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Ericsson WCDMA Radio-Coverage
Ericsson WCDMA Radio-Coverage
LZT123 7628 - 81 -
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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4. WCDMA Coverage
OBJECTIVES:
• Explain the concept of log normal fading and how it is incorporated in WCDMA
coverage calculations.
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WCDMA Radio Network Design
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4. WCDMA Coverage
Contents
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION........................................................... 86
OKUMURA-HATA PROPAGATION FORMULA ............................................ 89
COST 231-WALFISH-IKEGAMI PROPAGATION FORMULA ....................... 89
SIGNAL VARIATIONS .................................................................................. 90
POWER CONTROL MARGIN (PCMARG) ........................................................ 95
BODY LOSS (BL).......................................................................................... 96
CAR PENETRATION LOSS (CPL)................................................................ 96
ANTENNA SYSTEM CONTROLLER (ASC) INSERTION LOSS (LASE) ......... 96
FEEDER AND JUMPER LOSSES (LF+J) ....................................................... 97
RBS SENSITIVITY (RBSSENS) ....................................................................... 98
UPLINK LOAD ............................................................................................ 102
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WCDMA Radio Network Design
Pt
Sr =
4πd 2
Pt Gt
Sr =
4πd 2
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4. WCDMA Coverage
Pr = Sr ⋅ Ar
Gr λ2
Ar =
4π
Pt Gt Gr λ2
Pr =
( 4πd ) 2
P ( 4πd ) 2
loss = t =
Pr Gt Gr λ2
( 4πd ) 2 4πd
L = 10 log( loss) = 10 log = 20 log − 10 log(Gr ) − 10 log(Gt )
Gt Gr λ
2
λ
Radio engineers treat the antenna gains, 10log(Gr) and 10log (Gt),
separately, so that what is given in the literature as the path loss,
Lp, is only the term 20log(4πd/λ). In clearer terms, the path loss in
free space is given by equation 14 below.
4πd
Free Space Path loss L p = 20 log
λ
Equation 14 Free space path loss
Note that the wavelength dependency of the path loss does not
correspond to losses in free space as such. It is a consequence of
the finite effective receiver area.
LZT123 7628 - 87 -
WCDMA Radio Network Design
• The fact that radio waves are reflected towards the earth’s surface.
• Transmission losses, due to obstructions in the line of sight.
• The finite radius of the curvature of the earth.
• The topographical variations in a real case, as well as the different
attenuation properties of different terrain types, such as forests,
urban areas, etc.
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4. WCDMA Coverage
where
where
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WCDMA Radio Network Design
SIGNAL VARIATIONS
SS at Rx-antenna
Variations due to
Rayleigh fading
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4. WCDMA Coverage
The first and most simple solution is to use more power at the
transmitter(s), thus providing a fading margin. Another way to
reduce the harm done by Rayleigh fading is to use space diversity,
which reduces the number of deep fading dips. Diversity means
that two signals are received which have slightly different
“histories” and, therefore, the “best” can be used, or even better:
the two can be combined.
Derived Mean
Probability
Measured Mean
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WCDMA Radio Network Design
Here σBPL and σfloor are lumped together by adding the two as if
they were standard deviations in two independent log-normally
distributed processes. The resulting standard deviation, σindoor or
σLNF(i), could be calculated as the square root of the sum of the
squares. Typical values of σLNF(i) are presented in Table 4-1.
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4. WCDMA Coverage
σindoor or σLNF(i)
σLNF(o) σBPL σfloor
Ground floor
Figure 4-4 Log-normal fading margins for indoor coverage
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WCDMA Radio Network Design
LNF=4.1 dB LNF=7.5 dB
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4. WCDMA Coverage
LZT123 7628 - 95 -
WCDMA Radio Network Design
Generally, body loss is not applied to data services since the users
will most likely not have the terminal at their ear.
The recommended values for body and car losses are shown in
Table 4-4 below.
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4. WCDMA Coverage
The jumper loss can vary depending on the length but typical
values are in the order of 1dB.
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WCDMA Radio Network Design
It is the C/I for the service (γ) added to the thermal noise (N) and
the noise figure of the receiver (noise introduced by the RBS) as
shown below:
RBSs ens
C/I
Noise +Nf
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4. WCDMA Coverage
Therefore:
RBSsens = Nt + 10log(B) + Nf + γ
To solve for γ
The negative 10 log (B) will cancel out the positive one leaving
equation 17 below.
where
Ruser is the total RAB bit rate in bps, i.e. user rate + 3.4 kbps
signaling
Eb/No is the energy per bit to noise ratio for the service.
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WCDMA Radio Network Design
What is the sensitivity of an RBS with ASC for the services shown
in Table 4-6 below?
= -174 dBm/Hz
For speech
Rinfo = 12.2 kbps + 3.4 kbps = 15.6 kbps = 15600 bps
= -129.1 +Eb/No
For 64kbps PS
Rinfo = 64 kbps + 3.4 kbps = ….kbps = …….. bps
= ……….. +Eb/No
UPLINK LOAD
As users are connected to the cell the overall uplink noise will rise.
This means that the sensitivity of the RBS will increase with also
increase. As shown in Figure 4-7 below the sensitivity of a loaded
RBS is the unloaded sensitivity plus the uplink noise rise (IUL)
C/I
Noise rise (Iul)
Nt + 10log (Bw) + Nf
IUL = 10log 1
dB
1-Q
How much will the uplink noise rise when a cell is becomes 50%
loaded?
The signal level at the RBS receiver (SSRBS) will be the output
power of the UE (PUE) minus any losses plus any gains. These
losses and gains are shown in Figure 4-8 below.
Gant
Lpath
SSRBS PUE
RBS Lf+j
The only gain is this example is that of the RBS antenna as the UE
is assumed to have no antenna gain.
The ideal uplink budget would be where the signal level at the
RBS (SSRBS) is equal or greater than the RBS Sensitivity
(RBSsens).
If this equation is solved for ‘Lpath’ then the maximum path loss
allowed for the cell (Lpathmax) is given by equation 20 below.
Lpathmax = PUE – RBSsens – IUL – LNFmarg – PCmarg – BL – CPL – BPL +Gant – Lf+j
where:
PS Lpathmax
TU, 50 km/h
PS
Lpathmax
TU, 3 km/h
Lpathmax
TU,
50 km/h
Lpathmax
TU,
3 km/h
where
a(1.5) = 0
This range may now be used to calculate the coverage area of the
site using equation 23, 24 or 25 for omni, three-sector and six
sector sites respectively as illustrated in Figure 4-10 below.
3 9 3
Area = 3R 2 Area = 3R 2 Area = 3R 2
2 8 2
R R
R
3
SitetoSite = 3R SitetoSite = R SitetoSite = 3R
2
Equation 23 Equation 24 Equation 25
Complete Table 4-7 below for a three sector urban site to deliver
95 % probability of coverage to AMR 12.2 kbps to TU 3 km UEs at
50 % load.
PUE 21
RBSsens
Outdoor LNFmarg 4.1
PCmarg 0.7
IUL
BL 3
Gant 17.5
Lf+j 0
Lpathmax (outdoor)
CPL 6
Lpathmax (in-car)
BPL 18
Indoor LNFmarg 7.5
Lpathmax (indoor)
DOWNLINK DIMENSIONING
The final equations are quite complex and difficult to use. In order
to facilitate the dimensioning process, curves have been
generated based on the equations. The curves display the cell
load (M/Mpole) versus the cell range. The curve for an urban 3-
sector site is shown in Figure 4-11 below.
Typical parameter values have been used and 20% of the power
has been allocated to control channels. A homogenous user
CPL is the car penetration loss. Since this is an urban area car
loss will not be considered.
What load could a 40m, 3-sector Urban Cell cope with at a range
of 1.5 km?
BL= 3 dB.
CPL = 0 dB
BPL = 18 dB
LASC=0.4