Part 2-4: Non-Homogenous equation: Variation of

Parameters Method
 general form
𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

Homogenous Non-Homogenous
𝑓 𝑥 =0 𝑓 𝑥 ≠0
1. Undetermined coefficient method
2. Variation parameters method
 Advantage - Can be used in many more cases
𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦1 + 𝑣𝑦2
1. Make sure 𝑎 = 1. Coefficient of second order derivative is 1.
2. Find 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑦1 + 𝐵𝑦2 (using homogenous method)
3. Calculate Wronskian
𝑦1 𝑦2
′ − 𝑦 𝑦′
𝑊 = 𝑦′ ′
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 𝑦 2 2 1
1
4. Calculate 𝑢 and 𝑣
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑢=− 𝑑𝑥 v= 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 𝑊
4. Solution of y(x) 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦1 + 𝑣𝑦2
 Type of Roots Solution
Distinct and Real roots 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
𝑚1 = 𝑟1
𝑚2 = 𝑟2

Find the general solution for

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 4𝑥
1. Make sure 𝑎 = 1. Coefficient of second order derivative is 1.
2. Find 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑦1 + 𝐵𝑦2 (using homogenous method)

𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 2 = 0
𝑚+2 𝑚−1 =0
𝑚1 = −2
𝑚2 = 1
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥

𝑦1 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑥
 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑒 4𝑥

3. Calculate Wronskian
𝑦1 𝑦2
′ ′
𝑊 = 𝑦′ ′
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 𝑦 2
− 𝑦2 𝑦 1
1

−2𝑥
𝑊= 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 −2𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 3𝑒 −𝑥
−2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
4. Calculate 𝑢 and 𝑣
𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦1 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑢=− 𝑑𝑥 v= 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 𝑊

𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 4𝑥 2 5𝑥 𝑥 2 6𝑥
𝑢=− 𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑒 = − 𝑒 6𝑥 + 𝐴
3𝑒 −𝑥 3 3

𝑒 −2𝑥 2𝑒 4𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥 2 3𝑥
v= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐵
3𝑒 −𝑥 3 3
 Solution of y(x) 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦1 + 𝑣𝑦2
𝑦 = −𝑒 6𝑥 + 𝐴 (𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + (3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑒 𝑥 )

1
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥
3
 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 10𝑦 = 5 cos 2𝑥
−2± 22 −4(1)(10)
Type 3: 𝑚 = = −1 ± 3𝑖
2(1)
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)
𝑦𝑝′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (−3𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥)
𝑦𝑝′′
= −𝑒 −𝑥 −3𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 −3𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
+ 𝑒 −𝑥 (−9𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 9𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)

−𝑒 −𝑥 −3𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 −3𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 +

𝑒 −𝑥 −9𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 9𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 2 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 −3𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 +
10(𝑒 −𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = 5 cos 2𝑥 can’t solve