NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY AWKA

REPORT ON STUDENTS INUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRINING

AT

CRYSTAL CONCEPTS TECHNOLOGIES AWKA.

PRESENTED BY:
IFEDIORAH CHRISTOPHER CHIDIEBELE

SUPERVISED BY
MR. MBAMALU JEROME (INDUSTRY BASED SUPERVISOR)

AND
MRS. MBADUGHA AUGUSTINA O. (INSTUTUTIONN BASED
SUPERVISOR)

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 DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to the Almighty God, to the glorious and undivided trinity and
to our Mother Mary.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My gratitude goes to my parents and my siblings who have supported me every
step of the way and to my lecturers who have sacrificed their time and energy to
teach me.

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 ABSTRACT.
In the pages of this document are reports of my Student Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES). This report contains pictures, illustrations and other
important information pertaining to my work during the 6 months Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES).

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page …………………………………………….………………..… i
Dedication ……………………………………………………………..… ii
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………….… iii
Abstract ………………………………………………………………..…. iv
Table of contents …………………………………………………….….… v
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction to SIWES ……………………………………….….……. 1
1.1 Aims/objectives of SIWES (Importance of SIWES) ………………..… 1
Chapter Two
2.0 Brief history of Crystal concept (Place of placement) …….……….…. 3
2.1 Crystal concept vision ………………………………………….……... 3
2.2 Crystal concept mission ………………………………………….….… 4
2.3 Crystal Concept’s organogram ………………………………………... 4
2.4 Crystal concept workshop safety measures ……………………...……. 6
Chapter Three
speed reducers ……………………………………………………….……. 7
In-line speed reducers …………………………………….…………….…. 7
Right angle speed reducers ……………………………………………..…. 7
Speed reduction ratio ……………………………………………………... 8
Sources of power for farm machines …………………………………...…10
Palm kernel cracker…………………………………………………….......13
Drying oven ……………………………………………………................. 14
Pellet mill …………………………………………………….................... 16
The hammer mill…………………………………………………….......... 17
The rice thresher …………………………………………………….......... 20

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The rice planter ……………………………………………….…….......... 21
The rice huller ……………………………………………………............ 23
The grinding mill ………………………………………………………… 25
Chapter Four
Recommendation ………………………………………………………… 27
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….. 28

References ……………………………………………………………...... 29

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES was established by ITF in the year 1973 to serve the problem of lack of
adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigeria
tertiary institutions graduates. The scheme educates students on industrial based
skills essential for a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work.
Students of tertiary institutions is given the opportunity of being familiarized and
exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are
usually not available in the educational institutions. Partaking in SIWES industrial
training has become a crucial pre-condition for the award of diploma and degree
certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in Nigeria
in line with the government education policies. The Operators are; the ITF, the
coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, NBTE), employers of labor and various
institutions. Funding- the federal government of Nigeria Beneficiaries are
undergraduate students of the following disciplines: Natural Sciences, Engineering
and Technology, Education, Agriculture, Medical Science, Environmental, and
pure and applied sciences. Duration is four months and one year for polytechnics
and colleges of education respectively, and of course, six months for the
universities.

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME

1. Provide avenues for students to acquire Industrial Skills for experience during
their course of study.
2. Expose student to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machineries that may not be available in the University.
3. Prepare students for Industrial work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation.

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4. Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in
real work situation, thereby bringing the gaps between theories for practice.
5. To make the transmission from the schooling to world of work easier through
enhancing student contact for later job placement.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 BRIEF HISORY OF CRYSTAL CONCEPT TECHNONOLOGIES
(PLACE OF PLACEMENT)

Crystal Concept Technologies was founded as a sole proprietor company in the

year 2012 by Engr. Nnadi Morgan. As of then the company mainly focused in
general metal work construction, fabrication and welding. In 2013, due to
expansion the company went into construction of agro-allied machines and
equipment. In 2014 the company still led by Engr. Nnadi Morgan made a decision
to focus only in the construction of agro-based machines and equipment which the

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company is still into till date, the company so far has been an employer of labor, it
has employed over a hundred skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor.

2.1 THE VISION OF CRYSTAL CONCEPT.

The company’s visions are stated as follows:

 Establishing an agro-allied company in Nigeria which delivers correct

specification and quality agricultural machines and equipment.

 Managing and suppling comprehensive guide to investors and entrepreneurs.

 Bridging the gap between imported agro-allied equipment and the

indigenous local equipment.

 Develop relationship with production companies in Nigeria and abroad.

2.2 THE MISSION OF CRYSTAL CONCEPT TECHNOLOGIES

To raise the standard of living in Nigeria and the world by improving the supply
chain of agricultural, agro-allied industrial machines and equipment, thereby
improving young entrepreneurs and investors standard information and guide on
industrialization.

2.3 ORGANOGRAM OF CRYSTAL CONCEPT TECHNOLOGIES.

Like every other establishment, Crystal Concept Technologies is so much
organized from the management level down to the least in the establishment.
Below is the structural chart of the organization in Crystal Concept Technologies.

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 OWNER/CEO

MANAGER

SUPERVISOR

ACCOUNT OFFICER INSTALLATION ADVISER/QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER

OFFICER

Fig 1.0 An organogram of Crystal Concept Technical.

2.4 CRYSTAL CONCEPT TECHNOLOGIES WORKSHOP SAFETY

MEASURES.
SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS

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There are some safety rules and regulation that are observed in the workshop so as
to ensure works are carried out in orderly manner.

Below are the Do’s and don’ts;

 Do not enter the workshop without the lab coat, safety boots, cap and gloves
as well as the nose mask, so as to avoid injury.

 Do play inside the workshop to avoid injury.

 Always keep workshop tools and equipment where they are supposed to be,
so that they can be easy to locate.

 Proper cleaning of working environment and machineries should be done

every morning before resuming work and in the evening after work.

 Loitering is not allowed around the factory during working hours.

 All staff is expected to be in the various departments before 8.00am, lateness

is not tolerated.

 Fighting and quarreling are strictly prohibited in the workshop premises as

defaulters are mandated to pay fine of 20,000 Naira.

CHAPTER THREE
THE SPEED REDUCERS
One of the major device I encountered during my industrial work experience was
the speed reducers.
Speed reducers are mechanical devices generally used for two purposes. The
primary use is to multiply the amount of torque per revolution generated by an

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input power source to increase the amount of usable work. Speed reducers Justas
the name implies are also used to reduce the speed generated by the input power
source in order to achieve a slow uniform movement. Speed reduction has the
opposite on torque, once the speed is reduced, the torque is increased. Speed
reducers has two main configurations:

I. In-line
II. Right angle

THE IN-LINE SPEED REDUCERS:

The in-line speed reducers are assembled in-line with the power source. (directly in
front of the power source). The have a major advantage over the right angle model
of the speed reducers, which is that they are more efficient as much as they are
economical.

THE RIGHT ANGLE SPEED REDUCERS:

The right angle speed reducers are speed reducers which are assembled right angle
to the source of power. The right angle speed reducers are less efficient than the in-
line model of the speed reducers
In the workshop, the speed reducers are used in different machines like:

 Pelleting machines
 The separator in a palm kernel cracker.
 Palm kernel digesters, etc.

Some of these machine s will be discussed in this literally work.

SPEED REDUCTION RATIO

A speed reducer makes use of the speed reduction ratio.

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Speed reduction ratio specifically refers to the speed of the rotary machine; the
rotational speed of the rotary machine is “reduced” by dividing it by a gear ratio
greater than 1:1. A gear ratio greater than 1:1 is achieved when a smaller gear
(reduced size) with fewer number of teeth meshes and drives a larger gear with
greater number of teeth.
How is gear reduction achieved? Many reducer types are capable of attaining gear
reduction including, but not limited to, parallel shaft, planetary and right-angle
worm gearboxes. In parallel shaft gearboxes (or reducers), a pinion gear with a
certain number of teeth meshes and drives a larger gear with a greater number of
teeth. The “reduction” or gear ratio is calculated by dividing the number of teeth
on the large gear by the number of teeth
on the small gear. For example, if an
electric motor drives a 13-tooth pinion
gear that meshes with a 65-tooth gear, a
reduction of 5:1 is achieved (65 / 13 =
5). If the electric motor speed is 3,450
rpm, the gearbox reduces this speed by
five times to 690 rpm. If the motor
torque is 10 lb-in, the gearbox increases
this torque by a factor of five to 50 lb-in
(before subtracting out gearbox
Fig 3.0. A right angle speed reducer showing the power efficiency losses).
inlet shaft and the outlet shaft.
Parallel shaft gearboxes many times
contain multiple gear sets thereby increasing the gear reduction. The total gear
reduction (ratio) is determined by multiplying each individual gear ratio from each
gear set stage. If a gearbox contains 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1 gear sets, the total ratio is
60:1 (3 x 4 x 5 = 60). In our example above, the 3,450 rpm electric motor would
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have its speed reduced to 57.5 rpm by using a 60:1 gearbox. The 10 lb-in electric
motor torque would be increased to 600 lb-in (before efficiency losses).

If a pinion gear and its mating gear have the same number of teeth, no reduction
occurs and the gear ratio is 1:1. The gear is called an idler and its primary function
is to change the direction of rotation rather than decrease the speed or increase the
torque.
Calculating the gear ratio in a planetary gear reducer is less intuitive as it is
dependent on the number of teeth of the sun and ring gears. The planet gears act as
idlers and do not affect the gear ratio. The planetary gear ratio equals the sum of
the number of teeth on the sun and ring gear divided by the number of teeth on the
sun gear. For example, a planetary set with a 12-tooth sun gear and 72-tooth ring
gear has a gear ratio of 7:1 ([12 + 72]/12 = 7). Planetary gear sets can achieve
ratios from about 3:1 to about 11:1. If more gear reduction is needed, additional
planetary stages can be used.
The gear reduction in a right-angle worm drive is dependent on the number of
threads or “starts” on the worm and the number of teeth on the mating worm
wheel. If the worm has two starts and the mating worm wheel has 50 teeth, the
resulting gear ratio is 25:1 (50 / 2 = 25).

SOURCES OF POWER FOR FARM MACHINES.

Farm machines no matter how wonderfully designed and masde cannot functin
without power. During the early times, man has used different sources of power to
power his agricultural machines, these sources of power includes but not limited
to: animals, water, man, wind, etc.
In the modern days, we make use of diesel, petrol, electricity,etc to power our
agricultural machines. These power sources are not only efficient, but they are
energy and time saving.

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At Crystal Concept Technical (place of SIWES attachment) different agricultural
machines were fabricated there, most of these agricultural machines have one thing
in common, they need a source of power. The major source of power which we
mainly use are:

 R175 diesel engine generator.

 G160 petrol engine generator.
 1 or 2 phase electric motor.

The type of power source employed in each mahine is dependent on the following,

 The capacity of the machine.

 The energy consumption of the machine.
 The type of work being done with the machine.

Sometimes, an agricultural machine can have more than one power source
installed, with one of the power source being used as an alternative.
The total power being able to be delivered by a power source is measured in
horsepower. A Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power (the rate at
which work is done). It is approximately 745.7 watts.
Below are som of the pictures of the common types of power sources that I met at
the workshop.

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Fig 3.1 showing a Gi60 petrol engine generator.
This machine Fig
can3.2 showing
deliver up toa5.5
Viking R175 diesel engine
horsepower.
generator, this can deliver up to 6.6 horsepower.

Fig 3.4 Showing an electric motor. There either

1phase or 3 phase.

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THE PALM KERNEL CRACKER.
One of the machines that I took part in fabricating was a palm kernel cracker. This
is a machine that cracks palm kernel. The palm kernel cracker comes in two
variants.

(i) Palm kernel cracker without separator.

(ii) Palm kernel cracker with separator.

The palm kernel cracker without separator; This is a palm kernel cracker which is
constructed without the shell separator. The cracked palm kernel and the shell are
collected together through an outlet and separated manually. This palm kernel
cracker is smaller and easier to fabricate than the one that comes with the separator.

The second type of palm kernel cracker is the palm kernel cracker with separator.
The separator is an 8ft peripheral which can be attached to the palm kernel cracker.
The separator separates the palm kernel shell from the cracked palm kern

MODE OF OPERATION OF A PALM KERNEL CRACKER.

The palm kernel cracker consists of three rotating cracking blades which are
welded to a shaft, the shaft has pulley attached to it. Then the pulley was connected
to the generator which supplies the power. The power supplied by the generator
turns the cracking blades which then cracks the palm kernel. The cracked palm
kernel is then collected through the outlet. For the palm kernel cracker with
separator, the cracked palm kernel comes out of the outlet and goes into the
separator the separator then separates the palm kernel shell from the palm kernel
nuts. The palm kernel shell and nuts are collected separately.

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 Fig. 3.4 Palm kernel cracker showing
cracking blades, the hopper, blades, the
The Fig. 3.5 Palm kernel cracker showing the separator
and Viking R175 diesel generator with a 5.5hp
hopper, the outlet and G160 gasoline engine
electric motor option.
generator.

palm kernel cracker is powered by either G160

gasoline engine generator, Viking R175 diesel engine generator or an electric
motor depending on the variant and choice.
In the palm kernel cracker with separator, the power from the generator is
transferred to the pulley that drives the cracking blades. Then through a belt drive,
power is transferred to a speed reducer which drives the separator. The speed
reducer reduces the rotational speed generated by the power source and multiplies
the torque which is required to drive the separator.

THE DRYING OVEN (DEHYDRATOR).

I also took part in the fabrication of a drying oven. Drying ovens are devices used
to remove water and other solvents from the items placed inside them. These ovens
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remove moisture through convention process, the dried moisture is by the hot air
which is supplied to the dehydrator by the fan so the object becomes dehydrated.
Drying ovens are often used to produce dried agricultural products safely.

PRINIPLES OF OPERATION OF THE DRYING OVEN

The drying oven consists of heating chamber, heat source (charcoal), air to air heat
exchanger, blower, thermometer, oven bed and the drying chamber.
The heat is generated from the charcoal in the charcoal pot placed in the heating
chamber, because the heat generated by the heat source is impure, the heat is
passed through the air to air heat exchanger, the air to air heat exchanger transfers
heat from a hot region to the cooler region air. The heat from the heat and smoke
from the source is
expelled through the
heating chamber
chimney. The heat from
the heat exchanger is pure
and free from the smoke
is then blown into the
drying chamber by a
blowing fan. The items
placed in the drying
Fig 3.6 showing dryer oven with escape chimney, blowing fan chamber are now
attached to the oven bed and the internal of the dryer.
dehydrated, the moisture
that from the items escapes with the hot air through the drying chamber chimney.
The temperature inside dryer is monitored through the thermometer. The dryer has
no means to regulate the heat so the heat can only be controlled by reducing or
completely removing the heat source. At first, the heat is raised to a temperature of

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about 65℃ -70℃ for rapid drying, when the moisture on the surface of the item
seem dry, the temperature is then lowered to around 49℃ for a slow and uniform
drying. When drying is
complete, the heat source
is removed and the oven is
allowed to cool before the
items are removed else the
items will absorb ambient
moisture.

THE PELLET MILL.

One of the machine that I
took part in fabricating
Fig 3.7. A pellet mill showing the electric motor, speed reducer, was the pelleting machine.
hopper and the finished products.
A pellet mill, also known as
a pellet press, is a type of
mill or machine press used to create pellets from powdered material. Pellet mills
are unlike grinding mills, in that they combine small materials into a larger,
homogeneous mass, rather than break large materials into smaller pieces. The
pellet mill extrudes powdered materials under high pressure to form pellets

THE PELLETING PROCESS

The pelleting machine consists of a ring die, conveyor, electric motor, speed
reducer, cutter, hopper.
The feed to be passed through the pellet mill is first of all conditioned then fed
through the hopper. Conditioning is the process of preparing the item for pelleting.
The power is supplied by a 2.2hp electric motor. The electric motor rotates at the
speed of 1200rpm. At that speed, the torque produced by the electric motor is
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relatively small and the pressure is also smaller than the resistance at the ring die.
When the pressure is less than the resistance, the feed cannot be pushed through
the holes in ring thereby causing blockage. Therefore, the power generated by the
electric motor is passed to a speed reducer by means of a shaft. The speed reducer
then reduces the speed and multiplies the torque then sends the power to the
conveyor by means of another shaft. The conveyor the produces the pressure
needed to form the pellets by pressing the feed against the die ring. When the
powdered feed are passed through the holes in the ring die, they are compacted and
extruded as pellets the cutter attached to the ring die now cuts the pellets into
required size.

THE HAMMER MILL

I also took part in the fabrication of a Hammer mill. The Hammer mill is a machine
used to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller pieces by the repeated blows
of little ganged hammers.
The hammer mill is used in many applications including, but not limited to:

 A farm machine, which mills grain into coarse flour to be fed to

livestock.
 Shredding yard and garden waste for composting.
 Milling grain
 Fruit juice production


HAMMER MILL WORKING PRINCIPLE

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The hammer mill consists of the crushing chamber, the hopper or the feed chute,
perforated metal screen or the bar grates and the discharge outlet. Material is fed
into the mill grinding chamber through the feed chute, typically by gravity. It
repeatedly is struck by ganged hammers which are attached to a shaft which rotates
at high speed inside the mill chamber. The material is crushed or shattered by a
combination of repeated hammer impacts, collisions with the walls of the grinding
chamber, and particle on particle impacts. Perforated metal screens or bar grates
covering the discharge opening of the mill retain coarse material for further
grinding, while allowing properly sized materials to pass as finished product. There
are factors that determine the size of finished particles. Finished Particle Size
Regardless the evacuation method, the same factors determine finished particle
size: Varying the: Screen
Size Shaft Speed
Hammer Configuration
can dramatically alter
Table 1. showing different screen size and hammer configuration of a
Hammer mill. the finished particle
Screen Size Quantity of hammer size of the material

700x355mm 20 being processed.

700x395mm 24
1350x295mm 32
1350x295mm 32
1350x395mm 40
1350x395mm 40

Fig 3.8 The grinding chamber of a hammer mill showing the ganged
Hammers, the metal screen and the shaft.

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Depending on the nature of the material being milled, the configuration of the
hammer mill can be adjusted as well as the size of the screen. The smaller the
screen size and more hammer in the hammer mill, the finer the product will be.
The harder the material to be milled, the more the number of the hammer will be
required. The
hammer mill
requires a lot of
power in order to
operate the hammers
at a very high speed.
The power is
supplied by a 6.6hp
diesel engine
generator. This
powers the machine
at a speed of about
Fig 3.9. Rice thresher showing the feeding hopper, the threshing unit, the 3000rpm.
power unit, transport unit and the outlet hopper.

THE RICE
THRESHER.
I also took part in the fabrication of a rice thresher. A rice thresher is a piece of
farm equipment that threshes rice, that is, it removes the seeds from the stalks and
husks. It does so by beating the rice stalks and husk to make the seeds fall out.
Before such machines were developed, threshing was done by hand with flails:
such hand threshing was very laborious and time-consuming, the operation of
detaching the grains from the ear head, cob or pod is called threshing. It is
basically the removal of grains from the plant by striking, treading or rupturing.

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RICE THRESHER WORKIG PRINCIPLES
The rice thresher consists of the following: the feeding hopper, the threshing unit,
perforated concave screen, the transport unit, the power unit and the discharge
hopper.

the rice with stalks is fed in the thresher through the feeding hopper, when the
stalks gets to the threshing chamber, the threshing chamber which is made up of a
large drum with spikes welded all around it. The drum rotates at a very high speed,
continually beating the stalks against the concave metal screen. The rice in the
stalks then fall off and go through the metal concave screen. When the threshed
rice goes through the concave screen, they are collected. Some rice threshers are
equipped with a winnowing fan which blows off some of the stalks which goes
through the concave screen with the rice.
In the power unit, the rice thresher is powered by a 6.6hp Viking diesel engine
generator, the generator supplies the power through a belt drive and rotates the
threshing drum at a speed of 700-800rpm.
The rice thresher is equipped with a transport unit, this consists of transport wheel,
pushing handle and a resting bed where the thresher rests.
After threshing, the stalks are thrown out through the discharge hopper.

THE RICE PLANTER

I also took part in the construction of a rice planter. Just as the name implies, the
rice planter is a farm machine used for planting of rice. This machine was a
research project which was undertaken by crystal concept technical. The machine
was a prototype and it was still in testing stage during my industrial training
period.

HOW IT WORKS:

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 The rice planter consists a hexagonal barrel with a “V” shaped rail inside, inlet a
pulling handle and planting forks

Fig 3.1.0 A rice planter showing the planting forks and

Fig 3.1.1 A rice planter showing the “V” shaped rail.
the inlet.

At the current stage the rice planter is hand pulled, there are plans to construct a
tractor pulled version. The rice is

poured in through the inlet, the seeds goes through the “V” shaped rail. At end of
the rail, there’s a hole at the ends of the hole, the rice goes through the hole. On the
outside of the hexagonal barrel, we have the planting forks. The forks open up a
hole on the ground for the rice to be planted.

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The planter uses human power that is, it is hand pulled with the help of bearings
attached at both ends of the planter. The plants seeds as it is pulled across the
ground.
Though the planter is still energy consuming, it saves human effort to a large
extent.

THE RICE HULLER

I also took part in the fabrication of a rice huller. A rice huller or rice husker is an
agricultural machine used to automate the process of removing the chaff of grains
of rice. Traditionally there are many methods of hulling rice, which includes
pounding the rice with mortar and pestle.
Today rice huller machines are becoming advanced some of the modern rice huller
even come with rice polisher, which polishes the rice as it is being hulled.

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF A RICE HULLER

The rice huller consists of the following:
The feeding hopper, the winnowing fan, sieve, the power unit, hulling knife and the
oulet.
When the huller runs, we introduce rice into the hopper. The part of the rotor which
is located below the hopper acts a conveyor and pushes the rice to the other end of
the rotor. Once some of the rice has passed into the body of the huller, it is driven
by the conveyor to the husking knife.
When the grains of the non-husked rice arrives at the knife, the space it has to
move along (between the rotor and the knife) is heavily reduced. The knife opposes
the movement of grains. The chaff and the bran surrounding it then "rub" along the
edge of the knife and the elevations of the rotor, leading to their separation of the
grain by necking and scouring. This allows the husking of the rice. The level of
scouring is set by the opening of the exit for the husked rice: the more it is closed,
the more the rice is forced to stay longer in the device, which accentuates the

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 shelling. The pieces in
which the bran and the
chaff are cut, are small
enough to pass through
the sieve.
When the rice has been
husked, the chaffs are
blown away by the
winnowing fan.
After the rice has been
husked, the husked rice
are released through the
outlet.
In the power unit, the
rice power can be
powered by the either
5.5hp G160 petrol
engine generator, 6.6hp
R175 viking diesel
engine generator or it
Fig 3.1.2 A rice huller showing the G160 petrol engine generator, the
feeding hopper, the outlet and some part of the winnowing fan. can be powered by an
electric motor. The
power source used in the rice huller determines the efficiency of the machine. The
rice huller fabricated in this company does not have polisher as we have not gained
the technical know-how to fabricate a rice polisher.

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THE GRINDING MILL
I also participated in the fabrication of a grinding mill. A mill is a device that
breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. The
grinding mill is mainly used in the grinding, cutting or crushing of agricultural
produce.
Milling also refers to the process of breaking down, separating, sizing, or
classifying aggregate material.
The grinding of solid materials occurs through mechanical forces that break up the
structure by overcoming the interior bonding forces.

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF A
Fig 3.1.3 showing the grinding mill, with the feeding Fig 3.1.4. showing the grinding plate of the grinding mill.
hopper, the G160 petrol engine generator, the
adjusting handle and the outlet
GRINDING MILL.
The grinding mill consists of the
feeding hopper, the conveyor, pair of grinding plates and the power unit.

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When the machine is running, the items to be milled are fed in through the feeding
hopper, then they are carried by the conveyor to the grinding plate.
The grinding mill conveyor is fabricated by spiraling a metal rod of about 7mm in
diameter round a shaft repeatedly on top of the other until then desired conveyor
size is achieved.

When the items gets to the grinding plates, they are grounded under high pressure
in between the grinding plates causing the material to disintegrate. The pressure in
between the grinding plates can be adjusted to achieve the desired grinding texture.

After the items are milled, they are discharged through the outlet.
In the power unit, we have the 5.5hp G160 petrol engine generator which powers
the machine. The generator transmits the power through a belt drive. This causes
conveyor shaft to rotate at the speed of about 240rpm.

RECOMMENDATION
After my stay at crystal concepts technical where I was attached for my student
industrial work experience scheme, I have the following recommendations to
make. The management of the company should advance more into fully
automating their machines. Because of the visions of the company is to “bridge the
gap between imported agro-allied equipment and the indigenous local equipment”
and fully automations is one of the features foreign machines have and the reasons
why they are preferred over locally made machines.

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 CONCLUSION
The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) has really helped me to
get exposed to some of the practical aspect of this course. I want to thank the ITF
for coming up with such a wonderful idea for me and my fellow students to benefit
from.

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 REFERENCES
Detailed manual on SIWES guidelines and operations for tertiary institutions.
Agwuna N. Ralph. Rex Charles publishers, 2012.
The history and business plan of crystal concept technical Awka.
Mr. Nnadi Morgan, 2012.
Guide to propulsion reduction gear alignment and installation, research bulletin.
Scott A, Lyons, Christina, 1961.
The world of machines. An introduction to the concept of Hammer mill.
Pietsch, Wolfgang. Oxford press, 1994.
The chemistry and technology of cereals as food and feed. Matz, Samuel A.
(1991).

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