking unit, but also
to be strong enough to support 300 kg, a part of the weight of the cow should it sit
down on the device. The added load of the cow would act 600 mm from the wall.
Fcow Fmilk
600 mm
1000 mm
(a) Calculate the maximum stress in the beam at its support and hence determine if
the beam would be permanently deformed if the cow sat down. 5
page 10
The end-point deflection, δ , of a cantilever beam due to a point load, P, applied

between the wall and the end is calculated from:
δ
L
Pa 2
δ= ( 3L − a )
6EI
(b) Calculate the vertical deflection of the free end of the cantilever beam that the
weight of the cow would produce. 2
The automated milking unit has a total resistive power consumption of 21 kW and is
supplied from a single-phase line 60 m long. The cable resistance is 0·524 Ω/km. The
single-phase voltage at the machine is 230 V.
(c) Calculate the power loss arising from the line resistance and hence the
efficiency of the line. 2
[Turn over
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7. (continued)
Four identical load sensors measure the force at each corner of the weigh-bridge. Assume
that the weight is evenly distributed between the four sensors. The graph below shows the
combined output from the four load sensors for a given load.
Load
sensors
140
120
100
Sum of load
sensor signals 80
(mV) 60
40
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Weight (kg)
The signals from the sensors are processed by the circuit shown below to produce a 4-bit
binary signal proportional to the weight of the cow.
RD
Digital Binary Output 10 kΩ
DCBA RC 100 kΩ
Clock 10 kΩ +Vcc
Binary RB +Vcc
Counter
RA −Vcc
−Vcc 0 V
+Vcc 0 V
−Vcc
5 V
10 kΩ 100 kΩ
Vload 1 1 MΩ
100 kΩ
input signals
10 kΩ
Load sensor
Vload 2 R1 +Vcc
10 kΩ
10 kΩ +Vcc
Vload 3 10 kΩ +Vcc
Rx R1 −Vcc
10 kΩ
Vload 4 −Vcc 1 MΩ vin
−Vcc
0 V
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7. (continued)
• The self-weight of the weigh-bridge is 200 kg.

• The maximum load is 1200 kg.
• Vin should equal 0 V when the weigh-bridge is unloaded (self-weight only).
• Vin should equal 5 V at the maximum load.
• The digital value of 1111 is equivalent to an analogue voltage at Vin of 5 V.
• Output A is the LSB and Output D is the MSB.
• Binary counter outputs are each 5 V or 0 V.
(d) Calculate the values of Rx, R1, RA, RB, RC and RD. 4
A fault occurs in one of the load sensors giving a reading of −250 mV for Vin when the
weigh-bridge is not loaded.
(e) Calculate the sum of the load voltages for this value of Vin and then explain how
this reading may have occurred. 2
[Turn over
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8.
Steering
wheel
Pinion
gear
Rack
The steering mechanism for a car, shown above, comprises a steering wheel
connected to a toothed bar called a ‘rack’ via a ‘pinion’ gear. The pinion gear is fixed
in location and is free to rotate. The rack moves to the left or to the right depending
on the direction of rotation of the pinion gear. The pinion gear and rack are shown
below.
Pinion gear
Rack
The pinion has a pitch circle diameter of 45 mm and a pressure angle of 25°. A torque
of 10 Nm is required at the pinion for the car to turn a corner at a constant speed.
(a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the tangential and radial components
of force acting on the rack if the pinion is turned clockwise. 3
page 14
The actual torque required to turn both wheels about their pivot is 100 Nm when the
wheel is at an angle of 10°. A power steering system provides additional force to
move the rack which causes the wheel to change angle about a pivot (changing the
direction of the car). The arm connecting the rack to the pivot is 150 mm long.
A sketch of the plan view for the arrangement for one wheel is shown below.
10°
Rack
150 mm
Wheel
Pivot
(b) Calculate the required force in the rack to turn the wheels and hence the
additional force supplied to the rack by the power steering system. 2
[Turn over
page 15
8. (continued)
A recent advance in car technology is to point the headlights in the direction that a car is
turned.
A student uses a precision motor to adjust the angle of a car headlight as it corners. The
angle is changed by applying a pulse of variable width to the motor, as shown in the
waveform diagrams below.
1∙0 ms
0°
Period, T
90°
1∙5 ms
Period, T
2∙0 ms
180°
Period, T
The motor waveforms are produced using the circuit shown below.
5 V
10 kΩ
R1
4 8 4 8
7 R3 7
555
555
R2 6 3 6 3
2 2
1 5 1 5
Vout
V1
0∙01 μF 0∙01 μF
0∙22 μF C 0∙1 μF
0 V
Note: V1 has a duty cycle of 99%, ie mark : space ratio is 99:1

The second stage of the circuit produces the output signal Vout.
page 16
Ton = 1∙4 ms
5
Voltage,Vout (V)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (ms)
The mark time is calculated using:
Ton=1·1RC
where R is the total resistance in series with the capacitor, C.
(c) Calculate the values of R1, R2, R3 and the angle the precision motor will move to. 5
[Turn over
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8. (continued)
The student replaces the 555 circuit with a microcontroller. A program is written to process
the angle of the wheels and produce a waveform to adjust the angle of the headlights.
The following information is included for reference.
• The range of movement of the headlight must be limited to −15° to +15°.
• The frequency of the output waveform must match the waveform in part (c).
• The angular position of the front wheels is detected by a rotary potentiometer with
a range of 0° to 180°.
• The voltage from the potentiometer is processed by the microcontroller’s ADC
producing a value stored in the integer variable wheel_angle in the range 0–255.
• Potentiometer rotation of 180° would produce a wheel_angle of 255.
Rotary potentiometer angle

0°
90°
Wheels straight ahead
−15°
75°
Headlight
angles
Wheels 15° to left
+15°
105°
Wheels 15° to right
page 18
8. (continued)
Programming commands to produce time delays
PBASIC ARDUINO
Syntax Syntax
PAUSEMICRO microseconds delayMicroseconds(us)
Parameters Parameters
Microseconds — is a variable/ constant us — is a variable/ constant (0–16383)
(0–16383) which specifies the number of which specifies the number of
microseconds to pause microseconds to pause
Example Example
PAUSEMICRO 50 ‘Wait 50 µs delayMicroseconds(50);//Wait 50 µs
Syntax Syntax
PAUSE ms delay(ms)
ms — is a variable/constant which specifies ms — is a variable/constant which specifies
the number of milliseconds to pause the number of milliseconds to pause
Example Example
PAUSE 5000 ‘Wait 5000 ms delay(5000); //Wait 5000 ms
Program Variables
PBASIC ARDUINO
wheel_angle wheel_angle
mark mark
space space
All variables are word integers in the range All variables are integers in the range
(0–65535) (−32768 to 32767)
[Turn over
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8. (continued)
ARDUINO
void sub_procedure_B()
{
wheel_angle = analogRead(14)/4; // get wheel angle and

// scale to 0–255 range
if(wheel_angle < 106)
{
wheel_angle = 106;
}
SECTION A
if(wheel_angle > 149)
{
wheel_angle = 149;
}
mark = wheel_angle*1000/255+1000;
space = 20000 – mark;
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(mark); SECTION B
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(space);
BASIC
sub_procedure_B:
‘ get wheel angle
readadc 0, wheel_angle
IF wheel_angle < 106 then
let wheel_angle = 106
ELSEIF wheel_angle > 149 then SECTION A
let wheel_angle = 149
ENDIF
LET mark = wheel_angle*1000/255+1000
LET space = 20000 – mark
HIGH 3
PAUSEMICRO mark SECTION B
LOW 3
PAUSEMICRO space
return
page 20
(d) Explain the purpose of the program lines in section A, and show how the
numbers 106 and 149 have been calculated. 2
After testing the program and finding faults, section B was modified as shown below.
ARDUINO BASIC
mark=wheel_angle * 100/255 + 100; LET mark = wheel_angle*100/255 + 100
mark = mark * 10; LET mark = mark * 10;
space = 2000 – mark; LET space = 2000 – mark
digitalWrite(3,HIGH); HIGH 3
delayMicroseconds (mark); PAUSEMICRO mark
digitalWrite(3,LOW); LOW 3
delay(18); PAUSE 18
delayMicroseconds(space); PAUSEMICRO space
} return
(e) Explain why the lines highlighted were altered. 3
[END OF QUESTION PAPER]
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AH
FOR OFFICIAL USE
National
Qualications Mark
2018
X723/77/21 Engineering Science
Worksheets
THURSDAY, 24 MAY
1:00 PM – 3:00 PM *X7237721*
Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.
Full name of centre Town
Forename(s) Surname Number of seat
Date of birth
Day Month Year Scottish candidate number
Worksheets for questions 1 (a) and 6 (a).
Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet.

Use blue or black ink. Sketches, diagrams and graphs may be drawn in pencil.
Before leaving the examination room you must give your answer booklet and worksheets to the
*X723772101*
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Worksheet for question 1 (a)
0 A 3 4 C 9 9 E 10
3 5 1
START FINISH
0 B 4 4 D 6 10 F 11
4 2 1
Critical path
*X723772102*
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Worksheet for question 6 (a)
Space for working
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Shear force 0
(kN) −5 1 2 3 4 5 6
−10
−15
−20
−25
−30
−35
−40
Distance (m)
[END OF WORKSHEETS]
*X723772103*
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[BLANK PAGE]
*X723772104*
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AH
FOR OFFICIAL USE
National
2017
THURSDAY, 25 MAY
1:00 PM – 3:00 PM *X7237701*
Date of birth
Total marks — 60
You may refer to the Advanced Higher Engineering Science Data Booklet.
Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers is
provided at the end of this booklet. If you use this space you must clearly identify the question
number you are attempting.
Use blue or black ink.
Before leaving the examination room you must give this booklet to the
©
*X723770101*
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1. An engineer is compiling a list of costs for a forthcoming civil engineering

project.
• Construction materials
• Employer National Insurance contributions
• Earth moving machinery
• Design consultancy expenses
• Travelling expenses of engineers and technicians
• Employer pension contributions
• Rent and rates for administration office
• Office supplies
• Public liability insurance
• Preliminary site work (to ensure compliance with Health & Safety
legislation)
• Engineering, technical and construction worker salaries
(a) Identify one indirect and one on-cost from the list above and use the
examples chosen to explain what is meant by each term. 3
*X723770102*
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1. (continued)
(b) The project involves the construction of a new road. The engineer draws
up a table of tasks, times and precedents as shown below.
Task Precedent(s) Time (days)
A Site clearance None 2
B Strip top soil A 3
C Lay culvert pipes & ducting B 3
D Lay sub-base C 4
E Lay surface layer (pavement) D 4
F Pull through power cables C 2
G Install street lighting F 4
H Erect road signs A 1
I Landscape sidings F&H 2
Complete the Gantt chart below for this project. 2
Time (days)
Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A A A
B B B B
C C C C
D D D D D
E E E E E
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2. The Danish government hopes to achieve its goal of independence from fossil THIS
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fuels by the year 2050. Denmark has no plans for Nuclear power and it cannot
generate significant Hydropower, but it can import this form of electricity
from Sweden and Norway.
The following extract is taken from a magazine published by the Danish Wind
Industry Association and from Offshoreenergy.dk.
Green transition with offshore wind

Three decades of successfully integrating wind energy into the power
system has given Denmark the know-how and confidence to not just wave
goodbye to all fossil fuel use, but set a deadline for doing so.
Today the country is building a power system for tomorrow. By 2035
offshore wind is to be the single largest contributor to electricity and
heating in Denmark. Wind will be meeting 75% of demand for heat and
power, with just over half of that coming from offshore capacity. Solar and
other renewables will provide the remainder. The country’s electricity
system operator, Energinet.dk, is already investing in the power system
structure needed. The national energy political goal, agreed to by a large
parliamentary majority, is independence from fossil fuel by 2050,
including for transport.
(a) Discuss the environmental, social and economic impacts which may
result if the Danish government achieves its goal of independence from
fossil fuels. 3
*X723770104*
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(b) The Danish energy system operator, Energinet.dk, will have to meet base
and peak load demands on a system entirely dependent on renewable
energy sources.
Discuss an engineering challenge and possible solution that Energinet.dk
will have to consider. 2
[Turn over
*X723770105*
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3. A mild steel wire of diameter 0·794 mm is bent around a drum of diameter
500 mm, as shown below.
Wire diameter 0·794 mm
Drum diameter 500 mm
The radius, R, is measured to the centre line of the wire.

Calculate the maximum bending stress in the wire. 3
*X723770106*
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4. A student wishes to estimate the second moment of area of an aerofoil section
and decides that the best approximation using standard shapes is a semicircle,
a rectangle and two identical right-angled triangles, as shown below.
60 mm
x x
100 mm 100 mm
The second moment of area of a right-angled triangle about its base is given
by:
bh3
I base =
12
where b and h are base and height dimensions respectively. Note that the
base of a right-angled triangle lies along axis x – x.
Calculate the second moment of area of the section about axis x - x as shown. 4
*X723770107*
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5. A student is testing the circuit, shown below, for a control application.
5V
9·1kΩ
+5V
A
0V
Vin Vout
5·6kΩ 8·2kΩ
0V
The op-amp output saturation voltages Vout are 3·5 V and 0·2 V.
Calculate the upper and lower threshold voltages at point A using nodal
analysis. 5
*X723770108*
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5. (continued)
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6. An office chair is supported by five roller feet on a diameter of 600 mm. The
five legs and central pillar are a single moulded piece of polypropylene. The
central pillar has outside diameter 50 mm. A maximum load of 120 kg is
applied vertically to the seat.
A diagram of one of the legs is shown below.
pillar
leg
wheel
diameter 600 mm
Each leg has a standard hollow rectangular cross-section 50 mm × 30 mm and
wall thickness 3·2 mm.
Calculate the vertical deflection of the chair under the applied load. 3
*X723770110*
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*X723770111*
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7. A pulley works due to static friction between the cable and the pulley; the THIS
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load applied (tensions in the cable) and the amount of contact between the
cable and the pulley are important. If there is insufficient tension (on both
the tight and slack side) then the cable will slip. The equation used to
determine the minimum ratio between the two cable tensions is:
F1 μθ cable
= e
F2 θ
F1 pulley
F2
where,
F1 = tight tension (N)
F2 = slack tension (N)
μ = coefficient of (static) friction
θ = angle of contact between pulley and cable (radians)
The cable-driven pulley system, shown above, has the following conditions;
F1 = 1000 N
μ = 0·3
Pulley speed = 955 revs min−1
Pulley diameter = 150 mm
Note: 2π radians = 360° and the cable is in contact with half the
circumference of the pulley.
(a) Calculate the maximum power that can be transmitted under these
conditions. 3
*X723770112*
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7. (a) (continued) THIS
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(b) Explain the effect on maximum transmissible power of an increase to

either the coefficient of friction or the contact angle between the pulley
and the cable. 2
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8. A structural beam is part of the floor structure of a new public building. The
applied loads arise from internal construction and architectural features, as
shown below.
16 kN 19 kN
10 kNm−1
4 m 3 m 2 m
(a) Sketch the Shear Force diagram for the beam. 4
Space for Working
Shear
force 0
Distance (m)
(kN)
*X723770114*
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8. (continued)
(b) Write equations for the bending moment as a function of the distance, x,
measured in metres from the left-hand end of the beam when:
(i) 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 1
(ii) 4 ≤ x ≤ 7 1
(c) Calculate the magnitude of the maximum bending moment and its
position, measured from the left-hand end of the beam. 3
*X723770115*
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The windows in the building use a special glass with integrated film which
allows the transparency to be controlled electronically. The windows use an
emerging technology called suspended particle device (SPD) glass.
SPD Glass
Input Power Supply: 0 – 100V AC
Transparency varies linearly:
0V = Opaque
100V = Fully Transparent
The control system uses a microcontroller, a digital to analogue converter

(DAC) and a variable voltage power inverter to control the SPD film’s
transparency. A block diagram of the DAC and power inverter is shown below.
DAC
2
Output lines
POWER Analogue voltage
from 1
INVERTER to SPD film
microcontroller
0 LSB
(d) Explain the need for the power inverter in this system. 2
(e) The DAC has the following specification.

• It should be built from operational amplifiers and resistors
• The microcontroller outputs are each 5V or 0V
• The maximum output from the DAC should be 7·5V
• he system power supply is ±9V with op-amp saturation voltages
T
of ±7·5V
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8. (e) (continued) THIS
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Draw a complete circuit diagram for the DAC specified above, including
all significant component values. Show all working. 4
Space for Working
Circuit Diagram
*X723770117*
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9. A student project involves the design of an electric wheelchair, propelled by
two brushless DC motors. Each motor has three coils which are energised in a
sequence turning the central rotor. One method of producing the coil
switching sequence is illustrated in the diagram below.
Reference
sine wave
generator
Comparator
Triangular
wave
generator
(a) The sine wave and triangular wave are combined by the comparator to
produce a coil switching waveform.
A Wien Bridge oscillator is used to generate a 50 Hz sine wave.
R C
R2
+Vcc
−Vcc
Vout
C R R1
0V
Calculate suitable values for R, C, R1 and R2. 3
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9. (a) (continued)
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9. (continued)
(b) The following circuit produces the waveforms shown below.
VA
C
+15V
10 kΩ +15V
VB
−15V 10 kΩ
−15V
R
0V
VA
13·4 V
10·2 V VB
Voltage
0
(V)
−10·2 V
−13·4 V
1·67 3·33 5·00 6·67 8·33
Time (ms)
*X723770120*
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9. (b) (continued)
Calculate the value of C and R by referring to the circuit and the waveform
diagrams on Page 20. 3
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9. (continued)
The prototype design for the drive of the wheelchair incorporated a single
motor on a separate shaft from the wheel connected by a belt and pulley
system as shown.
(c) The shaft is supported on two roller bearings at A and B. The motor has a
self-weight of 75 N and the belt tensions are 2350 N and 572 N. The slack
side of the belt lies at 30° to the horizontal.
75 N
100 mm
100 mm
2350 N
A
572 N
Motor
30°
B
Pulley
25 mm
*X723770122*
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9. (c) (continued)
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force acting on bearing B. 5
*X723770123*
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(d) The student develops the prototype using a DC motor and writes two
sub-procedures to control the motor speed. The target speed is set by a
potentiometer and the actual speed is sensed using an optical speed
sensor which produces a DC output in the range 0-5V, as shown in the
diagram below.
5 V
Microcontroller
Analogue
Target Speed Input PWM
0–5 V (target Output Driver Motor
speed) Pins 3 & 5
Analogue
Input Optical
(actual Speed
speed) Sensor
For an Arduino system, analogue pins 0 (target speed) and 1 (actual

speed) are used for the analogue inputs.
For a PBASIC system, analogue channels B.0 (target speed) and B.1
(actual speed) are used for the analogue inputs.
(i) Sub-procedure A, shown on Page 25, is called if the wheelchair is
stationary or if the speed has dropped below a minimum value.
The following information is provided for reference.
ARDUINO PBASIC
Command Command
analogWrite() pwmout
Description Description
Writes a PWM signal to a pin until the Writes a continuous PWM signal to a
next call to analogueWrite() or pin until another pwmout command is
digitalWrite() on the same pin. sent to the pin.
Syntax Syntax
analogWrite(pin, value) pwmout pin, period, mark
pin: a variable/constant which is the pin: a variable/constant which is
pin to write to the pin to write to
value: the duty cycle: period: set to 255 for this application
between 0 (off) and 255 (fully on)
mark: the duty cycle:
between 0 (off) and 1023
(fully on)
*X723770124*
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9. (d) (i) (continued) WRITE IN
THIS
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ARDUINO PBASIC
void sub_procedure_A() sub_procedure_A:
{
for x = 1 to 50
for(int x=1; x<=50; x++)
{ duty = x * 4
duty = x; for y = 1 to x
for(int y=1; y<=x; y++)
{ pwmout B.3, 255, duty
analogWrite(3, duty); pwmout B.5, OFF
analogWrite(5, 0); pause 1
delay (1); next y
} next x
}
} return
Sketch the graph of the motor speed that results from running
sub-procedure A. 2
Motor
Speed
0
Time
*X723770125*
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9. (d) (continued) DO NOT
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(ii) The student writes sub-procedure B shown below, to control the MARGIN
wheelchair at speeds above the minimum value.

The following information is provided for reference.
ARDUINO PBASIC
Command Mathematical Functions

constrain max
Description Description
Restricts a number within a range max: limit a value to a maximum value
Syntax Example for max
constrain (x, a, b) let x = y * 33 max 255
Parameters Returns
x: a variable/constant which is to be x: if y * 33 < 255
restricted 255: if y * 33 > 255
a: lower end of the range
b: upper end of the range
Returns
x: if a < x < b
a: if x < a
b: if x > b
ARDUINO PBASIC
void sub_procedure_B() sub_procedure_B:
{ readadc B.0, target
target = analogRead(0)/4; readadc B.1, actual
actual = analogRead(1)/4; if target > actual then
if(target > actual)
{ error = target – actual
error = target - actual; duty = error * gain max 1023
duty = constrain(error * gain, 0, 255);
} else
else
{ duty = 0
duty = 0;
} endif
analogWrite(3, duty); pwmout B.3, 255, duty
analogWrite(5, 0); pwmout B.5, OFF
}
return
*X723770126*
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9. (d) (ii) (continued)
Assume that the value of variable ‘gain’ has previously been set by
the student in the main part of the program.
Explain, with reference to sub-procedure B, why the wheelchair
does not reach the target speed but instead, accelerates and
settles at a lower speed with a steady-state error. 2
*X723770127*
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ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK
*X723770128*
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*X723770129*
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[BLANK PAGE]
*X723770130*
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[BLANK PAGE]
*X723770131*
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[BLANK PAGE]
Acknowledgement of Copyright
Question 2 Article is adapted from “Green transition with offshore wind” by Karin Jensen, taken from
EWEA Offshore 2015 Special. Reproduced by kind permission of First Purple Publishing.
Question 2 Reference to Engerginet.dk is reproduced by kind permission of Energinet.dk.
*X723770132*
Page 32
AH
FOR OFFICIAL USE
National
2016
WEDNESDAY, 11 MAY
9:00 AM – 11:00 AM *X7237701*
Date of birth
Total marks — 60
Reference may be made to the Advanced Higher Engineering Science Data Booklet.
Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers is
provided at the end of this booklet. If you use this space you must clearly identify the question
number you are attempting.
Use blue or black ink.
Before leaving the examination room you must give this booklet to the
©
*X723770101*
B/PB
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1. A project manager used Critical Path Analysis to help manage a 7-stage

project.
A node for the activity network used is shown below.
EST = earliest possible start time EST activity EFT

LST = latest possible start time
EFT = earliest possible finish time F
LFT = latest possible finish time
F = float LST duration LFT
A partially completed version of the activity network is given below.
0 B 12
12 12 E 15
2 C 9 3 15 G 16
START 0 FINISH
0 A 2 7 15 1 16
9 F 13
2
2 11 4 15
2 D 6
(a) Complete the activity network above by adding the latest finish time, the
earliest finish time and the float for each of activities A–E, and hence
identify the critical path. 3
Critical path
*X723770102*
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1. (continued)
(b) Describe two steps that the project manager might take to ensure that
the activities on the critical path in this project are not delayed. 2
[Turn over
*X723770103*
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2. A structural engineer produces a non-standard cross-sectional component using
3D printing technology and using ABS polycarbonate plastic. The square section
has outside dimension 50 mm, as shown below. All walls are 10 mm thick.
X X
50 mm
(a) Calculate the second moment of area about the axis X – X of the section
shown above. 3
A cantilever beam of length 500 mm is produced from this material and a

vertical load of 75 N is applied at the free end.
(b) Calculate the deflection of the free end of the beam. 2
*X723770104*
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3. A diagram of a simple electricity supply system is shown below. THIS
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Generator
A
B
C
Large industrial
customer
Domestic customers
(a) Describe the function of each of the labelled transmission sub-systems. 3
A Transformer
B Circuit Breaker
C Bus Bar
[Turn over
*X723770105*
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3. (continued)
A single-phase line feeds a rural property. The cable is 100 m long and has a
resistance of 0·727 ohms per kilometre. The resistive power consumption at
the property is 14 kW. The single-phase voltage is 230 V.
(b) Calculate the efficiency of the line. 2
*X723770106*
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*X723770107*
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4. A pupil simulated the circuit shown below. THIS
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12 V
A 50 Ω B 20 Ω C
40 Ω
30 Ω 100 Ω
D
Calculate, using nodal analysis, the voltages at nodes B and D. 5
*X723770108*
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4. (continued)
*X723770109*
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5. A microcontroller is used to control the speed of a motor using Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM). The microcontroller signal is amplified by an n-channel
enhancement MOSFET driver.
The circuit diagram and graphs below show the setup for controlling the
motor.
MOSFET Driver
12 V
Microcontroller
A B
LOW
Pin 4
PWM
Pin 5
M
Pin 6 HIGH
C D
LOW
Pin 7
Graph 1 below shows the input PWM signal to MOSFET C from Pin5 of the
Microcontroller.
graph 1
5
VGS(V)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time (ns)
*X723770110*
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5. (continued) THIS
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Graph 2 below shows the current IDS which passes through MOSFET C.
graph 2
0∙24
B
0∙20
0∙16
IDS(A)
A
0∙12
0∙08
0∙04
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time (ns)
RDS(on) for MOSFET C is 0·2 Ω.

IDS(on) for MOSFET C can be calculated using the formula below.
D, the Duty Cycle, is the ratio of the mark to the period in each graph.
IB I× IB IA
I DS(on) = D A
(a) Calculate the conduction power loss in MOSFET C. 3
*X723770111*
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5. (continued)
To run the motor clockwise MOSFETs A and D switch on together.

To run the motor anticlockwise MOSFETs B and C switch on together.
When changing the direction of the motor, there is the potential for all four
MOSFETs in the driver to be switched on at the same time.
(b) Explain why this should be avoided and how it can be prevented. 2
*X723770112*
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*X723770113*
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6. In the diesel engine of a truck, the alternator is positioned so that it is driven by
the engine crankshaft, via a tensioned belt and pulley. The input torque at the
alternator pulley is balanced by a torque in the windings of the alternator.
Alternator shaft
Alternator pulley
Tensioned belt
The shaft of the alternator is supported on two bearings at points A and B, as

shown below. It supports the alternator pulley outside bearing A and a load of
100 N between the bearings.
100 N 75
75
B
25
Alternator Alternator
pulley shaft
A
30 º
72 N 80 N (all dimensions in mm)
*X723770114*
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6. (continued)
Calculate, for the loads specified, the magnitude and direction of the
reaction at bearing A. 5
*X723770115*
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Attempt ALL questions THIS

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7. A camera drone is being designed by an engineer for the consumer market.
A three-axis accelerometer is used to measure the acceleration of the drone

whilst in flight. For each axis of movement, the accelerometer produces a
voltage which is proportional to the acceleration of the drone on a particular
axis.
For one axis of movement, a voltage, VA, is processed by the following
two-stage integrator circuit. The operational amplifiers (op-amps) saturate at
±13·5 V.
4∙7 μF
1∙2 μF
680 kΩ
Accelerometer +15 V
1∙2 MΩ +15 V
signal
−15 V
−15 V
VA
VB VC
0V
The first integrator integrates the input voltage VA with respect to time. This
produces a voltage signal VB which represents the velocity of the drone on a
particular axis. The second integrator integrates the voltage VB with respect
to time to produce a voltage VC which represents the distance travelled on a
particular axis.
10
8
voltage VB (v)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time (seconds)
*X723770116*
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7. (continued)
(a) (i) Write, referring to the graph opposite, the equation for VB in terms
of time. 1
(ii) Write, referring to the circuit diagram opposite, the equation for VC
in its simplest form, substituting all known values. 2
(iii) Sketch the graph of VC with respect to time. Include significant

values and label the axes. Assume that Vc = 0 V when t = 0 s. 3
*X723770117*
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7. (a) (continued)
(iv) Calculate the value of VA. 2
*X723770118*
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7. (continued)
Sales of the camera drone change over time. The graph below shows the four
stages, indicated by A–D, of the product cycle.
C
D
sales B
time
(b) State the name of one stage of the product cycle and describe the role of
the design engineer at that stage. 3
Stage Name of Stage
*X723770119*
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A student investigating the drone produces a drive system like the one shown
below.
50 W Ø100 Pulley
1000 revs min−1
24T 30T
Ø45 Pulley
Ø100 Pulley
15º
F1
24T 30T F2
15º
all dimensions are in mm
Assume that power transmission from the spur gear to the belt is 100%
efficient. When the motor shaft speed is 1000 revs min–1, the tension in the
slack side of the belt is 20% of the tension in the tight side of the belt.
(c) Calculate the forces F1 and F2. 4
*X723770120*
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7. (c) (continued)
*X723770121*
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8. New support bearings are being installed under a concrete bridge section.
During the works, hydraulic cylinders are used to temporarily support the
bridge deck. The total self-weight of the bridge deck section is 90 kN.
Bridge deck
Hydraulic cylinders
The free-body diagram below shows the forces acting on the supported
bridge deck. The weight of the concrete is evenly distributed.
1·0 m 6∙5 m 1∙5 m
R1 R2
*X723770122*
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(a) Draw the Shear Force Diagram, showing values at all significant points.
Use the box below the graph for calculations. 5
1∙0 m 6∙5 m 1∙5 m
R1 R2
50
40
30
20
Shear 10
Force
Diagram
(kN) -10
-20
-30
-40
-50
*X723770123*
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8. (continued)
The maximum bending moment occurs at a point between R1 and R2.
(b) Calculate its position, relative to the left-hand end of the beam, and its
magnitude. 3
*X723770124*
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8. (continued)
(c) Complete the table of results for the bending moment at the points
indicated. Use the box below the table for calculations. 2
Distance from left-hand end

0 1 7·5 9
(m)
Bending Moment (kNm)
*X723770125*
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A student is designing a system to control the lifting of a concrete beam using

two hydraulic cylinders.
The system uses a microcontroller to switch hydraulic inlet valves on and off
on each cylinder, in order to keep the beam level within a tolerance as the
cylinders move. Position sensors on each cylinder provide feedback to the
microcontroller.
The diagram below shows the main sub-systems.
PIN
Required 0-1023
3
Position
Cylinder A
Position Signal 0-1023

Sensor Conditioning 1
MICROCONTROLLER
Inlet Valve Driver 6
Cylinder B
Position Signal 0-1023

2
Sensor Conditioning
Inlet Valve Driver 7
Warning Driver 5
The student writes a program to control the system. The table below shows
the main variables used.
Variable Name Description

Allowable difference or tolerance between the
tol
position of cylinder A and cylinder B
diff Difference between the position of the two cylinders
pos_req Required position of the two cylinders
pos_A Actual position of cylinder A
pos_B Actual position of cylinder B
*X723770126*
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A version of the program in BASIC and Arduino is given below.
BASIC ARDUINO
let tol=2 tol=2;
main: void loop()
readadc10 B.3, pos_req {
readadc10 B.1, pos_A pos_req = analogRead(3);
readadc10 B.2, pos_B pos_A = analogRead(1);
pos_B = analogRead(2);
if pos_A<pos_req AND pos_B<pos_req if pos_A<pos_req &&
then pos_B<pos_req)
lower=pos_B-tol {
upper=pos_B+tol lower=pos_B-tol;
upper=pos_B+tol;
diff=pos_A-pos_B
diff=pos_A-pos_B;
Section A
Section A
if diff=<tol then
if (diff=<tol)
low B.5
{
high B.6
high B.7
else if pos_A>upper then digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
high B.5 }
low B.6 else if (pos_A>upper)
high B.7 {
Section B digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
else } Section B
high B.5
high B.6 else
low B.7 {
endif Section C
} Section C
else }
else
low B.5
low B.6 {
low B.7 digitalWrite(5, LOW);
endif digitalWrite(7, LOW);
goto main }
}
*X723770127*
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8. (continued)
During testing, the student discovered that there was a problem with the
single line in Section A, causing the system not to be controlled correctly.
As a result, the faulty line in Section A was replaced with the following lines.
BASIC ARDUINO
if pos_A>pos_B then if (pos_A>pos_B)

diff=pos_A-pos_B {
diff=pos_A-pos_B;
else }
diff=pos_B-pos_A else
{
endif
diff=pos_B-pos_A;
}
(d) Explain, making reference to the beam and the cylinders, the problem
the original line caused; why the original line caused the problem and
how the replacement lines corrected it. 3
*X723770128*
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8. (continued)
(e) Explain, making reference to the position of the cylinders, what

Section B and Section C of the program do. 2
*X723770129*
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*X723770130*
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*X723770131*
Page 31
Acknowledgement
Section 1 Question 6 – Philip Lange/shutterstock.com
Section 2 Question 7 – Stock image/shutterstock.com
*X723770132*
Page 32
National
Qualifications
2018
2018 Engineering Science
Advanced Higher
Finalised Marking Instructions
 Scottish Qualifications Authority 2018
The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-
commercial basis. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the source. If it is to be
used for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from permissions@sqa.org.uk.
Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary copyright), this
material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it needs to be
reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre’s responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright
clearance. SQA’s NQ Assessment team may be able to direct you to the secondary sources.
These marking instructions have been prepared by examination teams for use by SQA appointed
markers when marking external course assessments. This publication must not be reproduced for
commercial or trade purposes.
©
General marking principles for Advanced Higher Engineering Science
This information is provided to help you understand the general principles you must apply when
marking candidate responses to questions in this paper. These principles must be read in
conjunction with the detailed marking instructions, which identify the key features required in
candidate responses.
(a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these general
marking principles and the detailed marking instructions for this assessment.
(b) Marking should always be positive. This means that, for each candidate response, marks
are accumulated for the demonstration of relevant skills, knowledge and understanding:
they are not deducted from a maximum on the basis of errors or omissions.
(c) If a specific candidate response does not seem to be covered by either the principles or
detailed marking instructions, and you are uncertain how to assess it, you must seek
guidance from your team leader.
(d) Where a candidate makes an error at an early stage in a multi-stage calculation, credit
should normally be given for correct follow-on working in subsequent stages, unless the
error significantly reduces the complexity of the remaining stages. The same principle
should be applied in questions which require several stages of non-mathematical
reasoning.
(e) All units of measurement will be presented in a consistent way, using negative indices
where required (eg ms−1). Candidates may respond using this format, or solidus format
(m/s), or words (metres per second), or any combination of these (eg metres/second).
(f) Answers to numerical questions should normally be rounded to an appropriate number of

significant figures. However, the mark can be awarded for answers which have up to two
figures more or one figure less than the expected answer.
(g) Unless a numerical question specifically requires evidence of working to be shown, full
marks should be awarded for a correct final answer (including unit) on its own.
(h) A mark can be awarded when a candidate writes down the relevant formula and
substitutes correct values into the formula. No mark should be awarded for simply writing
down a formula, without any values.
(i) Credit should be given where a labelled diagram or sketch conveys clearly and correctly
the response required by the question.
(j) Marks should be awarded regardless of spelling as long as the meaning is unambiguous.
(k) Candidates may answer programming questions in any appropriate programming language.
Marks should be awarded, regardless of minor syntax errors, as long as the intention of the
coding is clear.
(l) Where a question asks the candidate to “explain”, marks should only be awarded where
the candidate goes beyond a description, for example by giving a reason, or relating cause
to effect, or providing a relationship between two aspects.
(m) Where separate space is provided for rough working and a final answer, marks should
normally only be awarded for the final answer, and all rough working ignored.
(n) The number of significant figures expressed in a final answer should be equivalent to the
least significant data value given in the question. Answers that have two more or one less
page 02
Detailed marking instructions for each question
Section 1
Question Expected answer(s) Max Additional guidance

mark
1. (a)
Critical path: B,C,E,F 3 1 mark:

Latest start time and latest finish
times completed correctly
1 mark:
Floats completed correctly
1 mark:
Critical Path identified correctly
(b) Management of human resources 2 1 mark:
(or material resources) required Recognise that resources must be
for stages on the critical path most closely managed on the
must be close and careful to critical path
ensure delays do not arise
Any materials (or equipment or 1 mark:

contracted labour) supplied on the Suggest a management technique
critical path could have fixed- that might be used to control the
penalties for delays written into critical path
the delivery contract
Human resources could be

switched from stage A if stage B
begins to lag and the skills base
existed in the workforce
Human resources could be

switched from D to C or E or both
if either begins to lag and the
skills base existed in the
workforce
page 03
mark
2. (a) Minimum frequency 2 1 mark:
1 calculating lower limit of frequency
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = correctly
2𝜋(560 × 6.8 × 10−6 ) × 1.052
= 38 𝐻𝑧
Maximum frequency
1 1 mark:
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = calculating the upper limit of
2𝜋(560 × 6.8 × 10−6 ) × 0.952
= 46 𝐻𝑧 frequency
The range of frequencies is 38 Hz to

46 Hz
OR
1 mark:
Calculating the frequency of the
exact values
1
𝑓= = 42 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋(560 × 6.8 × 10−6 )
(b) R1 is too large causing a gain of < 3 2 1 mark:
meaning that the oscillation cannot Cause: gain is < 3 due to R1 too
be sustained. large, effect: oscillation decreases
continuously
R1 should be 1 kΩ in order to
maintain a stable amplitude for the 1 mark:
sine-wave with the gain = 3 Providing suitable value for R1 to
produce a gain of 3
2𝑘
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 1 +
1𝑘
page 04
mark
3. 4 1 mark:
Resolve applied forces into
components
‘vertical forces’ on x – z plane
1 mark:
Calculate component of bearing
reaction in a plane
Take moments about B (right-hand

end of shaft)
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑹𝑨𝒛 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐𝟏 · 𝟒 × 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟑𝟔𝟒 · 𝟑 × 𝟑𝟎
=𝟎
𝑹𝑨𝒛 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕 · 𝟔 𝑵
1 mark:
‘horizontal forces’ on x – y plane Calculate a second perpendicular
component of bearing reaction in a
perpendicular plane
Take moments about B (right-hand

end of shaft)
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑹𝑨𝒚 × 𝟎 · 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑 · 𝟔 × 𝟎 · 𝟎𝟖 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 · 𝟖
× 𝟎 · 𝟎𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑹𝑨𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎 · 𝟑 𝑵
1 mark:
Calculate the magnitude of the Answer and unit
reaction at bearing A
|𝑹𝑨 | = √𝟏𝟖𝟕 · 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎 · 𝟑𝟐
|𝑹𝑨 | = 190 𝑁 (3𝑠𝑓)
page 05
mark
4. (a) 7.5 2 1 mark:
𝑅𝑐 = = 7.5 𝑘Ω calculate Rc correctly
1 × 10−3
1 mark:
1 calculate Re correctly
𝑅𝑒 = = 990Ω
1.01 × 1 × 10−3
Emitter current is the sum of base
1 and collector currents, but the high
accept 𝑅𝑒 = = 1 𝑘Ω
1 × 10−3 transistor gain means that the
emitter current is only 1% greater
than the collector current, so using
the collector current value for the
second calculation gives a very small
error
(b) 𝑉𝑏 = 1 + 0.6 = 1.6𝑉 1 1 mark:
1 × 10−3 calculate Vb and Ib

𝐼𝑏 = = 10µ𝐴
100
(c) 𝐼𝑅2 = 100µ𝐴 2 1 mark:
calculate R2 correctly
1.6
𝑅2 = = 16 𝑘Ω 1 mark:
100 × 10−6
calculate R1 correctly
𝐼𝑅1 = 100µ𝐴 + 10µ𝐴
13.4
𝑅1 = = 122 𝑘Ω
110 × 10−6
page 06
mark
5. (a) 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 2 1 mark:

𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑠 Find an energy efficiency for the
(100 − 0.60)% 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (100 − 0.8)% water flow to and from the upper
reservoir
99.4% 𝑎𝑛𝑑 99.2%
1 mark:
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 0.870 × 0.994 × 0.992 Calculate the overall system
× 0.903 = 0.775 efficiency
77∙5% of the electricity used to

pump water is returned to the grid
as electricity.
(b) Base load is the amount of 3 1 mark:
electricity required to meet Define base load and peak load
minimum demand on the grid at correctly
any point in the 24 hour cycle,
while peak demand is the
maximum demand for electricity in
any 24 hour cycle
Generally, large power generators, 1 mark:

such as nuclear reactors cannot Explain the problem of generating
vary their output rapidly (they will for the varying demand
start up and shut down over many
hours), but supply large amounts of
power continuously to meet base
load
Pump storage can only run for a 1 mark:

limited time, but can turn on to Explain how pump-storage can be
generate electricity rapidly, so can used as a solution for the problem
be used to supply during peak
periods of demand, which will only
be for a small number of hours
each day
page 07
mark
6. (a) Determine the forces at the 3 Candidates may use an alternative
reactions, let A be the left hand convention for force and moment
end and B the right hand end. ‘direction’ as used here
There are only vertical forces.
Reaction forces should be opposite
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 in direction to the applied forces
4
8 × 4 × + 20 × 4 + 10 × 5 − 𝑅𝐵
2
×6 = 0
194 1 mark:
𝑅𝐵 =
6 calculate both reaction forces
𝑅𝐵 = 32. 3̇ 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑅𝐴 − 8 × 4 − 20 − 10 + 𝑅𝐵 = 0
𝑅𝐴 = 29. 6̇ 𝑘𝑁
shear force diagram 1 mark:

UDL represented correctly on
diagram
1 mark:
Reactions and two point loads
shown correctly on diagram
page 08
mark
6. (b) Bending moment equation
𝐹𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 4 3 1 mark:
𝑥 correct equation (need not be
𝑅𝐴 𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 𝑀𝐵 = 0
2 simplified)
𝑀𝐵 = 29. 6̇𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 Accept a statement of form

“max bending moment occurs
Bending moment is potentially a where graph of shear force crosses
maximum value when x-axis”
𝑑𝑀𝐵
=0
𝑑𝑥 OR
𝑑𝑀𝐵
= 29. 6̇ − 8𝑥
𝑑𝑥 “max bending moment occurs
29. 6̇ − 8𝑥 = 0 when shear force = 0”
𝑥 = 3.7083̇
1 mark:
𝑀𝐵 = 29. 6̇(3.7083̇) − 4(3.7083̇)2 correct position of maximum
𝑀𝐵 = 55.0 𝑘𝑁𝑚 bending moment (units not
required)
(a proportional method using
values on the graph may be used,
but it is not sufficient to read an
approximate value from the
graph)
1 mark:
correct magnitude of maximum
bending moment (units required)
(c) “The maximum bending moment 1 1 mark:
can be used to determine the Candidate must indicate that they
correct selection of material and are aware the maximum bending
beam geometry to ensure that the moment affects maximum stress in
beam is strong enough to resist the beam
the applied loading.”
Do not accept “this is the weakest
OR point of the beam”. The beam is
constant cross-section, so its
“If the beam is constant cross- resistance to bending stress is the
section this position of maximum same along its length
bending moment is the location at
which the beam is most likely to
fail because the bending stress
will be greatest.”
page 09
Section 2

mark
7. (a) Stress is found from: 5
𝑀𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼
Cantilever, so maximum moment

arises at the wall.
Moments about the wall 1 mark:

Correct value for maximum
𝑀𝑤 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑤 × 600 + 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 × 1000
moment
𝑀𝑤 = 300 × 9 · 8 × 600 + 10 × 9 · 8
× 1000
𝑀𝑤 = 1 · 862 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
70
𝑦= = 35𝑚𝑚 1 mark:
2 correct equation and substitutions
for second moment of area, 𝐼
𝐵𝐷 3 𝑏𝑑3
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = −
12 12 1 mark:
30 × 703 23 × 633
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = − correct result for second moment
12 12 of area, 𝐼
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 378 · 24325 × 103 𝑚𝑚4 Note:
30 × 703
𝐼𝑥𝑥 =
12
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 857 · 5 × 103 𝑚𝑚4
Would gain the first mark for

second moment of area, but not
the second
1 · 862 × 106 × 35
𝜎=
378 · 24325 × 103 1 mark:
𝜎 = 172 · 29 … 𝑁𝑚𝑚−2 correct value of maximum stress
with unit
𝜎 = 172 … 𝑁𝑚𝑚−2 (3 𝑠 · 𝑓 ·)
From data booklet; Aluminium

1 mark:
Alloy has a yield stress of 250 decision based on calculated
Nmm-2: as the calculated stress is
stress and value extracted from
less than this value, the beam is in
the tables
the elastic region under the
applied loads and will not be
permanently deformed under the
worst-case scenario.
page 10
mark
7. (b) 𝐿 = 1000𝑚𝑚, 𝑎 = 600 𝑚𝑚 2 1 mark:
𝑃 = 300 × 9 · 8 = 2940 𝑁 Substitution of correct values into
𝐸 = 70 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚−2 formula
𝐼 = 378 · 24325 × 103 𝑚𝑚4
𝑃𝑎2 1 mark:
𝛿= (3𝐿 − 𝑎) = 16.0𝑚𝑚 (3 𝑠. 𝑓) Answer and unit
6𝐸𝐼
(c) Resistance: 2 1 mark:
60 Calculate power loss
× 0 · 524 = 0 · 03144 Ω
1000
Current:
21000
= 91 · 3 𝐴
230
Power loss = 𝐼 2 𝑅
91 · 32 × 0 · 03144 = 262𝑊
Efficiency = 1 mark:
21000 Calculate efficiency
× 100% = 98 · 8%
21000 + 262
page 11
mark
7. (d) V𝑖𝑛 = 5 V at maximum load 4
Vsignal = 120 mV
𝑉+
100k 10k
= (120 × 10−3 ) (− ) (− )
10k 10k
= 120 × 10−3 × 10
=1·2V
To remove self − weight,

V𝑥 = 20 × 10−3 × 10 = 0 · 2 V
1 mark
100k × 0 · 2 Calculate Rx
R𝑥 = = 4.17 𝑘Ω
4·8
1 × 106
5= (1 · 2 − 0 · 2)
R1
1 mark
1 × 10 6 Calculate R1
R1 = = 200 𝑘Ω
5
1 mark:
When digital input = 0001
5 Calculating RA for 0001
V𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 4 = 0 · 3̇ V
(2 − 1)
R𝑓
0 · 3̇ = ×5
RA
RA 1 mark:
RB = = 750 𝑘Ω
2 Calculating RB, RC and RD
RA
RC = = 375 𝑘Ω
4
RA
RD = = 187 · 5 𝑘Ω
8
page 12
mark
7. (e) At self-weight, each sensor should 2 1 mark:
read 5 mV (20 mV / 4) Calculating ΣV𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
For Vin = -250 mV
−250 × 10−3 = 5((10 × ΣV𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ) − 0 · 2)
−50 × 10−3 = 10 × ΣV𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 200 × 10−3
150 ×10−3
ΣV𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
10
ΣV𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 15 mV
One sensor has short circuited to

1 mark:
ground giving a signal input of 0 V
from this sensor Recognising that the fault
could be due to a short circuit
to ground
Note: this mark is available if a

sensible fault is identified for
an incorrect value calculated
for the first mark
page 13
mark
8. (a) Tangential force from Torque 3 1 mark:
applied and radius of gear; tangential component of force
𝑇 =𝐹×𝑟
0 · 045
10 = 𝐹𝑡 ×
2
𝐹𝑡 = 444 · 4̇ 𝑁
𝐹𝑡 = 440 𝑁 (3 𝑠 · 𝑓 ·)
Radial force due to gear 1 mark:

geometry; radial component of force
𝐹𝑟 = 𝐹𝑡 tan 𝜃 𝐹𝑡 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃
𝐹𝑟 = 444. 4̇ × tan 25° 𝐹𝑟 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃
𝐹𝑟 = 207 𝑁 (3 𝑠. 𝑓. )
𝐹𝑡
𝐹𝑟 = sin 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑡 tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃
1 mark:
explanation of force direction
(pinion gear forces are equal and
opposite)
If the pinion is turning clockwise

then the force on the gear on the
rack is acting to the left and the
radial force acts vertically down
w.r.t. the diagram in the question
page 14
mark
8. (b) Tangential force is the force that 2 1 mark:
is applied to the steering arms; Correct rack force, noting that the
torque supplied by the driver. radius is less than 150mm due to
Resistance to turning is 100 Nm angle
𝑇𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 × 𝑟
100 = 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 × 0 · 15 cos 10° Rack force applies to both wheels
100
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 = = 676 · 95 𝑁
0 · 15 cos 10°
1 mark:
Difference in rack force Correct difference
= 676 · 95 − 444 · 44
= 232 · 51 𝑁
= 233 𝑁 (3 𝑠 · 𝑓 ·)
(c) From the graph of Vout, 5 1 mark:
Period = 20ms Extract period from the graph and
T1 =0∙99 x 20 ms = 19∙8 ms calculate T1 and T2
T2 = 20 ms – 19∙8 ms = 0.2 ms
1 mark:
T2 = 0 · 7 × R 2 C Calculate R2
0 · 2 × 10−3
R2 = = 1.3 𝑘Ω
0 · 7 × 0 · 22 × 10−6
1 mark:
T1 = 0 · 7(R1 + R 2 )C Calculate R1
19 · 8 × 10−3 Note:
R1 = − 1300 1 · 44
0 · 7 × 0 · 22 × 10−6 𝑓=
(R1 + 2R 2 )C
R1 = 127 𝑘Ω 1 · 44
(R1 + 2R 2 ) =
50 × 0 · 22 × 10−6
(R1 + 2R 2 ) = 130 𝑘Ω
𝑇𝑜𝑛 = 1.1RC
Award mark for R2 but not R1 if
1 · 4 × 10 −3 this working is shown, but
R 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = individual values are not
1 · 1 × 0 · 1 × 10−6
= 12,727 Ω subsequently found
R 3 = 12,727 − 10,000 = 2,727 Ω

1 mark:
Calculate R3
0·4 1 mark:
Precision motor angle = × 90 Calculate precision motor angle
0·5
= 72°
page 15
mark
8. (d) The 106 and 149 were calculated 2 1 mark:
using the potentiometer angles Show how to calculate ADC values
given in the question. corresponding to -15 and + 15
-15 degrees = 75 degrees on rotary degrees
potentiometer
+15 degrees = 105 degrees on 1 mark:
rotary potentiometer check that the wheel angle is not
outside limits: if so, then set
75 wheel_angle to max/min value
× 255 = 106
180
105
× 255 = 149
180
The lines in section A check to see

if the wheel angle is outside the
limits of 106 and 149, if so then
the wheel_angle variable is set to
the minimum or maximum value
page 16
mark
8. (e) mark = wheel_angle * 100 / 3 1 mark:
255+100; explain that the mark calculation
mark = mark * 10; would exceed the maximum value
permitted for the integer variable
Max wheel_angle = 149, which and that this is prevented by the
when multiplied by 1000 in the 2-step calculation
original program would produce an
overflow as it exceeds 32767 1 mark:
(Arduino) & 65535 (BASIC). Taking identify the problem with the
two steps to calculate it prevents space value exceeding the
this from happening as maximum maximum value for
value is now 14900 delayMicroseconds/pausemicro
digitalWrite(9, HIGH); 1 mark:

delayMicroseconds (mark); outline the solution using
digitalWrite(9, LOW); delay(ms)/pause ms and
delay(18); delayMicroseconds(us)/
delayMicroseconds(space); pausemicro(us) combined
HIGH 3
PAUSEMICRO mark
LOW 3
PAUSE 18
PAUSEMICRO space
The maximum value of

microseconds for
delayMicroseconds/pausemicro is
16383. This value is exceeded in
the original program for the space
at all times, even when mark is at
the maximum value of 1584, space
= 18416. The delay(18)/pause 18
produces a delay of 18000
microseconds. This ensures that
the maximum value for
delayMicroseconds/ pausemicro is
always <16383
[END OF MARKING INSTRUCTIONS]
page 17
National
Qualifications
2017
2017 Engineering Science
Advanced Higher
The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a
non-commercial basis. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the source. If
it is to be used for any other purpose, written permission must be obtained from
permissions@sqa.org.uk.
Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary copyright),
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needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre’s responsibility to obtain the
necessary copyright clearance. SQA’s NQ Assessment team may be able to direct you to the
secondary sources.
These marking instructions have been prepared by examination teams for use by SQA appointed
markers when marking external course assessments. This publication must not be reproduced
for commercial or trade purposes.
©
General marking principles for Advanced Higher Engineering Science
marking candidate responses to questions in this Paper. These principles must be read in
(a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these general
marking principles and the detailed marking instructions for this assessment.
detailed marking instructions, and you are uncertain how to assess it, you must seek
guidance from your Team Leader.
reasoning.

coding is clear.
page 02
Detailed Marking Instructions for each question
Max
Question Expected answer(s) Additional guidance
mark
1. (a) On-costs 3
 Employer National Insurance 1 mark: correct identification of
Contributions each cost
 Employer pension contributions
 Preliminary site work (to ensure 1 mark: for definition of each
compliance with Health & Safety cost
legislation)
1 mark: for use of examples to
These are costs which the company back up the definition
has to pay and has no control over.
They are usually controlled by
government legislation, eg the OR
government will set the percentage
rate that employers have to pay 1 mark: Accurate definition and
towards an employee’s pension or NI exemplification of one type of
cost, but not the other, 1 mark
Indirect Costs total
 Rent and rates for administration
office
 Office supplies
 Public liability insurance
These are costs which cannot be

directly attributable to a specific
part or project but are necessary for
the organisation to operate. For
example the office will need
supplies of stationery which may be
used in the administration of
multiple projects and other
unrelated activities.
(b) Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A A A
B B B B
C C C C
D D D D D
E E E E E
F F F f f
G G G G G g g
H H h h h h h h h h h h h
I I I i i i i
2 1 mark: tasks F, G, H and I

without float added correctly
1 mark: floats added correctly
page 03
Max
mark
2. (a) Environmental Impact 3 1 mark: a clear discussion of the
Advantages: potential environmental
 In the long run, if no more fossil advantages and disadvantages
fuels are used to generate to the Danish environment if the
electricity and crucially in government meet their goal
transport, there will potentially
be large reductions in air
pollution which may benefit
wildlife and may have health
benefits for Denmark’s citizens.
Disadvantages:
 Large number of on-shore and/or
off-shore wind turbines, solar
power farms and hydro schemes
will need to be built which will
affect the land and sea
environment and may have an
impact on wildlife and human
lives during the building and on-
going running of schemes.
 People living near such schemes
may have their views spoilt and
animal habitats at best will be
disturbed and at worst
destroyed.
Social Impact 1 mark: a clear discussion of the

Advantages: potential social advantages and
 Many jobs in the renewable disadvantages to Danish society
sector will be secured and new if the government meet their
jobs will be created whilst new goal
schemes are being built.
Disadvantages:
 This may or may not offset job
losses in industries
producing/handling/using fossil
fuels, eg people employed in
traditional fossil fuelled power
stations, refining oil into fuel for
transport may lose their jobs.
page 04
Max
mark
2. (a) (continued)
Economic Impact
Advantages: 1 mark: a clear discussion of the
 Denmark may become practically potential economic advantages
immune from fluctuating oil and disadvantages to the Danish
prices and this may give their economy if the government
economy some security. meet their goal
Electricity will be able to be
exported through country- Answers must demonstrate
country interconnections, insight and knowledge at AH
especially when demand is low in level.
Denmark or production is higher
compared to demand. Answers must provide a balance
of statements in each area to
Disadvantages: gain each mark – cannot be all
 The cost of power may be positive or all negative.
permanently increased as the
government and producers try to
recoup the high cost of the
investment they have made in
renewable energy.
page 05
Max
mark
2. (b) Challenges: 2
 Keeping the base load serviced is a 1 mark: discussion of a
huge challenge for renewables challenge faced by
because of the intermittent/ Energinet.dk in meeting base
weather dependent nature of and peak demand
electricity generation – especially
with wind. 1 mark: discussion of a
 Renewable schemes like wind and sensible solution to that
solar & tidal, do not produce energy challenge to meet both base
on demand and especially in the and peak demand
case of wind, are intermittent in
the level of energy produced hour Response must be specific to
to hour, day to day. engineering challenges/
 Meeting peak demand requires solutions.
schemes which can be switched into
the grid at very short notice. With
renewables, this can only really be
done by either storing energy or by
running at high over capacity.
Solutions:
 Over capacity is one option where
the company builds many more
schemes than is necessary to meet
base demand by placing them in
different locations around the
country and at sea where there is a
higher chance of generation
meeting base demand and varying
weather/wind patterns.
 Hydro schemes offer the possibility
of storing energy using pump
storage where excess energy from
wind/solar can be used to pump
water to the top reservoir ready to
be released at a moment’s notice to
meet peak demand.
 Sharing generation with other
countries and building the
infrastructure necessary with
interconnectors across countries
provides greater energy security as
this widens the capture area for
wind & solar energy in particular.
 Excess wind energy can be used to
generate hydrogen by electrolysis
which allows the hydrogen gas to be
stored and burned in gas power
stations – this can be used to meet
peak and base load demand.
page 06
Max
mark
3. σ E 3 1 mark: Equation rearranged
= E = 196 × 103 Nmm-2 for stress and E value from
y R
data tables
1 mark: y and R value based

0  794
y  0  397 mm on diameter of drum and
2 radius of wire
(For this mark, there must be

500 0  794 evidence that the radius of
R + = 250  397 mm
2 2 the wire has been
considered. This may be by
stating that the radius of the
Ey 196 × 103 × 0  397 wire is so small that its
σ  = 310  755 omission will not affect the
R 250  397
final answer.)
σ = 311 Nmm-2 (3 s.f.) 1 mark: correct answer and

units
page 07
Max Additional
Question Expected answer(s)
mark guidance
4. 1 1 πD 4 1 π×604 4 1 mark: correct
I xxcircle = × = × = 318086  25mm4 calculation for
2 2 64 2 64 semicircle
1 mark: correct
BD3 100×603 calculation for
I xxrectangle = = = 1800000mm4
12 12 rectangle
1 mark: correct
bh3
100×30 3 calculation for
2 I triangle = 2× = 2× = 450000mm4 triangle
12 12
1
I xx = I +1 + 2 I triangle
2 xxcircle xxrectangle
1xx = 318086  25...+1800000 + 450000 1 mark: correct

calculation and
units
I xx = 2  57×106 mm4  3s.f.
page 08
Max
mark
5. 5 1 mark: Kirchhoff’s
current law applied on
the basis of a diagram
1 mark: Ohm’s law used

for unknown currents
1 mark: removing the

fractional parts and
simplifying the
expression
1 mark: correct
substitution of two
distinct output voltage
values
Vout = 3·5V
1 mark: correct answer
I2 = I1 + I 3 for upper and lower
value of VA
VA 3  5 - VA 5 - VA
= + Third mark does not
5  6k 8  2k 9 1k depend on approach to
simplification; the
Multiply through by (5·6k  8·2k  9·1k) to expected answer given is
eliminate fractions an example.
8  2k ×9 1k  VA = 5  6k ×9 1k  3  5 - VA  +
 5  6k ×8  2k  5 - VA 
74  62VA = 178  36 - 50  96VA + 229  6
-45  92VA
171·5VA = 407·96
VA = 2·38V − upper cut-off
Vout = 0.2V
74·62VA = 50·96(0·2 – VA) + 229·6 −45·92VA
74·62VA = 10·192 −50·96VA + 229·6

−45·92 VA
171·5VA = 239·792
VA = 1·40V– lower cut-off
page 09
Max
mark
6. mg 120×9  8 3 1 mark: load and length
F= = = 235  2 N , values for one leg
5 5
L = 300 - 25 = 275mm
From data booklet 1 mark: E and I values

E = 0  9×103 Nmm-2 , from data booklet
I = 14  5×104 = 145×103 mm 4
Or, if 𝐼 is calculated for given cross-section

E = 0  9×103 Nmm-2 ,
I = 14  95×104 = 149.5×103 mm 4
1 mark: correct
FL3 235  2× 2753 deflection formula,
δ= =
3EI 3× 0  9×103 ×145×103 substitutions and answer
with unit
= 12  5mm (3sf)
12.1mm for calculated I 
page 10
Max
mark
7. (a) F2 = F1 ÷ e μθ = 1000 ÷ e03×π = 389  6....N 3 1 mark: lower value
of tension
speed = 955  60 = 15·91 6 revs s-1
0 15 1 mark: torque

T Torque = 1000 - 389  6.. × calculation correct
2
P = 2πn  F1 - F2  × r
0 15
= 2π ×15  916× 1000 - 389  6.. ×
2
1 mark: correct
= 4578  8...W answer with unit
P = 4·58 kW (3 s.f.)
(b) An increase in either the coefficient of 2 1 mark: correct
friction or the contact angle increases the reference to the
value of 𝑒 𝜇𝜃 and so increases the ratio of the equation representing
cable tensions. If the higher tension remains the ratio of cable
fixed, then this reduces the lower tension. tensions
The difference in tensions therefore increases 1 mark: correct

and so the torque and, consequently, the consequence of either
transmitted power increases. increase argued from
the perspective of
effect on torque and
power
page 11
Max Additional
mark guidance
8. (a)
M A =0 4 1 mark: calculation
of unknown
10× 4 × 2 +16× 4 - RB × 7 +19×9 = 0 reactions
RB = 45kN
1 mark:
representation of
F y =0 UDL from 30 kN to
(-10) kN
RA - 10× 4 -16 + RB -19 = 0
RA = 30kN
1 mark:
representation of
point loads
1 mark:
representation of
reaction at B
(b) (i) For 0  x < 4 1 M B = -30 x+ 5x2

accepted
 x
M B = 30 x -10 x   M B = 30 x - 5x2
 2
(ii) For 4  x < 7 1
MB = 30x – 10  4  (x – 2) – 16  (x – 4)
MB = -26x+144
page 12
Max
mark
8 (c) For 0  x < 4 3 1 mark: locations for 𝐹𝑠 =
Fs = 30 -10 x 0
 dM  1 mark: magnitude of
When Fs = 
 dx 
= 0,
bending moments at
𝑥 = 3 𝑚 and 𝑥 = 7 𝑚
30 -10 x = 0
x = 3m
When x = 3 m
 3
M B = 30×3 -10×3×  
 2 1 mark: selection of
bending moment with
M B = 45kNm
greatest magnitude
When FS = 0, x = 7m
When x = 7 m
If only one of the bending
M B = 30× 7 -10× 4×  7 - 2  -16×  7 - 4  moments is calculated,
M B = -38kNm then only one mark is
available.
Bending Moment with highest magnitude
MB = 45kNm, x = 3 m
(d) The power inverter converts the DC signal 2 1 mark: noting that the
from the DAC into an AC signal which is microcontroller/DAC is a
required by the SPD film to operate DC system and that the
SPD smart glass requires
an AC signal
1 mark: stating that the

inverter converts a DC
signal into and AC signal
page 13
Max Additional
mark guidance
8. (e) V V V  4 1 mark: circuit
V0   R f  0  1  2  diagram: 3-input
 R0 R1 R2  summing amplifier
 5 5 5  1 mark: inverting
7.5   R f     amplifier gain is
 R0 R1 R2  either unity, or is
R0 R correct for first-
R1  , R2  0 – substitute in for R1 and R2 stage gain
2 4
 1 2 4 
7.5  5 R f    
 R0 R0 R0 
1 mark:
7.5 7R calculations
 f correct for
5 R0
summing amplifier
feedback and input
7.5 Rf resistors

35 R0
Choose 7.5kΩ for Rf and 35kΩ for R0 to satisfy the 1 mark: input
ratio above. resistor ratios on
R1 = 35kΩ ÷ 2 = 17.5kΩ first stage correct
R2 = 35kΩ ÷ 4 = 8.75kΩ for lsb to msb and
in kΩ range
Final circuit diagram (including -1 gain second
inverting op-amp using 10k resistors)
lsb=35k
page 14
Question Expected Answer(s) Max Additional
Mark Guidance
9. (a) R2 3 1 mark: choose
Av  1 values of R1 and
R1 R2 to give the
Set gain to 3, by choosing R1 = 10kΩ and R2=20kΩ ratio 1:2 and so a
gain of 3. Resistor
1 values in the kΩ
f 
2πRC range
1 1
RC    3.183  10 3 1 mark: substitute
2πf 2π  50 for frequency to
find the
Rearrange and substitute R = 10kΩ relationship
between R & C
1 values
C
2π  50  10, 000
1 mark: select a
C = 318 nF value of resistor R
and calculate C
(other viable answer eg 𝐶 = 470 𝑛𝐹, 𝑅 = 6.8 𝑘𝛺) correctly, or vice
versa. Include
units with answer
Any other viable

answer should be
accepted eg 𝐶 =
470 𝑛𝐹, 𝑅 = 6.8 𝑘𝛺
(b) 1 T 3 1 mark: identify
10  103 C 0
V   2
13  4dt the change in
voltage over the
first half-cycle,
the duration of
1 167103
the half-cycle and
10  103 C 0
( 10  2)  10  2   13  4dt
the value of input
voltage that is
1 being integrated
20  4  
10  10 C
3 13  4t 0
167103
13  4  1  67  103
20  4  
10  103 C 1 mark:
calculating C
C = 110nF (3 s.f.)
page 15
Max Additional
mark guidance
9. (b) (continued) 1 mark - correct
use of Kirchhoff’s
Law at node
between the two
resistors
Take VA at the instant it changes from -13∙4 V to

+13∙4V.
VA = -13∙4 V
VB = 10∙2 V
At the instant of change, V+ = 0 V
At the node between resistors, ∑ 𝐼 = 0
I1 = I2
10  2  0 0   13  4 

R 10 k
10k  10  2
R
13  4
R = 7∙61kΩ
page 16
Max Additional
mark guidance
9. (c) Resolve belt tensions into component forces 5 1 mark: resolve
Fz = 572cos30° + 2350 = 2845·36… …N belt tensions into
Fy = 572sin30° = 286 N components
1 mark: calculate
component of
bearing reaction in
x-y plane
1 mark: calculate
component of
bearing reaction in
x-z plane
1 mark: calculate
magnitude of
bearing reaction
1 mark: calculate
angle of bearing
reaction in relation
to an identified
datum
x – y plane
M A 0
75  100 – 286  200 - RBy  225 = 0
RBy  220  8 N
page 17
Max Additional
mark guidance
9. (c) (continued)
x – z plane
M A 0
−2845∙4 200 − RBz  225 = 0
RBZ  2529  24 N
Magnitude of resultant in Bearing B.
 220  8   2529  24

2 2
RB 
RB = 2∙54 kN (3 s.f.)
Acting at an angle of
 220  8 
tan 1   4  99 (3s. f .)
 2529  24 
page 18
Max Additional
mark guidance
9. (d) (i) 2 1 mark: for
logarithmic rise
1 mark: for rise to

a continuous value
(ii) As the speed increases and actual speed gets 2 1 mark: explaining
closer to target speed, the error will reduce. the link between
Since duty is proportional to the error, the the duty and the
wheelchair will never reach the target speed if error
the duty drops too low to continue accelerating
the chair. 1 mark: explaining
that the stead-
The speed is being controlled, not the position, state error is
so there is always a need for a duty signal to necessary to
drive the motor in this proportionally controlled produce a duty
system, hence the steady state error. signal and maintain
the speed
page 19
National
Qualifications
2016
Engineering Science
Advanced Higher


The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a
non-commercial basis. If it is to be used for any other purposes written permission must be
obtained from SQA’s NQ Assessment team.
Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary copyright),
this material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it
needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre’s responsibility to obtain the
necessary copyright clearance. SQA’s NQ Assessment team may be able to direct you to the
secondary sources.
These Marking Instructions have been prepared by Examination Teams for use by SQA Appointed
Markers when marking External Course Assessments. This publication must not be reproduced for
commercial or trade purposes.
©
General Marking Principles for Advanced Higher Engineering Science
marking candidate responses to questions in this Paper. These principles must be read in
(a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these General
Marking Principles and the Detailed Marking Instructions for this assessment.
detailed Marking Instructions, and you are uncertain how to assess it, you must seek
guidance from your Team Leader.
reasoning.

coding is clear.
Page 02
Detailed Marking Instructions for each question
Section 1
Question Expected Answer(s) Max Additional Guidance

Mark
1. (a) Critical path BEG 3 1 mark − latest start and finish
times A−E
1 mark − floats A−E
1 mark − critical path
(b)  Transfer labour from any of A, 2 Any two relevant points

C, D (or F) to ensure that B
and E are not delayed.
 Transfer resources from any of

A, C, D (or F) to ensure that B
 Hire/buy additional
equipment to ensure that B
 Authorise overtime necessary

for staff working on B and E in
advance.
 Carefully monitor and manage

stages B, E and G to ensure no
delays.
 Contract suppliers to
incentivise prompt supply of
resources for all stages but
particularly B, E and G.
Page 03
Mark
2. (a) I xx   I xx  square  2  I xx hollow 3 1 mark for setting of equation
 BD 3   bd 3  1 mark for getting internal

I xx     2   dimensions
 12  square  12 hollow
 504   10  303  1 mark for solution including units
I xx     2  
 12  square  12 hollow If a candidate only works out Ixx
I xx  475833  3mm 4 for the outside dimensions, only 1
mark is available.
I xx  476000mm 4
(b) FL3 2 1 mark for selection correct

 equation and for substitution
3EI
75  5003 1 mark solution including units

3  2  6  103  475833  3
Students to gain marks if correct
 2  53mm.(3s. f .)
approach using incorrect I value
from part (a)
Page 04
Mark
3. (a) A = Transformer: Used to step-up 3 1 mark − for correctly
transmission voltages to a suitable describing each part.
voltage.
B = Circuit Breaker: A mechanical Minimum requirements:
device for making or breaking a circuit
and protecting transmission systems. Transformer − steps voltage
They cut off current instantly in the up (correct relative to
event of a system failure due to context)
lightning or other issues.
Circuit Breaker − device for
C: Bus Bar: The bus bar is the cutting off current in a
component of the switchgear which is circuit.
the connection point. The incoming
and outgoing feeders originate and Bus Bar − a connection point
terminate on the bus bar. for multiple lines.
(b) I = 14000/230 = 60·8 A 2 1 mark − calculating power
loss
Power Loss = I2 R
Power Loss = 60·82 × 0·0727 = 269 W 1 mark − calculating the
efficiency correctly
Efficiency = Pout/Pin
= (14000)/ (14000 + 269) Line efficiency 
power for consumer
= 98·1%
power for consumer + lineloss
Page 05
Mark
4. KCL around node B 5 1 mark − for KCL statements at
nodes B & D
IAB =IBD + IBC 12  VB VB VB  VD
 
50 20 40
12  VB VB VB  VD
 
50 20 40 VD 12  VD VB  VD
 
100 30 40
Multiply both sides by 200
4(12 − VB) = 10VB + 5(VB − VD) 1 mark − for eqn 

48 − 4VB = 15VB − 5VD 1 mark − for eqn 
Rearrange to get
5VD − 19VB = −48 eqn  1 mark − for correct use of
elimination method or
KCL around node D substitution method
IDC = IAD + IBD
1 mark − for correct values of VB
VD 12  VD VB  VD = 4·5v and VD = 7·5 V
 
100 30 40
Multiply both side by 1200
12VD = 40(12 − VD) + 30(VB − VD)

12VD = 480 − 70VD + 30VB
Rearrange to get
82VD − 30VB =480 eqn 
Use elimination method (or substitution

method) to solve simultaneous
equations.
Multiply eqn  by 82
82(5VD − 19VB = −48)
410 VD − 1558VB = −3936
Multiply eqn  by −5
−5(82VD − 30VB = 480)

−410VD + 150VB = −2400
Add together to eliminate VD
−1408VB = −6336
VB = 4·5 V
Substitute this value in eqn 
5VD − 19(4·5) = −48
VD = 7·5 V
Page 06
Mark
5. (a) D= 30/50 = 0·6 3 1 mark − calculating the duty from
the graph
From the graph IB = 0·24 A, IA 0·16 A
1 mark − calculating IDS
0  24   0  16  0  24   0  16
2 2
I DS  on   0  6 1 mark − calculating the

3 conduction power loss
I DS  on  0  121 A
Pconductionloss  0 1212  0  2  2  92mW
(b) This would cause a momentary short 2 1 mark − description of the

circuit − a very low resistance potential of a short circuit
(0·4 Ω) − between the supply lines.
1 mark − explanation of how to
This can be avoided by building in a avoid it.
short delay between switching from
one pair of MOSFETs to the other.
Page 07
Question Expected Answer(s) Max Additional
Mark Guidance
6. Calculate the forces acting on the pulley
Horizontally
∑Fx = 72sin30o = 36 N
Vertically
∑Fy = −80 + (−72 cos 30o) = −142·4 N 1
FBD
142 N
Consider the forces in the x − y plane

142 N
MB = 0
− (142·4 × 0·175) + (RAy x 0·15) − (100 × 0·075) = 0 1
RAy = 216 N
Consider the forces in the x − z plane
MB = 0
− (36 × 0·175) + (RAz × 0·15) = 0
RAz = 42 N 1
RA  2162  422  220 N  3sf  1
A clear sense of
the orientation
 216  of the calculated
  tan 1  
 42  angle required
1 for this mark,
 79 not just its
value.
Page 08
Section 2

Mark
7. (a) (i) VB = 2t 1
(ii) 1 2 1 mark − substitution of VB,

1 2 10 1 2 106 
VC   6
2t dt resistor and capacitor values
VC   0  694 2t dt 1 mark − final simplified

answer
VC   0  694 t 2
(iii) Saturation occurs at −13·5 V 3 1 mark −
Time at saturation, t = 4·41 s axes labelled correctly and
negative parabola
4·41s
1 mark −
−13·5 saturation voltage is
shown by flat portion of graph
1 mark −
4·41 s time of saturation
(iv) 1 2 1 mark − equating the two 2t

680 10  4  7 106 
2t  3
VA dt with the integral expression
d 1
 2t   VA 1 mark − solving the equation
dt 680 10  4  7 106
3
for VA
2   0  313VA
VA   6  39V
Page 09
Marks
(b) 3 1 mark identifying an area
correctly
2 marks for describing the

design strategy for area
identified
Introduction −
 Emphasis on product design and
development.
 Frequent design changes and
production process changes
Growth −
 Minor product design changes
will be made in response to
feedback from customers/
retailers.
 Long production runs mean that
design will focus on improving Examples of specific activity
the manufacturing process and may be accepted as evidence
cutting costs whilst improving of understanding if relevant
quality/reliability. to the selected stage.
Maturity –
 Additional design features will
be added in an attempt to
maintain sales and interest in
this model of the drone.
 Further design changes made to
cut costs to help fund research
and development of new
products
 The design of the next, new,
drone will be underway with
lessons learned from the sale/
development of the current
model.
Decline −
 Design changes to the existing
drone will stop
 All resources will be targeted on
design of the new drone for
imminent introduction.
Page 10
Marks
(c) 2𝜋𝑁𝑇 𝑃 4 1 mark − calculating the output
𝑃= 𝑇=
60 2𝜋𝑁 torque T2
60
𝑃 1 mark − developing the
𝑇1 =
2𝜋1000
= 0.477 𝑁𝑚 formula for F1
60
1 mark − calculating F1
30 30
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 × = 0.477 ×
24 24 1 mark – calculating F2
𝑇2 = 0.597 𝑁𝑚
𝐷
𝑇𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 = (𝐹1 − 0.2𝐹1 ) ×
2
0.597 = 0.8𝐹1 × 0.05
𝐹1 = 14.9 𝑁
𝐹2 = 0.2𝐹1 = 0.2 × 14.9 = 3.00 𝑁
Page 11
Marks
8. (a) Effect of UDL = 90 kN 5 1 mark − explicit/implicit
UDL = 10kNm1 recognition that the UDL is 10
kNm-1
Take moments about R1
1 mark − calculating the
𝑅2 𝑥 6.5 = 90 𝑥 3.5 reactions
𝑅2 = 48.5 𝑘𝑁 (3𝑠𝑓)
1 mark −1 m, −10 kN and 31·5
𝑅1 = 90 – 48.5 = 41.5 𝑘𝑁 (3𝑠𝑓) kN
𝜔 = 10 𝑘𝑁𝑚−1
1 mark − 7·5 m, −33·5 kN and
15 kN
1.0 6.5 1.5
1 mark – vertical, horizontal
R1 R2 and sloping lines identified as
50
40
in diagram shown.
Shear Force (kN)
31.5 kN
30
20 15 kN
10
-10
-10 KN
-20
-30
-33.5 kN
(b) 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7.5 3 1 mark - calculate position of

maximum bending moment,
𝑑𝑀 4·15 m from LHE
= 𝐹𝑆 = −10𝑥 + 41.5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑀 1 mark – develop expression for
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚, =0
𝑑𝑥 10𝑥 2
𝐵𝑀 = 41.5(𝑥 − 1) −
2
−10𝑥 + 41.5 = 0 1 mark - final value of BM =
𝑥 = 4.15𝑚 44·6 kNm
Graphical approach for first

10𝑥 2 mark
𝐵𝑀 = 41.5(𝑥 − 1) −
2
Position of maximum bending
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 4.15 𝑚 moment occurs when SF = 0.
This occurs between SF=31·5
10 × 4.152 kN (1m from LHE) and
𝐵𝑀 = 41.5(4.15 − 1) − SF = −33·5 kN (7·5 m from LHE)
2
a 6·5 m distance, this is a
𝐵𝑀 = 44.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚 (3𝑠𝑓) gradient of -65/6·5 or −10
kN/m (the UDL). Therefore the
SF is 0 kN at 31·5/10 = 3·15 m
add this to 1 m position to get
a position of 4·15m from LHE −
the point of maximum bending
moment.
Page 12
Marks
(c) 0≤𝑥≤1 2 1 mark − BM = 0 kNm at x = 0
𝑥 = 0, 𝐵𝑀 = 0 𝑘𝑁𝑚 and x = 9
1 mark − BM at x = 1, −5 kNm &

𝑥 = 1, 𝐵𝑀 = −5𝑥 2 = −5 𝑘𝑁𝑚 BM at x = 7·5, −11·5 kNm
1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7·5
10𝑥2
𝐵𝑀 = 41.5(𝑥 − 1) −
2
𝑥 = 7.5
2
𝐵𝑀 = 41.5(7.5 − 1) − 5 × 7.5
= −11.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑥 = 9, 𝐵𝑀 = 0 𝑘𝑁𝑚
(d) Both valves could be opened and 3 1 mark − explaining that the
the beam lifted without correction beam would be lifted uneven,
of the difference in position. without correction
The problem occurred if the 1 mark − explaining the

position of cylinder A was lower problem of diff being negative
than cylinder B. This caused the
value of diff to be negative.
1 mark − explaining how the if
The line if pos_A>pos_B establishes condition ensures that diff is
which cylinder is higher than the always positive in magnitude.
other and calculates the value of
diff so that it is always positive (or
zero)
(e) Section B checks if cylinder A is 2 1 mark − explaining what the if
higher than cylinder B and outwith condition checks and what the
the tolerance. If TRUE, valve A is outcome is if true, ie cylinder B
closed, valve B is opened and the side is raised up to level the
warning light comes on. beam.
Section C − the lines following the 1 mark − explaining the

else command will be carried out if condition for the program
cylinder B is higher than cylinder A. entering the else condition and
and outwith the tolerance. If TRUE the outcome of this, ie cylinder
Valve A is opened, valve B is closed A side is raised up to level the
and the warning light comes on. beam.
Page 13

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AH

The tolerance of the components used in the circuit is 5%.

Not drawn to scale

Calculate the magnitude of the reaction at the bearing at A. 4

(a) Calculate values for Rc and Re. 2

(b) Calculate values for Ib and Vb. 1

The main system components have the following operating efficiencies.

Step-down transformer, electric motor driving pump and pump 87·0

Turbine, generator and step-up transformer 90·3

Cruachan pump-storage scheme can switch from pumping water to generating

4∙0 m 1∙0 m 1∙0 m

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

milking unit weigh-bridge

The end-point deflection, δ , of a cantilever beam due to a point load, P, applied

• The self-weight of the weigh-bridge is 200 kg.

Note: V1 has a duty cycle of 99%, ie mark : space ratio is 99:1

where R is the total resistance in series with the capacitor, C.

Rotary potentiometer angle

Wheels straight ahead

Wheels 15° to right

Programming commands to produce time delays

PAUSEMICRO microseconds delayMicroseconds(us)

wheel_angle = analogRead(14)/4; // get wheel angle and

IF wheel_angle < 106 then

let wheel_angle = 106

ELSEIF wheel_angle > 149 then SECTION A

let wheel_angle = 149

(e) Explain why the lines highlighted were altered. 3

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname Number of seat

Worksheets for questions 1 (a) and 6 (a).

Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet.

Space for working

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname Number of seat

1. An engineer is compiling a list of costs for a forthcoming civil engineering

Task Precedent(s) Time (days)

A Site clearance None 2

B Strip top soil A 3

C Lay culvert pipes & ducting B 3

E Lay surface layer (pavement) D 4

F Pull through power cables C 2

G Install street lighting F 4

H Erect road signs A 1

I Landscape sidings F&H 2

Complete the Gantt chart below for this project. 2

Green transition with offshore wind

Wire diameter 0·794 mm

Drum diameter 500 mm

The radius, R, is measured to the centre line of the wire.

Page 07 [Turn over

Page 09 [Turn over

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

(b) Explain the effect on maximum transmissible power of an increase to

4 m 3 m 2 m

(a) Sketch the Shear Force diagram for the beam. 4

wheel_angle = analogRead(14)/4; // get wheel angle and