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Analysis of Tower Footing Resistance Effected PDF
Analysis of Tower Footing Resistance Effected PDF
I nsystems
this study, the overvoltage in 115 kV transmission line
in the northern of Thailand is described. Northern
Fig. 1. The 115 kV transmission line considered in this paper.
140 0
−10
120
−20
Stroke current (kA)
100
−30
80
Frequency
−40
−50
60
−60
0 10 20 30 40 50
40 Time (microsecond)
20
Tower footing resistance (ohm)
Rg
19.8
19.6
19.4
R
19.2 T
19
18.8
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (microsecond)
Line
Matc
Line transient-voltage withstands level of a power apparatus is not
Matc
hing hing
a unique number. An apparatus may withstand a high transient
Tower footing
resistance
Tower footing
resistance
Tower footing
resistance
Tower footing
resistance
Tower footing
resistance
Tower footing
resistance
Tower footing
resistance
voltage which has a short duration even it has failed to
(c) The span of towers 8 spans with line matching. withstand a lower transient voltage with longer duration. This
characteristic of the insulator is known as the volt-time
Fig. 6. Modeling tower and transmission line. characteristic of the insulation. However, a simplified
TABLE I : PARAMETER OF TRANSMISSION LINE USED IN THIS STUDY. expression for the insulator voltage withstands capability can
Tower type Member be calculated as in (3).
Normal Span Length 350 m K
Conductor 477 MCM. ACSR /Dia. 21.80 mm V fo = K1 + 0.752 (3)
Overhead Ground Wire 3/8 GSW(HS) /Dia. 9.144 mm t
Sag of Conductor and overhead where Vfo is a flashover voltage (kV),
10.62/7.66 m
ground wire
K1 is 400*L,
Insulator type/BIL Pin type/550kV
Insulator Number of disc/Length K2 is 710*L,
8,9/1500,1900 mm L is insulator length, (meter),
of one string
Tower footing resistance 3,49,48,40,10,21,58 ohm t is elapsed time after lightning stroke, μs.
The back flashover mechanism of the insulators can be
TABLE II : OVERVOLTAGE WITH VARYING FRONT TIME OF STROKE.
represented by volt-time curves. When a back flashover might
occur, a parallel switch is applied. If the voltage across the Wave front 2/77.5 us Wave front 3/75 us
Tower footing
insulator exceeds the insulator voltage withstand capability, at stroke at stroke at stroke at stroke
resistance
Is 20 kA Is 40 kA Is 20 kA Is 40 kA
the back flashover occurs. The back flashover is simulated by (ohm)
Top Mid Bott Top Mid Bott Top Mid Bott Top Mid Bott
closing the parallel switch. Once the back flashover occurs,
the voltage across insulator goes down to zero. The waveform 5 X X X X X X X X X X X X
of voltage across insulator, when back flashover occurs at 4 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X
µsec., is shown in Fig. 8. 20 X X X X X X X X X X X X
3500 30 X X X X X X X X X X X X
3000 40 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
2500 50 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
2000 60 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
Voltage (kV)
0
100 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
−500
110 X X X √ X X √ X X √ X X
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (microsecond) 120 X X X √ X X √ X X √ X X
Fig. 8. The back flashover mechanism. 130 √ X X √ X X √ X X √ X X
140 √ X X √ X X √ X X √ X X
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
150 √ X X √ X X √ X X √ X X
In this section, the 115 kV transmission line as shown in
Fig. 1 has been modeled using PSCAD/EMTDC [9]-[10]. The √: flashover X: no flashover
tower footing resistance is one of factors effected the back
flashover voltage across the insulator in transmission system B. Magnitude of lightning stroke
as mention earlier. In this paper, only tower footing resistance Figure 10 compares overvoltage at insulator with different
will be considered with various factors that affected back magnitude of lightning strokes between 10 and 50 kA with
flashover. The factors of this study include front time of front time 1.2/50 μs .Table III is the simulation results the
lightning stroke, magnitude of lightning stroke, and structure flashover voltage with different magnitude of lightning
of tower. The simulation results are also compared with strokes between 20 kA, 30 kA, 40 kA, and 50 kA. The
TFlash program. flashover usually occurs at top phase insulator. In case of 50
kA, the flashover occurs both at top and bottom phase of
A. Front time of lightning stroke insulator. However, the middle phase of insulator doesn’t
Figure 9 compares overvoltage at insulator with different flashover in all cases. When the magnitude of lightning stroke
front time of lightning strokes between 1.2/50 μs, 2/77.5μs is more than 50kA, the back flashover always occurs with any
and 3/75 μs with magnitude 20 kA. Table II compares the tower footing resistances as shown in Table III.
flashover voltage with different front time between 2/77.5 μs
and 3/75 μs and magnitude of lightning stroke between 20 kA 3000
Overvoltage on Top Phase Insulator
and 40 kA. As seen from the simulation results, the shorter 2750
1750
flashover at insulator. 1500
IS50kA
IS40kA
Overvoltage caused by wavefront varying with 20 kA stroke current 1250 IS30kA
1400
1000 IS20kA
1300
IS10kA
750
1200
1100 500
1000
Overvoltage (kV)
1750
1500
IS50kA tower with one OHGW leads to high overvoltage across
IS40kA
1250 IS30kA insulator.
1000 IS20kA
IS10kA Voltage(kV) Overvoltage by wave front 1.2/50 us at Is 20 kA
750 Case one OHGW and two OHGW
1400
500
1300 Top one OHGW
250 1200
Mid one OHGW
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
1100
Tower footing resistance(ohm) 1000 Bott one OHGW
(b) Middle phase insulator 900
800 Top two OHGW
Overvoltage on Bottom Phase Insulator
2400 700
Mid two OHGW
2250 600
2000 500 Bott two OHGW
IS50kA
Fig. 11. Overvoltage at insulator with one OHGW and two OHGW.
1250 IS40kA
TFLASH
simulation results have shown that the higher tower footing
−15
resistance has potential to insulator damage by back flashover.
PSCAD/EMTDC
However, it still has other factors to consider reducing the
−20
back flashover for transmission line.
−25
0 10 20
Time (microsecond)
30 40 50
REFERENCES
(a) Surge current into ground. [1] Report of flashover voltage in Northern Region Operation Division
1996-2003, EGAT, Thailand. (in Thai)
1400 [2] P. Chowdhuri, “Parameters of lightning strokes and their effects o
power systems,” IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference and
1200
Exposition, Nov. 2001, pp. 1047-1051.
1000 [3] IEEE Working Group on Lightning Performance of Transmission
800 Lines., “IEEE Guide for Improving The lightning Performance of
PSCAD/EMTDC Transmission Lines,” IEEE Standard 1243-1997, June 1997.
Voltage (kV)
600
TFLASH
[4] IEEE Working Group on The Insulation Coordination., “IEEE Guide
400
for The Application of Insulation Coordination,” IEEE Standard
200 1313.2-1999, June 1999.
0
[5] J.G. Anderson., “ Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines,”
Chapter 12 of Transmission Lines Reference Book, 345 kV and
−200
Above Second Edition, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto,
−400
0 10 20 30 40 50
California, 1982, pp. 545-597.
Time (microsecond) [6] IEEE Fast Front Transients Task Force, “ Modeling Guidelines for
(b) Voltage across insulator Fast Front Transients,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
January 1996, Vol. 11, pp. 493-506.
Fig. 12. The simulation results between PSCAD and TFlash. [7] CIGRE WG 33.02., “Guidelines for Representation of Network
Elements when Calculating Transients,” CIGRE, 1990.
Table V : Comparison simulation results between PSCAD and TFlash. [8] IEC 60071.4 Technical Report, “Insulation Co-Ordination - Part 4:
Over Voltage Flashover Computational Guide To Insulation Co-Ordination And Modeling Of
Electrical Networks”, International Electrotechnical Commission,
Tower footing Case PSCAD Case PSCAD Case TFlash Case TFlash 2004.
resistance at stroke at stroke at stroke at stroke [9] Manitoba HVDC Research Centre., “Introduction to PSCAD/EMTDC
(ohm) Is 20 kA Is 60 kA Is 20 kA Is 60 kA V4.0,” Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc., 2003.
Top Mid Bott Top Mid Bott Top Mid Bott Top Mid Bott [10] Manitoba HVDC Research Centre., “USER’GUIDE on the use of
PSCAD V4.0,” Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc., 2003.
5 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
[11] A. Greenwood., “Electrical Transients in Power Systems,” Second
10 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Canada, 1991.
[12] A. R. Hileman., “Insulation Coordination for Power Systems,”
20 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1999.
30 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X [13] W. Diesendorf., “Insulation Co-ordination in High-voltage Electric
Power Systems,” Butterworth and Co (Publishers), Ltd., London,
40 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
1974.
50 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
Phairat Yadee received the B.Eng. in electrical
60 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X
engineering from Rajamangala Institute of
70 X X X √ X X X X X √ X X Technology in 1996. He is currently pursuing the
M.Eng degree at Chiang Mai University,
80 X X X √ X √ X X X √ X X
Thailand. He is an engineer at Northern region
90 X X X √ X √ X X X √ X X operation division, Electricity Generation
Authority of Thailand (EGAT), Thailand. His
100 √ X X √ X √ X X X √ X X
research interests include power system, high
110 √ X X √ X √ X X X √ X X voltage, power system transient.
120 √ X X √ X √ X X X √ X X
130 √ X X √ X √ X X X √ X √ Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn received
140 √ X X √ X √ √ X X √ X √ the B.Eng. in electrical engineering from Chiang
Mai University, Thailand and M.S. and Ph.D. in
150 √ X X √ X √ √ X X √ X √ electric power engineering from Rensselaer
√: flashover X: no flashover Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. He is an
associate professor at Department of Electrical
Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
IV. CONCLUSION His research interests include power quality, high
This paper has described an analysis of tower footing resistance quality utility interface, power electronics and
artificial intelligence applied power system.
effected the backflash voltage across insulator in a transmission
system. As seen from simulation results, the shorter front time