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Bloch 2012
Bloch 2012
Abstract
Over the last several years the focus on eocdesign moved away from the design of components or simple
products only towards the design of systems. Especially the European product-related legislation, e.g.
WEEE, RoHS, ErP and REACh, became a major driving force for integrating new design aspects like
energy efficiency, materials and resource efficiency and design principles for recycling into the product
design process. Standardization of design principles helps companies to meet internationally introduced
regulatory requirements. In addition ecodesign principles are extended to the design of manufacturing
sites and include the complete supply chain.
Keywords:
Ecodesign principles, European legislation, WEEE, RoHS, ErP, REACh
2 EUROPEAN P RODUCT-RELATED LEGISLA- • this can go beyond the „toprunner“ approach and will
TION be more eager.
2.1 Energy related Products Directive
By implementing climate mitigation measures to meet the 2.2 Restriction of Hazardous Substance Directive
politically given targets of the Kyoto Protocol the The RoHS-Directive (Restriction of Hazardous Substance
European Commission became aware that by setting Directive) was introduced to the market to ensure that all
emission reduction targets for the “energy intensive Electical and electronical equipment in scope do not
industries” only we will not meet the reduction targets. contain certain hazardous substance:
Consequently they introduced a legislation framework to
• As of July 1st 2006, the RoHS-Directive restricts the
reduce the energy consumption during the use phase of
use of Lead, Cadmium, hexavalent chromium
electrical energy using products. A set of “Implementing
compounds, Mercury and polybrominated biphenyls
Measures” was defined together with the industries
(PBB) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE)
respectively. The already agreed “Implementing
Measures” are listed below: • A maximum concentration value (MCV) of 0.1% by
weight in homogeneous material for PB, Cr(VI), Hg,
• Standby and off mode losses of EEE
PBB and PBDE resp.
• Simple set top boxes
• MCV of 0.01% weight in homogeneous materials for
• Domestic lighting Cd is tolerated.
• Tertiary sector lighting (office and street) The actually controversy discussed topics are the changes
• External power supplies of the scope of the directive, the review mechanism for all
• Televisions RoHS exemptions and the extension towards new
substances. Latest in 2019, the EU Commission will
• Electric motors
introduce an open scope for all elevtical and electronical
• Circulators equipments. Important is the definition of “electrical and
• Domestic refrigeration and dishwashers electronic equipment” which means equipment which is
• Domestic washing machines dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields in
order to work properly and equipment for the generation,
• Fans (motor driven with an electric input power
transfer and measurement of such currents and fields and
between 125-500 W).
designed for use with a voltage rating not exceeding 1000
The lasted development regarding this legislation is the volts for alternating current and 1500 volts for direct
extension towards “Energy related Products”, like current.
• Local room heating products LSSIT* Fixed Installation Means of transport
Driverless Pallet
• Central heating products using hot air to distribute heat Carrier with
Systems
• Domestic and commercial hobs and grills Industriel
Wind Power
Plant
Transformer
• Professional washing machines, dryers and dishwashers
Tramway – 750V DC
• Non-tertiary coffee machines
• Networked standby losses of Energy using Products,
but the new view in terms of introducing ecodesign Frequency Converter
Building Control System
targets, the EU demands by means of Corporate Social Hybrid Bus
Responsibility and Sustainability higher energy *Large Scale Stationary Industrial Tools
• No additional Bans of further substances Again, industry positioning thru the network of Trade
• No Annex III (REACh candidate list for future bans) Associations is necessary to introduce feasible legislation.
The industry position is:
• 5yr validity date on exemptions cat. 1-7, 10,11
Scope and Categories of equipment: In general all
• 7yr validity date on exemptions cat. 8 & 9
professional industrial equipment should be removed
• 24 Application exemptions for cat. 8 & 9 out of the scope. This means all professional industrial
• Better review mechanism for exemptions equipment.
• Transition period when exemption removed of 12 to 18 WEEE collection: No producer responsibility should be
months introduced, to take full ownership on WEEE collection.
• Case-by-case assessment Rate of Collection, Recovering and Re-use/Recycling: It is
• CE Marking may result in better transparency, not useful to introduce a general collection rate of 65%.
Rather an individual handling in respect to the categories
but there are still some areas for discussion: is necessary. To strengthen the Waste framework directive
• „Open Scope“ (cat 11) implemented in legal text the re-use of products is recommended. The new waste
without impact assessment hierarchy added re-use to the existing hierarchy:
• Review of Scope until 22.07.2014 not limited to „Open Prevention before preparing for Re-use before Recycling
Scope“ impact assessment before other Recovery, e.g. energy recovery and Disposal.
• Weak methodology to amend restricted substances in Because of higher new WEEE recycling rates re-use might
RoHS and independent from REACH become more important! But, re-use requires an
• 1st review of additional substance bans until internationally accepted concept of standardization like
22.07.2014 IEC 62309: Dependability of products containing reused
• CE Marking for RoHS results in a market entrance parts - Requirements for functionality and tests.
requirement For producers of high-end technologies the shortage of
• Limited Reuse of spare parts (from EEE put on market rare raw materials plays more and more a significant role.
before July 1st 2006) runs out July 1st 2016 Future technologies will change the requirements for raw
materials drastically. Many EEE technologies depend on
Unfortunately the categories of the RoHS-Directive and conventional metals like copper and silver but additional
the WEEE-Directive are not the same. growing demand of special metals is to register as lithium,
gallium, indium and rare earth. [2]
2.3 Waste of Electrical and Electronical Equipment Therefore long-term strategies to preserve valuable raw
Directive materials are essential. This means, that the possible
By introducing the Waste of Electrical and Electronic conflicts are no longer inevitable conflicts, but much more
Equipment (WEEE) Directive (2002/96/EC) the WEEE useful mutual complements controlled by an intelligent
sets collection, recycling and recovery targets for all WEEE management strategy.
electrical goods. The main aspects are:
• Producers need to finance collection of all WEEE 3 CONCLUSIONS
• Producers need to register their products falling under Potential Energy Reduction with already existing electro
the defined categories products are still in the range up to 50 % (example: electro
• Products need to carry the WEEE label motors, lamps). In the next product generation there is
• Collection rate of 4kg/person annually more reduction potential, including Material Resource
Efficiency. With the Extension of Ecodesign to plants
• Art. 175 gives certain freedom to each Member State in and systems there is a new chance for reduction. For the
transposing this Directive. future chances of manufacturing industries a substitution
Healthcare or intensified Recycling of Specific Materials is required
Equipment (example: Indium, Silver, RE).
Scope In- / Exclusion
REFERENCES
Company’s
[1] Wimmer, Lee, Quella, F., Pollack, (2010): The
work in Competitive Advantage, Springer, Heidelberg.
Trade Associatons
[2] Bloch, W., Plumeyer, M., Wuerl, H., (2011):
Industrial & Energy Lightning
Equipment Equipment Siemens’ WEEE management strategy, Waste
Scope Exclusion Scope Inclusion electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
handbook, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge.
Fig. 3: Needs of an industrial enterprise