Steel Work design (1) to

BS 5950- 1:2000

Dr Mustafa Batikha

The University of Damascus-Syria

References

 BS 5950-1(2000). “Structural use of steel work in building, Part 1,

Code of practice for design rolled and welded section”, BSI,
London.
 Way, A. G. J. , Salter, P. R. (2003). “Introduction to steelwork
design to BS 5950-1:2000”, the steel construction institute, SCI, UK.
 Case, J., Chilver, L., Ross, C.T.F. (1999). “Strength of materials and
structures”, John Willy & Sons Inc., fourth edition, London.
 McKenzie, W.M.C. (2006). “Examples in structural analysis”, Taylor
and Francis, London.
.‫ دﻣﺸﻖ‬،‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬،”‫ “ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻔﻮﻻذﻳﺔ‬.(2003) ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﺣﻤﺪ اﻟﺴﻤﺎرة‬
.‫ دﻣﺸﻖ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرات ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻣﺸﻖ‬.”‫ “اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن‬.(2006) ‫ﻏﻴﺎث ﺣﻼق‬

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 Design of Compression Members
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

(The concept of stress ) ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬

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 (Axial stresses) ‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﻳﺔ‬

(Bending stresses) ‫إﺟﻬﺎدات اﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬

M M I
 top  ytop  : Zt 
I Zt ytop
M M I
 bottom  ybottom  : Zb 
I Zb ybottom

Z : Elastic Section Modulus

I
Z
ymax

M
 y
I

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 Plastic Section Modulus, S

Fc=FT
Ac.p
py=A
ATpy » Ac=A
AT
Mp=pyS
1
S  A( y c  yT )
2
S: Plastic Modulus
S
Shape Factor f 
Z
High Shape Factor

Early Yielding

Permanent Deformation

(The concept of plastic hinge) ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن‬

Wp L 4M p
Mp   Wp 
4 L

Wp (L  Lp ) 4M y 4M p My
My   Wp    L p  L(1  )
4 ( L  Lp ) L Mp

1 S
L p  L(1  ): f 
f Z
Examples

1
For rectangular section f  1.5  L p  L
3

For I section of f=1.13 f  1.13  L p  0.12 L

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 (Shear stresses) ‫إﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﻘﺺ‬

V s

I b

MT
 r
J
S =First moment of area
J =Torsion constant.

Final stresses
N Mx My
Normal stress    y x
A Ix Iy

Shear stress 
2 xy
tan 2  Principal stresses
 xx   yy

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 Principal stresses and the failure
Mohr’s circle
and cracking

Crack is expected when the principal stresses have reached a critical strength

(The concept of Buckling ) ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ‬

Buckling of columns

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 Lateral Torsional buckling of beams

Buckling of Frames

Local Buckling of yielding

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 Buckling of plates and shells

Concept of Bifurcation Buckling

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 Concept of Snap-Through Buckling

(Buckling of an Euler strut) ‫ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ أوﻳﻠﺮ‬

P
M  P. y
M P P
y"    y"  y  0  y"  K2 y  0: K2 
EI EI EI
General solution for
the deflected shape
y  A cos kx  B sin kx

P
x  0  y  0  A  0  y  B sin kx
Using the Boundary Conditions
x  L  y  0  B sin kL  0
If KL≠0 » B=0 » always y=0 »No Buckling » wrong assumption » KL=0 or KL=n
n 2 2 P n 2 2 EI
kL  0  k  0  Always y  0  kL  n  k 2 L2  n 2 2  2
  PE 
L EI L2

 2 EI
For smallest load (Critical load )  n  1  PE 
L2

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 The concept of restraints ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻘﻴﻮد اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬
Column types ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬

Horizontal Ties ‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ ﻣﺼﻌﺪة ( اﻟﻘﻴﻮد اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬2.4.5.2&2.4.5.3) Figure 1 & Figure 2

N ut  max[ 0 . 5 q u ( factored vertical load on Tie ), 75 kN ,

1 % N uc ( compressiv e force of edge column ]
Nr=3
4.7.1.2 Compressed Nrestraint=1% Ncompression member

4.7.3-a M u  90% M r : M r  p y S r

No directional restraint ‫ﻻﻗﺪرة ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺪوران‬ k r  (0.2  1 / N r ) 0.5

Critical buckling load of different deflection modes

n 2 2 EI
Pcr 
L2

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 Columns under other boundary conditions and the
concept of the effective length

M  P. y
M P P
y"    y"  y  0  y"  K2 y  0: K2 
EI EI EI

General solution for

the deflected shape
y  A cos kx  B sin kx

x  0  y  0  A  0  y  B sin kx
dy
xl  0  BK cos kL  0
dx
 2 n 2 2 P n 2 2 EI
B  0, k  0  cos kL  0  kL  n  k 2 L2  n 2  2
  Pcr 
2 4 4L EI (2 L) 2

Note: The critical buckling load of a cantilever length L is as the critical load
of simply-supported ends of 2L

The Effective Length, LE

n 2 2 EI
Pcr  2
LE=Ke.L LE

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 Major and Minor axis of buckling
n 2 2 EI  2 EI  2 EI  2 Er 2  2 E
Pcr   n  1  P       2
2 2
L2E A L2E 
cr cr
LE LE

 2E L
 cr  : Slenderness  E
 2
ry  rx  I y  I x r

y is the minor axis

x is the major axis

Buckling about y-axis is more critical than buckling about x-axis for the
same length because the smallest radii of gyration is about y

(Buckling of a perfect column) ‫ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻮد ﻻﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﺗﺸﻮهﺎت ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ‬

Intermediate Element Slender Element
Short Element

Short
LE
Slenderness   
Intermediate r
Slender
 2E
Euler stress,  E 
2

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 Empirical buckling of a perfect column

Rankine formula is the simplest safe empirical formula from test data

1 1 1 PF = the real buckling failure strength  E Y

  PE = the ideal Euler buckling load F 
PF PE PY PY = the squash
q load  E Y

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 1 1 1  E Y
For less conservative treatments   or  F  :1  n  3
F n
E n
Y n n
 En Y n

The effect of material non-linearity on buckling load

The non-linearity of material causes

the drop in results between Euler theory
and experiment data for intermediate
columns

Tangent modulus theory is the

simple safe estimate of buckling
strength in Elastic-Plastic region

 2 ET L ET
  Modified slenderness at position x    cr  
 2
r 

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 (Buckling of a imperfect column) ‫ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻮد ﻳﺤﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻮهﺎت ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ‬
Perry Formula (1886)

Perryy Formula (BS

( 5950-1:2000)) Annex C

e0z
(E c )(y c ) Ec : 
r2
Ey y ( 1)E  2E
c  :  ,E 
  2 Ey 2 2

z: the distance of the extreme fiber from the neutral axis of buckling.
r : Radii of gyration

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 Perry Factor ,  a(  0 ) / 1000  0 : a is Robertson constant
0 is the limiting slenderness (short column)= 0.2(2E/py)0.5

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 (Classification of sections) ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
(3.5.2)

Local Buckling ‫ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬

Element geometry ‫أﺑﻌﺎد‬

‫اﻟﻄﻮل (اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬/ ‫)اﻟﺴﻤﺎآﺔ‬
Stress distribution ‫ﺗﻮزع‬
‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات‬
Support conditions ‫ﺷﺮوط‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎد‬
Yield strength ‫اﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺴﻴﻼن‬

Element Geometry ‫ أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬: b/T, d/t (Figure 5 & 6)

Stress distribution ‫ ﺗﻮزع اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات‬:r1, r2 (Section 3.5.5)
Table 11&12 Yield strength ‫إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺴﻴﻼن‬: 
Element Type ‫ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬: Outstand element (External ‫)ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬,
Internal element (‫( )ﻋﻨﺼﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬3.5.1)

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 Example 1:
S275, UB 457×152×52, Bending moment only about the major axis ‫ﻋﺰم اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
(‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ )اﻟﻘﻮي‬
275
UB 457×152×52» t=7.6, T=10.9 <16mm » Table9 » py=275Mpa »   1
275
b/T=6
b/T 6.99
99 < 9» Class1 (Plastic)
Plastic section ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﺪن‬
d/t=53.6 < 80» Class1 (Plastic)

Example 2:
S275, UB 457×152×52, Bending moment + Axial compression force 800kN
b/T=6.99 < 9» Class1 (Plastic)
800  10 3 80 80 d
r1 
Fc
  0.94 »   41 
dtp yw 407.6  7.6  275 1  r1 1  0.94 t
100 100 d
  41.5 
1  1.5r1 1  1.5  0.94 t
Fc 800  10 3 120 120 d
r2    0.44 »   63.8  » Semi-Compact
Ag p yw 6660  275 1  2r2 1  2  0.44 t

Example 3:
S355,HF RHS 250×150×5, Bending moment only about the major axis
(‫ﻋﺰم اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ )اﻟﻘﻮي‬
275
HF RHS 250×150×5» t=5<16mm » Table9 » py=355Mpa »   0.88
355
b/T=27 >28=25
b/T<32=28 & b/T<62-0.5d/t=54.5-0.5×47=31 » Class2 (Compact)
d/t=47<64=56 » Class1 (plastic)

Compact section ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺘﻨﺰ‬

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 Effective section properties ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
Sections (3.5.6&3.6) ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮد‬

Semi-Compact Slender

Bending ‫اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬ Doubly symmetric

Equal-leg CHS
section
angle
3.5.6
3.6.2 3.6.6
Seff 3.6.4
Pure Bending Pure Compression Aeff, Zeff
Aeff, Zeff
Non-slender web slender web Fig. 8-a (Aeff)

Fig. 8-b (Zeff) Fig. 9&Fig.8-b if flange is slender as well (Zeff)

3 2
Alternative method (‫ )ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮة‬for slender section (3.6.5): p yr  ( ) py

Notice: Compression + Bending » Compression only (Aeff)+ Bending only (Zeff)

Example:
S275, Welded section ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻠﺤﻮم‬, pure Bending ‫ﻋﺰم اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﻓﻘﻂ‬, Plastic flange,
slender web

Solution:
fcw=ftw » beff=60t=60×1×8=480mm
0.4×beff=192, 0.6beff=288

Try x=40mm» First moment=∑±aiyi≠0

Try x=28mm» First moment=∑±aiyi≈0

Ix=95285cm4, ymax=52cm
Zeff=95285/52=1832cm3

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 ‫‪Effective length to BS 5950-1:2000‬‬
‫)‪LE (4.7.3‬‬

‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫‪Angle, Channel or‬‬ ‫‪Generally‬‬

‫‪Simple structures‬‬
‫‪Structures‬‬ ‫‪T sections‬‬
‫)‪(4.7.10‬‬ ‫‪Table 22‬‬
‫‪Annex E‬‬ ‫‪Annex D‬‬
‫‪Single angles,‬‬
‫‪Double angles,‬‬ ‫‪Supporting‬‬ ‫‪Single Story‬‬
‫‪single channels‬‬ ‫‪internal platform‬‬ ‫)‪buildings (D1‬‬
‫‪or single T-‬‬ ‫)‪floors (D2‬‬
‫‪sections‬‬
‫‪Figures D1,‬‬
‫‪Table D.1‬‬ ‫‪D2, D3, D4‬‬
‫‪Table 25‬‬ ‫‪and D5‬‬

‫)‪Notes: (4.7.10.1‬‬
‫‪Slenderness×1.2‬‬

‫)‪ (4.7.9&4.7.13‬اﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت ‪Conditions‬‬

‫‪Lvv‬‬
‫‪c ‬‬ ‫‪ 50‬‬
‫‪rvv‬‬
‫‪LEyy‬‬
‫‪4.7.9‬‬ ‫‪b  2m  2c  1.4c : m ‬‬
‫‪ryy‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪ E  180‬‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫‪‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ وﺻﻼت وﺳﻄﻴﺔ )‪ .(4.7.13.1.e‬وﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎت ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺮﻏﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‪ .‬وﻻﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺮﻏﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﻮف اﻟﺒﺮاﻏﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﻻﺗﻘﻞ ﺑﺮاﻏﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﻋﻦ ‪ 16mm‬ﻓﻲ أي ﺣﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻮال)‪.(4.7.13.1.f‬‬
‫‪‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺮاغ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﺑﺮﻏﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ)‪ .(4.7.13.1.g‬واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻏﻴﻴﻦ ﻻﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 300mm‬أو ‪ 32t‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪t‬‬
‫‪.(4.7.13.2.b.1‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ )‪4 7 13 2 b 1‬‬
‫اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟ ﺘ ﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻦ اﻷ ﺰا‬
‫ﺎآﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫أﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﻤﺎآﺔ‬
‫أ ﻐ‬
‫‪4.7.13‬‬
‫‪‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺤﺎم‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻠﺤﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ واﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﺪاد اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮآﺰي اﻟﻠﺤﺎم ﻋﻦ ‪ 300mm‬أو ‪ 16t‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ t‬أﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﻤﺎآﺔ‬
‫)‪.(4.7.13.2.b.2‬‬

‫‪0.25Qc:Q=2.5%Ncu‬‬

‫‪Dr Mustafa Batikha‬‬ ‫‪Damascus University‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

 Mohr’s Circle

Anticlockwise rotation is positive

In Eqs, Ixy is always to be

used as positive. The
clockwise rotation is taken

Compressive strength, pc (4.7.5)

Perry and Robertson formula (Annex C)
The formula was developed by an assumption that practical imperfections may exist
‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮهﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض وﺟﻮد ﺗﺸﻮهﺎت ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬
Note (4.7.5): For Welded section in compression only
py= py(table9)-20

Table 23, Figure 14

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 21

 Compression Design Summary (4.2)
py (Table 9)

Section classification ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬

Rolled Section Welded Section

py py=py-20
LE

Non-Slender section ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺤﻴﻞ‬ Slender section ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﺤﻴﻞ‬

LE Aeff or pyr

r
LE Aeff
Pc=min(pcx, pcy) [table 23,24]  (4.7.4)
r Ag

Pc=pcAg Pc=min(pcx, pcy) [table 23,24]

Pc=pcAeff

Design of Fully Restrained Beams

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺪة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﻠﻲ‬

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 22

 Lateral Torsional Buckling of beam

Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams

Lateral torsional buckling (‫= )ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ اﻟﻔﺘﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬

Lateral deflection (‫ )إزاﺣﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬+ Twisting (‫)ﻓﺘﻞ‬

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 23

 For bending about x axis

d 2v
M 0   EI x
dz 2
For bending about y axis

d 2u
M 0    EI y
dz 2

From Torsion
du
M0 dz
M L dz d du
d  T  d   GJ  M0
GJ GJ dz dz
d 2 d 2u d 2 M 02
GJ 2
 M0 2  2   0
dz dz dz GJEI y
M 02
  A cos kz  B sin kz : k 2 
GJEI y

z  0    0  A  0, z  L    0  kL    M o ,cr 

GJEI y
L

Other load cases

1
M max,cr  .M 0,cr
m

In BS 5950-1:2000 for steelwork design

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 24

 Lateral Torsional Buckling of an I beam

bi ti3
C  GJ  G 
3

Buckling of flange

Iy
 2E( )
2   EI y , flange  P
2

Pcr  Euler , flange

L2 L2

The effect of load level

1
M max,cr  .M 0,cr m is dependent on the ratio L2GJ/EIw
m
D2
Iw  I y
4

Example for
concentrated load at
mid span

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 25

 Fully restrained beams ‫اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺪة آﻠﻴًﺎ ﺿﺪ اﻟﻔﺘﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
4.2.2 & 4.3.2.2

The restraint should resist a lateral force more than: 2.5% Ffc
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﺎح‬%2.5 ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻘﺎوم ﻗﻮة ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

Frictional force
Force in compression flange Ffc
‫ﻗﻮى اﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﺎح اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

Ffc=Mumax/D q1=2.5%(Load × coefficient of friction)/L

q2=2.5% × Ffc/L q=q1+q2

k r  (0.2  1 / N r ) 0.5

Nr=3

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 26

 Restrained beam Design Summary
275

py

d
Rolled section  70 Rolled section
d
 70
t t
d
Welded section d Welded section  62
 62 t
t
(4.2.3)
Section Classifications ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ Plate girders (4.4.5) ‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺤﻲ‬

Av (Shear area, ‫( )ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﺺ‬4.2.3) Fv  Pv

Pv  0.6 p y Av Shear verification

Webs vary in thickness ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺴﻤﺎآﺎت‬

Yes No
Fv S
To be continued Section is not ok on shear  max   0. 7 p y
I b
‫ﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺺ‬

Restrained beam Design Summary-continued

Yes on shear

Fv  0.6 Pv Sv=Dt2/4 for equalled-flange sections Fv  0.6 Pv

High shear (4
(4.2.5.3)
2 5 3) Low shear (4
(4.2.5.2)
2 5 2)

Sv=S-Sf (or for Av)   [ 2(

Fv
)  1] 2
Pv Slender Semi-compact Plastic

M c  p y S eff or
M c  p y Z eff
Or Or Compact
Slender Semi-compact Plastic
Mc  p yr Z Mc  pyZ
M c  p y ( S eff  S v )
or Mc  pyS
Or Compact
Conservatively
S v
M c  p y (Z  ) M c  p y ( S  S v )
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
1 .5
S v M c  1.5 p y Z ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬
M c  p y ( Z eff  ) 4.2.5.1
1.5 M c  1.2 p y Z ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ أو اﻟﻈﻔﺮ‬

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 27

 unrestrained beams ‫( اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺪة ﺿﺪ اﻟﻔﺘﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬4.3)

Destabilizing load (‫ =)ﻣﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ‬increasing the twist (‫)زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻔﺘﻞ‬

Effective length LE (‫( )اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬4.3.5)

Cantilevers ‫اﻷﻇﻔﺎر‬ Beams ‫اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ‬

‫ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻗﻴﻮد‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻮد وﺳﻄﻴﺔ‬ Llt b) a)
Llt Llt
‫وﺳﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
c4 or d4 (Table 14) ‫ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد‬
Table 14 ‫واﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد ﻗﻴﻮد‬
‫وﺳﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻮد وﺳﻄﻴﺔ‬
Normal load LE=(case a+ case b)/2
Llt T bl 13
Table
L
LE=Llt Note: Bending at tip » Normal load LE = 1.Llt
LE =max (1.3 Table14, Destabilizing load LE = 1.2Llt
Destabilizing load Table14+0.3L)

‫اﻟﺠﻨﺎح اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺎح اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬ LE=1.2Llt

Table 14 for L
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 28

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 29
 Unrestrained beam Design
275
 Section classification ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
py

CHS&SHS
I, H, Box, Single angles
Channel, T and (4.3.8) RHS Bending only around
plate
L=Lv-v minor axis ( ‫اﻟﻌﺰم ﺣﻮل‬
LE ‫)اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
Continued  Table 15
ry

equal legs Unequal legs No lateral torsional buckling

‫( ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬4.3.8.3)
(4 3 8 3) ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬ (‫(( ))ﻻﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﻓﺘﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬4.3.6.1))
(‫ﻲ‬

b/t≤15 B.2.9.3 Mx ≤ Mcx

Heel
Heel
Heel in tension Heel in compression

1350  L E / rv
Mb  pyZx ( )  0 .8 p y Z x M b  0.8 p y Z x
1625

I, H, Box, Channel, T and plate sections

Plastic or compact: w=1
LE
B.2.6 ry
 Table15 RHS Ratio w ‫( اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬4.3.6.9) Semi-compact:
Zx in use» w=Zx/Sx
T Section Plates and flats I, H and Channel Sx,eff in use» bw=Sx,eff/Sx

B.2.8 B.2.8 Slender: w=Zx,eff/Sx

LE

ry
 w LE d
 LT  2.8
t2 u Rolled: u=0.9
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
(4.3.6.8)
 2E welded: u=1
 LT   L 0  0.4
py (Table 19) I yc Equal flanges:

(4 3 6 7)
(4.3.6.7) I yc  I yt =0.5
05
pb Table 16 or 17(B.2.1)
 LT  uv  w x=D/T (4.3.6.8)
Slender Semi-Compact
Plastic or Compact  2E
M b  p b Z x,eff M b  pb Z x  LT   L 0  0.4
py
M b  p b S x,eff M b  pb S x
Restrained beam » Mx ≤ Mcx

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 30

 Compared between the design curve and research data

Mb

mLT (4.3.6.6)

Cantilevers without Destabilizing loading

Others Plates and flats intermediate lateral
‫ﻣﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ‬
restraint
Table 18 mLT=1 ‫أﻇﻔﺎر ﺑﺪون دﻋﺎﻣﺎت وﺳﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﻴﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ mLT=1

mLT=1

Mb
Mx 
m LT

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 31

 Web subject to concentrated load ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﻣﻌﺮض ﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺮآﺰة‬

Web Bearing ‫(دهﺲ اﻟﺠﺴﺪ‬4.5.2.1) Figure 13

be
K=T+r Rolled n At the end n  2  0 .6 5
k k
K=T Welded Away from the end n5

Pbw  ( b1  nk ) tp yw  Concentrat ed load

Web subject to concentrated load ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﻣﻌﺮض ﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺮآﺰة‬

Web Buckling ‫( ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ اﻟﺠﺴﺪ‬4.5.3.1)

Rotation
Fl
Flanges

Movement
LE=0.7d No rotation and no movement

25t 275
Px  Pbw 
(b1  nk ) d p yw

ae<0.7d ae≥0.7d

a e  0. 7 d Rotation or movement
Px  Px Px=Px
1 .4 d
0.7d
Pxr  Px LE=d LE (Table 22)
LE
Px or Pxr≥ Concenrated load

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 32

 Deflection ‫( اﻟﺴﻬﻢ‬2.5)

Serviceability loads a) LL
b) 0.8LL+0.8WL
c) WL
d) 0.8LL+0.8CL
0 8LL+0 8CL
Deflection limits ‫( ﺣﺪود اﻟﺴﻬﻢ‬Table 8)
e) CV
f) CH
ML2
   Table 8
EI

Members with Combined Moment

and Axial force
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻌﺰم اﻧﻌﻄﺎف وﻗﻮة ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﺔ‬

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 33

 Tension members with moment ‫( اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻘﻮة ﺷﺪ واﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬4.8.2)

a ≥ d » neglected moment
‫اﻟﻌﺰم ﻣﻬﻤﻞ‬
pure tension design ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺪ اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‬

a ≤ 10%d » neglected tension

load ‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ‬
Pure bending design ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺰم اﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎف اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‬

Tension members with moment design

275
 Section classification ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
py

For plastic& compact sections General Case ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

More exact method (4.8.2.3) Simplified method (4.8.2.2)

Tension with Tension with minor Tension with major

biaxial axis moment only axis moment only Ft Mx My
  1
moments ‫ﺷﺪ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﺣﻮل‬ Pt M cx M cy
‫ﻋﺰوم ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎهﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻘﻮي‬

M ry  p y S ry M rx  p y S rx
Continued
M y  M ry M x  M rx

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 34

 Tension members with moment design-continued
Tension with biaxial moments ‫ﺷﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺰوم ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎهﻴﻦ‬

I and H sections
All others ‫ﺣﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى‬ with equal flanges
Z1=Z2=5/3 Z1=Z2=2 ‫اﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ‬
Z1=Z2=1

Z1=2
Z2=1

Z2
 My 
Z1
 Mx 

M

   1
 M ry 
 rx   

Note: In all cases of tension members with Mb

moment, lateral-torsional buckling should be M
checked ‫( ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ اﻟﻔﺘﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬4.8.2.1)
m LT

Compression members with moment ‫( اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻘﻮة ﺿﻐﻂ واﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬4.8.3)

a ≥ d » neglected moment ‫اﻟﻌﺰم ﻣﻬﻤﻞ‬

pure compression design ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‬

a ≤ 10%d » neglected compression load ‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ‬

Pure bending design ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺰم اﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎف اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ‬

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 35

 Compression members with moment design
275
 Section classification ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
py

For plastic& compact sections General Case ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

More exact method (4.8.3.2) Simplified method (4.8.3.2)

Compression Compression with Compression with

with biaxial minor axis moment major axis moment Fc Mx My
  1
moments ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ only ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬ only ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬ Ag p y M cx M cy
‫ﻣﻊ ﻋﺰوم ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎهﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻘﻮي‬

Slender section: Ag=Aeff

M ry  p y S ry M rx  p y S rx
Continued
M y  M ry M x  M rx

Compression members with moment design-continued

Compression with biaxial moments ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺰوم ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎهﻴﻦ‬

I and H sections
All others ‫ﺣﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى‬ with equal flanges
Z1=Z2=5/3 Z1=Z2=2 ‫اﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ‬
Z1=Z2=1

Z1=2
Z2=1

Z2
 My 
Z1
 Mx 

M

   1
 M ry 
 rx   

Note: In all cases of compression members with moment, member buckling

resistance should be checked ‫( ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ‬4.8.3.3)

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 36

 Compression members with moment design-continued
Member buckling resistance ‫( ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ‬4.8.3.3)

Flexural buckling: ‫ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻻﻧﺰﻳﺎح‬ Lateral-torsional buckling:
(‫اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮي اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻨﻴﺐ اﻟﻔﺘﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ )ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬
(‫اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ‬

Compression members with moment design-continued

Member buckling resistance ‫( ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻨﻴﺐ‬4.8.3.3)

x ‫( واﻟﺬي ﺑﻪ ﺗﺘﺤﺪد ﻗﻮة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻮل‬Lx) ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء‬Mx) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻟﻠﻌﺰم ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻘﻮي‬: mx
Mxmax=Mx ‫( وﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء ﻧﻮﺟﺪ‬Table 26) .(pcx)

‫( واﻟﺬي ﺑﻪ ﺗﺘﺤﺪد ﻗﻮة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻮل‬Ly) ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء‬My) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻟﻠﻌﺰم ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬: my
Mymax=My ‫( وﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء ﻧﺤﺪد‬Table 26) .(pcy) y

‫( واﻟﺬي ﺑﻪ ﺗﺘﺤﺪد ﻗﻮة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻮل‬Lx) ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء‬My) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻟﻠﻌﺰم ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬: myx
.(myx:To be used with out-of-plane buckling) (Table 26) .(pcx) x

mLT(unrestrained beam), Pc=Min(pcx,pcy), MLT=Mxmax in the segment where Mb occurs

Simplified method (4.8.3.3.1)

For plastic& compact sections

More exact method (4.8.3.3.2-4) Minor axis buckling General buckling

Fc mLT M LT m y M y Fc m x M x m y M y
  1   1
Pcy Mb pyZ y Pc pyZ x Py Z y

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 37

 Notes

Slender Section: Z=Zeff

Ft=Fc=0,
=0 Mx≠0 and My≠0 » Biaxial moments (4
(4.9)»
9)» The design
is according to compression with moments case with Fc=0

In sway mode ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻹزاﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ آﻜﻞ‬: mx,my and myx ≥ 0.85

Columns in simple structures ‫( اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻹﻃﺎرﻳﺔ‬4.7.7)

Simple structures= pinned columns + bracing or shear wall for horizontal resistance

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 38

 Columns in simple structures ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻹﻃﺎرﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻦ وﺟﻪ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬100mm ‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن رد ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ‬

Nominal moment=M

I i / Li
i 
I i / Li

 max
Note :  1.5  M 1  M 2  M / 2
 min

LE (Table 22), Typically=(0.85L or L) My

Fc M x
  1
Pc=min(Pcx, Pcy) Pc M bs Py Z y

Mbs as unrestrained beam, LT=0.5L/ry for simplicity

Dr Mustafa Batikha Damascus University 39