Basic drilling engineering:

Drilling rig is the only tool to dig a well, to confirm the target underground.
The targets are may be water, oil, gas or geothermal.

Drilling = Make a hole.

This is the only way to see below there.
By drilling the following data to be recovered :

- Cutting samples and its contents,

- Electric logs data,
- Fluid contents (gas, oil, or water),

Note: Ripah-4 have to be drilled.

Rig component:
A modern drilling rig has four main systems to perform this task:

Rotating
Hoisting
Circulating and
Well control

These components work together to accomplish three main function of all rotary rig:
a) Hoisting system
b) Rotating system
c) Circulating system
d) Power syastem
e) BOP – blowout preventer
Preparing for drilling (land rig):

The wellsite is prepared,

Drilling rig, equipments are moved,
Drilling crew are assigned,
Drilling rig is raised up,
The supporting equipments moved in and assembled,

Offshore rigs:

Designed to suit a specific offshore environment.

Barge
Jack up
Jack up tender
Drillship, floater for deep water drilling
Semi-Submersible

Hoisting System
The rig or derrick supports traveling block and hook, elevator, wireline, crown block
dan drawork.
The hoisting equipment is a specialized equipment that lifts, lowers and suspends
drill pipe in the well bore.

Rotating System:
In fact, the rotating system is to rotate the drillstring, and make the bit drills a hole.
Operating through kelly drive bushing, the rotary table rotate the kelly and through
if the drilling string and bit:

a) Rotary table
b) Master bushing
 Circulating System:

When drilling is in progress, the hoisting system, mud pump and prime movers are
used to circulate drilling mud from the mud pit through the standpipe, rotary hose,
swivel, kelly, drillpipe to the bit.

Circulating system: Mud tanks, suction line, mud pumps, stand pipe, rotary hose,
swivel, kelly, drill pipe, drill collar, bit through bit nozles to spry the formation, up
through annulus, flow line, shale shaker, setling pit.

Mud pumps:

A drilling rig usually has two mud pumps.

It is the heart of a fluid-circulating system for rotary drilling.
The function is to circulate the mud under pressure from the mud pit, to the drillstring
and bit then return it up through annulus and to the pit.

Standpipe and Rotary hose:

The surface portion of the system consists of high pressure piping from the pump to
standpipe and rotary hose.
One end of rotary hose is attached to the goosneck.

Drillstem or drill string

Consists of three main components:
Kelly and swivel,
Drillstring (drillpipe plus bottomhole assembly: drill collar, sub, stabilizer), drill bit,

To perform the following function:

Lower the bit into the hole and withdraw it,

Weight the bit to penetrate the formation,
Transmit a rotating action to the bit,
Conduct the drilling fluid under pressure from the
surface to the bit. The drillstring also serves as
vertical cunduit.

# Mud motor is connected above the bit in directional drilling.

Kelly and swivel:

The upper end of the drillstem called a kelly, about 40 ft long, square or hexagonal on
outside.
The swivel does not rotate, but support the kelly, which does rotate.

The Drillstring:

The drillstring is made up of drill pipe, drill collar, stabilizer, sub through which fluid and
rotating power are transmitted from the kelly to the bit.

Drill pipe
Drill collar
Bottom hole assembly

There are four categories of bits:

Drag bit: Earliest bit, simple blade,

Tri-cone bit: The most common type of bit,
Diamond bit: A special for coring,
Reamer/hole opener: This tool is located above the bit to enlarge a hole size.

Problems:

Bit dulling
Lost cones
Lost teeth
Lost jet nozzles
Bit left in the hole
Bit nozzle
Rotating System:
This operating through drive bushing, the rotary table rotate the kelly, drilling string and the
bit.

Power System:

The power system supports the entire rotary drilling operation.

Blowout Preventer

The BOP stack consists of different blowout preventer. If any flow from the formation the
blowout preventers are needed to close the well.

BOP stacks:

Blind and shear rams

Pipe rams,
Conductor pipe,
Choke line,
Kill line:

Jan. 1979: NB-1 well kicked with 900 psi casing pressure.

Mechanism:
Annular preventer: Consist of annular rubber,
Blind and shear rams: Completely close wellbore when no drillpipe in the hole; shear rams
will cut or crush it.
Pipe ram: The rubber will face to fit the size of drill pipe,
Conductor pipe: Attached to the top of BOP stack,
Choke line: The BOP closed then high pressure fluid can be released,
Kill line: Heavy mud can be pumped down,

Drilling to be done step by step :

Rig floor
Dog house,
Geolograph,
Air-hoist
Cellar,
Predriven surface casing or conductor,
Pilot hole
Hole opener

Trip or bit trip:

Pull-out or remove drill pipe from the hole to

surface, and stood back on the rig floor.
POOH – pull out of the hole
Trip-in is running in the holedrill pipe (with new bit),
Trip gas: Indicating of lag time

Drilling Fluid Engineering:

The primary purpose of drilling fluid is to clean, cool and lubricate bit, and continuously
remove cutting samples from the hole.
The function of drilling fluid:
a) Control subsurface pressure & prevent caving,
b) Remove sample from the hole,
c) Suspend samples when circulation stop,
d) Cool and lubricate the bit and drill pipe,
e) Wall the hole with impermeable filter cake,
f) Help support the weight of drillpipe, casing,
g) Media information from the formation (logging),
h) Do all the above without damage the system,

Controlling subsurface:
The pressure of mud column at the bottom hole is a function of the mud density and column
height.
* Well kick
* Blowout

Note: NB-1 NE Kalimantan at 2926 m (1979)

JTB-1 West Java, rig burnt,(1993)
BJP-1 East Java at 2979 m (27 May 2006),
GM-20 Sumatera when POOH (2010),

Effect of mudweight on Mudlogging:

Excess of hydrostatic pressure will cause gas or oil to be flushed back into the formation.
Also create a lost circulation problem.

Note: LCM – lost circulation material,

Related Services
• Drilling fluid (mud) engineering,
• Mudlogging,
• Electric logging,
• Cementing service,
• Directional drilling,
• Conventional coring,
 • Fishing service,
• Formation testing,

SH, 25 September, 2018