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America's Civil War - January 2019 USA
America's Civil War - January 2019 USA
“ G
s, their
of New Orlean
du catio n in villainy was
e
t.”
naturally perfec
eon, journalist
— Thomas DeL
bayou
brawlers
Hard-Fighing, Hard-Drinking
Confederate Zouaves
Plus!
Anietam
Veteran’s
Rare Photos
Dan Sickles’
Ill-fated
Excelsior
Brigade
HISTORYNET.COM
JANUARY 2019
26
Anietam
Time Travel
A Union veteran’s obsession
with America’s bloodiest day
continues to delight modern
Civil War audiences.
By John Banks
On the Cover
Many of the Zouaves in the
1st Louisiana Battalion
were recruited from the
jails of New Orleans—this
anonymous soldier may
have been one of that lawless
fringe, in fact—but they were
soon seen as “a splendid set of
animals...brought to a perfect
VWDWHRIGULOODQGHIÀFLHQF\µ
18 46
A Breed Apart
Georges Coppens’ Louisiana Zouaves did
very little by the book. But, as the Federals
soon learned, the boys in red fezzes and
EDJJ\SDQWVNQHZKRZWRÀJKW
By John Quarstein
Scoundrel
38 The notorious Daniel Sickles created the Excelsior Brigade with commendable
intentions. It remained trouble-plagued as long as he was in command.
By Rick Barram
CLOCKWISE FROM LEFT: COURTESY OF THE PICERNO COLLECTION; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS; PETER GLENDENNING/MICHIGAN CAPITOL COMMITTEE AND THE SAVE
THE FLAGS PROGRAM; UNIVERSAL HISTORY ARCHIVE/UIG VIA GETTY IMAGES; COVER: COURTESY OF DAN MILLER/PHOTO ILLUSTRATION: BRIAN WALKER
JANUARY 2019 3
Michael A. Reinstein Chairman & Publisher
David Steinhafel Publisher
Alex Neill Editor in Chief
A complete America’s Civil War index from PROUDLY MADE IN THE USA
1988 to present is available at aferguson.net
e Limited
h Collector’s
Edition
A
JANUARY 2019 7
THE BLOG ROLL
Close Quarters
A critical moment of the
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as captured by Thure de
Thulstrup in an 1887
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due credit
SPOTSYLVANIA GRUNTS GET THEIR SAY
By Michael Aubrecht
Folks sometimes ask me what sets Virginia’s Freder- 2XU ÀUVW UHFROOHFWLRQ FRPHV IURP 0LFKDHO ) 5LQNHU
icksburg & Spotsylvania National Military Park apart RI&RPSDQ\)WK9LUJLQLD0LOLWLDZKRZURWHWRKLV
from other hallowed grounds. I remind them that if parents a few weeks into the Overland Campaign:
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ULDOL]LQJ WKH FRPPDQGHUV DW WKHVH HQJDJHPHQWV /HH Dear Father and Mother
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GRPLQDWLQJWKHODQGVFDSH%XWZKHQ\RXYLVLWWKHÀHOGV and yesterday the cannon and small arms were still
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which depicts two common infantrymen. Spotsylva- KRXURIPLGQLJKWWKHFDQQRQ PXVNHWU\ZDVWKXQ-
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dead Yankees are heaped up in piles half as high as
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THE BLOG ROLL
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FROM THE CROSSROADS
Heroic Defense
The 69th Pennsylvania’s
gritty stand at Gettysburg’s
Angle came at a high cost.
:RUQRXWE\WKHÀJKW
of its men soon deserted.
To the limit
FOR ONE UNION REGIMENT, THE DREADFUL CASUALTY COUNT
FROM PICKETT’S CHARGE INCLUDED NUMEROUS DESERTIONS
By D. Scott Hartwig
in Philadelphia in September. He was court-martialed, Scott Hartwig writes from the crossroads of Gettysburg.
JANUARY 2019 13
HIDDEN HEROES
apache
martyr
THE GRUESOME DEATH
OF THE DEFIANT WARRIOR
MANGAS COLORADAS
By Ron Soodalter
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© 2018 firstSTREET for Boomers and Beyond, Inc.
HIDDEN HEROES
troops, therefore, attacked peace- he and his comrades rolled the body
ful bands, rendering them instantly into an arroyo, loosely covering it
hostile. As the Apaches fought for with handfuls of dirt and scrub
both survival and revenge, no other brush. The U.S. Army, however,
warrior at that time attained the ZDVQRWÀQLVKHGZLWK0DQJDV
status of Mangas. He united the dis- The regimental physician, Dr.
parate bands under his leadership, David Sturgeon, soon arrived and
and waged an all-out war against ordered the body exhumed, demand-
the despised Americans. ing that he be given the chief’s head
Time took its toll on the old ´IRU VFLHQWLÀF SXUSRVHVµ 0DQJDV·
chief, however. By 1862, Mangas head was duly severed, and Stur-
had had enough of war. Having geon boiled it in a large kettle until
recently recovered from a serious he could extract the skull. This arti-
bullet wound, he was bone-tired. He fact, according to one of the sol-
sent word that he wished to make diers, “was the wonder of all who
a lasting peace, and in January saw it….”
³XQGHU D SHDFH ÁDJ DQG KDY- Sturgeon later gave the skull to
ing received assurances of personal Dr. Orson S. Fowler, a noted phre-
safety from a white scout whom he nologist who believed character
trusted—he attended a council at could be discerned from the shape of
Pinos Altos, about 20 miles north of A Broken Truce an individual’s skull. Fowler wrote
Fort McLane, New Mexico Territory. Culpable in Mangas’ deceitful admiringly of Mangas’ skull in his
Prior to the meeting, a group of killing, Brig. Gen. Joseph R. West, 1873 book, Human Science of Phre-
served postwar in the U.S. Senate.
soldiers and prospectors had con- nology, and placed it on display—
cealed themselves to await the until it disappeared. Rumors persist
chief’s arrival. At a prearranged signal from the scout, to this day that Mangas’ skull reposes in one of the
the gang burst from cover, seized Mangas, and conveyed many buildings of the Smithsonian Institution in Wash-
him under heavy guard to Fort McLane. Here, Mangas ington, D.C., although no records support this specula-
was turned over to Brig. Gen. Joseph Rodman West. A tion or even that the Smithsonian had ever received the
Louisiana native, West had joined the 1st California Vol- chief’s skull.
unteers as a lieutenant shortly after the war broke out The murder of Mangas enraged the Apaches. Not only
and had rapidly been promoted to general’s rank. had he been betrayed and slain, his body had been des-
Earlier, West’s superior, Brig. Gen. James Henry Car- ecrated and his head removed, dooming him to walk
leton, had ordered him to eliminate all male members of headless in the afterlife—an unthinkable horror among
Mangas’ band, stating, “[T]he punishment of that band the Apaches, who believed strongly in leaving even
of murderers and robbers must be thorough and sharp.” the bodies of their enemies intact. Mangas’ son-in-law,
West was only too willing to comply. When he met Man- Cochise, who succeeded him as chief of the Chiricahua
gas, West informed the old chief that he had “murdered Apache, was outraged at the old chief’s death, and the
your last white victim, you old scoundrel.” He surrepti- leader of the Bedonkohe Apache band, whom the Mexi-
tiously informed two private soldiers guarding Mangas cans had dubbed Geronimo, considered it “the greatest
that, by tomorrow morning, “I want him dead….” of wrongs.”
Later that night, the two soldiers tortured the bound Shortly thereafter, an Apache war party attacked an
Mangas by applying heated bayonets to his legs and Army patrol near the Rio Grande. The soldiers beat a
IHHW 7KH FKLHI GHÀDQWO\ WROG WKHP WKDW KH ZDV QRW D hasty retreat, leaving their lieutenant and another sol-
child to be played with so. At this, the two soldiers rose GLHUGHDGRQWKHÀHOG7KH$SDFKHVFXWRIIWKHRIÀFHU·V
DQGÀUHGWKHLUPXVNHWVSRLQWEODQNDW0DQJDVZKHUH- KHDGDVWKHÀUVWDFWLQDZDURIUHWULEXWLRQWKDWZRXOG
XSRQDVHUJHDQWDSSURDFKHGDQGÀQLVKHGKLPRIIZLWKD last another 25 bloody years.
pistol ball to the head. Looking back years later, the son of Nednhi Apache
West blatantly lied in his report to General Car- Chief Juh recalled, “Little did [they] know what they
leton, stating that the chief had been killed in an escape were starting when they mutilated Mangas Colora-
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
attempt, and that “the good faith of the U.S. Military das. While there was little mutilation previously, it was
authorities was in no way compromised.” Not surpris- nothing compared to what was to follow.”
ingly, the report was accepted as written.
The next day, a soldier scalped the dead chief, and Ron Soodalter writes from Cold Spring, N.Y.
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GOODBYE TO THE Ilse Hirsch’s innocent
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The smoke of battle had all but cleared by the )LJKWHUV ZHUH NQRZQ DV ´=RXDRXDµ D QDPH
time a colorful collection of Confederate soldiers PRGLÀHGDV´=RXDYHµLQ)UHQFK
marched rapidly onto the Big Bethel, Va., bat- Zouaves were well regarded as both col-
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ZHUHWKHVW/RXLVLDQD=RXDYHVEHWWHUNQRZQ QXPHURXV)UHQFKDUP\XQLWVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHG
as Coppens’ Battalion, who had been rushed to wearing the distinctive Zouave dress: a short
WKHEDWWOHÀHOGIURP5LFKPRQGWKDWPRUQLQJWR collarless jacket with braid; a sleeveless vest;
reinforce Colonel John Bankhead Magruder’s EDJJ\YROXPLQRXVWURXVHUVDIRRWORQJVDVK
PDQ+DPSWRQ'LYLVLRQDJDLQVWD ZKLWH FDQYDV OHJJLQJV DQG D WDVVHOHG IH] RU
man Union force under Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. WXUEDQIRUGUHVVRFFDVLRQV
%XWOHU'HVSLWHWKHORQJRGGVWKH&RQIHGHUDWHV During the Crimean War, the Zouaves
KDGSXOOHGRIIDVKRFNHULQWKHZDU·VÀUVWODQG HDUQHG HYHUODVWLQJ IDPH E\ XQGHUWDNLQJ GDU-
EDWWOHEHIRUHWKH=RXDYHVHYHQDUULYHG:KHWKHU LQJED\RQHWFKDUJHVDJDLQVW5XVVLDQIRUWLÀFD-
&RSSHQV·PHQZRXOGKDYHEHHQUHDG\WRÀJKW WLRQV GHIHQGLQJ 6HYDVWRSRO &DSWDLQ *HRUJH
DWDOOWKDWGD\ZLOOQHYHUEHNQRZQIRUVXUHDV % 0F&OHOODQ DQ RIÀFLDO 86 $UP\ REVHUYHU
most—if not all—were reportedly drunk. But had GXULQJWKHZDUUHIHUUHGWRWKH=RXDYHVDV´WKH
WKH\VHHQDFWLRQLWFHUWDLQO\ZRXOGKDYHEHHQD ÀQHVWOLJKWLQIDQWU\WKDW(XURSHFDQSURGXFH
spectacle, particularly since Butler’s Federals WKHEHDXLGHDORIDVROGLHUµ
IHDWXUHGDIHZ=RXDYHUHJLPHQWVRIWKHLURZQ When the American Civil War erupted in
April 1861, soldiers on both sides were eager to
he Zouave craze arrived in America MRLQ=RXDYHUHJLPHQWV,QWKH1RUWKPDQ\RI
T
in the late 1850s and was popular- these units became overnight sensations. Col-
ized by Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth’s RQHO$EUDP'XU\pHIRUPHGWKHWK1HZ<RUN
National Guard Cadets. Also known ,QIDQWU\ DV D KLJKO\ GLVFLSOLQHG SURIHVVLRQDO
as the “Zouave Cadets,” they toured unit and enlisted only men who were physically
WKH QDWLRQ LQ ÁDPER\DQW XQLIRUPV imposing and educated. Lawyers, businessmen,
and were thrilling to watch. Ellsworth adapted DQGPHPEHUVRIWKHVRFLDOHOLWHÁRFNHGWRMRLQ
WKHOLJKWLQIDQWU\GULOOVRIVLPLODU)UHQFKUHJL- 'XU\pH·V =RXDYHV $ \HDU YHWHUDQ RI WKH
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)UHQFK ,PSHULDO $UP\ KDG LQWHJUDWHG 1RUWK the 5th’s decimation on Chinn Ridge during
$IULFDQVROGLHUVLQWRLWVUDQNVGXULQJ)UDQFH·V WKH 6HFRQG %DWWOH RI %XOO 5XQ XQIRUWXQDWHO\
FRQTXHVW RI $OJHULD 7KHVH $OJHULDQ )LHUFH SURYHGWREHLWVELJJHVWFODLPWRIDPH
JANUARY 2019 19
Fashion Forward Colonel
Elmer Ellsworth (below) and his colorful
prewar Fire Zouaves drill team (depicted
at left in a June 15, 1861, London News
engraving) kicked off the Zouave craze
in America. By the time that image was
printed, Ellsworth was dead, killed as he
UHPRYHGD5HEHOÁDJÁ\LQJRYHUDQLQQ
in Alexandria, Va., in May 1861.
The Zouave units that fought for the South came exclusively from
Louisiana: Coppens’ Battalion and the perhaps more famous “Wheat’s
Tigers”—the 1st Louisiana Special Battalion under Major Chatham
Roberdeau Wheat. Both units lacked the high moral and ethical codes
typical of the New York Zouave regiments and companies. Coppens’ Zou-
aves, in fact, would earn a reputation as perhaps the most colorful and
SRRUO\GLVFLSOLQHG³\HWGDULQJ³XQLWVWRÀJKWLQ0DJUXGHU·V$UP\RIWKH New Orleans’ mayor granted Coppens per-
Peninsula, which was formed shortly after the Battle of Big Bethel. mission to set up recruiting booths in the city’s
In early 1861, a group of actors known as the Iulkennau Zouaves, pro- jails, offering criminals a choice between prison
claiming to be Crimean War veterans, traveled through the Southern and military service. Despite the men’s back-
states along the Gulf Coast. They quickly became the talk of New Orleans; grounds, the battalion earned praise from jour-
FRQVHTXHQWO\ORFDOVRFLDOLWH*HRUJHV$XJXVWH*DVWRQGH&RSSHQVPRYHG QDOLVW 7KRPDV 'H/HRQ ZKHQ LW ZDV ÀQDOO\
to form such a unit following Louisiana’s secession on January 26, 1861. ready to leave the city in May (though his com-
Coppens had arrived in New Orleans from Dunkirk, France, by way of pliments inevitably came with the sort of cul-
St. Pierre, Martinique, in 1853. The move was prompted by the French tural condescension typical of the era). They
COLLECTION/BRIDGEMAN IMAGES; RIGHT: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
government’s decision to outlaw slavery in its colonies, and the family were “a splendid set of animals,” he wrote,
´VXQEXUQWPXVFXODUDQGZLU\DV$UDEVDQG
LEFT: LOOK AND LEARN/BERNARD PLATMAN ANTIQUARIAN
7KHGUXQNHQIUHQ]\FDXVHGMXVWDERXWHYHU\IRUPRIH[FHVVDQGVXE-
drill and efficiency’ VHTXHQW UHWDOLDWLRQ E\ RIÀFHUV &RORQHO 9DOHU\ 6XODNRZVNL·V WK /RX-
LVLDQD KDG VROGLHUV IURP DFURVV (XURSH EXW ZDV NQRZQ DV WKH ´3ROLVK
-journalist Regiment.” Sulakowski, a Polish noble who had emigrated to the United
thomas deleon JANUARY 2019 21
States after the 1848 Hungarian Revolution,
Church. –Melissa A. Winn island, but the horses, and their own species.”
+HDOVRZURWHWRKLVZLIHDERXWD´=RXDYHZKR
had been watching a pig for some time, waiting
JANUARY 2019 25
antietam
time travel
A Veteran of America’s bloodiest day
returns to capture Portraits
of the scenes of carnage
By John Banks
Immortal Ground
This is the earliest of seven extant photos Oliver Gould
took of Antietam’s East Woods in September 1891. At left,
Captain William Jordan points to the spot where General
-RVHSK0DQVÀHOGZDVPRUWDOO\ZRXQGHG3LFWXUHGDWULJKW
is Antietam veteran John M. Gould, Oliver’s father, who
ZURWHRQWKHEDFNRIWKHSKRWR´>,VWDQG@DERXWLQIURQW
RIZKHUHWKHFRORUVZHUHLQORRNLQJLQWKHJHQHUDO
GLUHFWLRQRIWKH&RQIHGHUDWHVRSSRVLQJWKHWK0DLQHµ
,Q -RKQ *RXOG WULHG WR GRFXPHQW WKH EDWWOHÀHOG lowing pages are taken verbatim from what Gould penned
photographically himself. Using the newly developed on the back-mounting of each. The care he took in doing
.RGDNFDPHUDDPRQJWKHÀUVWGHHPHGVLPSOHHQRXJKIRU everything possible to set the record straight has greatly
amateurs to use, he spent a few days taking photos of the enhanced our comprehension of that fateful day.
JANUARY 2019 29
#34 | Sept. 18, 1891 | 2:45 p.m.
The rear; from the 10th Maine regiment
“Camera stands about 50 yards in rear (North-east) of
where the regiment’s left co. stood. On top of…shown in
1R7KHSORZHGÀHOG«6DP3RIIHQEHUJHU·VZRRGVDQG
woods near Geo. Lyon’s (where the regiment slept…battle)
DUHVKRZQLQWKLVYLHZ7KH6PRNHWRZQURDGDQGIHQFHV
which we crossed on our way to the battle-line are on the
OHIWRIWKHSLFWXUH7KHIHQFHUXQQLQJIURPWKH6PRNHWRZQ
URDGWR6DP3RIIHQEHUJHU·VODQHappears in this view to be
DFRQWLQXDWLRQRIWKH6PRNHWRZQURDGIHQFHWKRXJKUHDOO\
running at right angles from it. (so No. 49). The route of the
advance of the reg’t is easily…about half its distance: the
other half is hidden.The regiment marched, in mass, past the
1:FRUQHURI6DP3RIIHQEHUJHU·VZRRGVVWUDLJKWVRXWKWR
the ´WHQDFUHFRUQÀHOGµ (just outside of this view); then by left
ÁDQNVWUDLJKWDFURVVWKHWZRIHQFHVRIWKH6PRNHWRZQURDG
to a place hidden or obscure in this picture; then straight for
East wood, which is behind the camera. Deployed and then
DGYDQFHGWRWKHIHQFHERWKDWGRXEOHTXLFNµ
JANUARY 2019 31
#44 | Sept. 19, 1891 | 5:45 p.m.
East Woods, Anietam
“Companion view to No. 45. Looking north
and northeast, Confederate view. Camera in
WKHFRUQHUHGFORYHUÀHOGWHQSDFHVIURPWKH
Smoketown road and about 100 yards west of
where East Woods were in 1862. The western
face of the woods has been cut off…The fence in
the center of the photo is of recent planting. The
fence dimly seen south of the new growth of the
N. West grove is where it was in 1862 and exactly
GHÀQHVWKHQRUWKHUQOLPLWRIWKHJUHDWFRUQÀHOG.”
JANUARY 2019 33
#62 | Sept. 21, 1891 | 5 p.m.
Posiion of 10th Maine in East Wood at Anietam
(Confederate view)
“Camera in the enemy’s ground 110 yards from the
position of the extreme right (Co H) of the 10th Maine.
the post and rail fence which so mars this view was
built in 1890 along the west side of the Smoketown
road, all of which is hidden by the tall, dense,
underbrush that has grown since the trees have been
thinned out. The position of Co. H, noted above, is
just outside the photo to the left of the picture. Marker
SODFHGZKHUH0DQVÀHOGZDVPRUWDOO\ZRXQGHGLV
hidden also by the tree.”
JANUARY 2019 35
many tales
to tell
By Nicholas Picerno
“What a history we have made, what a school for young men, what a
noble thought that you have served your country and offered your life,”
Lieutenant John Mead Gould penned in his journal on May 8, 1863—the day the
10th Maine Infantry’s Civil War service came to a close. “Here it ends. Glory and
success still remain for those who will strive for it.” It was his regiment’s history
and that of its predecessor, the 1st Maine, and subsequently the 29th Maine that
Gould passionately chronicled and protected
throughout his life. He wrote the regimental
history in 1871 and would serve as historian to
his unit’s veterans association.
The last paragraph of Gould’s History of the
Special Ediion
1-10-29th Maine sums up his thoughts about the
Gould gave his mother this edition
most eventful chapter of his life: “It is a frightful of his regimental history, writing
record, war is a tremendous evil; and the man in it: “A Christmas present
who wrote of the blessings of war to a nation To my mother, who prayed for
has diferent eyes from ours, and most certainly me in every time of danger.”
he never campaigned in Virginia and Louisiana.
There is indeed a strange fascination in dwelling
upon all the sad and disgusting scenes through
which we have passed, but no men know beter
than we, what a scourge and a curse war is. If
these pages anywhere convey a diferent idea
This ca. 1880 photo of let it be dispelled here! We are glad that we
Gould hung in the GAR’s could sufer for our country’s good; we glory
Bosworth Post #2 Hall
in our strength and in all that is creditable to
in Portland, Maine.
a soldier, but war we hate; it shall never exist
again if we can prevent it.”
Perhaps it was no quirk of fate that John Mead Gould would outlive every
oicer with whom he served in the 1st, 10th, and 29th Maine. He died on January 1,
1930, but his regiment’s history lives on.
Included here are photos of some of John Mead Gould’s Civil War artifacts
from the Nicholas Picerno Collection.
College’s Civil War Institute and Shenandoah Civil War Associates. Picerno
ALL ARTIFACTS COURTESY OF THE NICHOLAS
serves on the Federal Advisory Commission at the Cedar Creek and Belle Grove
National Historic Park. He also sits on the boards of the Lee–Jackson Educational
Foundation, Lincoln Society of Virginia, and is a previous trustee of the Museum Handy Dandy
of the Confederacy. He asks that anyone with items related to the 1st, 10th, or 29th For soldiers on both sides, the
Maine Infantry contact him at: 1st10th29thmaine@gmail.com. housewife was an essential item.
Gould’s, shown here, included
a strawberry-capped thimble.
Eternal Stamp
Gould used this branding
iron to identify his property
while he was in the Union
Army. Another of his items
was the camp chest below,
which survived four years of
toil and travel and remains
in pristine condition.
JANUARY 2019 37
Scoundrel
Created with lofty aspirations,
the Excelsior Brigade never reached
its potential under Dan sickles
By Rick Barram
KH'DQLHO(6LFNOHVVFRUHFDUGKDVWZRSDUWLFXODUO\XQIRUJHWWDEOHHQWULHV7KHÀUVW
T
is February 27, 1859, the day Sickles, a New York Democratic politician, mur-
dered his young wife’s lover, Philip Barton Key II, in broad daylight near the White
House. The second is July 2, 1863, when Sickles—now a Union major general—lost
a leg to a cannonball at Gettysburg while nearly costing the Army of the Potomac
victory with an ill-advised decision to reposition his 3rd Corps on Cemetery Ridge.
%\SOHDGLQJWHPSRUDU\LQVDQLW\³WKHÀUVWGHIHQGDQWWRGRVRVXFFHVVIXOO\LQWKLV
country—Sickles got away with the murder of Key, son of the famed Francis Scott
Key. As for the grievous wound at Gettysburg, it fortunately ended Sickles’ military
career, which had been trouble-plagued from the beginning of the war. That he was in uniform in the
ÀUVWSODFHVKRZVMXVWKRZGHVSHUDWH3UHVLGHQW$EUDKDP/LQFROQZDVWRIRUJHWKHW\SHRISROLWLFDODOOL-
ance he knew was necessary to save the Union—even if it meant embracing a rascal like Dan Sickles.
The prewar notoriety associated with Sick- substantial amount of powder had been poured
les’ name was further exacerbated by a dread- out and placed aside. For the bored young men
ful incident on October 21, 1861. Soldiers in the from western New York, the projectile inevita-
Excelsior Brigade, a unit Sickles had created bly became a plaything.
and now commanded, were joking and laugh- Before long, the idea of shoving some sort of
LQJ DURXQG WKHLU FDPSÀUH RQ D PLOG HYHQLQJ ember into the ball’s fuse hole took hold—a chal-
in southern Maryland. They had been in the lenge quickly taken up by one of the soldiers,
region only a few days, and excitement for their Private John Rouse of Company E, 3rd Excel-
new assignment ran high. It wasn’t long before sior. Within an instant the ball exploded, send-
a soldier produced a Confederate cannon ball, LQJ IUDJPHQWV RI LURQ DV ZHOO DV PHQ Á\LQJ LQ
RQH RI PDQ\ WKDW KDG EHHQ ÀUHG IURP WKH 9LU- every direction. Rouse died almost instantly,
ginia side of the Potomac River, intended to sink Sergeant Michael Daly a few days later. Many
NATIONAL ARCHIVES
Union shipping heading for Washington, D.C. others were left to suffer from various wounds.
Someone had brought the ball into camp earlier For Sickles, the exploding ball incident
in the day, and while it was being examined, a wouldn’t be the last in a run of serious setbacks.
JANUARY 2019 39
Mocking “Tribute”
Adalbert Volck liked to skewer the North with his political cartoons. Here,
he mocks the “seedy” class of men Sickles ended up recruiting for his brigade.
A few days earlier, on October 11, Sickles’ Excelsior Bri- or threatened arrest. Amid accusations of corruption and
gade, which he had raised with New York state volunteers, double-dealing, Sickles was eventually able to cobble
was combined with another brigade to form a new division WRJHWKHU KLV ÀYH UHJLPHQWV FROOHFWHG IURP 1HZ <RUN
under Brig. Gen. Joseph Hooker. The 10,000 men or so in FRXQWLHV DQG ÀYH RWKHU VWDWHV 6RPH FRPSDQLHV ZHUH
Hooker’s new division were tasked with suppressing Rebel formed from local militia units, with competent company
activity in southern Maryland and in keeping the Potomac RIÀFHUVDQGKRPHWRZQEDFNLQJ2WKHUVKRZHYHUKDGEHHQ
open for Union shipping. scraped together from the lowest rungs of New York City
The path from New York early in the war would not be society, prompting the Rev. Joseph O’Hagan, the Excelsior
HDV\IRU6LFNOHV+HÀUVWKDGWRÀJKWKDUGWRNHHSKLVFRP- Brigade’s chaplain, to assert: “Such a collection of men was
mand together and overcome a hostile governor, then dis- QHYHUEHIRUHXQLWHGLQRQHERG\VLQFHWKHÁRRG”
gruntled subordinates, a contemptuous commander, and 6LFNOHV· ÀUVW DGYHUVDU\ HYHQ EHIRUH WKH EULJDGH OHIW
GLVFRQWHQWHGUHJLPHQWV³QRWWRPHQWLRQJHWWLQJÀUHGWZLFH New York, was Republican Governor Edwin Morgan.
Sickles received approval to form a regiment in the Citing dissatisfaction from upstate counties over Sickles’
spring of 1861, but soon had permission to create an entire recruiting methods, Morgan ordered disbanding of all but
brigade, which he christened Excelsior (Latin for “Ever 10 of the Excelsior Brigade’s 50 companies. Undeterred
Upward”—the New York state motto). Sickles promised the and smelling the foul air of party politics, the Democrat
EULJDGHZRXOGUHSUHVHQWWKHHQWLUHVWDWHSURSRVLQJÀYHUHJ- Sickles appealed directly to President Lincoln and
iments to be designated 1st Excelsior, 2nd Excelsior, etc. eventually kept his brigade intact, though it now had a
5HFUXLWLQJZDVJRRGDWÀUVWDVPHQÁRFNHGWRMRLQWKHFKDU- “United States Volunteers” designation.
ismatic Sickles. When the pro- The next problem involved
cess slowed, he followed the lead one of his regimental colonels,
of other commanders and struck James Fairman. There had been
bargains with men facing prison When men many delays in completing the
time, offering them a choice of complained that ranks of Fairman’s 4th Excel-
enlistment or incarceration. VLRUZKLFKZDVÀOOHGPRVWO\ZLWK
Organizing the brigade proved
their enlistment 1HZ <RUN &LW\ ÀUHPHQ 0DQ\
a messy affair. When men com- agreements had been RIÀFHUV TXHVWLRQHG )DLUPDQ·V
breached, sickles
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
JANUARY 2019 41
Gallant Warrior
The date of this photo, “Review of Col.
William Dwight’s ‘Excelsior Brigade,’” is
unknown. Seriously wounded leading
1st Excelsior at Williamsburg, Va., in
May 1862, Dwight was left for dead on the
ÀHOGDQGFDSWXUHG$IWHUEHLQJH[FKDQJHG
in November 1862, he was promoted to
brigadier general and spent the next year
and a half in the Western Theater.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
patches will be sent.” was less thrilled, but since the foray had come off with-
After a few weeks of accepting put-on loyalty oaths and out incident, he forgave the breach in discipline. McClel-
ZDWFKLQJ WKH 5HEHO EDWWHULHV GXHO ZLWK WKH )HGHUDO ÁR- lan on the other hand was livid over collapse of command
WLOODPDQ\PHQDQGPRVWRIÀFHUVEHJDQWRZRQGHUZKHUH and control, making his feelings known to both Hooker and
was the glorious war they had signed up for? Hooker even Sickles. His reprimand served only to reinforce the popular
appealed to McClellan to allow him to conduct operations QRWLRQWKDWZKHQLWFDPHWRÀJKWLQJ&RQIHGHUDWHV´/LWWOH
across the river into Virginia. McClellan demurred, leaving Mac” was all bluster and no action.
Hooker and his division frustrated. Undeterred, one enter- That fall, the federal government called upon loyal states
prising colonel under Sickles in early November gathered to meet their manpower quotas. This added pressure forced
JANUARY 2019 43
Governor Morgan to reconsider have played some other role than
incorporating Sickles and his that of special policemen, and
labored up on a Maryland high-
Excelsior Brigade into the state’s
way, if we had been headed by an
manpower quota. With its new experienced soldier.
status as a New York unit, the
brigade now had fresh numeri- Others believed that being
FDOGHVLJQDWLRQVIRUWKHÀYHUHJ- commanded by a general like
iments: the 70th through 74th Dan Sickles would ensure they
New York State Volunteers. remained disappointedly far
Sickles had originally been IURP WKH ÀJKWLQJ 7UDQVIHU WR
given the rank of colonel. To lead another brigade, especially one
D EULJDGH KH QHHGHG FRQÀUPD- FRPPDQGHGE\DFRPSHWHQWRIÀ-
tion by the Senate as a brigadier cer who would be allowed to take
general. Given Sickles’ politi- his men into battle, seemed the
cal past, many senators were only clear path for the men of
DPELYDOHQW DERXW KLV FRQÀUPD- the 72nd. In this climate, a peti-
tion while others were downright tion was signed “by nearly every
RSSRVHG 5HSXEOLFDQ ÀUHEUDQGV RIÀFHUµ DVNLQJ WKH UHJLPHQW EH
questioned the wisdom of giving transferred to another brigade.
such high command to this “oth- Sickles’ bravery, energy in form-
erwise minded” man, fearing the ing the brigade, or his deserving
Democrat could march the entire of command was beyond ques-
brigade over to the enemy. WLRQ³WKH\MXVWZDQWHGWRÀJKW
But Sickles would not sit idly The Senate began debating
E\ZKLOHWKHÀFNOHZLQGVRISROL- 6LFNOHV·FRQÀUPDWLRQLQWKHVSULQJ
tics played upon his nomination. of 1862. Whether 3rd Excelsior’s
While his brigade chased seces- petition was even considered or if
Waiing in the Wings
sionists around Maryland, Sick- Sickles’ own poor reputation was
Colonel Nelson Taylor commanded the
les was frequently absent, back brigade during Sickles’ frequent absences. enough, the Senate on March 17
in Washington counting votes To many, he was a welcome improvement. rejected his brigadier general
and handing out necessary blan- nomination. Radical Republicans
dishments to secure his nomina- and Morgan had had the last
tion. In his absence, Nelson Taylor, colonel of 3rd Excelsior laugh. Hooker immediately issued orders to relieve the trou-
(72nd New York), commanded the brigade. Taylor was a blesome Sickles and place Taylor in temporary command of
veteran of the Mexican War, had served in the California the Excelsior Brigade. Sickles argued that an appeal was
legislature, and was a Harvard-educated lawyer. Hooker in order since he technically was senior colonel within the
liked Taylor, and many throughout the brigade, especially brigade. Hooker reluctantly conceded to Sickles’ argument,
in the 72nd New York, thought Taylor’s handling of the bri- leaving the bigger issue of brigade command still undecided.
gade far superior to Sickles’. Despite the vote, Sickles was soon back in Maryland lead-
ing the brigade. Private McKinstry wrote in a letter home:
Dissatisfaction was growing within the brigade and
We have had more brigade drills lately, and Gen. Sick-
especially in 3rd Excelsior, where a number of former mili- les has done much better than his former management
WLD RIÀFHUV VHUYHG 0DQ\ IHOW WKH\ KDG EHHQ UHOHJDWHG WR ZRXOG KDYH MXVWLÀHG RXU H[SHFWLQJ , FDQQRW EXW DGPLUH
a backwater region to “police a Maryland highway” while his indomitable resolution and have no mean opinion of
the real action happened elsewhere. Wrote Private Arthur his talent. If the time spent at Washington in intriguing
McKinstry of Fredonia, N.Y.: IRUWKHFRQÀUPDWLRQRIWKH*HQHUDOVKLSKDGEHHQHPSOR\HG
as at present, I believe his nomination would have been
[T]he Excelsior Brigade has never been so well managed more favorably received....If Sickles is to be our General
as when...Col. Taylor has been acting brigadier. Sick- ZK\QRWFRQÀUPKLPDQGOHWKLPDSSO\KLPVHOIWRKLVEXVL-
les displayed great energy and ness? If he is not to be, why not
patriotism in the raising and at once appoint his successor and
equipment of the brigade. He has let him assume his harness as
governed it however in a civilian promptly as possible. It should
manner, and whatever talent and
administrative ability he may
Sickles would not be...a source of humiliation that
military experience and signal
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
have, he is evidently incompe- sit idly by while ability have weighted so lightly
tent to personally maneuver the
brigade….I think that we might
the fickle winds of when opposed to political trick-
ery and partisan prejudices.
politics played upon
44 AMERICA’S CIVIL WAR
his nomination
Neither Sickles nor his political guard- ger commanded the Excelsior Brigade.
Reconnaissance Man
ian angel, Lincoln, took the Senate’s vote Like many of the men, divisional com-
A scouting venture by Sickles
lying down. As Republican newspapers along the Maryland side of the mander Hooker had long agreed Sickles
howled in protest, Lincoln renominated Potomac River drew the attention ZDVXQÀWIRUFRPPDQG$QGZLWKDOORI
Sickles. An editorial in the western New of an Illustrated London News Sickles’ appeals exhausted and the divi-
York Fredonia Censor charged Lincoln artist, who prepared this sketch sion’s move to the Peninsula imminent,
with taking the soldiers’ welfare lightly: for its December 7, 1861, edition. Hooker issued orders to sack Sickles. He
was to stay behind while Taylor took the
The President has re-nominated Gen. Excelsior Brigade to Virginia. On board
Sickles as a Brigadier General. By what maneuvering he
the steamer Elm City, in a cabin Sickles had used as his
was induced to do this in the face of the unanimous rejec-
tion of Sickles’ nomination by the Senate, is a mystery RIÀFH WKH QRZGHSRVHG FRPPDQGHU SHQQHG KLV IDUHZHOO
the people would like to have unraveled. Sickles’ friends address to the brigade he had created. “My last act of duty
pretend that this rejection was brought by the misappre- is to bid you farewell,” Sickles’ General Orders No. 6 read.
hension of facts, which has been explained away. But no And after restating what he saw as unjust circumstances sur-
explanation can do away with the damaging fact that Sick- rounding his dismissal, Sickles impressed upon the men that,
OHV KDV QRW WKH FRQÀGHQFH RI KLV PHQ DQG WKDW KLV EHVW “Whether we are separated for a day or forever, the fervent
RIÀFHUVVLJQHGDSHWLWLRQWREHWUDQVIHUUHGIURPKLVFRP-
ZLVKHVRIP\KHDUWZLOOIROORZ\RXUIRUWXQHVRQHYHU\ÀHOGµ
mand. In time of war no one ought to be appointed to a
military position unless fully competent for the discharge Despite the heartfelt nature of the address, during the
of its duties... commotion of loading, it is likely few actually heard the
farewell. The Excelsior Brigade arrived on the Peninsula on
The pace of events in Maryland picked up in March and $SULOLQWLPHWRMRLQ0F&OHOODQ·VSXVKWRZDUG5LFKPRQG
early April. With the strategic situation changing, Sick- Within a month, these New Yorkers under Taylor would
ÀJKW WKHLU EORRGLHVW EDWWOH RI WKH ZDU DW :LOOLDPVEXUJ
UNIVERSAL HISTORY ARCHIVE/UIG VIA GETTY IMAGES
JANUARY 2019 45
not in the
holiday spirit A fight before Christmas in
remote Middleburg, Tenn., gave
Ulysses Grant Some solace in his
failed first Vicksburg Campaign
By George Skoch
ARCHIVES OF MICHIGAN
JANUARY 2019 47
that “just over three hundred men
Big Expectaions
were able to go forward.”
The 12th Michigan’s
The regiment also had suffered
QDWLRQDOEDWWOHÁDJ
Julie Bretschneider, under the frightful leadership of
a 12th soldier’s wife, Colonel Francis Quinn. A politi-
KDQGVHZHGWKHÁDJ cal appointee lacking military and
and included the social skills, Quinn abused subor-
edict: “Michigan dinates and enlisted men alike.
expects every man The regiment’s quartermaster, a
WRGRKLVGXW\µ Quinn selection bent on personal
gain, also neglected the soldiers’
welfare. In a July 1, 1862, report about the regiment, corps
commander Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand wrote, “They
DUHXQGLVFLSOLQHGGLVRUJDQL]HGDQGGHÀFLHQWLQQXPEHUVµ
When word of the regiment’s plight reached the Michigan
VWDWHFDSLWDO*RYHUQRU$XVWLQ%ODLUÀUHGDVKDUSWHOHJUDP
to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Blair condemned
Quinn as “the worst colonel I ever saw [who] has made
more trouble than all the rest put together.” The specter
of court-martial compelled Quinn and others of his staff to
resign. Command of the 12th Michigan then passed to Lt.
Col. William H. Graves.
The 12th Michigan had already faced The battle-tested Graves had served as captain in the
its share of adversity before coming to Middleburg early 1st Michigan Infantry (a three-month unit) and had been
in November 1862. Mustered into United States service ZRXQGHG-XO\ZKLOHRQWKHÀULQJOLQHDW)LUVW%XOO
nearly a thousand strong on March 5, 1862, the regiment 5XQ'HVFULEHGDV´NLQG\HWÀUPV\PSDWKHWLFDQGEUDYHµ
was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee at Pittsburg Graves quickly revived the 12th Michigan. He led the regi-
Landing, Tenn., part of Everett Peabody’s 1st Brigade in ment to Bolivar, Tenn., arriving by July 18, 1862.
Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss’ 6th Division. The Wolver- The seat of Hardeman County, Bolivar perched on a
LQHV· FDPSVLWH ZDV DPRQJ WKH ÀUVW WDUJHWV KLW GXULQJ WKH bluff where the Mississippi Central Railroad spanned the
massive Confederate assault that opened the Battle of Shi- Hatchie River. The once-picturesque town was now a forti-
loh on April 6. “[W]e were drove back,” a Michigan private ÀHGVXSSO\KXEDQGKLYHRIPLOLWDU\DFWLYLW\IRUWKH8QLRQ
lamented, “they took all of our clothing.” Later that day, the advance in western Tennessee.
12th was in the vortex of combat in the Hornets’ Nest “amid Bolivar was also home to a bustling “contraband” camp,
the most dreadful carnage.” ZLWKKXQGUHGVRIIUHHGPHQHPSOR\HGWRHUHFWIRUWLÀFDWLRQV
After the battle, minus the fresh clothing and camp around the cantonment. “[T]heir faces were the only pleas-
equipment that had fallen into enemy hands, the regiment ant ones we saw when we entered the town,” recalled Sam-
suffered through days of wet, chilly weather. Diarrhea and uel H. Eells, the 12th Michigan’s hospital steward. “[T]hey
dysentery swept its ranks. When the Federal army under come into the camp every day bringing corn-cakes, pies,
Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck began to advance on Corinth, buttermilk, eggs and etc.” Eells’ conduct with the former
Miss., in late April, the 12th’s regimental surgeon reported slaves would take a disturbing turn in weeks to come.
TOP: PETER GLENDENNING/MICHIGAN CAPITOL COMMITTEE AND THE SAVE THE FLAGS
A Methodist Church, a brick hotel, and a two-story “brick staff routinely kept a cadaver “or two.” The corpses were
store, owned…by a near relative of President James K. obtained from Bolivar’s contraband camp, where Eells
3RONµIRUPHGWKHKHDUWRI0LGGOHEXUJ$SRVWRIÀFH´DQXP- revealed, “they are dying at the rate of three or four a day.”
ber of log stores, a small woolen mill…blacksmith shops, In a letter home on November 25, Eells admitted he was
several saloons,” and various dwellings extended the town “going into dissection pretty strong” to enhance his surgi-
along the main road. Beyond the settlement, a lattice of cal skills.
woodlots and farmland covered rolling countryside. Cotton Meanwhile, the bulk of Grant’s army pressed into north-
was the main crop in the region. Bales were loaded on rail- ern Mississippi. By December 3, Grant established his main
cars from a sturdy wooden platform close to town. supply depot at Holly Springs, 20 miles south of the border.
JANUARY 2019 49
Waylaid Plans
To capture Vicksburg, Grant hoped to move south from
Grand Junction, Tenn., and follow rail lines across Missis-
sippi. Van Dorn responded with a relentless 10-day raid of
the area, his lone setback coming at Middleburg (inset) on
Christmas Eve—four days after he wrecked Holly Springs.
TOP: HARPER’S WEEKLY APRIL 26, 1862/ANNE S.K. BROWN MILITARY COLLECTION/BROWN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY; BOTTOM: HARVARD ART MUSEUMS/FOGG MUSEUM
dictate, Graves had loopholes cut in the walls of the hotel .RIWKHWK´JRWUHGG\IRUWKH5HEDJDLQDW$0µ7KH\
and store. Barricades went up at windows and doors. And stockpiled water and extra munitions in their crude wooden
the cotton-loading platform beside the railroad was con- redoubt. When tensions eased somewhat, Graves joined his
YHUWHGWRDUXGHIRUWLÀFDWLRQ3ODQNVZHUH´WDNHQIURPWKH men in a game of baseball, and Lt. Col. Dwight May of his
WRSµDQRIÀFHUUHFDOOHG´DQGSXWDURXQGWKHVLGHVµ7KHGRX- staff left for Bolivar to attend a “military commission.”
ble timbers were then cut to accommodate the regiment’s About two miles from town, May saw horsemen approach-
$XVWULDQ ULÁHPXVNHWV DQG D ´VPDOO ORJ ing, clad in blue overcoats. Alerted by the
house formerly used for a grocery” became On the Job Training “suspicious movements” of the riders, and
a strongpoint. Hospital steward Samuel the “peculiar gait” of their mounts, May
In mid-December, Federal works at Mid- Eells, who didn’t survive the UHLQHGKLVKRUVHWRXVHKLVÀHOGJODVVHVIRU
dleburg and elsewhere were put to the war, enhanced his surgical DFORVHUORRN7KDWGUHZJXQVKRWVIURPWKH
test when Rebel forces launched concerted skills while in Middleburg. strangers and shouts for him to halt. May
efforts to stop Grant. promptly reversed course and galloped
Confederate Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton, back to Middleburg.
UHVSRQVLEOH IRU GHIHQGLQJ 9LFNVEXUJ ÀUVW May had run smack into an advance
blocked Grant’s progress just below Oxford, party of Van Dorn’s troopers from Bolivar,
Miss. He then launched three mounted donned in uniforms they had pilfered from
brigades—3,500 men—under Van Dorn Holly Springs. After discovering that Boli-
PLOHV EHKLQG WKH )HGHUDOV 7KH DUFKL- var had been reinforced overnight by Union
WHFW RI WKH UDLG /W &RO -RKQ 6 *ULIÀWK Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson’s brigade of
FRPPDQGHG WKH VW 7H[DV %ULJDGH &ROR- FDYDOU\ DQG ZDV QRZ WRR ZHOOIRUWLÀHG IRU
nel William H. “Red” Jackson led a small direct assault, Van Dorn instead feigned an
EULJDGH RI 7HQQHVVHDQV DQG &RORQHO 5RE- attack before sunrise and passed through
ert “Black Bob” McCulloch had a regiment the western outskirts of town. He had also
each from Missouri and Mississippi. dispatched a strong column under Colonel
Van Dorn surprised and obliterated *ULIÀWKWRVWULNHGLUHFWO\DW0LGGOHEXUJ
Complete Carnage
Van Dorn’s surprise attack on Holly Springs lasted roughly
10 hours. Besides capturing or destroying $1.5 million
in supplies, the Rebels tore up crucial railroad track and
burned several buildings, including a new hospital.
neck pace, the enemy’s cavalry moving to intercept us.” ble. Some of their dead were buried elsewhere, and they
Van Dorn intended to rejoin Pemberton’s army near “carried off quite a number of their wounded.” Graves,
Grenada, Miss. That night his command sped southward WKRXJKZDV´VDWLVÀHGLQP\RZQPLQGWKDWWKHUHEHOVORVV
through Van Buren and camped a few miles below Sauls- in killed, wounded, and prisoners, exceeds 100 men….Their
bury, near the Mississippi border and more than a dozen loss would have been much greater had it not been for some
miles from Middleburg. half a dozen houses that afforded them shelter.”
When darkness halted his pursuit of Van Dorn, the tena- Grant praised “the gallant Twelfth Michigan” for its
OPPOSITE: TOP: HERITAGE AUCTIONS, DALLAS; BOTTOM: HARPER’S WEEKLY, JANUARY 10, 1863
cious Grierson bivouacked at Saulsbury. From here, the “heroic defense” of Middleburg against “an enemy many
colonel sent a dispatch to Grant: “I am camped within 2½ times their number.” The regiment, Grant boasted, was
miles of the enemy. I…will follow them to their den.” Back “entitled to inscribe….Middleburg, with the names of other
in Middleburg an uneasy peace settled over town. EDWWOHÀHOGVPDGHYLFWRULRXVE\WKHLUYDORUDQGGLVFLSOLQHµ
Graves reported losses from the Middleburg clash total- And Mr. Casselberry? The story goes, “It was long after the
ing six wounded, “1 since dead, and prisoners, 13.” The ODVWJXQKDGEHHQÀUHGEHIRUHKHFRXOGEHSHUVXDGHGWRJHW
death, though, might have been accidental. In a letter home his mule and go home....[F]or days afterward, he was nervous
just days after the battle, Private James Ewing, Company whenever he looked out a window.” One may also imagine
G, revealed, “one of the Boys shot himself and dide.” that for years to come the Casselberry children (eventu-
The 12th had lost sundry “camp equipage, &c...” includ- ally numbering 11) were regaled with chilling tales of their
ing, “a valuable horse...[and] my overcoat, dress-coat, &c.” GDG·VH[SHULHQFHVGXULQJWKHÀJKWEHIRUH&KULVWPDV
Graves reported. “But so far as I am concerned they are
ZHOFRPHWRDOO7KHHQHP\ÀQDOO\OHIWXV¶PRQDUFKVRIDOO George Skoch, who writes from Fairview Park, Ohio, is
we surveyed.’” co-author of the book Mine Run: A Campaign of Lost
A reliable count of Confederate casualties wasn’t possi- Opportunities–October 21, 1863–May 1, 1864.
JANUARY 2019 53
TRAILSIDE
Harrisonburg, Va.
crossroads town
BOTH UNION AND CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS BROUGHT
SUFFERING TO THIS SHENANDOAH VALLEY HAMLET
In the spring of 1862, Confederate Maj. left stretches of the region in ruins.
Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson under- Located at the crossroads of two key high-
stood all too well the strategic importance of ways through the region, Harrisonburg was
Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. Its proximity almost constantly afected by the war, hous-
to Washington, D.C., and its navigable trans- ing military prisoners, wounded soldiers, and
portation and supply routes made it valuable even playing host to a skirmish on June 6,
to both armies. The Valley’s fertile ground 1862, that claimed the life of beloved Confed-
made it the most important wheat-growing erate cavalry hero Turner Ashby.
region in the South and, coupled with plenti- The city, today still nestled amid scenic
ful corn-fields, orchards, and herds of catle, mountain views, is recognized as the home
sheep, and hogs, earned it the nickname of the acclaimed James Madison University.
“The Breadbasket of the Confederacy.” Rebel The 40-block district of historic downtown
Trailside is produced
in partnership with troops were fed from the land for years. retains its Civil War–era charm and cele-
Civil War Trails Inc., “If the Valley is lost,” Jackson declared, brates its connections to the war with guided
which connects visi- “Virginia is lost!” tours, a Civil War Orientation Center, several
tors to lesser-known
sites and allows them During his Valley Campaign (March 22– area museums with displays highlighting
to follow in the foot- June 9, 1862), Jackson marched his 17,000 local involvement in the war, monuments,
steps of the great troops 650 miles through the Valley and pit- a soldiers’ cemetery, and a half-dozen Civil
campaigns. Civil War
Trails has to date
ted them against three Union armies in five War Trails signs scatered across town.
VLWHVDFURVVÀYH batles and numerous skirmishes. As the Rockingham County seat, Harrison-
states and produces In 1863, Robert E. Lee’s troops used the burg has always had a large number of hotels
more than a dozen Valley as an avenue to advance north during for travelers to the area. Visitors can consider
maps. Visit civilwar-
trails.org and check the Getysburg Campaign. And in 1864, themselves among famed, historic company,
MELISSA A. WINN
in at your favorite Union General Philip Sheridan won a series including Confederate spy Belle Boyd, who
sign #civilwartrails. of batles in a campaign that wrested control reportedly spent a few nights in town in early
of the Valley away from the Confederates and June 1863. – Melissa A. Winn
Turner Ashby’s
Death Site
1164 Turner Ashby Lane
General Turner Ashby was mortally wounded
near this spot atop Chestnut Ridge during
the Batle of Harrisonburg June 6, 1862. A
monument to Ashby marks the spot. During
the skirmish, Pennsylvania Bucktails under
Colonel Thomas Kane were defeated by the
58th Virginia and the 1st Maryland Infantry
CSA. After Ashby’s horse was shot from under
him, he rose up and ordered his men to use the
bayonet, yelling, “Charge, men! For God’s sake
charge!” A Union bullet penetrated his side and
passed through his chest. He fell dead, while his
men cleared the Federals from the woodline,
which is clearly visible today in the small park
that remains at the site.
Museum, which highlights the historical a 23-foot high monument “in grateful
importance of Route 11, including remembrance of the gallant Confederate
during the Civil War. soldiers, who lie here.”
JANUARY 2019 55
TRAILSIDE
Heritage on Display
The Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society is located minutes
from downtown Harrisonburg in the buildings that make up The Heritage
Museum, which lays claim to an impressive collection of historical displays
and artifacts, including a Union Civil War drum and the 10th Virginia Infan-
try regimental flag. It also houses a 14-foot vertical electric map illuminating
Stonewall Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign. The site is open Mon.–Sat.
10 a.m.–5 p.m. and seasonal Sundays 1 p.m.–5 p.m. 382 High St.
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HERITAGE TRAVEL &
LIFESTYLE SHOWCASE
Home to more than 400 sites, the Civil Explore Maryland with once-in-a- here’s no other place that embodies To discover more about Tennessee and Known for sublime natural beauty,
War’s impact on Georgia was greater lifetime commemorations—all at one the heart and soul of the True South to order your free oicial Tennessee captivating history and heritage and
than any other event in the state’s destination. Create your family history in all its rich and varied expressions— Vacation Guide, visit: warm hospitality, West Virginia really
history. Visit www.gacivilwar.org to by exploring ours. Go to visitmaryland. Mississippi. Find Your True South. TNVACATION.COM is the great escape. Start planning your
learn more. org to plan your trip today. or call 1-800-GO2-TENN getaway today.
Greeneville, TN
Founded in 1783, Greeneville has a rich Walk where Civil War soldiers fought Join us for our Civil War Anniversary Lebanon, KY is home to the Lebanon History lives in Tupelo, Mississippi.
historical background as the home for and died. A short trip from Nashville and Commemoration including National Cemetery, its own Visit Brice’s Crossroads National
such important igures as Davy Crocket a long journey into America’s history! atractions and tours, exhibitions, Civil War Park, and it’s part of the Batleield, Natchez Trace Parkway,
and President Andrew Johnson. Call (800) 716-7560. memorials and a selection of artifacts John Hunt Morgan Trail. Tupelo National Batleield, Mississippi
Plan your visit now! ReadySetRutherford.com from Fort Fisher. VisitLebanonKY.com today. Hills Exhibit Center and more.
Richmond,
Kentucky
“Part of the One and Only Bluegrass!” Visit Chatanooga’s pivotal Civil War sites A vacation in Georgia means Experience the Civil War in Jacksonville Explore the past in Baltimore during
Visit National Historic Landmark, that changed America forever. Combine great family experiences that can at the Museum of Military History. two commemorative events: the War of
National Civil War Trust tour, historic your stay in this top rated tourism desti- only be described as prety sweet. Relive one of Arkansas’ irst stands at 1812 Bicentennial and Civil War 150.
ferry, and the third largest planetarium nation with other world-class atractions, Explore Georgia’s Magnolia Midlands. the Reed’s Bridge Batleield. Plan your trip at Baltimore.org.
of its kind in the world! music festivals and unique dining. jacksonvillesoars.com/museum.php
Are you a history and culture buf? Experience living history for Experience the Old West in action with he Mississippi Hills National Heritage Once Georgia’s last frontier outpost,
here are many museums and he Batles of Marieta Georgia, a trip through Southwest Montana. Area highlights the historic, cultural, now its third largest city, Columbus is
atractions, Civil War, and Civil Rights featuring reenactments, tours and For more information on our 15 ghost natural, scenic and recreational treasures a true destination of choice. History,
sites just for you in Jackson, Mississippi. a recreation of 1864 Marieta. towns, visit southwestmt.com or of this distinctive region. theater, arts and sports—Columbus
www.marietacivilwar.com call 800-879-1159, ext 1501. www.mississippihills.org has it all.
H I S T O R I C
Roswell, Georgia
Tishomingo County, MS
Fayeteville/Cumberland County, North Whether you love history, culture, the Over 650 grand historic homes in three Six major batles took place in Winchester With a variety of historic atractions
Carolina is steeped in history and patri- peacefulness of the great outdoors, or the National Register Historic Districts. and Frederick County, and the town and outdoor adventures,
otic traditions. Take a tour highlighting excitement of entertainment, Roswell Birthplace of America’s greatest play- changed hands approximately 72 times— Tishomingo County is a perfect
our military ties, status as a transporta- ofers a wide selection of atractions and wright, Tennessee Williams. he ultimate more than any other town in the country! destination for lovers of history
tion hub, and our Civil War story. tours. www.visitroswellga.com Southern destination—Columbus, MS. www.visitwinchesterva.com and nature alike.
History surrounds Cartersville, GA, Tennessee’s Farragut Folklife Museum Seven museums, an 1890 railroad, a hrough personal stories, interactive he National Civil War Naval Museum
including Allatoona Pass, where a ierce is a treasure chest of artifacts telling the British fort and an ancient trade path can exhibits and a 360° movie, the Civil War in Columbus, GA, tells the story of the
batle took place, and Cooper’s Furnace, history of the Farragut and Concord be found on the Furs to Factories Trail Museum focuses on the war from the sailors, soldiers, and civilians, both free
the only remnant of the bustling communities, including the Admiral in the Tennessee Overhill, located in the perspective of the Upper Middle West. and enslaved as afected by the navies
industrial town of Etowah. David Glasgow Farragut collection. corner of Southeast Tennessee. www.thecivilwarmuseum.org of the American Civil War.
Cleveland, TN
Near Chatanooga, ind glorious Charismatic Union General Hugh Sandy Springs, Georgia, is the perfect Treat yourself to Southern Kentucky Hip and historic Frederick County,
mountain scenery and heart-pounding Judson Kilpatrick had legions of hub for exploring Metro Atlanta’s Civil hospitality in London and Laurel Maryland is home to the National
white-water rafting. Walk in the footsteps admirers during the war. He just wasn’t War sites. Conveniently located near County! Atractions include the Levi Museum of Civil War Medicine, unique
of the Cherokee and discover a charming much of a general, as his men often major highways, you’ll see everything Jackson Wilderness Road State Park and shopping, dining covered bridges and
historic downtown. learned with their lives. from Sandy Springs! Camp Wildcat Civil War Batleield. outdoor recreation. www.visitfrederick.org
$ODEDPD·V
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If you’re looking for an easy stroll Southern hospitality at its inest, the Relive the rich history of the Alabama Just 15 miles south of downtown St. Mary’s County, Maryland. Visit Point
through a century of ine architecture or Classic South, Georgia, ofers visitors a Gulf Coast at Fort Morgan, Fort Gaines, Atlanta lies the heart of the true Lookout, site of the war’s largest prison
a trek down dusty roads along the Blues combination of history and charm mixed the USS Alabama Batleship, and the South: Clayton County, Georgia, camp, plus Confederate and USCT
Trail, you’ve come to the right place. with excursion options for everyone area’s many museums. where heritage comes alive! monuments. A short drive from the
www. visitgreenwood.com from outdoorsmen to museum-goers. Fort-Morgan.org • 888-666-9252 nation’s capital.
Vicksburg, Mississippi is a great place Follow the Civil War Trail in Meridian, Fitzgerald, Georgia...100 years of bring- Hundreds of authentic artifacts. Come to Cleveland, Mississippi—the
to bring your family to learn American Mississippi, where you’ll experience ing people together. Learn more about Voted fourth inest in U.S. by North & birthplace of the blues. Here, you’ll ind
history, enjoy educational museums and history irst-hand, including Merrehope our story and the commemoration of the South Magazine. Located in historic such legendary destinations as Dockery
check out the mighty Mississippi River. Mansion, Marion Confederate Cemetery 150th anniversary of the Civil War’s Bardstown, Kentucky. Farms and Po’ Monkey’s Juke Joint.
and more. www.visitmeridian.com. conclusion at www.itzgeraldga.org. www.civil-war-museum.org www.visitclevelandms.com
+LVWRULF%DUGVWRZQ.HQWXFN\
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Prestonsburg, KY - Civil War & Search over 10,000 images and primary History, bourbon, shopping, sightseeing Confederate Memorial Park in Marbury, STEP BACK IN TIME at Camp Nelson
history atractions, and reenactment documents relating to the Civil War Batle and relaxing—whatever you enjoy, Alabama, commemorates the Civil Civil War Heritage Park, a Union Army
dates at PrestonsburgKY.org. Home to of Hampton Roads, now available in he you’re sure to ind it in beautiful War with an array of historic sites and supply depot and African American
Jenny Wiley State Park, country music Mariners’ Museum Library Online Catalog! Bardstown, KY. Plan your visit today. artifacts. Experience the lives of Civil refugee camp. Museum, Civil War
entertainment & Dewey Lake. www.marinersmuseum.org/catalogs www.visitbardstown.com War soldiers as never before. Library, Interpretive Trails and more.
REVIEWS
HULFNVEXUJLQDQRWKHUDWK&RQQHFWLFXWYHWHUDQWDONV VHDUFKHUVLVWKH2·&RQQHOO²&KDSPDQ&LYLO:DU/LEUDU\
about Sherman’s March to the Sea, while others perhaps FRQWDLQLQJWKRXVDQGVRI&LYLO:DUERRNVWRJHWKHUZLWK
discuss which political candidates might best support archival material such as photographs, letters, diaries,
YHWHUDQEHQHÀWV and GAR records. –Robert Grandchamp
JANUARY 2019 61
REVIEWS
That Field of Blood: Rethinking the Civil War Era: Directions for Research
The Battle of Antietam, By Paul D. Escot
September 17, 1862 LSU Press, 2018, $50
By Daniel J. Vermilya
Savas Beatie, 2018, $14.95 Twenty years ago, James McPherson and William Cooper Jr. pub-
lished Writing the Civil War: The Quest to Understand as a guide for
young historians seeking new areas of investigation. One may be forgiven
for concluding that most of the important bases have been covered since.
Paul Escott cautions “not so fast.” Rather than focus primarily on new
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advantage of new tools that have only recently become available for com-
piling and analyzing data in ways never before possible. Imaginatively
using digital research and exploring the constantly expanding capabilities
of computers “give us new routes to explore events and relationships and
offer the possibility of discovering connections that had previously been
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celebrating the war’s results has been exaggerated.”
Escott backs up his challenges with chapters that could well be used by
UHVHDUFKHUVJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVQHZO\PLQWHGDFDGHPLFVDQGRWKHUVDV
Daniel J. Vermilya’s short a treasure map revealing pots of topical gold to be discovered and mined.
but comprehensive summary Understanding the roots of the war offers myriad challenges. Building on
of the Antietam Campaign (en- UHFHQWVFKRODUVKLSHPSKDVL]LQJHFRQRPLFLVVXHV(VFRWWPDLQWDLQV´KLV-
compassing the relevant battles WRULDQVKDYHDFKDOOHQJHWRGHÀQHPRUHFRQYLQFLQJO\DQGFRPSUHKHQVLYH-
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does not pretend to offer much He urges that slaves be looked upon as more
WKDW·VQHZVDYHWRGLVSHOVRPH than the engine driving the South’s agrarian
long-standing myths and to re- economy. What did they know of the coming
mind the reader to put George IXU\DQGKRZGLGWKH\XQGHUVWDQGLWVUDPLÀ-
McClellan’s actions in context cations for their future? Via the information
with the situation he faced at JUDSHYLQHÁRZLQJWKURXJKVODYHTXDUWHUV
WKHWLPHUDWKHUWKDQLQ people “were developing networks and con-
hindsight. Antietam may well nections that facilitated political activity….
be remembered as the bloodiest If we turn our attention from what the slaves
VLQJOHGD\LQ$PHULFDQKLVWRU\ GLGWRKRZWKHLUDFWLRQVDIIHFWHGZKLWHVµ(V-
but the author makes clear it FRWWSUHGLFWV´ZHHQFRXQWHUWKHFRQWUDGLF-
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critical juncture than that at pected pressure on morale on both Northern
*HWW\VEXUJZKHQ5REHUW(/HH DQG6RXWKHUQKRPHIURQWV,QWKH&RQIHGHUDF\(VFRWWZULWHV´:HVKRXOG
was making his second invasion be asking how morale differed in areas that were safe from Federal in-
DWWHPSW1HDUO\D\HDUEHIRUH vasion compared to areas where the war’s destruction hit home.” In the
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sition from defending Richmond WHQVLRQVLQ1RUWKHUQVRFLHW\MXVWDVLWKDGZLWKLQWKH&RQIHGHUDF\DQG
to invading Maryland was a these divisions and tensions would be an often-unmentioned part of the
SURIRXQGVKRFNDWWHQGHGE\ challenge of Reconstruction.”
a Rebel invasion of Kentucky. 7KHUHODWLYHO\QHZÀHOGRIHQYLURQPHQWDODSSURDFKHVWRWKH&LYLO:DU
0RUHRYHU%ULWDLQDQG)UDQFH RIIHUVPDQ\LQWULJXLQJSRVVLELOLWLHV´7KHUHLVPXFKWREHJDLQHGE\LQYHV-
were then seriously considering tigating the ways in which the environment affected human activities in
recognizing the Confederacy. ZDUWLPHµ(VFRWWFRQFOXGHV´DQGWKHUHLVQRGRXEWWKDWSHRSOHDIIHFWHG
Each episode in the story is WKHSK\VLFDOHQYLURQPHQWXVXDOO\LQDGHVWUXFWLYHIDVKLRQµ0DQ\RIWKH
supplemented by a wealth of LVVXHVUDLVHGE\WKH&LYLO:DUUHPDLQHGXQUHVROYHGZKHQWKHJXQVÀQDO-
SKRWRJUDSKVPDSVDQGDVXU- ly went silent. Escott urges that more attention be paid to the growth of
vey of what to look for when QDWLRQDOLVPWKHUHDOLW\RIHPDQFLSDWLRQLQSRVWZDUVRFLHW\WKHHYROXWLRQ
touring the campaign’s battle- RISROLWLFDOLGHRORJLHVLQWKH1RUWKDQG6RXWKDVZHOODVWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
ground. –Jon Guttman UDPLÀFDWLRQVRIWKHZDU–Gordon Berg
issue published nearest to filing date: 0. 4. Free or nominal rate Strict Limit of One Set R Visa R MasterCard R AmEX R Discover
distribution outside the mail. Average number of copies each issue Now you can own three coins Exp. Date ___/___
during preceding 12 months: 551. Number of copies of single issue
published nearest to filing date: 553. E. Total free or nominal rate
commemorating this historic
distribution. Average number of copies each issue during preceding anniversary – a $29.97 value – for
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ing date: 26,908. H. Total (sum of 15f and 15g). Average number
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I. Percent paid. Average percent of copies paid for the preceding 12
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“To you, it’s the perfect lift chair. To me,
Electronic Copies (Line 16a). Average number of copies each issue
during preceding 12 months: 21,043. Actual number of copies of
it’s the best sleep chair I’ve ever had.”
single issue published nearest to filing date: 22,281. C. Total Print — J. Fitzgerald, VA
Distribution (Line 15f) + Paid Electronic Copies (Line 16a). Average
number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 21,594. It’s a “Sleep Chair”– for a
Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing comfortable and relaxing It’s a “Lift Chair”– that puts
date: 22,834. D. Percent Paid (Both Print & Electronic Copies) your feet safely on the floor
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night’s sleep
during preceding 12 months: 97.4%. Actual number of copies of – you’re ready to go!
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50% of all distributed copies (electronic and print) are paid above It’s a “Chair”– for
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nominal price: Yes. Report circulation on PS Form 3526-X work- crafting, eating, visiting The Perfect Sleep Chair
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the January 2019 issue of the publication. 18. Signature and title
with friends and family
of editor, publisher, business manager, or owner: David Steinhafel,
Associate Publisher. I certify that all information furnished on this
It’s a “Sit Back Chair”–
for reading, watching TV
1-888-849-2689
form is true and complete. I understand that anyone who furnishes
46482
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or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal
sanction and civil actions.
CONVERSATION PIECE
DRUM ROLL,
PLEASE
Contemporary audiences adore images of Civil War drummer boys for their youthful, ornamental
appeal, but the reality is a bit more complex. Drummers, who could also be older men, played flams,
paradiddles, and rolls, among other rudiments, to direct troops to atack and assemble, or to set cadence
for marches. Drums were usually hung on straps or slings that ran across the chest from the right
shoulder and positioned the drum at the left hip. Drummers often atached a drumstick carriage plate,
such as the brass one pictured here, to store their sticks when not in use. Regulation drumsticks were
usually made from rosewood and were 16”–17” in length. It’s uncommon to find a surviving drumstick
MELISSA A. WINN
carriage plate, and this one is displayed at the White Oak Civil War Museum in Fredericksburg, Va.,
which houses an extensive collection of artifacts from both Union and Confederate troops, many of
which were recovered from encampments and batlefields in the area. –Melissa A. Winn
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