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Steel Structures Design Prof - dr.AbdElrahim Khalil Dessouki
Steel Structures Design Prof - dr.AbdElrahim Khalil Dessouki
Steel Structures Design Prof - dr.AbdElrahim Khalil Dessouki
= 20 x 6.573/3 + 2 x 2.2 [(41 - 6.57) + (33 - 6.57)" (26 — 6.57)Chapter 4: Bolted Connections 177 + (19- 6.57)" + (12 - 6.57] 1, = 12650.75 om’ 5- Calculate the maximum tensile stress in the bolt fu =M.Qn - x), = 4.5 x 100 x 34.43/12650.75 = 1.22 t/om? 6- Calculate the maximum shear stress in the bolt a= V/[n Ay] = 2(12 x mx 27/4) = 0.053 tiem? 7- Apply in interaction equation (fu/Fan)? + (Qu/qan)? <1 (1.22/0.33 x 4)? + (0.053/0.25 x 4)? = 0.857 <1 safe where, Fon = 0.33 Fup dau = 0.25 Fup 2 Check compression stress on plate f&=Mx/ly $0.72 Fy = 4x 100 x 6.57 /12650.75 = 0.2 tiem? < 1.728 t/em? Example 4-14 Design the connection between main beam and column using non-pretensioned bolts M20 grade (4.6). 6 4mt Column )) ——1.4+t BFIB450 J \IPE270 270178 Steel Structures Design IPE270 fe : 0 \e * + e aa . e + peters] ete @ |" Se eae i, 200 Solution 1- Assume H=h+18cm 2. Assume the number of bolts n= 12 at pitch = 70 mm 3- Get the position of neutral axis Assume x = H/6 = 450/6 = 75 em Actr= 0.7 19°/4 = 0.7 x 0x 27/4 =2.2 cm? Smy= 0 bx/2—2 Acre [(y1 - x) + (Y2 - x) + (3 =) Ha - x) Hs - x) ]=0 20 x°/2 — 2 x 2.2 [(41 - x) + (33 - x) + (26 - x) + (19 - x) + (12 - x)] = Zero + 2.2 x -— 57.64 = Zero x=6.57 cm 4- Calculate the inertia of the virtual sectionChapter 4: Bolted Connections 179 T= bx + 2a [()1 = x)? + (y2 - x) (93 = x)? + (Vs 0? Hs - x] = 20 x 6573/3 + 2 x 2.2 [(41 — 6.57) + (33 — 6.5774 (26 — 6.57) +(19-6.57)P + (12-6.57)] Ty = 12650.75 om’ 5- Calculate the maximum tensile stress in the bolt fu = Ti(n 0.7 97/4) + M.(y; - x)/ly = 1.4(12x2.2) + 4 x 100 x 34.43/12650.75 = 1.14 tem? 6- Calculate the maximum shear stress in the bolt qi = Vn Ay] = 6/(12 x mx 27/4) = 0.16 them? y - Apply in interaction equation (u/Fan)? + (Qi/gan)? < 1 (1.14/0.33 x 4) + (0.16/0.25 x 4?=0.77 <1 safe where, hi Check compression stress on plate f&=Mx/ly $0.72 Fy = 4x 100 x 6.57 /12650.75 = 0.2 tem? < 1.728 tiem? 419-3 Eccentric Connections Made of Pretensioned (High Strength) Bolts 4-19-3-1_ Pretensioned Bolts Subjected to Shear Force and Torsional Moment In case of pretensioned bolts, the same procedure followed in case of non-pretensioned bolts is followed, except that the resultant force in the bolt R is checked to be less than the allowable shear force that can be carried by the pretensioned bolt “P,” instead of “Ricas” of the nom. pretensioned bolt,180__ Steel Structures Design 4-19-3-2 Design Strength in Tension Connections Where the connection is subjected to an external tension force (Text) in the direction of the bolts axis, the induced external tension force per bolt (Textp) is to be calculated according to the following relation:- Texto) =Teesy 0 $0.6 T ey eae 423 Where : n = The total number of bolts resisting the external tension force Tres) In addition to the applied tensile force per bolt Tiex.s) » the bolt shall be proportioned to resist the additional induced prying force (P) as shown in figure (4.36). The prying force (P) depends on the relative stiffness and the geometrical configuration of the steel element composing the connection. The prying force can be determined as will be shown later in (4-19-3-6- 2) and hence the following check is to be satisfied:- Teen +P <0.8T P< 08T Texip*” £ jee = P= Prying force Fig.4.36 Prying ForceChapter 4: Bolted Connections 181 4-19-3-3_~ Design Strength in Connections Subjected to Combined Shear and Tension In connections subjected to both shear (Q) and tension (Tex), the design strength for bolt is given by the following formulae:- HT Toa) Qs Y moran 4.25 Team +PS08T 4-19-3-4 Design Strength in Connections Subjected to Combined Shear and Bending Moment In moment connections of the type shown in figure 4.37, the loss of clamping forces in region “A” is always coupled with a corresponding increase in contact pressure in region “B”. The clamping force remains unchanged and there is no decrease of the frictional resistance as given by the following :- 4-26 Ps= pT/y Fig. 4.37 Connections Subjected to Combined Shear and Bending Moment182 _Steel Structures Design The induced maximum tensile force Tiexpm) due to the applied moment (M) in addition to the prying force P that may occur, must not exceed the pretension force as follows:- Texto + P S0.8T and Qy < Ps 4-19-3-5 Design Strength in Connections Subjected to Combined Shear, Tension, and Bending Moment When the connection is subjected to shearing force (Q), a tension force (Tex) and a bending moment (M), the design strength per bolt is to be according to the following formulae:- Q sh - Tens) Y Tees + Texto +P $0.8T 4-19-3-6 The Determination of the Prying Force (P) 4-19-3-6-1 Configuration Fig. 4.38a, b and c illustrate the most common types of connections, where the outer overhangings may press on their corresponding supports causing the prying force “P”. The prying action depends on the flexibility of the Tee stub flange, and the end plate which is denoted in Fig. 4-39a, b and c by the thickness (t,). 4-19-3-6-2 Determination of The Prying Force P In order to determine the prying force P, the connection is to bé transformed to an equivalent Tee stub connection as shown in Fig. 4.41. The prying force P can be determined using the following relation :-Chapter 4 : Bolted Connections 183 carat) 2 30ab’A, P= as et flaca OF ao — | —+1]/+—2_ 4b \ 4b 30ab7A, Texsp Where a,b = Bolt outer overhanging and inner bolt dimension with respect to the stem Tee stub respectively in cm, w = Flange Tee stub breadth with respect to one column of bolts, As = Bolt stress area, Texb » = Applied external tension force on one bolt column to either an applied external tension force Tex (Fig.4.38a) or due to the replacement of the applied moment (M) by two equal extemal and opposite forces Ty = Cy= (Fig. 4.396) or 'b Text.b.mt due to an exact analysis of an end plate moment connection (Fig. 4.39c). Where Tex = Tet (Fig. 4-42a) iL 4 Textb.m= (Fig. 4-42b)184 _ Steel Structures Design (b) Tee stub moment connection (a) Beam to beam connection in orthogonal dimensions Equivalent Tee stub mY F 1, + + fetbM 4 Taina? + V+ +) b . [ TEC EMG, (©) End plate moment connection Fig. 4.38 Common Types of Connections Producing Prying ForcesPTexua ot Th — P*Texuig &F Thy Text FTE PHTexvaor Tay, P*Toxvs OF Taig Mep.as (Text °F Text.bM).b Chapter 4: Bolted Connections 185 (a) Welded flange (b) Tee- Stub (c) Deflected Shape (d) Corresponding Bending Moment Fig. 4.39 Equivalent Tee Stub Connection186 _ Steel Structures Design 4-19-3-7 Determination of The Tee Stub or The End Plate Thickness (t ) ‘a- The ideal situation shown in Fig. 4.40 is to place the rows of bolts at A-A and B-B as close as possible to the tension flange with not more than two bolts per row otherwise the uniform distribution of forces can no longer be valid. b- A row of bolts near the beam compression flange at C-C is to be utilized in order to prevent this part from springing. c- Compute an approximate end plate thickness using the model shown in Fig. 4.40b or using the following relation: M(2b +25 +t,) 0.613 Koaetivactas aun 4-30 Where M = Beam moment, b = Internal distance with respect to the Tee- stub web or to the beam flange, s = Fillet weld size, thy = Flange beam thickness and depth. (d, = h—tp), dp h = Height of beam cross section, Fy = Allowable bending stress of end plate steel material. d- Compute the induced prying force P using Equation (4-29) where the end plate thickness corresponds to step (c). e- Compute the exact induced bending moment in the end plate as follows (Fig. 4.40c)Chapter 4: Bolted Connections 187 Mi =P.a } Mz = P.a- Texsyeb & Hence compute the exact required end Plate thickness and the safety of bolts, using the following two Equations: 6(greater of M, or M2) tp 2w Fy Where a = Half breadth of end plate = half breadth of Tee-stub flange, W = W forcase of two columns of bolts. Teta +P <0.8T188 _ Steel Structures Design Fig. 4.40 Determination of The Tee Stub or The End Plate Thickness (tp)Chapter 4: Bolted Connections _189 4-19-3-8 Safety Requirements for Beam to Column Connections i, Column web at the vicinity of the compression beam flange “crippling of the column web“: Crippling of the column web is prevented if: eae eet 432 If Equation 4-32 is not satisfied, use a pair of horizontal stiffeners fulfilling the following condition: BDattst Doth ty +2tp + Htwe In order to prevent the local buckling of these stiffeners: BaltgSIB ated 4-34 fi, Column flange at the location of the tension beam flange “ bending of the column flange “: Bending of the column flange is prevented if tie 2 04 by If Equation 4-35 is not satisfied, use a pair of horizontal stiffeners fulfilling the condition of Equation 4-33. iii. Distortion of the web at beam to column connection: Distortion of the column web is prevented if: twe2 MIA) ITOSSF he) 4-36 If Equation 4-36 is not satisfied, use either a or b :190 _ Steel Structures Design a- a doubler plate to lap over the web to obtain the total required thickness. b- a pair of diagonal stiffeners in the direction of the diagonal compression having the following dimensions: Boe = [OM Ic) — (O35 Fy) Fy tycH@58Fy C08) mmm 4-19-3-9 _ Pretensioned Bolts Subjected to Shear Force, Tension Force and Bending Moment Using a group of pretensioned bolts (high strength bolts) in resisting bending moment is appreciated because of its efficiency in resisting tensile stresses. One of the familiar moment connections that require pretensioned bolts (high strength bolts) is the rafter to column and rafter- to-rafter connections used in portal frames as shown in the following figures. 1 Ig F | ese war.) i Part of IPE 1k ny 8 | LS oad SEC (A-A)Chapter 4 : Bolted Connections _191 mnie HSB me(w0.9) Part of IPE +] ae SEC (A-A) = PEL *T+| 115.6 ure(10.9) g +|+7 S _ $ Part of 1PE é ak & aor SEC (A-A)192 Steel Structures Design Fig. 4.41 Rafter to Column Connections in Portal Frames REL Taso uiec10.9) Part of IPE Ee SEC (C-C) Fig. 4.42 Rafter to Rafter Connections in Portal Frames 4-19-3-9-1_ Design Procedure Since the arrangement of the pretensioned bolts (high strength bolts) does not require a maximum distance between the bolts, bolts are