Lecture 3 PDF

Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 3: Fluid Statics
Lecture 3
FLUID STATICS
Chapter Summary
n Fluid Pressure at a Point; Absolute, Vacuum
and Gauge Pressure
n Pressure Variation with Elevation
n Pressure Measuring Devices – Barometer,
Open-End Manometer, Differential Manometer
n Hydrostatic Paradox
n Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces –
Plane surface, Curved Surfaces
n Buoyancy
n Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies
3.1 Introduction
n Fluids, in general, exerts both normal and shearing
forces on surfaces in contact
n Shearing forces are produced only with relative
motion
n Without relative motion ~ only normal force =>
called Pressure Forces
n No Relative Motion Means : -
– Stationary
– Moving with the same constant velocity
– Moving with the same varying velocity
3.2 Fluid Pressure At A Point

By balancing the forces in the
vertical and horizontal directions : ~
Px = Pz = Pn
=> Pressure at a point is the same in all directions

=> PASCAL’s Law
=> The conclusion is also applicable if there is relative motion
3.3 Pressure Transmission

In a closed system, due to Pascal’s
Law, the pressure change produced
at one point in the system will be
transmitted throughout the entire
system
Principle of the Hydraulic Lift
Example 3.1
A hydraulic jack has dimensions as shown. If one exerts a
force or 100N on the handle of the jack, what load F2, can
the jack support? Neglect lifter weight.
3.4 Absolute, Vacuum and Gage Pressure

n Pressure normally measured
as pressure difference
n The pressure above absolute
vacuum : Absolute Pressure
n Relative Pressure above
atmospheric Pressure : Gage
Pressure
n Relative Pressure below
atmospheric Pressure :
Vacuum Pressure
3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation
Balancing the force in s direction : -
But sina = dz/dl, so : -
For incompressible fluid, r is constant : -
= Piezometric Pressure (Pascal)
= Piezometric Head (meter)

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

n If gA > gB …which distribution is correct ?
n If gB > gA …which distribution is correct ?.. Is
this possible?
X Ö X X

n Therefore, for incompressible fluid, in any static fluid
the piezometric head is constant throughout the fluid
n Thus at any point within the fluid : -
2
z1
z2
3
z3
datum

n Example : Pressure at a point, h below
the surface of a stationary fluid : -
n Example : Case Involving 2 fluids.

Determine the gage pressure at the
bottom of the tank
n The equation has to be applied to each
fluid separately

n Compressible Fluid (e.g. atmospheric air)
…… Function of Temperature
n Troposphere :
n Stratosphere :
3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices

n Barometer - use to measure atmospheric pressure
Applying the equation from 1 to 2 : -
P1 = Patm ; z2-z1 = h ; P2 = Pvap << Patm : -

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...
n Piezometer - Consists of single

vertical tube open at the top inserted
into a pipe under pressure which rises
in the tube depending on the pressure.
If the top of the tube is open to
atmosphere then it reads ‘gage’
pressure at that location in the pipe

n Open end U-tube Manometer : -
If rf << rm :

n Differential manometer : -
Static pressure Static pressure Static pressure change

change from change due to due to difference in
A to B the system elevation

n Example : Obtain the expression for pressure of the
air in the tank .

n Example : The piston shown weigh 100N. In its original position,
the piston is restrained from moving to the bottom of the cylinder by
mean of a metal stop. Assuming there is neither friction no leakage
between the piston and cylinder, what volume of oil (S=0.85) would
have to be added to the 1 cm tube to cause the piston to rise 1 cm
from its initial position?
1cm
6 cm
4 cm 4 cm
4 cm

3.7 Hydrostatic Paradox

n Pressure exerted by a fluid is only dependent on the
vertical head and its density
paradox
n It is independent of the weight of the fluid present
The pressures are the same although the weight of the

liquids are obviously different
3.8 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces

Importance of Hydrostatic Force Calculations
Examples : -
3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
Consider the magnitude of the

hydrostatic force on one side
h of the plane
h
Atmospheric pressure is
dF=PdA
Area, A y ignored since both sides are
open to atmosphere
x
centroid
edge y
view
elemental area
dA
normal Hydrostatic Force = Pressure at the Centroid x Area

view
- The resultant hydrostatic force acts through the CENTRE OF PRESSURE (COP)
- The slanted distance of COP from the centroid, ycp, is determined by : -
h
- And xcp, is given by : -
Fh
Area, A h
centroid
CP - If the shape is symmetrical about y

ycp axis xcp is zero

- Centroid and Second Moment of Area, Ixx of regular shapes : -
This is given in
Appendix …. No
Need to Remember
Example 1 : Find the magnitude of the hydrostatic force and its line
of action from the hinge. Calculate the force F applied at the middle
of the gate required to hold the gate in its vertical position
rgh F h
hinge

Example 2 : Find the magnitude of the force, P required to just start
opening the 2m wide gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.
Example 3 : Find the magnitude of the force, G required to just start

opening the gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.
h
hinge h
w
G

Example 4 : An elliptical gate covers the end of a pipe 4m in
diameter. If the gate is hinged at the top, what normal force, F is
required to open the gate when water is 8m deep above the top of the
pipe and the pipe is open to atmosphere on the other side? Neglect
the weight of the gate.
3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces
hv
Cv x H
dF=ghdA
elemental area, dA y
Area, A v
Vertical projection
dFy
dF
dFx ds

- Horizontal Component of the Force, Fx : -
- Line of action of Fx : -
- Vertical Component of the Force, Fy : -
- Line of action of Fy is through the centroid of the Fluid Above the

surface

- The Resultant Hydrostatic Force, F is : -
Centroid of
fluid above
surface
CP of vertical Cv
projection yCPv
Fx
Vertical projection
F
Fy
Note the Horizontal and Vertical Component of the Force Acts From Different Points

- Water underneath the surface ?
Fy
Centroid of
imaginary fluid
above surface
- The force will be exactly of the same
magnitude but now acts in the opposite
direction.
CP of vertical
projection - Need to use imaginary surface in order
Fy to calculate vertical component
F

Example 1 : Surface AB is a circular arc with radius of 2m and a depth of a
m into the paper. The distance EB is 4m. The fluid above surface AB is water
and atmospheric pressure prevails on the free surface of water and on the
bottom side of surface AB. Find the magnitude and line of action of the
hydrostatic force acting on surface AB.
Example 2 : Determine the hydrostatic force acting on this gate ?

B’ C’ D’
D
B
A

Example 3 : What force must be exerted through the bolts to hold the
dome in place? The metal dome and pipe weigh 6 kN. The dome has
no bottom. Here i = 80 cm.
3.9 Bouyancy
- Definition : Vertical Force on a body immersed in a stationary fluid.
It arises because the pressure varies with depth.
- Consider a body partly immersed in a fluid : -
Vol3
A B
Vol2 Vol4
r COG
f
D C
r
Vol1 b
Mg Archimedes Principle
- Act through the centroid of the displace volume => Centre of Bouyancy
3.9 Bouyancy
Example 1 :A metal part (2) is hanged by a thin cord from a floating
wood block (1). The wood block has a specific gravity of 0.3 and
dimension 50 x 50 x 10 mm. The metal part has volume 6600 mm3.
Find the mass m2 of the metal part and the tension in the cord.
3.9 Bouyancy
Example 2 : The partially submerged wood pole is attached to the
wall by a hinge as shown. The pole is in equilibrium under the action
of weight and buoyant forces. Determine the density of the wood?
3.9 Bouyancy
n Hydrometry ….. Hydrometer
is a device use to measure the
specific gravity of a liquid
n Based on the buoyancy
principle
n The depth of the hydrometer is
dependent on the specific
gravity of the liquid
3.10 Stability of Immersed Body

- Stability depends on the relative position of Centre of Gravity (COG) and
Centre of Bouyancy (COB)
- If COB > COG = > Stable

- If COB < COG = > Unstable
3.11 Stability of Floating Body

- The previous rule is not applicable to floating body because the
COB of displaced volume will change as the object is displaced : -
- Thus more involve d analysis is needed .

End of Lecture 3

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Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223

Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 3: Fluid Statics

3.2 Fluid Pressure At A Point

=> Pressure at a point is the same in all directions

3.3 Pressure Transmission

3.4 Absolute, Vacuum and Gage Pressure

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation

Balancing the force in s direction : -

But sina = dz/dl, so : -

For incompressible fluid, r is constant : -

= Piezometric Pressure (Pascal)

= Piezometric Head (meter)

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

n Example : Case Involving 2 fluids.

3.5 Pressure Variation With Elevation ...

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices

Applying the equation from 1 to 2 : -

P1 = Patm ; z2-z1 = h ; P2 = Pvap << Patm : -

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

n Piezometer - Consists of single

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

Static pressure Static pressure Static pressure change

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

3.6 Pressure Measuring Devices ...

3.7 Hydrostatic Paradox

The pressures are the same although the weight of the

3.8 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

Consider the magnitude of the

normal Hydrostatic Force = Pressure at the Centroid x Area

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

CP - If the shape is symmetrical about y

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

Example 3 : Find the magnitude of the force, G required to just start

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

- Vertical Component of the Force, Fy : -

- Line of action of Fy is through the centroid of the Fluid Above the

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

Example 2 : Determine the hydrostatic force acting on this gate ?

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

3.10 Stability of Immersed Body

- If COB > COG = > Stable

3.11 Stability of Floating Body

- Thus more involve d analysis is needed .

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