PSYCHOSPIRITUAL THERAPY IN DRUG REHABILITATION

ABD 7153
DR. MUHAMMAD KHAIRI MAHYUDDIN

ARTICLE REVIEW:
SPIRITUALITY AND QUAKER APPROACHES TO
SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION

PREPARED BY:
NOR AISHAH MAHAD (3181355)
1. Article Review

a) Information of article

i. Title : Spirituality and Quaker Approaches to Substance Use and Addiction

ii. Author : Helena Chambers

iii. Publication : www.mdpi.com/journal/religions

iv. Year : 2015

b) Background of the article

Quakers is The Religious Society of Friends. It was formed in the revolutionary England of the
mid-seventeenth century. Its founder was George Fox (1624-1691). As a radical Protestant sect
sharing some common origins with Puritanism, it displayed caution toward the injudicious or
recreational use of alcohol from its earliest period. George Fox considered this to be
incompatible with being a “man of religion” and left when pressed in company to drink more
alcohol than was sufficient to quench his thirst. However, George Fox was not abstinent; the
water supply was uncertain and “small beer” was the normal and the safer drink at the time.

This article explained about one of the approach using spiritual basis in rehabilitation method.
The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) has held a consistent testimony of abstinence and
moderation regarding alcohol and other substances. It also outlines the historical background,
and describes modern Quaker understandings of moderation. It then analyse unpublished results
regarding spirituality from the only study to date about Quaker behaviour and attitudes regarding
substance use. The association between low substance use and religiosity is established in the
literature, but the role of spirituality is less defined. This study methodology allowed an
unusually detailed analysis of different aspects of spirituality. Results generally support Miller’s
suggestion that idiographic spirituality may have a role in resilience to higher substance use.
However, spiritual practice through prayer/meditation emerges as having a more consistent role
in the Quaker sample—a finding that is of interest and potential significance in considerations of
resilience and recovery. The community dimension of shared spiritual attitudes towards
substance use, and the spiritual values that underlie the interpretation of testimony, are also
explored. The congruence that some Quakers find with the spiritual approaches of Alcoholics
Anonymous is also discussed. It is concluded that spirituality is a significant factor in a Quaker
balance that can mitigate immoderate use and support recovery from addiction, without, in
general, excluding those who use at higher levels.

c) Discussion and analysis

A total of 159 Quakers co-operated with the study and filled in the questionnaire, of whom 13
were selected for personal interview (with willingness to participate being one of the items on
the questionnaire). The individuals involved came from five local Quaker Meetings which
agreed to take part in the study.
This study covered both quantitative and qualitative measures. Quantitative measures used in this
study identified substance use and Quaker engagement. For substance use, Respondents were
asked about several substances including alcohol, nicotine and cannabis. Alcohol was measured
by frequency of use and also by “most alcohol consumed on a single day in the last month”,
which was coded to provide a basic index of moderation.

The measurement tools used to assess Quaker engagement drew on previous research which
identified different aspects or dimensions of religiosity in relation to substance use. The
measurements used were sorted into three groups, which were shown by factor analysis to be
statistically separable. The categories were:

1. Formal involvement - (frequency attendance of meeting for worship, importance of

Quarkerism to the individual)

2. Group identification measures - (feelings of affinity and closeness to other Quakers)

3. Spirituality -(frequency of private prayer)

For Qualitative methods, all respondents completed a questionnaire that was given out and
collected after Sunday Meeting for Worship on an agreed day. Open ended qualitative questions
are used included included items on spiritual life in relation to substance use (or non-use) there
were also others on how the testimony was construed. These questions were posed about
personal experience in relation to substance use, the testimonies, and spiritual life. Interview
questions included, “Does alcohol/substance use have spiritual dimensions for you?” and “Do
you feel that Quakerism—or Quakers—have influenced your approach or your behaviour as
regards substances?...How?”

The study concluded that overall, there is a balance between the letter of Quaker testimony on
the one hand, and the spirit of Quaker liberalism based on respect for the inner light and that of
God in everyone on the other. This balance which needs to be held in tension appears to check
the potentially excluding effects of one, and the potentially fragmenting effects of the other.

In the detailed statistical analysis, all three spirituality measures—frequency of prayer or

meditation, a sense of the availability of God, and a sense of the importance of the spiritual
dimension of life—are generally associated with lower use.

Prayer and meditation, whilst of course based on inner experience, does have an objective,
measurable dimension in terms of expression (time devoted), and was scored quantitatively by
frequency in the study.

The simple fact of regular time devoted to prayer and meditation may express a priority, and the
practice may also allow spiritual experience to become more salient for the individual in relation
to other aspects of life. All of these factors may explain the study finding that prayer and
meditation have a more consistent role in mediating substance use than does idiographic
spirituality. Support group is being used to reach out to friends, hastening their enlightment to
seek “the inner light ”.
d) Recommendation

Quakerism has a tradition of engagement with questions relating to the use of alcohol and other
substances from its earliest history. Although there is no claim to distinctiveness here, a spiritual
framework is at the heart of its approach to substances. The paradigm that was developed from
this study suggests that the balance between two spiritually-based values—the testimony on
abstinence and moderation, and the acceptance of “that of God in everyone” within the liberal
belief culture—can, at its best, provide a community that is generally moderate but not excluding
those whose behaviour is different. A further benefit of this nexus of values and the liberal belief
culture is that Quakerism is often experienced as congruent to members of Alcoholics
Anonymous, and the Quaker group is further enriched by them. Spiritual values, spiritual
awareness and experience, and spiritual practice have all been seen as relevant to the substance
use—religiosity relationship, but pathways have still to be fully defined. Although “belief”
questions were asked, they were not included in the statistical investigation, because Quakerism
is not credal, and “God” is variously defined. And as for this, further research must be carried out
to identify the importance of God existence in them.


e) Conclusion

As a conclusion, the study found that in general a greater stress on, or experience of, spirituality
was related to lower substance use, and this relationship was particularly strong when
considering spiritual practice. The relationships involved do not have to be causal, but the
quantitative and qualitative data combined suggest that spiritual practice may have a role in
resilience as well as in recovery. Quakers friends doesn’t believe in punitive measures or
punishment to force compliance but they are treated with kindness, dignity and respect. Prayers
and meditations used to improve relationships with God.