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Emona 101

Telecommunications
Trainer
User Manual

Hands-on Experience in
Modern Analog & Digital
Telecommunications
Emona 101
Telecommunications
Trainer
User Manual

Hands-on Experience in
Modern Analog & Digital
Telecommunications
Emona-101 Telecommunications Trainer User Manual
- Hands-on Experience in Modern Analog and Digital
Telecommunications.

Author: Alfred Breznik

Issue Number: 1.2

Published by:

Emona Instruments Pty Ltd,


86 Parramatta Road
Camperdown NSW 2050
AUSTRALIA.

web: www.ett101.com
telephone: +61-2-9519-3933
fax: +61-2-9550-1378

Copyright © 2007 - 2010 Emona Instruments Pty Ltd and its related entities.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, including any network or Web
distribution or broadcast for distance learning, or stored in any database or in
any network retrieval system, without the prior written consent of Emona
Instruments Pty Ltd.

For licensing information, please contact Emona Instruments Pty Ltd.

The "biskit" logo is a trademark of Emona TIMS Pty Ltd

Printed in Australia
Contents

Introduction.......................................................................................... i
ETT-101 System Conventions .......................................................... ii

1 - ADDERS.................................................................................................. 1
2 - BUFFER .................................................................................................. 2
3 – CHANNEL MODULE .......................................................................... 3
4 - DIVIDER................................................................................................ 4
5 – DUAL ANALOG SWITCH ................................................................ 5
6 - EXOR....................................................................................................... 6
7 – EXPANSION ........................................................................................ 7
8 – HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER............................................................... 8
9 – LINE CODE ENCODER...................................................................... 9
10 – MASTER SIGNALS ......................................................................... 11
11 - MULTIPLIER....................................................................................... 13
12 – NOISE GENERATOR....................................................................... 14
13 – PCM ENCODER................................................................................... 15
14 – PCM DECODER................................................................................... 18
15 – PHASE SHIFTER .............................................................................. 20
16 – SEQUENCE GENERATOR.............................................................. 22
17 – SERIAL TO PARALLEL ................................................................... 23
18 - SPEECH ................................................................................................ 24
19 – TUNEABLE LPF ................................................................................. 25
20 – TWIN PULSE GENERATOR ......................................................... 26
21 - UTILITIES......................................................................................... 27
22 – VARIABLE DC V ............................................................................... 28
23 - VCO ....................................................................................................... 29

ETT-101 System Specifications............................................................ 30


EC Declaration of Conformity................................................................ APP A

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Manufacturer: Emona Instruments Pty Ltd


86 Parramatta Road,
Camperdown NSW AUSTRALIA

Representative in EU for ETT-101: refer to Emona Instruments for name and address of each national
distributor within the EU.

Object of Declaration: Emona BiSKIT, model ETT-101


Telecommunications EM modulation laboratory teaching equipment

The above mentioned product complies with the intent of the essential requirements, which are specified in the
directive 2004/108/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic
compatibility.

Exemption from full compliancy is claimed as the ETT-101 apparatus is used within training and educational
establishments intended for studying electromagnetic phenomena, and may exceed the limits of emitted disturbance
contained in the relevant standards, as published in accordance with Article 7.1 of the EMC Directive.

The ETT-101 apparatus is used by students to perform hands-on experiments in over 20 methods of analogue and
digital modulation and coding, from Amplitude Modulation through to Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.

The use of the apparatus outside the classroom, laboratory, study area or similar such place invalidates conformity
with the protection requirements of the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (2004/108/EC) and could lead to
prosecution.

The equipment when operated does not cause electromagnetic disturbance to apparatus situated outside its
immediate electromagnetic environment.

The ETT-101 apparatus may only be operated under the supervision of qualified laboratory teaching personnel.
Where electromagnetic disturbances cause a problem, the person working in such institutions must take the
necessary measures to eliminate such disturbances. The training or educational establishment shall take all
necessary measures to ensure that apparatus installed outside the electromagnetic environment can function
properly.

The product of the declaration described above has been tested to the requirements of the following specifications:

Document-No, Title: Edition and Date of issue:

IEC CISPR 11 (2004) Industrial, scientific and medical equipment


- Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics
- Limits and methods of measurement

IMMUNITY : No tests were performed concerning immunity due to the open, exposed circuit
board physical construction of the ETT-101 apparatus. External emissions may
be observed as additive noise within the modulation/demodulation of the
experiment.

EN 61010-1 (2001) Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and
Laboratory Use.

The tests have been performed in a typical configuration.

This Conformity is indicated by the symbol.

Date: 20th July 2009

Name and function: Alfred Breznik, Technical Director













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