PROTEINS

Prepared by:
Nur Fatihah Binti Din
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4UPM
 Learning Outcomes/Objectives:

 State the elements in proteins.

 State the various structure of proteins.

 Explain the formation and breakdown of

dipeptides and polypeptides.

 Explain the meanings of essential amino

acids and non essential amino acids. 2
 Introduction

 Protein are large complex organic

molecules which play diverse roles in
living organisms.

 Proteins made up of such elements as

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur and phosphorus.
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 condensation
Amino acid + amino acid dipeptide + water
hydrolysis

Polypeptides + water hydrolysis dipeptides or amino acids

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 Examples

 Protein sources: egg, meat, milk, yoghurt

and etc.

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 Protein Structures

a) Primary structure

b) Secondary structure
- alpha-helix
- beta-pleated sheets

c) Tertiary structure

d) Quaternary structure 6
a) Primary structure

 The linear sequence of amino acids in a

polypeptide chain.

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b) Secondary structure
i) Alpha-helix
- Three dimensional arrangement of amino
acids with the polypeptide chain in a cork
screw shape.

iv) Beta-pleated sheet

- Polypeptide chains are arranged side by
side.
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c) Tertiary structure

 The overall three dimensional shape of a

polypeptide chain.

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d) Quaternary structure

 The combination of two or more tertiary

polypeptides that makes up a protein.

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 Amino Acids

 There have two types of amino acids:

i) essential amino acids
ii) non essential amino acids

 Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot

be synthesized by the body. Example: Leucine

 Non essential amino acids are amino acids that can

be synthesized by the body. There are 11-non
essential amino acids. Example: Alanine 12
 Thank You

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