Session 7 + 8: Correlation and Regression

Product Moment Correlation (r): measure the strength of association between

metric (interval vs ratio) variables, say X & Y
 Determine whether linear or straight line relationship exists between X &
Y
Other names of r: Pearson correlation coefficient, simple correlation,
bivariate correlation, the correlation coefficient
-1 ≤ r ≤ +1
Note:
 r = 0: does not mean X & Y are unrelated => only conclude that both
variables have no linear relationship
 -1  0: negative relationship
 0  1: positive relationship
𝜌 (𝑟ℎ𝑜): 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
The coefficient r is an estimator of ρ
Metric X vs Y metric: Pearson
Non – metric X vs Y non – metric: Spearman’s rho, ρs and Kendall’s tau, τ
Using file table 17.1
SPSS: analyze  correlate  bivariate  variables: attitude vs duration 
Pearson  1 – tailed vs 2 – tailed
SPSS result

strength of relationship for

sample: statistical relationship
based on significance level
2 – tailed test
H0: ρ = 0
H1: ρ ≠ 0
 1 – tailed test helps us make sure
positive or negative relationship
H0: ρ ≤ 0
H1: ρ > 0

Partial Correlation
Measure the association between 2 variables after adjusting one or more
additional variables
SPSS: analyze  regression  partial  variables: duration vs attitude/
controlling for: weather
SPSS result

Conclusion: Duration and attitude also have strong relationship regardless of weather
Non – metric
SPSS: SPSS: analyze  correlate  bivariate  variables: attitude vs duration
 Kendall’s tau vs Spearman’s rho  1 – tailed vs 2 – tailed
SPSS result
Conclusion: duration and attitude has strong relationship.