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1.universal Beam
1.universal Beam
Design
…And How to Properly Avoid Them
By Thomas F. Heausler, P.E., S.E.
Structural Engineer
Kansas City
Checklist Format
• Checklist for your self‐knowledge and per
project.
• Basis is ASCE 7‐10, IBC 2012
• [ASCE 7 Section Number] in brackets
Seismic Design Category A
• [11.4.1] [11.7] [1.4]
• Don’t Use Chapter 12
• [1.4] General Structural Integrity
• 1% W, 5% beam connections, 20% wall
connections
• Non‐Structural Components Exempt
Importance Factor
• [11.5.1] [Table 1.5‐2] [Table 1.5‐1]
[IBC Table 1604.5]
• Risk Category
• Hazard, Essential, 300 people
• Ie= 1.0, 1.25, 1.5
• Ip = 1.0, 1.5 [13.1.3] Life Safety,
Essential, Hazardous
Continuous Load Path
• [12.1.3]
• Strength and in proportion to stiffness
• In addition to all other specific
provisions
R Factor
• [Table 12.2‐1 and 15.4‐1, 2]
• Strings attached!
• Cd, Omega o, Detailing Provisions
• AISC, ACI etc. provisions triggered
Table 12.2‐1
SCBF R = 6, Omega = 2, Cd = 5
SMF R = 8, Omega = 3, Cd = 5.5
SCBF =
Omega o ‐ Ωo
• [Table 12.2‐1]
• Minus 0.5 for flexible diaphragms
• Footnote g
Modal Analysis Triggers
• [12.3] [Table 12.3‐1 Horizontal
Irregularities] [Table 12.3‐2 Vertical
Irregularities]
• Reference Sections
• ASCE Guide Seismic Loads…by Finley
Charney
Omega o Triggers
• [12.4 Load Combinations with Omega zero]
• [12.2.5.2 Cantilever Columns]
• [12.10.2.1 Collectors – Light Frame, Wood
excepted]
• [12.3.3.3 Columns, Beams Supporting
Discontinuous Walls]
• [12.13.6.5 Pile Anchorage]
• [AISC where R>3, ACI Chapter 21, Appendix D,
Etc.]
Redundancy ‐ Rho
• [12.3.4]
• Rho = 1.0 or 1.3
• Rho = 1.0 for:
SDC B, C, Drift,
Fp (non‐structural Components),
Collectors, Omega Zero Load Combinations,
Diaphragms.
Vertical Seismic Load Effect ‐ Ev
• [12.4.2.2]
• 0.2 Sds
• Applied as Dead Load Factor adjustment
• x 0.7 for ASD
• No Ie, Ip
• No Rho
Load Combinations
and
Allowable Stress Design – 0.7 E
• [12.4.2.3] Section 12.4.2 shall be used in lieu
of [2.3.2] and [2.4.1]
• For ASD use 0.7 E
• For LRFD use 1.0 E
• 0.7 E applies to Fp also
Orthogonal Effects
• [12.5]
• SDC C for irregular
• SDC D,E,F for corner columns
• IEEE 693 Equipment applies Orthogonal
Effects to all Conditions, Corner anchor bolts.
Effective Seismic Weight
• [12.7.2]
• No Live Load except:
o 25% of Storage
o Partitions 10 psf [4.3.2]
o Industrial Operating Weight ‐ Unbalanced
o 20% of snow > 30psf
o Roof Gardens
Period T
• [12.8.2.1]
• Ok to use T = Ta
• Except approximate formulas shall not be
used for Non‐building (industrial) Structures
[15.4.4]
Distribute Base Shear over Height
• [12.8.3]
• Triangular distribution (First Mode
Effect – Conservative envelope)
• Including a Cantilevered Stack,
Fence/wall
• Centroid of seismic lateral load at 2/3
height
Triangular Distribution over Height
Exponent k =1 = triangle
Exponent k=2.0 accounts for
higher mode effects
Force Distributed over Height
Triangular Force Distribution
over Height
Distribution of Base Shear over Height
• [12.8.3] [Eqn 12.8‐12]
• F=Cvx V
• Cvx = wx hxk /Sum wi hik
• Note: Cvx V, not W
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
• [12.9]
• Purpose => More accurately:
1. Distributes Base Shear over height
2. Horizontal Torsional Effects
3. Higher Mode Effects
Modal Analysis
• [12.9.4.1]
• Not intended to change Base Shear
• Scale to V, 85% V
• Should not be far off of V
• Scale by R, I, g(gravity conversion for
mass)
• Check with miniature/simple model
Accidental Torsion
• [12.8.4.2]
• In addition to Inherent Torsion
• Non‐Building Structures also
• Amplify if triggered [12.8.4.3]
Drift Check
• [12.12] [12.8.6 Drift Determination]
[Table 12.12‐1 Allowable Values]
• Multiply by Cd
• Divide by Ie – compare to allowable
(which has Ie embedded)
• No 0.7 even if using ASD
Diaphragm Forces
• [12.10.1.1]
• Fpx, minimums govern at lower stories
• Locally higher due to higher mode
effects
Higher Mode effects
• Multi‐story buildings are MDOF
• Lower floors may be out of Phase with upper
floors
• Diaphragms and non‐structural elements may
be locally subjected to higher accelerations
than the triangular distribution of first mode.
Diaphragms
Not simultaneous, not additive
Fp ‐ Nonstructural Components
Nonstructural Component Forces
• Masses further away from ground experience
higher accelerations
• Higher mode effects cause higher
accelerations than first mode effects at lower
floors
• Forces may be 1.5 to 2.5 times higher at roof
than at grade
Fp Non‐structural Components
Chapter 13
• Fp Non‐structural Components Chapter 13
• [13.3.1]
• Industrial structures
Fp Non‐structural Components
Chapter 13
1. Run V load combinations
2. Run Fp load combination to foundation
• [15.3 Non‐building Structure]
• 25% weight rule – Combine stiffness of
equipment in model
Amplification – high ap for parapet
Wall Design
• Concrete, CMU
• [12.11.1 Wall panel]
• [12.11.2.1 Wall connectors]
Foundation Ties
• [12.13.6.2] SDC C, as well as D,E,F
• Pile Caps
• Spread Footings for SDC E, F
Reduction of Foundation
Overturning
• [12.13.4]
• At Soil‐Foundation Interface
• Reduce by .75 factor
Errata’s
• [ASCE 7 website]
• [IBC website]
IBC Override’s
• [IBC 1613]
• [1613.5 Amendments to ASCE 7]
• [IBC Materials ‐ Chapters 18 through 23]
ASCE 7‐10 THIRD PRINTING
• 126 page commentary
• 3/8” thick
The Most Common Errors in Seismic
Design
…And How to Properly Avoid Them
By Thomas F. Heausler, PE, SE
Structural Engineer
Kansas City