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This b o o k l e t is p a r t o f t h e " R u l e s f o r t h e design o f h o i s t i n g
appliances" c o n c i s t i n g o f B b o o k l e t s :

Booklet 1 - Object and scope

Booklet 2 - C l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d loading o n s t r u c t u r e s and m e c h a n i s m s
Booklet 3 - C a l c u l a t i n g t h e ctresses i n s t r u c t u r e s
Booklet 4 - C h e c k i n g f o r f a t i g u e and c h o i c e o f m e c h a n i c m c o m p o n e n t s
Booklet 5 - Electrical equipment
Booklet 6 - S t a b i l i t y and s e f e t y against m o v e m e n t b y t h e w i n d
Booklet 7 - Safety rulec
Booklet 8 - Test loads a n d tolerantes

and m u s t n o t be used s e p a r a t e l y .
 PREFACE

The Rules f o r t h e ü e s i g n o f H o i s t i n g Appliances s e t up by t h e T e c h n i c a l Comnittee

o f t h e S e c t i o n 1 o f t h e F.E.M., which have been p u b l i s h e d s o f a r i n two E d i t i o n s ,
t h e f i r s t one i n 1962 and t h e second i n 1970, have been i n c r e a s i n g l y widely used
i n many c o u n t r i e s a l 1 over t h e world.

Taking a c c o u n t o f t h i s e n l a r g e d a u d i e n c e , S e c t i o n 1 o f t h e FEM d e c i d e d t o change

t h e format o f t h e s e Design R u l e s and t o f a c i l i t e u p d a t i n g by abandoning t h e s i n g l e
v o l m e f o m and d i v i d i n g t h e work i n t ü a n m b e r o f s e p a r a t e b o o k l e t s a s f o l l o w s :

Booklet 1 - O b j e c t and Scope

B o o k l e t 2 - C l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d l o a d i n g on s t r u c t u r e s a n d mechanisms
Booklet 3 - Calculating t h e s t r e s s e s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e
B o o k l e t 4 - C h e c k i n g f o r f a t i g u e a n d c h o i c e o f mechanism c o m p o n e n t s
Booklet 5 - E l e c t r i c a l equipment
B o o k l e t 6 - S t a b i l i t y a n d s a f e t y a g a i n s t movement by t h e wind
Booklet 7 - S a f e t y r u l e s
Booklet 8 - T e s t l o a d s and t o l e r a n c e s

Although n o t d i r e c t l y a p a r t o f t h e s e Design Rules, t h e o p p o r t u n i t y i s t a k e n t o

draw a t t e n t i o n t o t h e new Terminology o f S e c t i o n 1.
 INTRODUCTION

To f a c i l i t a t e t h e u s e o f t h e s e Rules by t h e p u r c h a s e r s , m a n u f a c t u r e r s and s a f e t y
organizations concerned, i t is necessary t o give sane explanation i n regard t o t h e
two f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s .

1. How s h o u l d t h e s e R u l e s be a p p l i e d i n p r a c t i c e t o t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of
a p p l i a n c e whose c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e y cover ?

2. H o w s h o u l d a p u r c h a s e r u s e t h e s e Rules t o d e f i n e h i s r e q u i r e m e n t s i n r e l a t i o n
t o an a p p l i a n c e which he d e s i r e s t o o r d e r and what c o n d i t i o n s s h o u l d he
s p e c i f y i n h i s e n q u i r y t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s can submit a p r o p o s a l
i n accordance with h i s requirements ?

1. I t i s n e c e s s a r y f i r s t t o r e c o g n i z e t h e g r e a t v a r i e t y of a p p l i a n c e s c o v e r e d by
t h e Design Rules. I t is obvious t h a t a c r a n e having very high s p e e d s and a r a p i d
working c y c l e i s t n o t d e s i g n e d i n t h e same manner a s a s m a l l overhead c r a n e f o r
i n f r e q u e n t d u t y . For such a machine t h e r e can be no q u e s t i o n o f making a l 1 t h e
v e r i f i c a t i o n s which would appear t o be r e q u i r e d , f r m r e a d i n g through t h e R u l e s ,
because one would c l e a r l y f i n i s h w i t h a v o l m e of c a l c u l a t i o n s which would be
t o t a l l y o u t o f p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e o b j e c t i v e i n view. The manufacturer must t h e r e -
f o r e d e c i d e i n each p a r t i c u l a r c a s e which p a r t s o f t h e machine, which he i s de-
s i g n i n g , s h o u l d be a n a l y s e d and t h o s e f o r which c a l c u l a t i o n i s u n n e c e s s a r y , n o t
because he must a c c e p t t h a t t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e l a t t e r would n o t be i n accordance
w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e R u l e s , b u t because on t h e c o n t r a r y he i s c e r t a i n
i n advance t h a t t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r t h e l a t t e r would only confirm a f a v o u r a b l e
o u t c m e . T h i s may be because a s t a n d a r d c m p o n e n t is b e i n g used which h a s been
v e r i f i e d once and f o r a l 1 o r because i t h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t s m e o f t h e
v e r i f i c a t i o n s imposed by t h e Rules cannot i n c e r t a i n c a s e s have an u n f a v o u r a b l e
r e s u l t and t h e r e f o r e s e r v e no purpose.

I f one t a k e s , f o r example, t h e f a t i g u e c a l c u l a t i o n s , i t i s very e a s y t o s e e t h a t

c e r t a i n v e r i f i c a t i o n s a r e unnecessary f o r appliances o f l i g h t o r moderate d u t y
because t h e y always l e a d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t t h e most u n f a v o u r a b l e c a s e s
a r e those r e s u l t i n g f r m checking s a f e t y i n r e l a t i o n t o the elastic l i m i t .

These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s show t h a t c a l c u l a t i o n s made i n accordance w i t h t h e Rules

can t a k e a v e r y d i f f e r e n t form a c c o r d i n g t o t h e type o f a p p l i a n c e which i s b e i n g
c o n s i d e r e d , and may i n t h e c a s e o f a simple machine o r a machine embodying s t a n d a r d
c a n p o n e n t s be i n t h e form o f a b r i e f s m a r y without p r e j u d i c i n g t h e compliance
o f t h e machine w i t h t h e principies s e t out by t h e Design Rules.

2. As f a r a s t h e second q u e s t i o n i s concerned, s m e e x p l a n a t i o n i s f i r s t d e s i r a b l e
f o r t h e p u r c h a s e r , who may be s m e w h a t bewildered by t h e e x t e n t o f t h e document
and confused when f a c e d with t h e v a r i e t y o f c h o i c e which i t p r e s e n t s , a v a r i e t y
which i s , however, n e c e s s a r y i f one wishes t o t a k e account o f t h e g r e a t d i v e r s i t y
o f problems t o be r e s o l v e d .
I n f a c t , t h e o n l y i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r f o r t h e p u r c h a s e r i s t o d e f i n e t h e d u t y which
h e e x p e c t s f r m h i s a n p l i a n c e and i f possbb!? t o g i v e c m e i n d i c l t b m cif t h e d u t y
o f t h e v a r i o u s motions.

As r e g a r d s t h e s e r v i c e t o b e performed by t h e a p p l i a n c e , two f a c t o r s rnust be s p e c i -

fied, i.e. :

- t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n , a s d e f i n e d i n 2.1.2.2 ;

- t h e l m d s p e c t r u n , a s d e f i n e d i n 2.1.2.3.

In o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t t h e nunber o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i -
z a t i o n , t h e p u r c h a s e r rnay, f o r instante, f i n d t h e p r o d u c t o f :

- t h e nunber o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s which t h e a p p l i a n c e w i l l have t o a v e r a g e e a c h day

on which i t i s used ;

- t h e a v e r a g e nunber o f days of u s e p e r y e a r ;

- t h e nunber o f y e a r s a f t e r which t h e a p p l i a n c e rnay b e c o n s i d e r e d a s having t o be

replaced.

S i r n i l a r l y , t h e l o a d spectrum may be c a l c u l a t e d by means o f t h e s i r n p l i f i e d formula

s e t o u t i n t h e above rnentioned p a r a g r a p h .

In n e i t h e r c a s e do t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s c a l l f o r a h i g h d e g r e e of a c c u r a c y , b e i n g more
i n t h e n a t u r e o f e s t i m a t e s t h a n o f p r e c i s e c a l c u l a t i o n s . Moreover, t h e nunbers of
h o i s t i n g c y c l e s d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c l a s s e s of u t i l i z a t i o n do n o t c o n s t i t u t e g u a r a n t e e d
v a l u e s : t h e y a r e merely g u i d e v a l u e s , s e r v i n g a s a b a s i s f o r t h e f a t i g u e c a l c u l a t i o n s
and c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o an a v e r a g e l i f e which can be expected w i t h a r e a s o n a b l e d e g r e e
o f s a f e t y , p r o v i d e d t h e a p p l i a n c e , d e s i g n e d i n accordance w i t h t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n
r u l e s , is used under t h e c o n d i t i o n s s p e c i f i e d by t h e customer i n h i s c a l l f o r t e n d e r
and a l s n t h a t i t i s o p e r a t e d and m a i n t a i n e d r e g u l a r l y i n c m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e manu-
facturer's instructions.

I f he i s u n a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n and t h e l o a d s p e c t r m , t h e
p u r c h a s e r may c o n f i n e h i m s e l f t o s t a t i n g t h e group i n which t h e a p p l i a n c e is t o
b e c l a s s i f i e d . A g u i d e a s t o t h e c h o i c e o f group i s provided by Table 2.1.2.5.,
which i s n o t b i n d i n g b u t g i v e s s i m p l e examples which, by way o f c m p a r i s o n , may
f a c i l i t a t e selection.

In t h e c a s e o f mechanisrns, t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d a l s o be s p e c i f i e d

- t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n , a s d e f i n e d i n 2.1.3.2 ;

- t h e load s p e c t r m , a s defined i n 2.1.3.3. ;

t h e same o b s e r v a t i o n s a p p l y a s were made c o n c e r n i n g t h e a p p l i a n c e a s a whole.

 ihe t a b l e s i n Appendix A.2.1.1. may be used t o f a c i l i t a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e c l a s s
of u t i l i z a t i o n . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e a p p l i a n c e , t h e y
make i t p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e a t o t a l nunber of working h o u r s f o r t h e mechanism,
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a v e r a g e d u r a t i o n o f a working c y c l e and t h e r a t i o between t h e ope-
r a t i n g time o f t h e mechanism and t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e ccnnplete c y c l e .

Table T.2.1.3.5. may be used a s a g u i d e by a p u r c h a s e r wishing simply t o choose

a group f o r e a c h o f t h e mechanisrns w i t h which t h e a p p l i a n c e he wants t o o r d e r i s
t o be f i t t e d .

A s a g e n e r a l r u l e , t h e p u r c h a s e r h a s no o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n t o supply i n c o n n e c t i o n
w i t h t h e d e s i g n of t h e a p p l i a n c e , e x c e p t i n c e r t a i n c a s e s :

- t h e a r e a o f h o i s t e d l o a d s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e wind, i f t h i s a r e a i s l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e
d e f i n e d i n 2.2.4.1.2. ;

- t h e v a l u e o f t h e o u t - o f - s e r v i c e wind, where l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o
n e c e s s i t a t e d e s i g n f o r an o u t - o f - s e r v i c e wind g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t d e f i n e d i n
2.2.4.1.2.

Q E J E C T OF THE R U L E S

The purpose of t h e s e r u l e s is t o determine t h e l o a d s and ccnnbinations o f l o a d s which

must be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t when d e s i g n i n g h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e s , and a l s o t o e s t a b l i s h
t h e s t r e n g t h and s t a b i l i t y c o n d i t i o n s t o be observed f o r t h e v a r i o u s l o a d combi-
nations.

SCOPE

The R u l e s a p p l y t o t h e d e s i g n o f l i f t i n g a p p l i a n c e s o r p a r t s o f l i f t i n g a p p l i a n c e s
which appear i n t h e i l l u s t r a t e d terminology f o r c r a n e s and heavy l i f t i n g a p p l i a n c e s
o f S e c t i o n 1 o f t h e FEM.

Appliances n o t covered by S e c t i o n 1

1 ) L i f t i n g a p p l i a n c e s i n c l u d e d i n S e c t i o n V , f o r example :

- mobile j i b c r a n e s on p n e m a t i c o r s o l i d rubber t y r e s , c r a w l e r t r a c k s , l o r r i e s ,
t r a i l e r s and b r a c k e t s .

2 ) L i f t i n g e q u i p n e n t which a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i n t e r n a 1 r e g u l a t i o n s of FEM, a r e i n c l u -
ded i n S e c t i o n IX, t h a t i s t o s a y :
 - v a r i o u s itms o f s e r i e s l i f t i n g e q u i ~ e n t ,

- electric hoists,

- pneunatic h o i s t s ,
- accessories for l i f t i n g ,

- hand o p e r a t e d c h a i n b l o c k s ,
- e l e v a t i n g p l a t f o r m s , work p l a t f o r m s , dock l e v e l l e r s ,
- winches,
- j a c k s , t r i p o d s , c m b i n e d a p p a r a t u s f o r p u l l i n g and l i f t i n g ,
- stacker cranes.

For s e r i e s l i f t i n g equipment, t h o s e c h a p t e r s of t h e Design R u l e s o f S e c t i o n 1 which

have been a c c e p t e d by S e c t i o n IX s h o u l d be used.

These r u l e s c m p r i . s e e i g h t b o o k l e t s . In a d d i t i o n s m e b o o k l e t s c o n t a i n appendices
which g i v e f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e method o f a p p l i c a t i o n .
 LIST OF SYMBOLS A N D N O T A T I O N S

A rn2 A r e a exposed t o w i n d (2-231

C o m b i n e d i n f l u e n c e o f r e s i d u a l t e n s i l e stresses w i t h dead w e i g h t
ctresses (3-41

A l t o A%! - C r a n e groups [2-31

Ae rn2 E n v e l o p e d area o f l a t t i c e [2-271

rnrn Wheelbase o f c r a n e [2-201: D i m e n s i o n o f l a t t i c e i n w i n d l o a d

c a l c u l a t i o n [2-271: L e n g t h o f s t r i p o f p l a t e i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n (3-383
S i z e o f f i l l e t w e l d i n n o t c h case 2.33 [3-621

a rn/s2 A c c e l e r a t i o n [5-221

5 - l n f l u e n c e o f t h i c k n e s s o f s t r u c t u r a l rnember [3-61

B rnm W i d t h o f l a t t i c e i n w i n d l o a d c a l c u l a t i o n [2-271

5 0 t o BICI - Classes o f u t i l i s a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l rnembers [2-1 11

mm B r e a d t h o f s e c t i o n acrocs w i n d f r o n t [2-271:
L a r g e s t dirnension o f r e c t a n g u l a r s t e e l c e c t i o n [3-61:
L e n g t h o f p l a t e i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n [3-391:
U s e f u l w i d t h o f r a i l i n w h e e l c a l c u l a t i o n [4-211

l n f l u e n c e o f c o l d [3-71: C o e f f i c i e n t used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e t i g h t e n i n g
t o r q u e o f b o l t s [3-281: S e l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r c h o i c e o f r u n n i n g
s t e e l w i r e ropes (4-151

Shape c o e f f i c i e n t i n w i n d load c a l c u l a t i o n [2-241

S t a r t i n g class (5-201

F a c t o r s c h a r a c t e r i s i n g t h e slope o f Wtihler c u r v e s [4-91

R o t a t i o n speed c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r wheel c a l c u l a t i o n (4-2 11

G r o u p c o e f f i c i e n t f o r w h e e l c a l c u l a t i o n (4-21 1

P o w e r f a c t o r [5-81

Syrnbol used i n p l a t e i n s p e c t i o n f o r l a r n i n a t i o n d e f e c t s (3-571

S e c t i o n d i a m e t e r i n chape f a c t o r d e t e r r n i n a t i o n (2-251

D mrn R o p e w i n d i n g d i a r n e t e r [4-191: Wheel diarneter (4-211: S h a f t

d i a r n e t e r i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i c m p a r t s [4-261.
mm n i s r n e t ~ ro f b o l t h o l e s [ 3 - 1 5 )

mm D e p t h o f section parallel t o wind direction i n wind load calculation

[2-27): N o m i n a l d i a m e t e r o f b o l t [3-28): N o m i n a l d i a m e t e r o f r o p e
(4-181: C h a f t d i a m e t e r i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4-2':

mm B o l t d i a r n e t e r a t t h r e a d r o o t [3-141

- N u m b e r o f c o m p l e t e d s t a r t s p e r h o u r 15-201

- N u r n b e r o f i m p u l s e s o r i n c o m p l e t e s t a r t s p e r h o u r [5-201

mm M i n i m u m r o p e d i a m e t e r 14-331

mm N o m i n a l b o l t d i a m e t e r (3-141

~ / m m ~ E l a s t i c m o d u l u s o f s t e e l 13-391

- Groups o f components [2-14)

% D u t y f a c t o r 15-191

T h i c k n e s s o f s t r i p o f p l a t e i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n (3-391: T h i c k n e s s
o f p l a t e i n w e l d e d j o i n t s [3-621

P l a t e t h i c k n e c c e s i n w e l d e d j o i n t s (3-64)

W i n d f o r c e (2-23): H o r i z o n t a l f o r c e d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n [2-451:
T e n s i l e l o a d i n b o l t s (3-191: C h m p r e s s i v e f o r c e o n m e m b e r i n c r i p p l i n g
c a l c u l a t i o n (3-341

M i n i m u r n b r e a k i n g l o a d o f r o p e I4-171

P e r m i s s i b l e w o r k i n g l o a d o n b o l t s (3-151

P r o j e c t i o n o f r o p e l o a d o n t h e x a x i s d u r i n g t r a v e l l i n g 12-491

l n e r t i a f o r c e d u e t o t h e l o a d d u r i n g t r a v e l l i n g [2-461

M a x i m u m v a l u e o f Fc [2-5 1)

F i l l f a c t o r o f r o p e [4-181: N u m b e r o f e l e c t r i c a l b r a k i n g s [ 5 - 2 0 1

R u n n i n g t i m e o f m o t o r [5-241

C o e f f i c i e n t f o r r e l a t i v e t i m e s o f deceleration and a c c e l e r a t i o n [5-251

A c c e l e r a t i o n d u e t o g r a v i t y . a c c o r d i n g t o ISO 9.80665 m / c 2 [ 2 - 4 6 1

C o e f f i c i e n t depending o n group for choice o f r o p e d r u m s and

p u l l e y s I 4 - 191

M o m e n t o f i n e r t i a o f rnass i n s l e w i n g m o t i o n I2-561

M o m e n t o f i n e r t i a o f s t i f f e n e r s [3-451
S t a r t i n g c u r r e n t o f m o t o r [5-71

N o m i n a l c u r r e n t o f m o t o r [5-61

Sum o f c u r r e n t s I A a n d IN [5-81

M o m e n t o f i n e r t i a o f s t i f f e n e r s [3-441

M o m e n t o f i n e r t i a o f mass o f a p a r t i n r o t a t i o n (2-451

M o r n e n t o f i n e r t i a o f mass o f al1 p a r t s i n r o t a t i o n [2-493

M o r n e n t o f i n e r t i a o f mass o f m o t o r and b r a k e (5-221

G r o u p n u m b e r i n c o m p o n e n t groups E9 t o E8 (4-101

A c c e l e r a t i o n i n h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n s (2-501

A v e r a g e a c c e l e r a t i o n / d e c e l e r a t i o n in h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n s [2-461

C u b i c m e a n f a c t o r f o r c h o i c e o f b e a r i n g s (4-131

Empirical coefficient for determining m i n i m u m breaking strength

o f r o p e [4- 1 El]

Stress c o n c e n t r a t i o n classes f o r w e l d e d p a r t s (3-4B1

C o e f f i c i e n t f o r calculating force i n the direction o f the wind f o r

l a t t i c e g i r d e r s and t o w e r s [2-291

P r e s s u r e o f w h e e l on r a i l [4-251

S p i n n i n g loss c o e f f i c i e n t [4-181

C o r r o s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i c m p a r t s (4-261

S i z e c o e f f i c i e n t i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4-261

C o r r e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r a b n o r m a l l o c a t i o n [5-191

S p e c t r u m c o e f f i c i e n t f o r m e c h a n i s m s [2-El

S p e c t r u m c o e f f i c i e n t f o r cranec í2-41

Chape c o e f f i c i e n t i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4-261

S p e c t r u m c o e f f i c i e n t f o r c o m p o n e n t s [2-121

S p e c t r u m c o e f f i c i e n t f o r m e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4- 101

Surface finish [machiningl coefficient in fatigue verification of

m e c h a n i s m p a r t s [4-261

B u c k l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s used i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s (3-391
 [ Z Z - G JP ~ O y
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 kg E q u i v a l e n t mass i n c a l c u l a t i o n o f loads due t o h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n [2-491

rn l:g L u a d [2-41

m max kg Safe w o r k i n g l o a d [2-41

N - N u m b e r o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s [2-391

t" N F o r c e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o j o i n t p l a n e i n b o l t e d j o i n t s (3-191

- O r d i n a r y q u a l i t y i n w e l d i n g (3-571

N Tensile f o r c e due t o e x t e r n a 1 m o m e n t i n b o l t e d j o i n t s [3-191

- N u r n b e r o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s [2-41: N u r n b e r o f stress c y c l e s (4-91

rnin-l N o m i n a l r o t a t i o n speed o f m o t o r s i n r p m [5-221

- N u r n b e r o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s d e t e r m i n i n g t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use (2-41

N L o a d on w h e e l [4-251

- S p e c t r u m classes f o r c o m p o n e n t s (2-1 21

- S y m b o l s i n d i c a t i n g w e l d i n g t e s t s [3-571

~ / r n m ~ L i m i t i n g pressure i n w h e e l c a l c u l a t i o n [4-211

W N o m i n a l p o w e r o f m o t o r (5-261

W M a x i m u m p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t o f m o t o r [5-171

P~rned W M e a n p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t o f m o t o r [5-261

prnean l. l l N M e a n l o a d on w h e e l i n l o a d i n g cases I and l l [4-211

Prnean 1 1 1 N M e a n load on w h e e l i n l o a d i n g case 1 1 1 [4-2 11

Prnin I,II.III N M i n i m u m l o a d on w h e e l i n l o a d i n g cases l. II and 1 1 1 [4-211

a I l l l l N M a x i m u m l o a d on w h e e l i n l o a d i n g cases l. I I and 1 1 1 [4-211

Pmed kW E q u i v a l e n t m e a n p o w e r (5- 191

P mm Span o f c r a n e [2-201

pa mm P i t c h o f t h r e a d [3-141

QI to 8 4 - S p e c t r u m classes f o r cranec í2-5J

q - C o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r f o r chape c o e f f i c i e n t ks [4-271

q ~ / m r n ~ D y n a r n i c pressure o f t h e w i n d [2-221

4 - C o e f f i c i e n t f o r t y p e o f e l e c t r i c b r a k i n g . e t c {5-201

0 N/mrn2 M i n i m u m u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f t h e w i r e o f a r o p e (4-181
 A p p a r e n t e l a s t i c l i m i t aE a c c o r d i n g t o ISO 3800/1 [ 3-16)

N u m b e r o f l e v e l s o f l o a d i n g (2-81; R a t i o o f stresses f o r l a r g e
d e f o r m a t i o n s 13-23)

mrn R a d i u s o f c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l s i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s (3-441: R a d i u s
o f r o p e g r o o v e [4-201: R a d i u s o f r a i l h e a d (4-22): B l e n d i n g r a d i u s (4-261

C o e f f i c i e n t f o r t y p e o f e l e c t r i c b r a k i n g 15-20)

O h m i c r e s i s t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h (5-91

S t r e s s 12-8): M a x i m u m t e n s i l e f o r c e i n r o p e 14-16]

A r e a o f al1 r n e m b e r s o f l a t t i c e g i r d e r s a n d t o w e r s 12-29)

C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f c o n d u c t o r [5-81

B e a r i n g d i a r n e t e r u n d e r b o l t h e a d 13-15)

S p e c i a l q u a l i t y o f w e l d i n g [3-571

L o a d d u e t o d e a d w e i g h t . c o n s t a n t l o a d [2-15). (3-231

L o a d d u e t o h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n s (2-19)

L o a d due t o w o r k i n g l o a d [2-151

L o a d d u e t o t o r q u e s (2-331

M e a n t y p e M l o a d i n b e a r i n g c a l c u l a t i o n (4-131

M i n i m u m t y p e M l o a d i n b e a r i n g c a l c u l a t i o n (4-13)

M a x i m u m t y p e M l o a d i n l o a d c a s e 1 (2-341

M a x i m u m t y p e M l o a d i n l o a d case 1 1 (2-351

M a x i m u m t y p e M l o a d i n l o a d c a s e 1 1 1 (3-351

L o a d d u e t o a c c e l e r a t i o n o r b r a k i n g 12-33]

L o a d due t o r n a x i m u m m o t o r t o r q u e (2-371

L o a d d u e t o f r i c t i o n a l f o r c e s (2-331

L o a d due t o v e r t i c a l displacement o f rnoveable p a r t c o f a l i f t i n g

a p p l i a n c e . e x c l u d i n g t h e w o r k i n g l o a d (2-331

L o a d d u e t o v e r t i c a l d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e w o r k i n g l o a d (2-331

L o a d due t o t h e e f f e c t o f l i r n i t i n g w i n d f o r appliance i n s e r v i c e [2-331

L o a d due t o w i n d e f f e c t f o r q = 80 ~ / r n r n
[2-351
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L o a d due t o w i n d e f f e c t f o r q = 2 5 0 ~ / r (2-351
n ~

L o a d d u e t o f o r c e s n o t r e a c t e d b y t o r q u e s (2-331

M a x i m u m t y p e R l o a d i n l o a d i n g case 1 (2-341
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( h \ - b ] uo!aelnalea 6 u ! ~ e a qu ! peor a adAa wnuJ!u!W

[ ~ E - z ]1 1 1 asea 6 u ! p e o l u ! p e o i a adAa u n w ! x e W

[ ~ E - z ] 1 1 ase3 6u!peol u ! p e o l ej adAri w n w ! x e W

T h i c k n e s s o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r w h e n c h o o s i n g s t e e l q u a l i t y [3-61;
T h i c k n e s s o f c y l i n d r i c a l s h e l l w a l l i n b u c k l i n g analysis [3-q41:
T h i c k n e s s o f w e b o f t r o l l e y r a i l g i r d e r [a-61

D u r a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f l o a d i n g [2-8)

D u r a t i o n o f a c t i o n o f c o u p l e s M i . M 2 a n d M 3 [5-181

I d e a l s e c t i o n t h i c k n e s s w h e n c h o o s i n g s t e e l q u a l i t y [3-61

D u r a t i o n o f d e c e l e r a t i o n w h e n c a l c u l a t i n g loads due t o h o r i z o n t a l
m o t i o n (2-5 11

A v e r a g e d u r a t i o n o f a h o i s t i n g c y c l e [2-391

Classes o f u t i l i s a t i o n o f l i f t i n g a p p l i a n c e s [2-33

P e r m i s s i b l e v o l t a g e d r o p í5-81

H o i s t i n g speed [2-161: [5-171

T h e o r e t i c a l w i n d speed (2-221

N o m i n a l t r a v e l speed o f a p p l i a n c e [2-2 1 1

S t e a d y h o r i z o n t a l s p e e d o f p o i n t o f suspension o f l o a d [2-451

Distance of e x t r e m e fibre f r o m centre o f gravity o f section in

c r i p p l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n [3-341

T r a v e l speed [5-221

W o r k d o n e p e r u n i t t i m e d u r i n g s t a r t i n g [5-261

N o t c h cases o f u n w e l d e d m e m b e r s [3-481

Angular v e l o c i t y o f a mechanism p a r t about i t s c e n t r e o f r o t a t i o n

w h e n c a l c u l a t i n g loads d u e t o h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n [2-45)

M a x i m u m v a l u e i n d i c a t e d f o r m o t o r o f w o r k done i n s t a r t i n g w i t h
h o o k l o a d [5-261

R e a c t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h [5-91

C o o r d i n a t e o f p o i n t o f suspension o f h o i s t r o p e a l o n g a n a x i s p a r a l l e l
t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t r a v e l [2-471

C o o r d i n a t e o f p o s i t i o n o f c e n t r e o f g r a v i t y o f suspended l o a d a l o n g
a n a x i s h a v i n g t h e s a m e d i r e c t i o n . cense and o r i g i n as t h e a x i s o f x
[2-401

Assessing c o e f f i c i e n t f o r i n f l u e n c e A [3-41

Assessing c o e f f i c i e n t f o r i n f l u e n c e B [3-61

Assessing c o e f f i c i e n t f o r i n f l u e n c e C [3-71

M i n i m u m p r a c t i c a 1 f a c t o r o f s a f e t y For c h o i c e o f s t e e l w i r e r o p e s [4-1,

C o o r d i n a t e expressing h o r i z o n t a l displacement o f load r e l a t i v e

t o c r a n e [2-481
D i c p l a c e m e n t o f l o a d d u r i n g t r a v e l m o t i o n o f c r a n e [2-5 11

D i s p l a c e m e n t o f l n a d d u r i n g tr=r\lel r n o t l o n o f r r a n e [2-5 1 3

R a t i o o f cidec o f p a n e l i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n [3-411

R a t i o o f d u r a t i o n o f use o f m e c h a n i c m during a hoicting c y c l e t o

a v e r a g e d u r a t i o n o f c y c l e (2-391

Angle o f inclination o f rope during acceleration o f crane [2-4gl

T i m e c o e f f i c i e n t r e l a t i n g t o a c c e l e r a t i o n o f c r a n e í2-461

Critica1 value of 6 (2-521

A m p l i f y i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f l o a d i n g d e p e n d i n g o n c r a n e g r o u p (2-301

A m p l i f y i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f loading depending on mechanism group

[2-34 1

Shortening o f j o i n e d e l e m e n t s under t h e t i g h t e n i n g f o r c e i n b o l t e d
j o i n t s [3-151

E x t e n c i o n o f b o l t u n d e r t i g h t e n i n g f o r c e (3-151

D i v e r g e n c e i n s p a n o f c r a n e [E-41: D i v e r g e n c e i n c r a n e r a i l c e n t r e s
[a-al

E l a s t i c c o e f f i c i e n t o f b o l t e d j o i n t c (3-151

S h i e l d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t in c a l c u l a t i o n o f w i n d f o r c e (2-281: Poiccon's
r a t i o í3-391: O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y o f m e c h a n i s m [5-171

A n g l e o f w i n d r e l a t i v e t o l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i c o f m e m b e r [2-291

S a f e t y c o e f f i c i e n t c a p p l y i n g t o b o l t e d j o i n t c [ 3 - 151

R a t i o o f t h e e x t r e m e s t r e s s v a l u e c i n f a t i g u e c a l c u l a t i o n (3-241

E l e c t r i c c o n d u c t i v i t y [5-0)

R a t i o o f e x t r e m e i n d i v i d u a l strecces ax. 9,? x y i n fatigue calculation

[3-521

C o e f f i c i e n t a p p l i e d t o h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e c i n t r a v e l m o t i o n c 12-20]:
S l e n d e r n e c c o f c o l u m n i n c r i p p l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n [3-331

M a c c c o n c t a n t i n c a l c u l a t i o n o f loadc d u e t o a c c e l e r a t i o n o f h o r i z o n t a l
m o t i o n [2-46): C o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n i n t h r e a d s 13-141: C o e f f i c i e n t
o f f r i c t i o n o f c o n t a c t s u r f a c e s i n b o l t e d j o i n t c 13-1 91

S a f e t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r c r i t i c a 1 ctrescec i n c t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s [3-31

Dead weight coefficient in calculation of structural members subjected

t o s i g n i f i c a n t d e f o r m a t i o n [3-231

S a f e t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r calculation of c t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s depending
o n c a s e o f l o a d i n g (3-101
S a f e t y c o e f f i c i e n t for calculation o f mechanism parts depending o n
case o f l o a d i n g (4-31

= VE. s a f e t y c o e f f i c i e n t for calculation o f b o l t e d joints depending

o n c a s e o f l o a d i n g [3-191

S a f e t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r b u c k l i n g !3-221

S a f e t y c o e f f i c i e n t for v e r i f i c a t i o n o f f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h o f m e c h a n i s m
p a r t s [4- 1 1 1

E x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d c o e f f i c i e n t depending on crane t y p e f o r
c a l c u l a t i n g d y n a m i c c o e f f i c i e n t [2- 161

R e d u c i n g c o e f f i c i e n t applied t o c r i t i c a 1 stresses i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i c . .
L3-40 1

C o e f f i c i e n t used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e d y n a m i c t e s t l o a d [2-31 1

C o e f f i c i e n t u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s t a t i c t e s t l o a d (2-31 1

C a l c u l a t e d s t r e s s i n s t r u c t u r e s i n g e n e r a l [3-101

Tensile stress f o r w = O i n c a l c u l a t i o n o f f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h 13-50]

W o r k i n g s t r e s s i n t h e r o o t s e c t i o n o f b o l t s L3-151

E q u i v a l e n t s t r e s s e s p e r m i s s i b l e f o r b o l t s [3-153

Permissible tensile stress for w = + 1 i n f a t i g u e c a l c u l a t i o n [3-501

A m p l i t u d e o f t h e permissible m a x i m u m stress i n b o l t s f o r f a t i g u e
c a l c u l a t i o n s í3-161

A p p a r e n t e l a s t i c l i m i t o f s t e e l [3-101

T e n s i l e s t r e s s d u e t o p e r m a n e n t l o a d (3-41: S t r e s s due t o d e a d
w e i g h t (3-231

U l t i m a t e t e n s i le s t r e n g t h (3-1 01

T h e E U L E R S t r e s s (3-391

S t r e s s due t o v a r i a b l e l o a d s !3-233

P e r m i s s i b l e t e n s i le s t r e s s f o r s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s 13-41; P e r m i s s i b l e
s t r e s s f o r r n e c h a n i s m p a r t s !4-3)

Permissible n o r m a l stress f o r v e r i f i c a t i o n o f fatigue s t r e n g t h o f

m e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4- 1 1 1

I n i t i a l s t r e s s i n c a l c u l a t i n g b o l t e d j o i n t s I3-141

Endurance l i m i t o f m a t e r i a l s o f mechanism p a r t s under a l t e r n a t i n g

b e n d i n g (4-61

Permissible f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h in compression for s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s

(3-491: C a l c u l a t e d c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s f o r m e c h a n i s m p a r t s ( 4 - 4 )

C o m p r e s s i o n s t r e s s i n w h e e l and r a i l (4-25)
 N/mmZ E q u i v a l e n t s t r e s s u s e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s ( 3 - 121

C r i t i c a 1 stress used i n c a l c u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s subjected

t o r a r g e d e t o r m a t i o n c (3-231

C r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s [3-391

C r i t i c a l c o m p a r i s o n s t r e s s u s e d i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n [3-401

E n d u r a n c e l i m i t o f m a t e r i a l s o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s [4-81

C a l c u l a t e d b e n d i n g s t r e s s i n m e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4-41

I d e a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s f o r t h i n w a l l e d c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r s (3-441

L o w e r s t r e s s in d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s t r e s s s p e c t r u m (2-131

F a t i g u e s t r e n g t h o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s [4-101

F a t i g u e s t r e n g t h f o r n o r m a l stresses i n t h e x d i r e c t i o n (4-121

F a t i g u e s t r e n g t h f o r n o r m a l s t r e c s e s i n t h e y d i r e c t i o n ( 4 - 121

A r i t h m e t i c m e a n o f al1 u p p e r and l o w e r stresses d u r i n g t h e t o t a l

d u r a t i o n o f use 12-131: P e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s i n c o n f o r m i t y t e s t s t o
ISO 3 6 0 0 / 1 (3-1 61

Omax M a x i m u m s t r e s s i n f a t i g u e c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s (3-241

" m in M i n i m u m stress i n f a t i g u e c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s (3-251

un B e a r i n g p r e s s u r e i n r i v e t e d j o i n t s 13-13]

u T h e o r e t i c a l t e n s i l e s t r e s s i n b o l t due t o t i g h t e n i n g (3-14)
P

u S'JP U p p e r s t r e s s i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s t r e s s s p e c t r u m (2-131

Osup rnax M a x i m u m u p p e r s t r e s s i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n f o s t r e s s s p e c t r u m (2-131

"sup rniri M i n i m u m u p p e r s t r e s s i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s t r e s s s p e c t r u m ( 2 - 131

"t Permissible tensile stress in fatigue v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l

m e m b e r s I3-491: C a l c u l a t e d t e n s i l e s t r e s s i n r n e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4-4.1:
Tensile stress i n r o p e (4-341

R e d u c e d b u c k l i n g s t r e s s o f t h i n w a l l e d c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r s (3-441

P e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s i n a l t e r n a t i n g t e n s i o n / c o m p r e s s i o n in f a t i g u e
v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s [3-481

Permissible a l t e r n a t i n g stress i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f mechanism

p a r t s (4-71

N o r m a l stress i n t h e x d i r e c t i o n when c a l c u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r a l
m e r n b e r s 13- 1 21

Permissible stress in fatigue v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l mernbers

[3-521
UX max M a x i m u m stress i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s (3-521

Ox m i n M i n i m u m s t r e s s i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s 13-521

O N o r m a l stress i n t h e y d i r e c t i o n when c a l c u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s
Y
( 3 - 121

P e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s 13-52'

max M a x i m u m stress i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s I3-521

min M i n i m u m s t r e s s i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s [3-521

Shear s t r e s s i n g e n e r a l (3-1 21: 3 l c u l a t e d s h e a r s t r e s s f o r m e c h a n i s m

p a r t s (4-4)

Permissible shear stress when c a l c u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s í 3 - 1 1 1

Permissible shear stress i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s

14-1 1 1

T o r s i o n a l s t r e s s i n b o l t s d u e t o t i g h t e n i n g I3-141

C r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g s h e a r s t r e s s 13-39)

E n d u r a n c e l i m i t o f m a t e r i a l s o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4-81

F a t i g u e s t r e n g t h o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s (4- 101

M a x i m u m shear stress i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i c m p a r t s
[3-251

min M i n i m u m shear s t r e s s i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s
(3-251

E n d u r a n c e l i m i t u n d e r a l t e r n a t i n g shear o f m a t e r i a l s o f m e c h a n i s m
p a r t s [4-71

Ratio o f duration of action of a known torque t o motor running

t i m e 15-24]

'wk E n d u r a n c e l i m i t u n d e r a l t e r n a t i n g shear i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n
o f m e c h a n i s m p a r t s [4-71

S h e a r s t r e s s w h e n c a l c u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s 13-121
' XY
xya P e r m i s s i b l e shear s t r e s s i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l
m e m b e r s (3-521

xy m a x M a x i m u m shear s t r e s s i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s
(3-521

'xy m i n M i n i m u m shear s t r e s s i n f a t i g u e v e r i f i c a t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s
(3-521

S l o p e o f W o h l e r c u r v e [4-91
U y n a r n i c c o e f f i c i e n t f o r h o i s t m o t i o n [2-161: R a t i o o f s t r e s s e s
a t p l a t e edges i n b u c k l i n g c a l c u l a t i o n [3-223

Dynarnic coeff i c i e n t when c a l c u l a t i n g loads due t o a c c e l e r a t i o n o f

h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n s (2-461

Tolerante f a c t o r i n b o l t e d j o i n t s [3-141

C r i p p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t [3-221

A n g u l a r v e l o c i t y oF s h a f t w h e n c a l c u l a t i n g l o a d s d u e t o h o r i z o n t a l
m o t i o n (2-561

F r e q u e n c i e s o f o s c i l l a t i o n d u r i n g l o a d s w i n g (2-501

A n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f m o t o r [2-491
 - - - - -

This b o o k l e t i s p a r t o f t h e "Rules f o r t h e design o f h o i s t i n g

appliances" consisting o f 8 bookletc :

Booklet 1 - O b j e c t and scope

Booklet 2 - C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and loading on structures and mechanisms
Booklet 3 - C a l c u l a t i n g t h e stressec i n s t r u c t u r e s
Booklet - C h e c k i n g f o r f a t i g u e a n d c h o i c e o f m e c h a n i s m componenies
Booklet 5 - Electricai equipment
Booklet 6 - S t a b i l i t y and s a f e t y against m o v e m e n t b y t h e w i n d
Booklet 7 - Safety rules
Booklet 8 - Test loads and t o l e r a n c e s

1 and m u c t n o t b e used separately.

 B O O K L E T 2

CLASSIF ICAI I O N A N D L Q A D I N G
QN S T R U C T U R E S A N D M E C H A N I S N S

CONTENTS

Clause
GROlP CLASSIFICATION ff HOISTING APPLIANCES 2.1
AND T E I R C O W M N T PARTS
- General plan of classification
- Classification of hoisting appliances as a whole
Classification system
, Classes of utilization
. Load spectrum
Group classification of hoisting appliances
. Guidance on group classification of an appliance
- Classification of individual mechanisms as a whole

. Classification system
Class of utilization
. Loading spectrum
. Group classification of individual mechanisms as a whole
Guidance for group classification o: individual mechanisms
as a whole
- Classification o f components
. Classification system
. Classes of utilization
. Stress spectrum
. Group classification of components

L.OADS ENTERIK INTO T E DESIGN ff STRUCTURES

- Principal loads
- Loads due to vertical motions

. Loads due to hoisting of the working load

. . Values of the dynamic coefficient '?
. Loads due to acceleration (or deceleration) of the hoisting
motion and to vertical shock loadings when travelling along
rail tracks
. Special case
- Loads due to horizontal motions SH
Horizontal effects due to accelerations (or decelerations)
. . Traverse and travel motions
.. Slewing and luffing (derricking) motions
. Effects of centrifugal force
. Transverse reactions due to rolling action
. Euffer effects ST
. . k f f e r effects on the structure
. . Euffer effects on the suspended load
- Loads due t o c l i m a t i c e f f e c t s

. Wind a c t i o n
. . Wind p r e s s u r e
.. D e s i g n w i n d c o n d i t i o n s
.. Wind l o a d c a l c u l a t i o n s
. . F o r c e coef f i c i e n t s
. Snow l o a d
. Temperature v a r i a t i o n s
- Miscellaneous ioads

. Loads c a r r i e d by p l a t f o r m s

CASES OF LOADING

- Case 1 : PQpliance working w i t h o u t wind

- Case 1 1 : PQpliance working w i t h wind
- Case 111 : Appliance subject t o exceptional loads
- Choosiny t h e a m p l i f y i n g c o e f f i c i e n t yc

SEISMIC EFFECTS

LOADS ENTERING INTO Ti€ DESIGN ff MECHANISMS

- Type SM l o a d s
- Type SR l o a d s

CASES OF LOADING

- Case 1 : M r m a l s e r v i c e w i t h o u t w i n d

. Type SM l o a d s
. Type SR l o a d s

Case 11 : bbrmal s e r v i c e w i t h w i n o

. Type SM l o a d s
. Type SR l o a d s

- Case 111 : E x c e p t i o n a l l o a d s

. Type SM l o a d s
Type SR l o a o s

- b p l i c a t i o n f o r c a l c u l a t i n g SM

. H o i s t i n y motions
. H o r i z o n t a l motions
. Combined m o t i o n s

APPENDIX

HARMONISATION OF T E CLASSIFICATIONS OF APPLIANCES AND

MCHANISMS

CALCU.ATI0N OFLOADS D E T0 ACCELERATION ff HORIZONTAL

MOTIONS A-2.2.3. 2-45

LIST OF SYEIOLS AND NOTATIONS See b o o k l e t 1

 G R O U P C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF H O I S T I N G A P P L I A N C E S A N D
I H E I H COMPONENT PARTS

G E N E R A L P L A N OF C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

I n t h e d e s i g n o f a h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e and i t s component p a r t s , account must be

t a k e n of t h e duty which they w i l l be r e q u i r e d t o perform d u r i n g t h e i r d u r a t i o n
o f use ; f o r t h i s purpose group c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s employed of :

- t h e a p p l i a n c e a s a whole ;
- t h e i n d i v i d u a l mechanisms a s a whole ;
- t h e s t r u c t u r a l and mechanical components.

T h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s based on two c r i t e r i a , namely :

- t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use of t h e item c o n s i d e r e d ;

- t h e hook l o a d , l o a d i n g o r s t r e s s s p e c t r a t o which t h e item i s s u b j e c t e d .

2.1.2. C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF H O I S T I N G A P P L I A N C E S A S A W H O L E

2.1.2.1. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Appliances a s a whole a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n e i g h t groups, d e s i g n a t e d by t h e symbols

Al, A2, .. . , A8 r e s p e c t i v e l y ( s e e s e c t i o n 2 . 1 . 2 . 4 . ) , on t h e b a s i s o f t e n c l a s s e s
o f u t i l i z a t i o n and f o u r l o a d s p e c t r a .

2.1.2.2. CLASSES O F U T I L I Z A T I O N

By d u r a t i o n of o s e o f a h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e i s meant t h e number of h o i s t i n g c y c l e s
which t h e a p p l i a n c e performs. A h o i s t i n g c y c l e i s t h e e n t i r e sequence o f o p e r a t i o n s
c o m e n c i n g when a l o a d i s h o i s t e d and ending a t t h e mment when t h e a p p l i a n c e is
ready t o h o i s t t h e n e x t l o a d .

The t o t a l d u r a t i o n of u s e i s a computed d u r a t i o n o f u s e , c o n s i d e r e d as a guide

v a i u e , c o m e n c i n g when t h e a p p l i a n c e i s put i n t o s e r v i c e and ending when i t i s
f i n a l l y taken o i ~ to f s e r v i c e .

On t h e b a s i s o f t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f u s e , we have t e n c l a s s e s o f u t i l i z a t i o n ,
d e s i g n a t e d by t h e symbols UO, U1, ..., U9. They a r e d e f i n e d i n t a b l e 1.2.1.2.2.
 Table T.2.1.2.2. - C l a s s e s of u t i l i z a t i o n

T o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use
( n m b e r "max o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s )
I
x
< "max
< "max
< "max
< "max
< "max
< "max
< nmax
< nmax
< "max

2.1.2.3. L O A D SPECTRUM

The l o a d spectrum c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e t o t a l nunber o f l o a d s h o i s t e d d u r i n g t h e t o t a l

d u r a t i o n o f u s e ( s e e 2 . 1 . 2 . 2 . ) o f an a p p l i a n c e . I t i s a d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n
( s m e d ) y = f ( x ) , e x p r e s s i n g t h e f r a c t i o n x ( O ,< x 6 1 ) of t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n
o f u s e , d u r i n g which t h e r a t i o c f t h é hoisted ;oad r o íhe s o f e work:?~ 13cd
a t t a i n s a t l e a s t a given value y (O 4 y 4 1 ) .

Examples o f a l o a d spectrum a r e given i n f i g s . 2 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 1 . - a and b .

o 03 o 1 n -6 -5 -4 -J -2 -1 O
1.g (&)
F i g u r e 2.1.2.3.1. - a F i g u r e 2.1.2.3.1. - b

mq = loads ;

m f m a x = s a f e working l o a d ;

n = nunber of h o i s t i n g c y c l e s i n r e s p e c t o f which t h e h o i s t e d l o a d i s g r e a t e r
than or equal t o m q ;

nmaX = nunber o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s d e t e r m i n i n g t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use.

Each spectrum i s a s s i g n e d a spectrum f a c t o r kp, d e f i n e d by :

For t h e purposes of group c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t h e exponent d i s t a k e n by c o n v e n t i o n
22 rquul ts 3 .

In many a p p l i c a t i o n s t h e f u n c t i o n f ( x ) may be approximated by a f u n c t i o n con-

s i s t i n g o f a c e r t a i n number r o: s t e p s ( s e ? f i g . 2 . ¡ . 2 . 3 . 2 . ) , cornprising r e s p e c -
t i v e l y n l , n 2 , ..., nr h o i s t i n g c y c l e s , t h e l o a d may be c o n s i d e r e d a s p r a c t i c a l l y
c o n s t a n t and e q u a l t o m& d u r i n g t h e n i c y c l e s o f t h e i t h s t e p . I f nmax r e p r e -
s e n t s t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f u s e and mema, t h e g r e a t e s t among t h e m f i l o a d s , t h e r e
exists a relation :

o r i n approximated forrn :

, . -
"2 "3 -
"r
"NI "m. "m81 " max
F i g u r e 2.1.2.3.2.

According t o i t s l o a d ipectrurn, a h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e is p i a c e d i n one of t h e

f 0 u r spectrum c l a s s e s Q1, Q2, Q 3 , Q4 d e f i n e d i n t a b l e 1.2.1.2.3.

Table T.2.1.2.3.

Spectrwn c l a s s e s

I Symbol Spectrum f a c t o r kp l
2.1.2.4. GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF HOISTING APPLIANCES

Group c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e s a s a whole i s deterrnined frorn t a b l e

T.2.1.2.4.

Table T.2.1.2.4.
Appliance qroups

2,1,2.5. GUIDANCE ON GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF A N APPLIANCE

D i r e c t i o n s concerning t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e s a r e given i n
t a b l e T.2.1.2.5.

S i n c e a p p i i a n c e s o f t n e sarne t y p e rnay be used i n a wide v a r i e t y o f ways, t h e

grouping shown i n t h i s t a b l e can o n l y be taken a s a rnodel. In p a r t i c u l a r , where
s e v e r a 1 groups a r e shown a s a p p r o p r i a t e t o an a p p l i a n c e o f a given t y p e , i t i s
n e c e s s a r y t o a s c e r t a i n , on t h e b a s i s o f t h e a p p l i a n c e ' s cornputed t o t a l d u r a t i o n
o f use and l o a d spectrurn, i n which c l a s s e s of u t i l i z a t i o n and load spectrurn i t
h a s t o be p l a c e d , and consequently i n which group.

2.1.3. C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF I N D I V I D U A L MECHANISMS A S A WHOLE

2.1.3.1. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

I n d i v i d u a l rnechanisrns a s a whole a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n e i g h t groups, d e s i g n a t e d r e s -

p e c t i v e l y by t h e syrnbols M1, M2, ..., M8 ( s e e 2 . 1 . 3 . 4 . ) , on t h e b a s i s o f t e n c l a s s e s
o f u t i l i z a t i o n and f o u r c l a s s e s of l o a d i n g spectrurn.
 Table T.2.1.2.5. - Lidunce for qrsup clas;ifi¿atioll o f appliami~cc

1 knd-operated appliances A1 - A2
1 2 1 Erection cranes 1 1 A1 - A2 1

I1 4
I E r e c t i o n and d i s m a n t l i n g c r a n e s f o r power
s t a t i o n s , rnachine shops, e t c .
( Stocking and r e c l a i m i n g t r a n s p o r t e r s 1 kbok duty 1 A5 1
5 S t o c k i n g and r e c l a i m i n g t r a n s p o r t e r s Grab o r magnet A6 - A8
6 Workshop c r a n e s A3 - A5
r

I 1 Overhead t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e s , p i g - b r e a k i n g
cranes, scrapyard cranes
Ladle c r a n e s
Grab o r magnet

A6 - A8
Soaking-pit c r a n e s A8
1O S t r i p p e r c r a n e s , open-hearth f u r n a c e -
A8
charging cranes
1 ii ( Forge c r a n e s I
I / A6 - A8 1
12.a Bridge cranes f o r unloading, bridge cranes
Hook o r s p r e a d e r d u t y A5 - A6
for containers
12.b Other b r i d g e c r a n e s ( w i t h c r a b and/or
kbok duty A4
slewing j i b c r a n e )

l l3 I Bridge c r a n e s f o r u n l o a d i n g , b r i d g e c r a n e s
( w i t h c r a b and/or s l e w i n g j i b c r a n e )
Grab o r rnagnet

l l4 I Drydock c r a n e s , s h i p y a r d j i b c r a n e s , j i b
cranes for dismantling
Hook duty

l l5 l Dockside c r a n e s ( s l e w i n g , on g a n t r y ) ,
f l o a t i n g c r a n e s and pontoon d e r r i c k s
Dockside c r a n e s ( s l e w i n g , on g a n t r y 1,
t-bok duty
I

Grab o r rnagnet A6 - A8
f l o a t i n q c r a n e s and pontoon d e r r i c k s

11 l7
18
11 F l o a t i n g c r a n e s and pontoon d e r r i c k s f o r
v e r y heavy l o a d s ( u s u a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n 100 t )
Deck c r a n e s ( Hook duty 1 A3 - A4 1
19 Deck c r a n e s Grab o r rnagnet A4 - A5
20 Tower c r a n e s f o r b u i l d i n g A3 - A4
21 Derricks A2 - A3
22 Railway c r a n e s allowed t o r u n i n t r a i n A4
- -

( 1 ) Only a few t y p i c a l c a s e s o f u s e a r e shown, by way of g u i d a n c e , i n t h i s column.

2.1.3.2. CLASSES OF U T I L I Z A T I O N

By a i r a t i o n o f u s e o f a mechanism i s meant t h e time d u r i n g which t h e mechanism

i s a c t u a l l y i n motion.

The t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f u s e i s a c a l c u l a t e d d u r a t i o n o f u s e , c o n s i d e r e d a s a guide
v a l u e , a p p l y i n g up t o t h e time o f replacement of t h e mechanism. I t i s e x p r e s s e d
i n terms of hours.

On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f u s e , we have t e n c l a s s e s o f u t i l i z a t i o n ,
T O , T1, T2, ..., T9. They a r e d e f i n e d i n t a b l e T.2.1.3.2.

Table T.2.1.3.2.
Classes of u t i l i z a t i o n

1 Symbol 1 Total d u r a t i o n o f use T

(h)

2.1.3.3. LOADING SPECTRUH

The l o a d i n g spectrum c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e magnitude of t h e l o a d s a c t i n g on a mechanism

d u r i n g i t s t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use. I t is a d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n (summed) y = f ( x ) ,
e x p r e s s i n g t h e f r a c t i o n x ( O < x 6 1 ) o f t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f u s e , d u r i n g which
t h e mechanism is s u b j e c t e d t o a l o a d i n g a t t a i n i n g a t l e a s t a f r a c t i o n y (O 4 y 1)
o f t h e maximm l o a d i n g ( s e e f i g u r e 2.1.2.3.1. ).

Each spectrum i s a s s i g n e d a s p e c t r m f a c t o r ,k, d e f i n e d by :

For t h e purposes o f group c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , d i s taken by convention a s equal t o 3.

In many a p p l i c a t i o n s t h e f u n c t i o n f ( x ) may be approximated by a f u n c t i o n c o n s i s t i n g

o f a c e r t a i n nunber r of s t e p s ( s e e f i g . 2 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 2 . ) , o f r e s p e c t i v e d u r a t i o n s
t l , t2, ... t r ; t h e l o a d i n g s S may be c o n s i d e r e d a s p r a c t i c a l l y c o n s t a n t and
equal t o Si d u r i n g t h e d u r a t i o n ti. I f T r e p r e s e n t s t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f u s e
and SmaX t h e g r e a t e s t o f t h e l o a d i n g s S1, S2, ..., S r , t h e r e e x i s t s a r e l a t i o n :
 a n 3 i n approximated form :

k m = (- 51-) 3 1i+ 52 ) 3
(__ t2
- + . .. + (Srj'5 =
r (-1 si 3 ti
-
hax T hax Smax T i=l ha, T

Depending on i t s l o a d i n g spectrum, a mechanism i s p l a c e d i n one of t h e f o u r spectrum

c l a s s e s L1, L2, L3, La, d e f i n e d i n t a b l e T.2.1.3.3.

Table T.2.1.3.3.
Spectrum c l a s s e s

Spectrum f a c t o r k,
km ,< 0.125
O. 125 < k , < 0.250
0.250 < km ,< O. 500
O. 500 < km ,< 1.000

2 . 1 3.4, G R O U P C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF I N D I V I D U A L MECHANISMS AS A UHOLE

On t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r c l a s s of u t i l i z a t i o n and t h e i r spectrurn c l a s s , i n d i v i d u a l
mechanisms a s a whole a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n one of t h e e i g h t groups M1, M 2 , ..., M8,
defined i n t a b l e 1.2.1.3.4.
Table T.2.1.3.4.
Mechanism qroups

( ~ l a s so f 1 Class of u t i l i z a t i o n 1

2.1.3,5. GUIDANCE FOR GROUP CLASSIFICATIDN OF INDIVIDUAL MECHNISMS AS

A WHOLE

Guidancc f o r group c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f an i n d i v i d u a l mechanisrn a s a whole is given

i n t a b l e T.2.1.3.5.

5 i n c e a p p l i a n c e s of t h e sane type rnay be used i n a wide v a r i e t y o f ways, t h e

grouping d i r e c t i o n s i n t h i s t a b l e can only be taken a s a model. I n p a r t i c u l a r ,
where s e v e r a l groups a r e shown a s a p p r o p r i a t e t o a mechanism of a g i v e n t y p e ,
i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o a s c e r t a i n , on t h e b a s i s o f t h e mechanism's c a l c u l a t e d t o t a l
d u r a t i o n o f u s e and l o a d i n g spectrurn, i n which c l a s s of u t i l i z a t i o n ( s e e 2 . 1 . 3 . 2 . )
and spectrum ( s e e 2 . 1 . 3 . 3 . ) i t h a s t o be p l a c e d , and consquently i n which group
o f mechanisms ( s e e 2 . 1 . 3 . 4 . ) .
 T a b l e T.2.1.3.5

Guidance f o r q r o g p c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a rnechanism

Type o f a p p l i a n c e 1 ~articulars
concerning
1 Type o f mechanism

Re f e-
Designation nature of use (1)
rence
1 Hand-operated a p p l i a n c e s
2 E r e c t i o n cranes
1 3 I E r e c t i o n and d i s m a n l l i n g c r a n e s f o r
1 power s t a t i o n s , machine shops, e t c .
A l
4 1 Stocking and r e c l a i m i n g t r a n s -
Hook d u t y M5-M6 M4 - M4-M5 1 M5-Mó
porters

I
5 S t o c k i n g and r e c l a i m i n g t r a n s -
1 porters
1 I
Grab o r magnet 1 M7-M8
1
M6 1
1
- 1 %-M7
11
M7-M8 '
6 1 Workshop cranes
-
! M 6 M 4 - 1 M4 1 M5 I
1 1 b0verhead t r a v e x i n g cranes, sg-
7
1
7 Grab o r magnet ; M8

t
/
8

9
r e a k i n g cranes, s c r a p y a r d c r a n e s
Ladle cranes

/ Soaking-pit cranes 1
S t r i p p e r cranes, open-hearth
furnace-charging cranes
Forge c r a n e s
1
1

Bridge cranes f o r dnloading, a. Hook o r s p r e a d e r !

! M6-M7 M5-M6 M3-M4 M6-M7 j M4-M5
b r i d g e cranes f o r c o n t a i n e r s duty 1 I i

Other b r i d g e cranes ( w i t h c r a b
b. Hook d u t y
and/or s l e w i n g j i b c r a n e )
Bridge cranes for unloading, i 1 1 ¡ 1
bridge cranes ( w i t h crab a n d l o r l ~ r a bo r magnet i M8 ( M5-MS 1 M3-M4 1 M7-M8 M4-M5 1
slewing j i b crane)
Drydock cranes, s h i p y a r d j i b c r a n e s ,
1
I
Hook d u t y M5-N.5 M-M5 M4-M5 1
j i b cranes f o r d i s m a n t l i n g
D o c k s i d e c r a n e s ( s l e w i n g , on g a n t r y ,
1
e t c . ) , f l o a t i n g c r a n e s and p o n t o o n
derricks
Hook d u t y %-M7 M5-MS
( M5-Wt -
1
M3-M4

Dockside c r a n e s ( s l e w i n g , on g a n t r y ,
p t c . ) , f l o a t i n g c r a n e s and p o n t o o n Grab o r magnet
derricks
F l o a t i n g c r a n e s and p o n t o o n
d e r r i c k s f o r v e r y heavy l o a d s
( u s u a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n 100 t )
18 Deck c r a n e s Hook d u i y l i M3-M4 M3-M4 M2 M3
19 Deck c r a n e s Grab o r magnei P,5-Wt M3-M M3-M4 M4-M5 M3-M4
20 Tower c r a n e s f o r b u i l d i n g 1 t.u4 M5 [ M4 M3 M3

í1) Only a f e k t y ~ i c a ! cases o f use a r e shown, by way o f guidance, i n t h i s column.

2-10
2.1.4. C L A C S I F I C A T I O N OF COMPONENTS

2.1.la.l. C L A S S I F I C A T I O N SYSTEM

Ccnnponents, b o t h s t r u c t u r a l and mechanical, a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n e i g h t groups, designed

r e s p e c t i v e l y b y t h e symbols E l , E2, ...,
E8, on t h e b a s i s o f e l e v e n c l a s s e s o f u t i l i z a -
t i o n and four c l a s s e s o f s t r e s s spectrum.

2.1.4.2. CLASSES OF U T I L I Z A T I O N

By d u r a t i o n of use o f a cmponent i s meant t h e nllmber of s t r e s s c y c l e s t o which

t h e component i s subjected.

A s t r e s s c y c l e i s a complete s e t o f successive s t r e s s e s , c m e n c i n g a t t h e moment

when t h e s t r e s s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n exceeds t h e s t r e s s 0, defined i n f i g . 2.1.b.3.
and ending a t t h e moment when t h i s s t r e s s i s , f o r t h e f i r s t time, about t o exceed
a g a i n 0, i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n . F i g . 2.1.4.3. therefore represents the trend of
t h e s t r e s s a over a d u r a t i o n o f use equal t o f i v e s t r e s s c y c l e s .

The t o t a l d u r a t i o n of use i s a c m p u t e d d u r a t i o n o f use, considered as a guide

value, a p p l y i n g u p t o t h e t i m e o f replacement of t h e cmponent.

I n t h e case o f s t r u c t u r a l components t h e nunber c f s t r e s s c y c l e s i s i n a constant

r a t i o w i t h t h e n m b e r o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s o f t h e appliance. C e r t a i n c m p o n e n t s may
be s u b j e c t e d t o severa1 s t r e s s c y c l e s d u r i n g a h o i s t i n g c y c l e depending on t h e i r
p c s i t i o n i c the s t r ü c t i i r e . iience t h e r a t i o i n q u e s t i o n may d i f f e r from one cmponent
t o another. Once t h i s r a t i o i s known, t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use of t h e component
i s d e r i v e d frm t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use which determined t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n
of t h e appliance.

As r e g a r d s mechanical cmponents, t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use i s d e r i v e d from t h e

t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use o f t h e mechanism t o which t h e cmponent under c o n s i d e r a t i o n
belongs, account b e i n g taken of i t s speed of r o t a t i o n and/or o t h e r c i r c m s t a n c e s
affecting i t s operation.

On t h e b a s i s of t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use, we have eleven c l a s s e s of u t i l i z a t i o n , designe-

t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y by t h e symbols BO, B l , ...,010. They a r e d e f i n e d i n t a b l e T.2.1.4.2.

Table T.2.1.4.2.

Classes o f u t i l i z a t i o n
 S T R E S S SPECTRUM

The s t r e s s s p e c t r u n c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e l o a d a- -c- t i n g on t h e component

-

d u r i n g i t s t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use. I t i s a d i s t r i b u t c o n f u n c t i o n ( s m e d ) y = f ( x ) ,
e x p r e s s i n g t h e f r a c t i o n x (O< x 4 1) o f t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use ( s e e 2.1.4.2.1,
d u r i n g which the cmponent i s subjected t o a s t r e s s a t t a i n i n g a t l e a s t a f r a c t i o n
y (O ,< x 4 1 ) o f t h e maximm s t r e s s .

Each s t r e s s spectrum i s a s s i g n e d a spectrum f a c t o r ksD, d e f i n e d b y

Where c i s an exponent depending o n t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l concerned, t h e

shape and s i z e o f t h e c m p o n e n t i n q u e s t i o n , i t s s u r f a c e roughness and i t s degree
o f c o r r o s i o n (see b o o k l e t 4).

I n rnany a p p l i c a t i o n s t h e f u n c t i o n f ( x ) rnay be approximated b y a f u n c t i o n c o n s i s t i n g

o f a c e r t a i n number r o f s t e p s , c o m p r i s i n g r e s p e c t i v e l y nl, n2, ... nr s t r e s s c y c l e s ;
t h e s t r e s s 0 may be c o n s i d e r e d as p r a c t i c a l l y c o n s t a n t and e q u a l t o 0 i d u r i n g n i
c y c l e s . Ifn r e p r e s e n t s t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use and ,,U , t h e g r e a t e s t of t h e
s t r e s s e s 0 1 , 0 2 , ..., 0, t h e r e e x i s t s a r e l a t i o n :

and i n a p p r o x i m a t e d f o r m :

Depending on i t s s t r e s s spectrum, a cornponent i s p l a c e d i n one o f t h e spectrum

c l a s s e s P1, P2, P3, P4, d e f i n e d i n t a b l e 7.2.1.4.3. ( 1 1.

T a b l e T.2.1.4.3.

Spectrum c l a s s e s

(1) There a r e c m p o n e n t s , b o t h s t r u c t u r a l and rnechanical, such as s p r i n g l o a d e d components,

which a r e s u b j e c t e d t o l o a d i n g t h a t i s q u i t e o r a l m o s t independent o f t h e w o r k i n g
load. S p e c i a l c a r e s h a l l be t a k e n i n c l a s s i f y i n g such components. I n most cases
kSp = 1 and t h e y b e l o n g t o c l a s s P4.
For s t r u c t u r a l c m p o n e n t s , t h e s t r e s s e s t n hp t a k ~ ni n t a r o n s i r i o r ? t i c n f r r dct@rrr,i--
n a t i o n o f t h e spectrum f a c t o r a r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s Usup - U,,, between t h e upper
s t r e s s e s aSupand t h e a v e r a g e s t r e s s U,, t h e s e c o n c e p t s b e i n g d e f i n e d by f i g . 2.1.4.3.
r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e s t r e s s over time d u r i n g f i v e s t r e s s c y c l e s .

F i g . 2.1.4.3. - V a r i a t i o n o f s t r e s s a s a f u n c t i o n of time d u r i n q f i v e s t r e s s C Y C ~ ~ S

%up : upper s t r e s s

-
" S U ~ max -
--
~~~dximum
upper s t r e s s

GSupmin = minimurn upper s t r e s s

Ginf = lower s t r e s s

= a r i t h m e t i c mean o f a l 1 upper and lower s t r e s s e s d u r i n g

m
t h e t o t a l duration of use

In t h e c a s e of mechanical components, we can p u t U, = O t h e s t r e s s e s t o be i n t r o d u c e d

i n t o t h e c a i c u l a t i o n of t h e spectrum f a c t o r then b e i n g t h e t o t a l s t r e s s e s o c c u r r i n g
i n t h e r e l e v a n t s e c t i o n of t h e component.
2.1.4.4. GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF COWPONFNTc

ai the basis of their class of utilization and their stress spectrum class, c m p o -
nents are classified in one of the eight groups E l , E2, ..., E8, defined in table
T . z . ~.4.4.

Table T.2.1.4.4.
Cornponent qroups

- -

Stress Class o f utilization

Spectrum

-t class 80
-
El

El

El
7
,
81

El

El
j
I

1
82

El

E2 ,
El

E2

E3
E2

E3

E4
E3

E4

ES
1
I
E4

E5

E6
!
E5

E6

E7
/
1
1
E6

E7

E8
! E8
'
E7

E8
E8

E8

E8
,
l
1

El
l
F2 1 ES E4
1
E5 E6
i
E7 E8 ;
l
E8
i
E8 1 E8
 LOADS ENTERING I N T O THE D E S I G N OF S T R U C T U R E S

The s t r u c t u r a l c a l c u l a t i o n s s h a l l be conducted by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s t r e s s e s developed

i n an a p p l i a n c e d u r i n g i t s o p e r a t i o n . These s t r e s s e s s h a l l be c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s
o f t h e l o a d s d e f i n e d below :

a ) The p r i n c i p a l l o a d s e x e r t e d on t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e a p p l i a n c e , assumed t o be
s t a t i o n a r y , i n t h e most u n f a v o u r a b l e s t a t e o f l o a d i n g ;

b ) Loads due t o v e r t i c a l m o t i o n s ;

C ) Loads due t o h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n s ;

d ) Loads due t o c l i m a t i c e f f e c t s .

The v a r i o u s l o a d s , t h e f a c t o r s t o be a p p l i e d , and t h e p r a c t i c a 1 method o f c o n d u c t i n g

t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e examined below.

I n what f o l l o w s , t h e d e f i n i t i o n s g i v e n below a r e used :

Working l o a d : Weight o f t h e u s e f u l l o a d l i f t e d , p l u s t h e w e i g h t o f t h e a c c e s s o r i e s
------------
(sheave b l o c k ~ , hooks, l i f t i n g beams, grab, e t c . )

Dead
- - - - - -l o- a- -d : Dead w e i g h t o f components a c t i n g on a g i v e n member, e x c l u d i n g t h e
working load.

PRINCIPAL LOADS

The p r i n c i p a l l o a d s i n c l u d e

- t h e l o a d s due t o t h e dead w e i g h t o f t h e c m p o n e n t s : SG

- t h e l o a d s due t o t h e w o r k i n g l o a d : SL

a l 1 movable p a r t s b e i n g assumed t o be i n t h e i r most u n f a v o u r a b l e p o s i t i o n .

Each s t r u c t u r a l member s h a l l be d e s i g n e d f o r t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e a p p l i a n c e and

magnitude o f t h e w o r k i n g l o a d (between z e r o and t h e s a f e w o r k i n g l o a d ) which g i v e s
r i s e t o t h e maximum s t r e s s e s ( 1 ) i n t h e mernber i n q u e s t i o n .

L OADS DUE T O VERTICAL MOTIONS

These l o a d s stem from p i c k i n g up t h e w o r k i n g l o a d more o r l e s s suddenly, from a c c e l e -

r a t i o n s ( o r d e c e l e r a t i o n s ) o f t h e h o i s t i n g m o t i o n , and from v e r t i c a l shock l o a d i n g s
due t o t r a v e l l i n g a l o n g r a i l t r a c k s .

(1 I n c e r t a i n cases, t h e maximum s t r e s s may be o b t a i n e d w i t h no w o r k i n g l o a d .

2.2.2.1. LOADS DUE T O H O I S T I N G OF THE YORKIMG LDAD

. k m t s k l l bc tekcr. c f t h c o ; c i l l a t i m s eauzed wPer, l i f t i n g tSEti l a a d by i r r ~ l t f -

p l y i n g t h e l o a d s due t o t h e working l o a d by a f a c t o r c a l l e d t h e "dynarnic c o e f f i -
c i e n t Y".

2.2.2.1.1, VALUES DF THE DYNAMIC COEFFICIENT y

The v a l u e o f t h e dynamic c o e f f i c i e n t '? t o be a p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d a r i s i n g f r m t h e
working l o a d i s g i v e n by t h e e x p r e s s i o n :

kdhere VL i s t h e h o i s t i n g speed i n rn/s.

and C an e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d c w f f i c i e n t ( 1 ) .

The f o l l a i i n g v a l u e s s h a l l be a d o p t e d :

C = 0 , 6 f o r overhead t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e s and b r i d g e c r a n e s

C = 0,3 for j i b cranes.

The rnaximum f i g u r e t o be t a k e n f o r t h e h o i s t i n g speed when a p p l y i n g t h i s formula

i s 1 mís. For h i g h e r s p e e d s , t h e dynamic c o e f f i c i e n t '? i s n o t f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d .

The v a l u e t o be a p p l i e d f o r t h e c o e f f i c i e n t y i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s s h a l l i n no c a s e
be l e s s than 1,15.

The v a l u e s o f '? a r e g i v e n i n t h e c u r v e s of f i g u r e 2.2.2.1.1. i n terms o f h o i s t i n g

speeds VL.

F i g u r e 2.2.2.1.1.
Values of dynarnic c o e f f i c i e n t y

Ovrrhead mrelling v l n t r
Y' Bridge c n n e s

(i) The f i g u r e g i v e n f o r t h i s c o e f f i c i e n t 5 i s t h e r e s u l t o f a l a r g e nunber o f measure-

ments made on d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f a p p l i a n c e s .
 Note - The above mentioned c o e f f i c i e n t 6 i s n o t t h e same f o r "overhead t r a v e l l i n g
c r a n e s and b r i d g e c r a n e q " 2nd f n r " j i b c r a n e c " ,

The d i f f e r e n c e a r i s e s from t h e f a c t t h a t t h e dynamic c o e f f i c i e n t y i s , o t h e r t h i n g s

being e q u a l , srnaller when t h e h o i s t i n g load i s c a r r i e d by a mmber having some
f l e x i b i l i t y , a s i n j i b c r a n e s where t h e j i b i s never r i g i d .

In a s i m i l a r way, u s e of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t y a s i n d i c a t e d f o r j i b c r a n e s may be exten-

ded t o c e r t a i n o t h e r a p p l i a n c e s such a s , f o r example, t r a n s p o r t e r s f o r t h e d e s i g n
c a s e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o load on t h e c a n t i l e v e r boom ; t h e value o f y i n d i c a t e d f o r
overhead t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e s s h o u l d , o f c o u r s e , be used f o r t h e d e s i g n c a s e s where
t h e load i s a p p l i e d between t h e l e g s o f t h e machine a s t h e r i g i d i t y o f t h e s t r u c t u r e
a t t h i s p o i n t i s comparable w i t h t h a t one o f an overhead t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e g i r d e r .

LOAOS QUE T 0 ACCELERATION (OR D E C E L E R A T I O N ) OF THE H O I S T I N G M O T I O N

AND TO V E R T I C A L SHOCK LOAOINGS WHEN T R A V E L L I N G ALONG R A I L TRACKS

S i n c e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t y t a k e s account o f t h e degree o f s n a t c h on t h e working l o a d

which i s t h e l a r g e s t shock l o a d i n g , l o a d s due t o a c c e l e r a t i o n ( o r d e c e l e r a t i o n )
o f t h e h o i s t i n g motion and t h e v e r t i c a l r e a c t i o n s due t o t r a v e l l i n g a l o n g t r a c k s ,
a s s m e d t o be p r o p e r l y l a i d , s h a l l be n e g l e c t e d ( 1 ) .

SPECIAL CASE

In t h e c a s e o f c e r t a i n a p p l i a n c e s , t h e l o a d s due t o t h e dead l o a d s a r e o f o p p o s i t e
s i g n t o t n o s e due t o t h e working l o a d , i n which c a s e a comparison must be made
between t h e l o a d i n g f i g u r e o b t a i n e d i n t h e "appliance under load" c o n d i t i o n , w i t h
t h e dynarnic c o e f f i c i e n t y a p p l i e d t o t h e working l o a d , and t h e l o a d i n g f i g u r e ob-
t a i n e d i n t h e "no-load" c o n d i t i o n , t a k i n g i n t o account t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g
from s e t t i n g down t h e l o a d , a s f o l l o w s :

Let
be t h e a l g e b r a i c v a l u e o f t h e l o a d s due t o t h e dead load
-
SL be t h e a l g e b r a i c v a l u e o f t h e l o a d s due t o t h e working load.

The a m p l i f i e d t o t a l l o a d , when s e t t i n g down t h e load i s o b t a i n e d by t h e e x p r e s s i o n

Which i s compared w i t h t h e load f o r t h e " a p p l i a n c e under load" c o n d i t i o n determined

by t h e e x p r e s s i o n :
5, + Y 5L

t h e c m p o n e n t being f i n a l l y designed on t h e b a s i s o f t h e more unfavourable o f t h e s e

two v a l u e s .

(1 T h i s assumes t h a t t h e r a i l j o i n t s a r e i n good c o n d i t i o n . The d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t

on h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e s o f r a i l t r a c k s i n poor c o n d i t i o n i s so g r e a t , both f o r t h e
s t r u c t u r e and t h e machinery, t h a t i t i s necessary t o s t i p u l a t e t h a t t h e r a i l j o i n t s
must be maintained i n good c o n d i t i o n : no shock l o a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t can allow f o r
t h e damage caused by f a u l t y j o i n t s . In s o f a r a s high speed a p p l i a n c e s a r e concerned,
t h e b e s t s o l u t i o n i s t o butt-weld t h e r a i l s , i n o r d e r t o e l i m i n a t e e n t i r e l y t h e shock
l o a d i n g s which occur when an a p p l i a n c e runs over j o i n t s .
 - This formula is based on the fact that the dynamic coefficient determines
the maximun amplitude of the oscillations set up in the structure when the load
is picked up. The amplitude of the oscillation is given by :

It is assumed that the amplitude of the oscillation set up in the structure when
the load is set down is half that of the oscillation caused when hoisting takes
olace.

The ultimate state of loading is therefore :

Which must be compared with the state of loading given by :

Hoistino and lowerino curve when SI and Sr are of oooosite sion

 L D A D S DUE T O HORIZONTAL MOTIONS SH

The l o a d s due t o h o r i z o n t a l rnotions a r e a s f o l l o w s :

1 ) The i n e r t i a e f f e c t s due t o a c c e l e r a t i o n ( o r d e c e l e r a t i o n ) o f t h e t r a v e r s e , t r a v e l ,
s l e w i n g o r l u f f i n g motions. These e f f e c t s can be c a l c u l a t e d i n terms o f t h e v a l u e
of t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n ( o r d e c e l e r a t i o n ) .
2 ) The e f f e c t s o f c e v t r i f u g a l f o r c e .
3 ) T r a n s v e r s e h o r i z o n t a l r e a c t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from r o l l i n g a c t i o n .
4 ) Buffer e f f e c t s .

HORIZONTAL EFFECTS DUE T 0 ACCELERATION (OR DECELERATION)

The l o a d s due t o t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s ( o r d e c e l e r a t i o n s ) irnparted t o t h e rnovable e l e -

rnents when s t a r t i n g o r b r a k i n g a r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e v a r i o u s s t r u c t u r a l members.

. . . l . TRAVERSE A N O TRAVEL MOTIONS

For t h e s e motions t h e c a l c u l a t i o n i s rnade by c o n s i d e r i n g a h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e a p p l i e d

a t t h e t r e a d of t h e d r i v e n wheels p a r a l l e l t o t h e r a i l .

The l o a d s s h a l l be c a l c u l a t e d i n terrns o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n ( o r d e c e l e r a t i o n ) time

assumed a c c o r d i n g t o t h e working c o n d i t i o n s and t h e speeds t o be a t t a i n e d .

From i t i s deduced t h e v a l u e ( i n rn/sL) o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n t o be used f o r c a l c u l a t i n g

t h e h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e rnasses t o be s e t i n motion.

Nste - í f t h e speed and a c c e l e r a t i o n v a l u e s a r e n o t s p e c i f i e d by t h e u s e r , a c c e l e -

r a t i o n t i m e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s p e e d s t o be reached rnay be chosen a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e t h r e e f o l l o w i n g working c o n d i t i o n s :

a ) Appliances o f low and moderate speed w i t h a g r e a t l e n g t h of t r a v e l ;

b ) Appliances of moderate and h i g h speed f o r normal a p p l i c a t i o n s ;
c ) High speed a p p l i a n c e s with h i g h a c c e l e r a t i o n .

In t h e l a t t e r c a s e , i t i s a l m o s t always n e c e s s a r y t o d r i v e a l 1 t h e r a i l wheels.

Table 1 . 2 . 2 . 3 . 1 . 1 . g i v e s t h e v a l u e s of a c c e l e r a t i o n t i m e s and a c c e l e r a t i o n s f o r
the three conditions.
 Table T.2.2.3.1.1.

A c c e l e r a t i o n t i m e and a c c e l e r a t i o n v a l u e

(c)
h i g h speed w i t h h i g h
with long travel (normal a p p l i c a t i o n s ) accelerations
t o be r e a c h e d
Acceleration
time
Acceleration
Í
Acceleration
time
/ Acceleration
Acceleration
time
Acceleration

m/s

The h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e t o be t a k e n i n t o account s h a l l be n o t l e s s t h a n 1 / 3 0 t h n o r
more t h a n 1 / 4 o f t h e l o a d on t h e d r i v e n o r b r a k e d wheels.

2.2.3.1.2. SLEWING AND L U F F I N G ( O E R R I C K I N G ) MOTIONS

F o r s l e w i n g and l u f f i n g m o t i o n s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s s h a l l be based o n t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g
( o r d e c e l e r a t i n g ) t o r q u e a p p l i e d t o t h e m o t o r s h a f t o f t h e mechanisrns.

The r a t e s o f a c c e l e r a t i o n w i l l depend upon t h e a p p l i a n c e ; f o r a n o r m a l c r a n e a

v a l u e between 0 . 1 m/s2 ana 0 . 6 rn/s2, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e spoed ano r a d i u s , may be chosen
f o r t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n a t t h e j i b head so t h a t a n a c c e l e r a t i o n t i m e o f frorn 5 t o 10 s
i s achieved.

Note - A method f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f a c c e l e r a t i o n o f h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n s
i s g i v e n i n appendix A.2.2.3.

2.2.3.2, E F F E C T S OF C E N T R I F U G A L FORCE

I n t h e case o f j i b c r a n e s , a c c o u n t s h a l l b e t a k e n o f t h e c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e due t o
slewing. I n p r a c t i c e , i t i s s u f f i c i e n t t o determine the h o r i z o n t a l force e x e r t e d a t
t h e j i b head as a r e s u l t o f t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e r o p e c a r r y i n g t h e l o a d and i n ge-
n e r a l t o n e g l e c t t h e e f f e c t s o f c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e on t h e o t h e r e l e m e n t s o f t h e crane.

2.2.3.3* TRANSVERSE R E A C T I O N S DUE TO R O L L I N G A C T I O N

When two w h e e l s ( o r two b o g i e s ) r o l 1 a l o n g a r a i l , t h e c o u p l e formed b y t h e h o r i z o n -

t a l f o r c e s n o r m a l t o t h e r a i l s h a l l be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The components o f
t h i s couple are obtained by m u l t i p l y i n g the v e r t i c a l l o a d exerted on the wheels ( o r
bogies) by a c o e f f i c i e n t w h i c h depends upon t h e r a t i o o f t h e span p t o t h e wheel
base a ( 1 ) .

(1 By "wheelbase" i s u n d e r s t o o d t h e c e n t r e d i s t a n c e between t h e o u t e r m o s t p a i r s o f
wheels, o r , i n t h e case o f b o g i e s , t h e c e n t r e d i s t a n c e between t h e f u l c r u m p i n s
o n t h e c r a n e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e two b o g i e s o r b o g i e systems. Where h o r i z o n t a l g u i l -
d i n g w h e e l s a r e p r o v i d e d , t h e wheelbase s h a l l be t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e r a i l
c o n t a c t p o i n t s o f two h o r i z o n t a l wheels.
 As shown i n t h e graph, t h i s c o e f f i c i e n t l i e s between 0.05 and 0 . 2 f o r r a t i o s
between 2 and 8.

9'
qos
O

O 2 4 6 8
2.2,3.4. BUFFER EFFECTS S T

The case rnust be c o n s i d e r e d when t h e irnpact due t o c o l l i s i o n w i t h b u f f e r s i s a p p l i e d

t o t h e s t r u c t u r e , and t h e case when i t i s a p p l i e d t o t h e suspended l o a d .

2.2.3.4.1. BUFFER EFFECTS ON THE STRUCTURE

A d i s t i n c t i o n rnust be drawn between :

1) t h e case i n which t h e suspended l o a d can swing.

2 ) t h a t i n which r i g i d guides p r e v e n t swing.

I n t h e f i r s t case t h e f o l l o w i n g r u l e s s h a l l be a p p l i e d :

F o r horizontal speeds below 0.7 rn/sec, no account s h a l l be taken o f b u f f e r e f f e c t s .

F o r speeds i n excess o f 0 . 7 m/sec, account rnust be t a k e n o f t h e r e a c t i o n s s e t up

i n t h e s t r u c t u r e by c o l l i s i o n s w i t h b u f f e i s .

I t s h a l l be a s s m e d t h a t a b u f f e r i s capable o f a b s o r b i n g t h e k i n e t i c energy of
t h e a p p l i a n c e ( w i t h o u t t h e w o r k i n g l o a d ) a t a f r a c t i o n o f t h e r a t e d speed V t f i x e d
a t 0.7 V t .

The r e s u l t i n g l o a d s s e t up i n t h e s t r u c t u r e s h a l l be c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f
t h e r e t a r d a t i o n i m p a r t e d t c t h e a p p l i a n c e by t h e b u f f e r i n use.

However, f o r h i g h e r speeds ( g r e a t e r t h a n 1 m/sec), t h e use o f d e c e l e r a t i n g d e v i c e s

which a c t upon approach t o t h e ends o f t h e t r a c k i s p e n i t t e d p r o v i d e d t h e a c t i o n
o f these d e v i c e s i s a u t m a t i c and t h e y produce an e f f e c t i v e d e c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e
a p p l i a n c e which always reduces t h e speed t o t h e p r e d e t e n i n e d lower v a l u e b e f o r e
t h e b u f f e r s a r e reached.

I n t h i s case t h e reduced speed o b t a i n e d a f t e r s l o w i n g down i s used f o r t h e v a l u e

o f V t when c a l c u l a t i n g t h e b u f f e r e f f e c t ( 1 ) .

I n t h e second case where t h e l o a d cannot swing t h e b u f f e r e f f e c t i s c a l c u l a t e d

i n t h e same manner b u t t a k i n g account of t h e value o f t h e w o r k i n g l o a d .

(1, I t must be emphasised t h a t a sure and e f f e c t i v e d e v i c e rnust be f i t t e d . A m e r ~en$-

o f - t r a v e l l i m i t S h i t c h c u t t i n g o f f t h power
~ supply t o t h motor
~ i s not s u f f i c i e n t
reason t o a s s m e reduced speed f o r t h e b u f f e r e f f e c t .
2.2.3.4.2. BUFFER EFFECTS O N T H E SUSPENDED L O A D

Impacts due t o c o l l i s i o n between t h p l o a d and f i x e d o b s t r u c t i o n s a r e t a k e n i n t o

account o n l y f o r a p p l i a n c e s where t h e l o a d i s r i g i d l y guided. I n t h a t c a s e , t h e
l o a d s g e n e r a t e d by s u c h a c o l l i s i o n a r e t o be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

The l o a d s can be computed by c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e a p p l i e d a t t h i l e v e 1

of t h e l o a d which i s c a p a b i e o f c a u s i n g two of t h e c r a b wheels t o l i f t .

LOADS DUE TO C L I M A T I C EFFECTS

The l o a d s due t o c l i m a t i c e f f e c t s a r e t h o s e r e s u l t i n g f r m t h e a c t i o n o f t h e wind,

f r m snow l o a d s and f r m t w n p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n s .

WIND ACTION

This c l a u s e r e l a t e s t o wind l o a d s on c r a n e s t r u c t u r e .
I t g i v e s a s i m p i i f i e d method o f c a l c u l a t i o n and a s s u n e s t h a t t h e wind can b l w
h o r i z o n t a l l y f r m any d i r e c l i o n , t h a t t h e wind blows a t a c o n s t a n t v e l o c i t y and
t h a t t h e r e i s a s t a t i c r e a c t i o n t o t h e loadings i t a p p l i e s t o the crane s t r u c t u r e .

2.2,b.l.l. WIND PRESSURE

The dynamic wind p r e s s u r e i s g i v e n by :

q = 0 . 6 1 3 V:

Where q i s t h e dynarnic p r e s s u r e ~ / r n ~

Vs i s t h e d e s i g v wind speed i n m / s .

2.2.4.1,2. DESIGN HIND CONDITIDNS

TWO d e s i g n wind c o n d i t i o n s a r e t a k e n i n t o account i n c a l c u l a t i n g wind l o a d s on

cranes.

2.2,4,1.2.1. I n - s e r v i c e wind

This i s t h e maximm wind i n which t h e c r a n e i s designed t o o p e r a t e . The wind l o a d s

a r e a s s m e d t o be a p p l i e d ir! t h e l e a s t f a v o u r a b l e d i r e c t i o n i n combination w i t h
t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s e r v i c e l o a d s . I n - s e r v i c e d e s i g n wind p r e s s u r e s and c o r r e s p o n d i n g
speeds a r e g i v e n i n t a b l f T.2.2.4.1.2.1. They a r e a s s m e d t o be c o n s t a n t o v e r t h e
h e i g h t of t h e a p p l i a n c e ( : l .

I t i s a s s m e d t h a t t h o~ p e r a t i n g speeds anü nomina? a c z e l e r a t i o n s a r e n o t n e c e s s a i l i )

reached under extreme h,ind c o n d i t i o n s .

(1) Miere a wind speed measuring d e v i c e i s t o be a t t a c h e d t o an a p p l i a n c e i t s h a l l

norrnally be p l a c e d a t t h e maximm h e i g h t of t h e a p p l i a n c e . In c a s e s where t h e wind
speed a t a d i f f e r e n t l e v e 1 i s more s i g n i f i c a n t t o t h e s a f e t y o f t h e a p p l i a n c e , t h e
rnanufacturer s h a l l s t a t e t h e h e i g h t a t which t h e d e v i c e s h a l l be p l a c e d .
 Wind p r e s s u r e Wind speed 1
Type o f a p p l i a n c e in service i n service
~/m* m/s
Lifting appliance e a s i l y
p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t wind a c t i o n
o r designed f o r u s e e x c l u s i -
v e l y i n l i g h t wind.
Erection operations.
A l 1 normal t y p e s o f c r a n e
i n s t a l l e d i n t h e open
Appliances n h i c h must
c o n t i n u e t o work i n
h i a h winds - -

* For exarnple a p p l i a n c e s of t y p e 12a i n t a b l e T.2.1.2.5.

Action of wind on t h e l o z d
The a c t i o n o f t h e wind on t h e hook l o a d f o r a c r a n e which handles rniscellaneous
l o a d s s h a l l be deterrnined f r m t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p :

F = 2 . 5 A x q

where
F i s t h e f o r c e e x e r t e d by t h e wind on t h e hook l o a d i n N ,

q i s t h e i n - s e r v i c e wind p r e s s u r e f r m t a b l e 2.1.4.1.2.1. i n N/rnL,

A i s t h e maximun a r e a o f t h e s o l i d p a r t s of t h e hook load i n m i ( 1 ) . Where t h i s a r e a
2
i s n o t known, a minimm v a l u e o f 0.5 m p e r tonne o f s a f e working l o a d s h a l l be
csed.

Where a c r a n e i s d e s i g n e d t o h a n d l e l o a d s of a s p e c i f i c s i z e and s h a p e o n l y , t h e
wind l o a d i n g s h a l l be c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e dimensions and c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .

2.2.4.1.2.2. Hind o u t o f s e r v i c e

This i s a maximun ( s t o r m ) wind f o r which t h e l i f t i n g machine i s d e s i g n e d t o remain

s t a b l e i n o u t o f s e r v i c e c o n d i t i o n s , a s i n d i c a t e d , by t h e rnanufacturer. The speed
v a r i e s w i t h t h e h e i g h t o f t h e a p p a r a t u s above t h e surrounding ground l e v e l , t h e
g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n and t h e d e g r e e o f exposure t o t h e p r e v a i l i n g winds.

For l i f t i n g a p p l i a n c e s used i n t h e open a i r , t h e normal t h e o r e t i c a l wind p r e s s u r e

and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s p e e d , f o r "out o f s e r v i c e " c o n d i t i o n s a r e i n d i c a t e d i n t h e
t a b l e T.2.2.b.1.2.2.

(1) ühere, e x c e p t i o n a l l y , a c r a n e i s r e q i i r e d t o handle l o a d s o f l a r g e s u r f a c e a r e a ,

i t i s a d n i s s i b l e f o r t h e rnanufacturer t o determine a wind speed l e s s t h a n t h a t
s p e c i f i e d i n t a b l e T.2.2.A.1.2.1. above which such l o a d s s h a l l n o t be handled.
 T a b l e T.2.2.4.1.2.2.
Cut o f s e r v i c e wind

HeiQht above Cut o f s e r v i c e d e s i g n Approximate

1 ground l e v e 1 1 wind p r e s s u r e 1 equivalent out of s e r v i c e 1
d e s i g n wind speed

O t o 20
20 t o 100 1 100
& r e t h a n 100 1 300

When c a l c u l a t i n g wind l o a d s f o r o u t o f s e r v i c e c o n d i t i o n s t h e wind p r e s s u r e may

be t a k e n a s c o n s t a n t o v e r t h e v e r t i c a l h e i g h t i n t e r v a l s i n t a b l e T.2.2.4.1.2.2.
A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e d e s i g n wind p r e s s u r e a t t h e t o p of t h e c r a n e may be a s s m e d
constant over i t s e n t i r e height.

Miere c r a n e s a r e t o be permanently i n s t a l l e d o r used f o r extended p e r i o d s i n a r e a s

where wind c o n d i t i o n s a r e e x c e p t i o n a l l y s e v e r e , t h e above f i g u r e s may be m o d i f i e d
by agreement between t h e rnanufacturer and p u r c h a s e r i n t h e l i g h t o f l o c a l metereo-
logical data.

For c e r t a i n t y p e s of a p p l i a n c e o f which t h e j i b can be q u i c k l y lowered, ( s u c h a s a

tower c r a n e which can be e a s i l y lowered by a b u i i t - i n mechanism) t h e o u t o f s e r v i c e
wind need n o t be taken i n t n c o n s i d e r i t i o n p r ~ v i d o it h e machine i s i?tendeU fs:
l o w e r i n g a f t e r each working day.

2.2.4.1.3. LI'IND L O A D CALCULATIONS

For rnost complete and p a r t s t r u c t u r e s , and i n d i v i d u a l members used i n c r a n e s t r u c -

t u r e s t h e wind l o a d i s c a l c u l a t e d f r m :

F i s t h e wind l o a d i n N ,
A i s t h e e f f e c t i v e f r o n t a l a r e a o f t h e p a r t under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n m2,
2
q i s t h e wind p r e s s u r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n i n N/m ,
Cf i s t h e shape c o e f f i c i e n t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e wind f o r t h e p a r t under
consideration.

The t o t a l wind l o a d on t h e s t r u c t u r e i s t a k e n a s t h e svm o f t h e l o a d s on i t s rompo-

nent parts.

In d e t e r m i n i n g s t r e n g t h and s t a b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e a p p l i a n c e t h e t o t a l wind
l o a d s h a l l be c o n s i d e r e d .

The magnitude o f t h e wind l o a d t o be a l l m e d f o r i n t h e d e s i g n of a rnechanisrn, i n

d e t e r m i n i n g t h e motor and b r a k e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e rnechanism and t o p r o v i d e f o r
the s a f e t y of the appliance i n t h e wind,are given i n t h e chapter dealing with t h e
d e s i g n o f mechanisms.
 . s ~ u y o dapou JC s a l J u a 3 a q j u a a q s c usye? a l e slaqwsu TenpTATpuy j o s q ~ f i u a : aqq
p a p j ~ o l d' X ~ e s s a s a u sy s a ~ e ~a qd l Aq paJuasald e a l e TeuoyJTppe aqJ l o 4 e3ueMoT
-1e ou ~ o y ~ z ~ n ~ ~ a3yJJeT
s u o s papTaa u! pasn a l e az;s Teulou j o s a ~ e ~~ ads s n f ialaqM

. s e a l e T e J u o l j 6 u ~ p u o d s a l l o 3a q l OJ p a r ~ d d ea l e s J u a y 3 ! j j a o 3 adeqs
e (s/,u 9 2 5 h . a pue s/,w 9 > S h . 0 ) sawy6al MOTJ qqoq UJ SuOJJJaS
a ~ e ~ l d o l d daqJ
l e T n a l T 3 40 l o L s i ~ o ~ ~ s a s - ~ epue T n 3p a~p~y i3- l e y 4 j o dn apew SJ a w e l j asJJJeT e alaqM

.pasn aq Aeu aTqeJ a q j 40 J l e d a T p p j u a q j UJ u a ~ j 6SuoJJJas l e T n 3 l T 3 pue

papTs J e T j 40 p a J s n q s u o s s a w e l j asyqqeT l o j s j u a j 3 J j j a o s TTelaAo a q AT~ATJ~UI~JTW
'Junosse OJUJ uayeJ aq TTeqs laqwaw qsea j o ssaulapuaTs 3 ~ w e u A p o l a ea q j ase3 S T ~ u1 J
- ~ - p - ~ - t , - z ' aTqeJ
z ' ~ 40 J l e d do7 aqJ u ? uaAJ6 slaqwau T e n p j A j p u J a q j l o j s J u a J s T j
- j a o s a q l 40 s j s e q aqq uo paJeTnaTe3 aq Apu s a w e l j a3TJJPT a ~ 6 u ~u os peoT P U ~ M a q l

- 1 ' t , * ~ ' p ' z - za ~ n 6 ~ 4

UJ p a u j j a p a l e o q e l uo:Jsas pue s s a u l a p u a l s 3 ~ w e u A p o l a b ' o T j e l u o T j 3 a s a q j ~ J J M
' s u o ~ ~ ~xoq a s a 6 1 e ~j o ase3 a q j u T 6 p u e ssaulapuaTs s ~ w e u A p o ~ aaeq j OJ 6 u ~ p l o 3 s e
A J ~ A slaqwau TenpjhTpuT l o 4 sanTeA a q l ' 1 . p ' ~ - p . z ' z - 1 a T q q UJ u a ~ a~ l e6 sasnoq
A~au'qaew pue s a u e l j a3TJjeT a ~ 6 u ~' ssl a q u a u TenpyAypuT 104 s J u a T s T j j a o 3 a d e q ~
 T.2.2.4.1.4.1.

Force coef f i c i e n t s

(1) See f i g u r e 2 . 2 . 4 . 1 . 4 . 1 .
(1) Aerodynamic s l e n d e r n e s s : l e n q t h o f member = Y O, I*
b r e a d t h o f s e c t i o n a c r o s s wind f r o n t b D

I n l a t t i c e c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e l e n g t h s o f i n d i v i d u a l rnembers a r e t a k e n between
t h e c e n t r e s o f a d j a c e n t node p o i n t s . See diagram below

soiiaity ratio = area of s o l i d p a r t s = = ? ii x bi

enclosed area A, '
, x E7

(Iii) Spacino r a t i o = d i s t a n c e between Facinq s i d e s - 2 0 ~

a -
S r o a d t h o f members a c r o s s winc f r o n t b 8

f o r " a " t a k e t h ? s n a i l ~ s tp o s s i b l e v a l u e i n t 3 e geometry o f t h e exposed f a c e .

(1'4) Sectlon r a t i o = S'eadtb o í s e c t i o ~a c r o s s h i n d ' r o n t b

- -
d e o t t o f s e c t i 3 n 3arailei t 3 ~ 1 r dC i ~
d ~

F i g u r e 2.2.u.l.L.i
D e f l n i t i o n s : Aerodynamic S l e n d e r n e s s , S o l i d i t y R a t i o ,
S p a c i n q R a t i o , and S e c t i o n R a t i o
Where p a r a l l e l frames o r rnernbers a r e p o s i t i o n e d so t h a t s h i e l d i n g t a k e s p l a c e , t h e
w i n d l o a d s on t h e windward frame o r member and on t h e u n s h e l t e r e d p a r t s o f t h o s e
b e h i r i d i t a r e c a l c u l a t e 5 u s i h g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e shape c o e f f i c i e n t s . The w i n d l o a d ori
t h e s h e l t e r e d p a r t s i s m u l t i p l i e d by a s h i e l d i n g f a c t o r T l g i v e n i n t a b l e T.2.2.4.1.4.2.
Values o f 11v a r y w i t h t h e s o l i d i t y and s p a c i r i g r a t i o s as d e f i n e d i n f i g u r e 2.2.4.1.4.1.

T a b l e T.2.2.b.1.4.2.

Shieldinq coefficients

rSpacing r a t i o
I
S o l i d i t y r a t i o A/Ae
N l

Where a number o f i d e n t i c a l frarnes o r rnembers a r e spaced e q u i d i s t a n t l y b e h i n d each

o t h e r i n such a way t h a t each frarne s h i e l d s those b e h i n d i t , t h e s h i e l d i n g e f f e c t
i s assumed t o i n c r e a s e up t o t h e n i n t h frame and Lo r e m a i n c o n s t a n t t h e r e a f t e r .
The w i n d l o a d s a r e c a l c u l a t e d as f o l l o w s :

On t h e 1 s t . frarne F1 = A.q,Cf in N

Dn t h e 2nd. frarne F2 = p.A-q-Cf i n N

Dn t h e n t h frame Fn = ,-(n-l)
(where n i s from 3 t c Fi) .A.q.if

Dn t h e 9 t h and subsequent
f rarnes

The t o t a l w i n d l o a d i s t h u s :

Wñere t h e r e a r e u p t o 9 frames Ftotal = [l+ 7 + q2 + P

3
+ .. . (n-1) -
1 ~ ~ q . c ~

Where t h e r e a r e more t h a n
9 frames F total = [l q + qi a v3 + .. . ~7' + ( ~ - ~ ) Q ' ] A . ~ . C ~

Note - The t e r m nX used i n t h e above formula i s assumed t o have a l o w e r l i m i t o f

0.10. I t i s t a k e n as 0.10 whenever nX < 0.10.
2.2.4.1.4.3. La t t i c e t o w e r s

In c a l c u l a t i n g t h e "face-on" wind l o a d on s q u a r e t o w e r s , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a d e t a i l e d
c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e s o l i d a r e a o f t h e windward f a c e is r n u l t i p l i e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g
overall force coefficient :
For t o w e r s composed o f f l a t s i d e d s e c t i o n s 1,7*(1 + rl)
For t o w e r s composed o f c i r c u l a r s e c t i o n s
2
where D.VS < 6 m /S

where D-VS >, 6 m2/s 1,4

The v a l u e o f n i s t a k e n from t a b l e 2 . 2 . 4 . 1 . 4 . 2 . f o r a/b = 1 according t e t h e s o l i d i t y

r a t i o o f t h e windward f a c e .

The maxirnum wind l o a d on a s q u a r e t o w e r o c c u r s when t h e wind blows on t o a c o r n e r .

In t h e a b s e n c e o f a d e t a i l e d c a l c u l a t i o n , t h i s l o a 6 c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s 1 . 2 t i m e s
t h a t d e v e l o ~ e dw i t h " f a c e - o n " wind on one s i d e .

7.2,4,1.4.4. Farts inclined i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e wind d i r e c t i o n

I n d i v i d u a l members, f r a m e s , e t c .

Where t h e wind blows a t an a n g l e t o t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s o f a member o r t o t h e

s u r f a c e o f a f r a m e , t h e wind l o a d i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e wind i s o b t a i n e d from :

where F , A , q and Cf a r e a s d e f i n e d i n 2 . 2 . 4 . 1 . 3 .
and O i s t h e a n g l e o f t h e wind (8< 9 0 ° ) t e t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s o r f a c e .

L a t t i c e t r u s s e s and t o w e r s

Where t h e wind blows a t a n a n g l e t o t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s o f a l a t t i c e t r u s s 01

t o w e r , t h e wind l o a d i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h c wind is o b t a i n e d from :

where F , 0 , q and C f a r e a s d e f i n e d i n 2 . 2 . 4 . 1 . 3 . arld K2 = O

which c a n n o t b e l e s s t h a n D,35 o r g r e a t e r t h a n 1 . 50 ( 1 , 7 - 2)
S
Where O i s t h e a n g l e o f t h e wind i n d e g r e e s ( 2 < 90°) t o t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s of t h e t r u s s o r tower.

Sp i s t h e a r e a i n m' o f t h e b r a c i n g members o f t h e t r u s s o r t o w e r p r o j e c t e d on
t o i t s windward p l a n e .

2
S i s t h e a r e a i n m o f a l 1 ( b r a c i n g and main) members o f t h e t r u s s o r tower p r o j e c t e d
on t o i t s windward p l a n e .

The v a l u e o f K2 i s assumed t o have l o w e r and upper limits o f 0.35 and 1 . 0 r e s p e c t i v e l y

I t i s t a k e n a s 0.35 whenever t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e < 0 . 3 5 and a s 1 . 0 whenever t h e
c a l c u l a t e d value > 1.0.
2.2.4.2. SNOU LOAD

Cnow loads shall be neglected in the design calculations for overhead travelling
cranes, bridge cranes and jib cranes.

2.2.4.3. TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS

Stresses due to temperature variations shall be considered only in special cases

such as when members are not free t3 expand.

In such cases, the maximum temperature fluctuation shall be taken to be :

- 20° C to + 45O C.

2.2.5 MISCELLANEOUS LOADS

7.2.5. L . L O A D S C A R R I E D BY P L A T F O R M S

Access gangways, driver's cabins and platforms shall be designed to carry the following
concentrated loads :
3000 N for maintenance gangways and platforms where materials may be placed,
1500 N for gangways and platforms intended only for access of personnel,
300 N as the horizontal force which may be exerted on handrails and toe-guards.

These loads are not to be used in the calculations for girders.

C A S E S OF L O A D I N G

Three different cases of loading are to be considered for the purpose of the calcula-
tions :
- the working case without wind,
- the working case with limiting working wind,
- the case of exceptional loadings.

Having determined the various loads in accordance with section 2.2, account is
taken of a certain probability of exceeding the calculated stress, which results
from imperfect methods of calculation and unfzrseen contingencies, by applying
an amplifying coefficent y,, which varies according to the group classification
of the appliance.

The values of this coefficient I c are indicated in clause 7.3.a.

 CASE 1 : APPLIANCE WORKING WITHOUT WIND

The f o l l o w i n g s t i a l l be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n : t h e s t a t i c l o a d s due t o t h e dead

w e i g h t SG, t h e l o a d s due t o t h e w o r k i n g l o a d SL m u l t i p l i e d by t h e dynamic c o e f f i -
c i e n t y , and t h e two most u n f a v o u r a b l e h o r i z o n t a l e i f e c t s SH among t h o s e d e f i n e d
i n clause 2 . 2 . 3 . , e x r l u d i n g buffer forces.

A l 1 t h e s e l o a d s must t h e n be m u l t i p l i e d by t h e a m p l i f y i n g c o e f f i c i e n t yc s p e c i f i e d
i n c i a u s e 2.3.4., v i z :

I n cases where t r a v e l m o t i o n t a k e s p l a c e o n l y f o r p o s i t i o n i n g t h e a p p l i a n c e and

i s n o t n o r m a l l y u s e d f o r moving l o a d s t h e e f f e c t o f t h i s m o t i o n s h a l l n o t be com-
b i n e d w i t h a n o t h e r h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n . T h i s i s t h e case f o r example w i t h a d o c k s i d e
c r a n e which, once i t has been p o s i t i o n e d , h a n d l . e s a s e r i e s o f l o a d s a t a f i x e d p o i n t .

CASE 11 : APPLIANCE WORKING W I T H WIND

The l o a d s o f case 1 a r e t a k e n t o w h i c h a r e added t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e l i m i t i n g w o r k i n g

w i n d SW d e f i n e d under 2.2.4.1.2.1. ( t a b l e T.2.2.4.1.2.1.) and, where, a p p l i c a b l e
t h e l o a d due t o t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n , v i z :

Note - The dynamic e f f e c t s o f a c c e l e r a t i o n and r e t a r d a t i o n do n o t have t h e same

v a l u e s i n case 11 a s i n case 1, f o r when a w i n d i s b l o w i n g t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g
o r b r a k i n g t i m e s a r e n o t t h e same as when s t i l l c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l .

2.3.3. CASE 111 : APPLIANCE SUBJECTED TO E X C E P T I O N A L LOADINGS

E x c e p t i o n a l l o a d i n g s o c c u r i n t h e f o l l o w i n g cases :

- a p p l i a n c e o u t o f s e r v i c e w i t h rnaximum w i n d
- a p p l i a n c e w o r k i n g and s u b j e c t e d t o a b u f f e r e f f e c t
- a p p l i a n c e u n d e r g o i n g t h e t e s t s i n d i c a t e d i n b o o k l e t 8.

The h i g h e s t o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m b i n a t i o n s s h a l l be c o n s i d e r e d :

a ) The l o a d s SG due t o t h e dead w e i g h t , p l u s t h e l o a d SWmaXdue t o t h e maximurn

w i n d as m e n t i o n e d under c l a u s e 2.2.4.1.2.2. [ i n c l u d i n ~t h e r e a c t i o n s o f t h e
anchorages)

b ) t h e l o a d s SG due tr :he dead W i g h t and SL due t o t h e w o r k i n g l o a d p l u s t h e

g r e a t e s t b u f f e r e f f e c t ST a s e n v i s a g e d i n c l a u s e 2.2.3.4.

C ) t h e l o a d s SG due t o t h e dead w e i g h t p l u s t h e h i g h e s t o f t h e two l o a d s ?

' P1 SL
and P2 SL ; P1 and p2 b e i n g t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s by w h i c h t h e s a f e w o r k i n g l o a d
i s m u l t i p l i e d f o r t h e dynamic t e s t (P1) and f o r t h e s t a t i c t e s t ( ~ 2 as) i n clauses
9 . 1 . 1 . and 8.1.2.
 These t h r e e c a s e s a r e e x p r e s s e d by t h e f o r m u l a e :

Note 1 - I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e c h e c k s under ( c ) a r e o n l y t o b e made i n c a s e s

w h e r e t h e working l o a d , when assumed t o a c t a l o n e , p r o d u c e s s t r e s s e s opposed
i n d i r e c t i o n t o t h o s e c a u s e d by t h e dead w e i g h t u p t o t h e p o i n t a t which
t h e s t a t i c t e s t l o a d d o e s n o t e x c e e d 1 , 5 t i m e s t h e s a f e working l o a d .
Note 2 - When u s i n g d e c e l e r a t i n g d e v i c e s i n a d v a n c e o f b u f f e r irnpact u n d e r t h e
c o n d i t i o n s rnentioned i n c l a u s e 2.2.3.4.1. ST w i l l be t a k e n t o b e t h e
h i g h e s t l o a d r e s u l t i n g e i t h e r from t h e r e t a r d a t i o n p r e v i o u s l y c a u s e d by
t h e d e c e l e r a t i n g d e v i c e o r frorn t h a t f i n a l l y c a u s e d by t h e b u f f e r .

CHOOSING THE AMPLIFYIYG COEFFICIENT yc

The v a l u e o f t h e a m p l i f y i n g c o e f f i c i e n t yc depends upon t h e g r o u p c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

of the appliance.

Table T.2.3.4.
Values o f amplifyinq c o e f f i c i e n t y c

Appliance
A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 , A8 1
group i
YC 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.08 i 1.11
8
1
,
1.14 1 1.17 ! 1.20
l
2

SEISMIC EFFECTS

In g e n e r a l t h e s t r u c t u r e s o f l i f t i n g a p p l i a n c e s do n o t have t o be checked f o r European

seismic effects.

However, i f o f f i c i a l r e g u l a t i o n s o r p a r t i c u l a r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s o p r e s c r i b e , s p e c i a l
r u l e s o r r e c o m n e n d a t i o n s can be a p p l i e d i n a r e a s s u b j e c t t o e a r t h q u a k e s .

T h i s r e q u i r e m e n t s h a l l b e a d v i s e d t o t h e s u p p l i e r by t h e u s e r o f t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n
who s h a l l a l s o p r o v i d e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e i s m i c s p e c t r a .

(1 Loadings r e s u l t i n g from t h e working l o a d a r e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b u t t h e e f f e c t s

o f l o a d swing r e s u l t i n g from t h e s h o c k a r e n e g l e c t e d b e c a u s e t h i s swing o n l y l o a d s
t h e s t r u c t u r e when t h e o t h e r e f f e c t s have been p r a c t i c a l l y a b s o r b e d . T h i s comment
d o e s n o t a p p l y t o r i g i d l y g u i d e d l o a d s which c a n n o t swing.
 L O A D S E N T E R I N G I N T D THE D E S I G N OF MECHANICMS

Mechanisrns a r e s u b j e c t e d t o two k i n d s o f l o a d i n g :

a ) The l o a d s , r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e symbol SM, which a r e d i r e c t l y d e p e n d e n t upon t h e

t o r q u e s e x e r t e d on t h e mechanisms by t h e m o t o r s o r t h e b r a k e s .
b ) The l o a d s , r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e syrnbol SR, which a r e i n d e p e n d e n t o f motor o r b r a k e
a c t i o n b u t which a r e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e r e a c t i o n s which a c t upon t h e m e c h a n i c a l
p a r t s and which a r e n o t b a l a n c e d by a t o r q u e a c t i n g on t h e d r i v e s h a f t s ( 1 ) .

TYPE Srq L D A D S

The l o a d s o f t h i s t y p e t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a r e :

a ) SMG l o a d s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a v e r t i c a l d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e c e n t r e o f g r a v i t y
o f moving p a r t s o f t h e a p p l i a n c e o t h e r t h a n t h e working l o a d .
b ) SML l o a d s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a v e r t i c a l d i s p l a c e r n e n t o f t h e working l o a d a s d e f i n e d
i n c l a u s e 2.2. f o r s t r u c t u r e s .

c j SM l o a d s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o f r i c t i o n a l f o r c e s which have n o t been a l l o w e d f o r

i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e rnechanism ( s e e c l a u s e 4 . 2 . 6 . 1 . 1 . , b o o k l e t 4 )

d j SMn l o a d s , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c c e l e r a t i o n ( o r b r a k i n o ) o f t h e m o t i o n .
e ) SMhll o a d s , c o r r r s p o n d i n g t o t h e e f f e c t o f t h e working wind assurned f o r t h e
appliance.

TYPE SR L O A D S

The l o a a s o f t h i s t y p e t o be c o n s i d e r e d a r e :

a ) SRG l o a d s due t o t h e w e i g h t s o f cornponents which a c t on t h e p a r t u n d e r c o n s i d e -

ration ;
b ) SRL l o a d s due t o t h e w o r k i n g l o a d a s d e f i n e d i n c l a u s e 2 . 2 . , for structures.
C) SRA l o a d s due t o t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s o r d e c e l e r a t i o n s o f t h e v a r i o u s m o t i o n s o f
the a p p l i a n c e o r its p a r t s , a s c a l c u l a t e d according t o c l a u s e 2.2.3.1. f o r
s t r u ~ t u r e s ~ i n s o f aa rs t h e o r d e r o f rnagnitude o f t h e s e l o a d s i s n o t n e g l i g i b l e
compared t o t h e SRG and SRL l o a d s .
d j SRw l o a d s duo t o t h e l i m i t i n g w o r k i n g wind SW o r t o t h e maxirnum wind SWmax
( s e e c l a u s e 2 . 2 . b . l . j , i n s o f a r a s t h e o r d e r o f magnitude of t h e s e l o a d s i s n o t
negligible.

(1) I n a t r a v e l m o t i o n , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e l o a d s due t o t h e v e r t i c a l r e a c t i o n on t h e
r a i l w h e e l s and t h e t r a n s v e r s e l o a d s t h a t s t r e s s t h e wheel a x l e b u t a r e n o t t r a n s -
m i t t e d t o t h e components o f t h e d r i v i n g mechanism.
 C A S E S OF L O A D I N G

Three c a s e s of l o a d i n g a r e t o be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s :

Case 1. : Mrmal s e r v i c e w i t h o u t wind

Case 11 : Nsrmal s e r v i c e w i t h wind
Case 111 : E x c e p t i o n a l l o a d i n g s .
A maximum l o a d must be d e t e r m i n e d f o r each c a s e of l o a d i n g which s e r v e s a s t h e
basis for the calculations.
Nste - C l e a r l y , c a s e 1 and 11 a r e one and t h e same i n t h e c a s e of a p p l i a n c e s which
a r e n o t exposed t o wind.

The v a r i o u s l o a d i n g s b e i n g determined a s i n d i c a t e d i n paragraph 2 . 5 . , a c c o u n t i s

taken o f a c e r t a i n p r o b a b l l i t y o f exceeding t h e c s i c u l a t e d s t r e s s , which r e s u l t s
f r m i m p e r f e c t methods o f c a l c u l a t i o n and uriforseeri c o n t i n g e n c i e s , by a p p l y i n g an
a m p l i f y i n g c o e f f i c i e n t y, depending on t h e grouD i n wbich t h e mechanism i s c l a s s i f i e d .
The v a l u e s of t h i s c o e f f i c i e n t Y, a r e i n d i c a t e d i n t a b l e T.2.6.

Values o f a m p l i f v i n o c o e f f i c i e n t y,

2,6.1 CASE 1 - KORMAL SERVICE d I T H O U T WlND

2.6.1.1. TYPE S M LOADS

The maximum l o a d S p , , , , ~ o f t h e SM t y p e ( s e e c l a u s e 2 . 5 . ) i s determined by combining

t h e l o a d s SMG, S m , S,+, and SMAd e f i n e d i n c l a u s o 2.5.1. which can be e x o r e s s e d by
the relation :
Sp,max: = (%G + -% + SM- + %A) Ym

Note - I t must be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i t i s n o t t h e combination of t h e maximum v a l u e s

o f e a c h o f t h e t e r m s i n t h i s r e l a t i o n t h a t must be c o n s i d e r e d , but t h e v a l u e
r e s u l t i n g from t h e most u n f a v o u r a b l f combination t h a t could a c t u a l l y o c c u r
i n prac:I~e.

2.6.1-2, TYPE S R LOA05

Tho maxinu% l o a 3 SE &,, c f t h e Sq t y 3 ~( s e ? c l a u s ? 2 . 5 . ) i s determined by combining

t h e l ~ a d cSR,, SRi, Ssa, d e ~ i n " i n c l a J s e 2 . 5 . 2 . w q i c l can be e x p r e s s e d by t h e
relatloi : - - -
S;,sx1 ' (SRi + sRL + SRA) 'yr
2.6.2. CASE 11 - NORMAL SER\!ICI W I T H WIND

2.6.2. L. T Y P E SM LOADS

'[he maximum l o a d SM 11 o f t h e SM t y p c (see c l a u s e 2.5. ) i s d e t e r m i n e d by com-

b i n i n g t h e l o a d s SMG, SML and Sw- d e f i n e d i n c l a u s e 2.5.1. w i t h one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
two c o m b i n a t i o n s :

a ) t h e l o a d Sm and t h e l o a d SMW8 c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a 80 N/m2 wind.

b ) t h e l o a d S w z 5 c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a 250 N/m2 wind.

The h i g h e r o f t h e two v a l u e s expressed by t h e r e l a t i o n s s e t o u t below i s t a k e n :

Fne n o t e i n c l a u s e 2.6.1.1. a p p l i e s here also.

2.6.2.2. T Y P E SR LOADS

The maximum l o a d SRmax 11 o f t h e SR t y p e (see c l a u s e 2.5.) i s d e t e r m i n e d by combining

t h e l o a d s SR,-, SRL and SRA d e f i n e d i n c l a u s e 2.5.2. w i t h w h i c h corresponds
t o 3 250 N/m wind, as expressed by t h e r e i a t i o n :

The n o t e i n c l a u s e 2.6.1.1. applies here also.

%,5,3. CASE 111 - E X C E P T I O N A L LOADS

2,6.3.1, T Y P E SH LOADS

The maxirnm l o a d SMrnax111 o f t h e SM t y p e d e f i n e d under c l a u s e 2.5. i s d e t e r m i n e d

by c o n s i d e r i n g t h e maximum l o a d t h a t t h e motor can a c t u a l l y t r a n s r n i t t o t h e mecha-
nism, a l l o w i n g f o r l i m i t a t i o n s due t o p r a c t i c a 1 o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s .

The v a l u e s o f SMmaX111 a r e s p e c i f i e d i n c l a u s e 2.6.4.

2.6.3.2. TYPE S R LOADS

S i n c e t h e consequences o f an o v e r l o a d &e t o c o l l i s i o n w i t h a b u f f e r o r f o u l i n g
a r e f a r l e s s s e r i o u s f o r a rnechanism t h a n f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e , t h e e x c e p t i o n a l l o a d i n g
t o be taken i s t h a t g i v e n under paragraph a ) o f c l a u s e 2.3.3. i n t h e s t r u c t u r e s
chapter .
-
This g i v e s : SR rnax 11i = S~~ + rnax

In c a s e s where a d d i t i o n a l mooring o r guying rneans a r e used t o e n s u r e i m o b i l i t y

o r s t a b i l i t y under rnaximum wind, t h e e f f e c t of t h e s e d e v i c e s on t h e rnechanisrn rnust
be taken i n t o account where a p p l i c a b l e .

A P P L I C A T I O N OF THE ABOVE C O N S I D E R A T I O N S
F O R C A L C U L A T I N G SM

The mechanisms of h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e s perform one of t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n s :

- P u r e l y v e r t i c a l d i s p l a c e m e n t s of t h e c e n t r e of g r a v i t y of moving masses ( e . g .
h o i s t i n g rnotions).
- P u r e l y h o r i z o n t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t s i n which t h e c e n t r e of g r a v i t y of t h e rnoving
rnasses a s a whole s h i f t s h o r i z o n t a l l y (e.g. t r a v e r s e , t r a v e l , slewing o r c o u n t e r -
balanced l u f f i n g m o t i o n s ) .
- Movernents c m b i n i n g an e l e v a t i o n of t h e c e n t r e of g r a v i t y o f t h e rnoving masses
w i t h a h o r i z o n t a l displacernent ( e . g . non-counterbalanced l u f f i n g ) .

2.6.4.1. HOISTING HOTIONS

For t y p e SM l o a d s , t h e formula r e d u c e s t o t h e following :

Case 1 and 1 1 :

In t h i s c a s e t h e l o a d due t o t h e h o i s t i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n i s n e g l e c t e d because i t
i s m a l 1 ccunpared t o S*.

Case 111 :

Bearing i n mind t h e g e n e r a l r u l e s o f c l a u s e 2 . 6 . 3 . 1 . , i t i s assumed t h a t t h e maximun

l o a d s t h a t can be t r a n s r n i t t e d t o h o i s t i n g rnechanisms a r e l i m i t e d i n p r a c t i c e t o
1 , 6 times t h e SMrnax1 l o a d ( 1 ) .

(1) In a h o i s t i n g rnotion i t i s irnpossible under normal working c o n d i t i o n s t o t r a n s r n i t

t o t h e rnechanism l o a d s g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e due t o t h e h o i s t i n g of t h e working l o a d ,
a s t h e e f f e c t s of a c c e l e r a t i o n a r e n e g l i g i b l e .
A g r e a t e r load c o u l d r e s u l t only from rnishandling (poor judgernent o f t h e l o a d , e t c . ) .

On t h e b a s i s of e x p e r i e n c e gained over rnany y e a r s of p r a c t i c e w i t h widely d i f f e r i n g

h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e s i t i s now a c c e p t e d t h a t a c o e f f i c e n t of 1 , 6 g i v e s a d e q u a t e
s a f e t y . I t must be s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e use o f e x c e s s i v e l y powerful rnotors s h o u l d
be avoided.
2.6.4.2. HORIZONTAL MOTIONS

Case 1 - The f o r m u l a r e d u c e s t o :

Case 1 1 - The h i q h e r o f t h e f o l l o w i n g two v a l u e s i s t a k e n :

Case 111 - For S M m a x1 1 t~h e l o a d c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e rnaximum t o r q u e o f t h e motor

(01t h e b r a k e ) i s t a k e n u n l e s s o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s limit t h e t o r q u e a c t u a l l y t r a n s -
m i t t e d , t h r o u g h wheel s l i p on t h e r a i l s , o r t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f s u i t a b l e l i m i t i n g
means ( e . g . h y d r a u l i c c o u p l i n g , t o r q u e l i m i t e r , e t c . ) . In t h i s c a s e t h e v a l u e
a c t u a l l y t r a n s m i t t e d must be t a k e n (1).

COMBINE0 HOTIONS

Case 1 and 1 1 :
For c a s e s 1 a n d 1 1 , t h e o a d SM 11 i z ! i s d e t e r m i n e d by a p p l y i n g t h e g e n e r a l
formula d e f i n e d i n c l a u s e s 2 . 6 . 1 . 1 . and 2 . 6 . 2 . 1 .

Case 1 1 1 :
The l o a d c a u s e d by a p p l y i n g t h e maximum motor t o r q u e SMCnax c a n b e t a k e n f o r t h e
maxirnum v a l u e SMmax111. T h i s o f t e n unduly h i g h v a l u e i s a l w a y s a c c e p t a b l e s i n c e
i t enhances s a f e t y .
I t must b e u s e d when t h e power i n v o l v e d f o r r a i s i n g t h e c e n t r e s o f g r a v i t y of t h e
rnoving masses i s n e g l i g i b l e cornpared t o t h e power needed t o overcome a c c e l e r a t i o n s
o r wind e f f e c t s .
C o n v e r s e l y , when t h e e f f e c t o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s o r t h e wind i s n e g l i g i b l e i n compa-
r i s o n w i t h t h e e f f e c t o f d i s p l a c i n g t h e c e n t r e s o f g r a v i t y o f t h e moving m a s s e s
v e r t i c a l l y , t h i s v a l u e is t o o h i g h and SMmax111 c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d from t h e f o r m u l a :

Between t h e s e two l i m i t i n g v a l u e s , e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s h o u l d b e examined a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e motor c h o s e n , t h e method o f s t a r t i n g and t h e r e l a t i v e m a g n i t u d e s o f t h e
l o a d s due t o i n e r t i a a n d wind e f f e c t s on t h e one hand and t h o s e due t o r a i s i n g o f
t h e c e n t r e s of g r a v i t y on t h e o t h e r .
Without e x c e p t i o n , when o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s l i m i t t h e t o r q u e a c t u a l l y t r a n s m i t t e d
t o the mechanim ( s e e c l a u s e 2.6.4.2.1, t h i s l i m i t i n g torque w i l l be taken a s t h e
v a l u e o f SMCmax i f i t i s l e s s t h a n t h e v a l u e s d e f i n e d above.

(1) Whereas i n t h e c a s e of h o i s t i n g m o t i o n s t h e l o a d s normally t r a n v n i t t e d t o t h e mecha-

nism a r e l i m i t e d by t h e l o a d l i f t e d , i n h o r i z o n t a l m o t i o n s t h e maximum t o r q u e o f
t h e motor c a n a l w a y s b e t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e mechanism i f no m e c h a n i c a l l i m i t a t i o n
e x i s t s . T h i s is why a d i f f e r e n t way o f e v a l u a t i n g SMmaX111 h a s been s p e c i f i e d
a c c o r d i n g t o whether a h o i s t m o t i o n o r o t h e r motion is b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d .

o r SMrnax i n t h e c a s e o f a p p l i a n c e s n o t s u b j e c t e d t o wind.
 A P P E N D I X A - 2.1.1.

H A R M O N I S A T I O N OF THE C L A S S E S OF U T I L I Z A T I O N
OF A P P L I A N C E S AND M E C H A N I S M S

The p r e s e n t appendix s e t s o u t t o demonstrate a rnethod by w h i c h i t i s p o s s i b l e i n

many cases t o d e r i v e t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f mechanisms from t h a t o f a p p l i a n c e s
as a whole and f r o m c e r t a i n parameters c h a r á c t e r i z i n g t h e d u t y t o be performed.

The s t a r t i n g p o i n t i s t h e average d u r a t i o n tmc( i n seconds) o f a h o i s t i n g c y c l e

as d e f i n e d i n c l a u s e 2.1.2.2. T h i s i s t h e r e f o r e t h e t i m e necessary t o p e r f o r m a l 1
t h e o p e r a t i o n s i n such a c y c l e .

The t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use T o f t h e a p p l i a n c e , expressed i n h o u r s , i s t h e n g i v e n

by the r e l a t i o n :
T = -N . tmc
- -
3600

Where N r e p r e s e n t s t h e number o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c l a s s of u t i l i z a t i o n
o f the appliance.

Table T.A.2.1.1.1. g i v e s t h e v a l u e s o f T f o r c y c l e d u r a t i o n s o f 30 - 480 S i n accor-

dance w i t h t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e a p p l i a n c e . The number o f h o i s t i n g c y c l e s
i s t h e maximum number f o r t h i s c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n ; t h e s e v a l u e s a r e , however,
a d j u s t e d t o 15 625, 31 250 and 62 500 r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r c l a s s UO, U1 and U2, i n
o r d e r t o reduce t h e number o f d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s f o r T.

The n e x t s t e p i s t o d e t e r m i n e f o r each mechanism t h e r a t i o C L i between t h e d u r a t i o n

o f use o f t h e mechanism d u r i n g a h o i s t i n g c y c l e and t h e average d u r a t i o n tmco f
the cycle.

Table T.A.2.1.1.2. g i v e s t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n s o f use Ti o f t h e mechanism depending

on t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n o f use o f t h e a p p l i a n c e , and f o r v a r i o u s c o n v e n t i o n a l v a l u e s
o f t h e r a t i o C L i . T h i s t a b l e a l s o shows t h e c l a s s of u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e rnechanism.
The v a r i o u s c l a s s e s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e stepped areas.

I t i s t h u s s u f f i c i e n t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c l a s s o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e a p p l i a n c e by
referente t o t a b l e T.2.1.2.2., t h e average d u r a t i o n o f t h e h o i s t i n g c y c l e and t h e
v a l u e s o f Cxi i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e c l a s s e s o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e mechanisms.

From t h e c u r v e s o f t h e nomogram T.A.2.1.1.3. the classes of u t i l i z a t i o n f o r the

mechanisms i n terms o f t h e s e t h r e e parameters can be found d i r e c t l y .
 Table T.A.2.1.1.1.

Total d u r a t i o n o f use ( T ) of l i f t i n q a p p l i a n c e s i n h o u r s
E X A W L E OF APPLICATION

Docksido cargo crane.

Tho class of utilization for the appliance will be ü5.

A hoisting cycle comprises the following operations

- hoisting of load ;
- travelling ;
- slewing ;
- lowering ;
- unhooking of load ;
- hoisting empty ;
- slewing ;
- travelling ;
- lowering empty ;
- hooking on of new load.

The average time for completion of the cycle will be estimated at 150 s.

The ratios cxi will be estimated as follows :

- hoisting (hoisting and lowering) : CLi = 0.63

- slewing (2 directions) : CLi = 0.25

- travelling (do. ) : C Y ~= 0.10

Table T.A.2.1.1.1. gives us for class U5 and tmc = 150 S :

For the various mechanisms, table T.A.2.1.1.2. gives us, for T = 2 0 835 h, the
following total durations Ti and classes of utilization :

- hoisting (ai= 0.63) : T~ = 13 126 h T7

- slewing (ai= 0.25) : Ti = 5 209 h T5
- travelling (vli = 0.10) : Ti = 2 084 h T4

Frorn the curves in table T.A.2.1.1.3. the same conclusions are drawn on the basis
of the ordinate t., = 150 s (broken line).
 APPENDIX A - 2.2.3.

C A L C U L A T I O N OF L O A D S D U E T O A C C E L E R A T I O N S
OF HORIZONTAL MOTIONS

PART 1 - METHOD

B A S I C DATA

Let

v be t h e s t e a d y h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e p o i n t o f s u s p e n s i o n o f t h e l o a d , e i t h e r
a t t h e end o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n p e r i o d , o r a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e b r a k i n g p e r i o d ,
a c c o r d i n g t o w h e t h e r an a c c e l e r a t i o n o r a b r a k i n g p r o c e s s i s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d , and

F a n i m a g i n a r y h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n a s v , a p p l i e d a t t h e p o i n t
o f s u s p e n s i o n o f t h e l o a d and p r o d u c i n g t h e same e f f e c t on t h e motion under
c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g o r d e c e l e r a t i n g t o r q u e a p p l i e d by t h e motor
o r t h e brake.

PROCEDURE

The d i f f e r e n t ~ u a n t i t i e ss e t o u t below must be c a l c u l a t e d i n s u c c e s s i o n .

E q u i v a l e n t mass (m)
The i n e r t i a o f a l 1 moving p a r t s o t h e r t h a n t h e l o a d , i r i t h e motion under c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,
is r e p l a c e d by a s i n g l e e q u i v a l e n t rnass m a s s m e d t o be c o n c e n t r a t e d a t t h e p o i n t o f
s u s p e n s i o n o f t h e l o a d and g i v e n by t h e r e l a t i o n :

Where :

m, = i s t h e t o t a l mass o f a l 1 e l e m e n t s , o t h e r than t h e l o a d , u n d e r g o i n g t h e same

p u r e l i n e a r motion a s t h e p o i n t o f s u s p e n s i o n of t h e l o a d ;

Ii = t h e moment o f i n e r t i a o f a p a r t u n d e r g o i n g a r o t a t i o n d u r i n g t h e rnotion under

c o n s i d e r a t i o n , t h i s rnoment o f i n e r t i a b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d a b o u t t h e a x i s o f
r o t a t i o n , and

wi = t h e angular v e l o c i t y of t h e p a r t r e f e r r e d t o , about i t s a x i s of r o t a t i o n ,
corresponding t o t h e l i n e a r v e l o c i t y v of the point of suspension of t h e
load.

The sum L c o v e r s a l 1 p a r t s i n r o t a t i o n ( s t r u c t u r e , mechanisms, m o t o r ) d u r i n g t h e

motion c o n s i d e r e d . However, i n t h e c a s e o f mechanisms, t h e i n e r t i a o f components
o t h e r t h a n t h o s e d i r e c t l y c o u p l e d t o t h e motor s h a f t can be i n g o r e d .
Mean a c c e l e r a t i o n o r d e c e l e r a t i o n ( h j :

wiiere m1. i s Khe mass o f t h e l o a d .

Mean d u r a t i o n o f a c c e l e r a t i o n o r d e c e l e r a t i o n (T,) :

Vean i n e r t i a f o r c e s :
The a c c e l e r a t i o n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n j, a t t h e p o i n t o f s u s p e n s i o n o f
t h e l o a d i s c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h component p a r t i n n o t i o n . k l t i p l y i n g t h i s a c c e l e -
r a t i o n by t h e mass o f t h e component c o n s i d e r e d g i v e s t h e rnean i n e r t i a f o r c e i t
sustains.
I n t h e p a r t i c u l a r c a s e o f t h e l o a d i t s e l f , t h i s f o r c e o f i n e r t i a Fcm w i l l b e g i v e n
by :
F ~ m= m i jm

P e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n T1 : Tl = 2 ~ f l
9
= t h e l e n g t h o f s u s p e n s i o n o f t h e l o a d wher i t i s i n i t s uppermosi p o s i t i o n
( v a l u e s of below 2,00 m need n o t be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n j a n d ,
g = t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y .

Value o f p

When t h e system d r i v i n g t h e motion c o n t r o l s t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n and t h e d e c e l e r a t i o n

and r n a i n t a i n s i t a t a c o n s t a n t v a l u e , U i s t a k e n e q u a l t o O i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e
rnasses m and rnl.

Value o f B :

Value o f Y;, :

With t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r and 3, t h e g r a p h i n f i g u r e A.2.2.1. i s used t o f i n d

t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e o f ih.

l n e r t i a f o r c e s t o be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e d e s i q n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e :
The f o r c e s o f i n e r t i a which t a k e a c c o u n t o f dynarnic e f f e c t s and which rnust t h e r e f o r e
be considered i n t h e s t r u c t u r a l ca!culations a r e obtained a s follows :

- I n e r t i a f o r c e due t o t h e l o a d : vh F,,

- I n e r t i a f o r c e on moving p a r t s o t h e r t h a n t h e l o a d : t w i c e t h e mean i n e r t i a f o r c e s .

JUST I F ICAT I O N

A j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e rnethod g i v e n above f o l l o w s i n p a r t 2 o f t h i s a p p e n d i x .
 P A R T 2 - E X P L A N A T I O N OF T H E M E T H O D

STATEMENT Of THE PROBLEM

A h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e is a physical system c o n s i s t i n g e s s e n t i a l l y of :

- c o n c e n t r a t e d m a s s e s (hook l o a d , c o u n t e r w e i g h t s , ... and d i s t r i b u t e d m a s s e s

(girders, ropes, ... 1,
- e l a s t i c c o n n e c t i o n s between t h e s e m a s s e s ( g i r d e r s , r o p e s , ... 1.
I f such a s y s t e m , o r i g i n a l l y i n a s t a t e o f e q u i l i b r i u m , i s s u b j e c t e d t o a v a r y i n g
l o a d , i t d o e s n o t t e n d p r o g r e s s i v e l y t o w a r d s a new s t a t e of e q u i l i b r i u m e v e n i f
t h e new l o a d a p p l i e d i s i t s e l f c o n s t a n t . On t h e c o n t r a r y , i t is s e t i n a more o r
l e s s complex o s c i l l a t i n g motion a b o u t t h i s new s t a t e o f e q u i l i b r i u m . h r i n g t h i s
m o t i o n , t h e v a r i o u s i n t e r n a l l o a d s and s t r e s s e s o f t h e system c a n e x c e e d - sometimes
t o a marked e x t e n t - t h e v a l u e s t h e y would have asswned had t h e s y s t e m b e e n i n
s t a t i c e q u i l i b r i u m u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e new l o a d .

Such a s i t u a t i o n a r i s e s d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n o r d e c e l e r a t i o n ( b r a k i n g ) o f a h o r i z o n t a l
motion o f a h o i s t i n g a p p l i a n c e . Thus i f , s t a r t i n g from a p o s i t i o n o f r e s t , a n a p p l i -
a n c e o r p a r t o f an a p p l i a n c e b e g i n s a motion o f t r a n s l a t i o n o r r o t a t i o n , t h e component
p a r t s o f t h e s y s t e m undergo a c c e l e r a t i o n s and a r e t h e r e f o r e s u b j e c t e d t o i n e r t i a
f o r c e s . Once a s t e a d y s p e e d i s a t t a i n e d , t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n c e a s e s , t h e i n e r t i a f o r c e s
d i s a p p e a r and t h e e x t e r n a 1 l o a d u n d e r g o e s a new v a r i a t i o n .

The a n g l e t h r c u g h which a r o t a t i n g s y s t e m t ü r n s i e . 9 . i h e r o t a t i n g p a r t o f a c r a n e j
d u r i n g t h e timo f o r which i n e r t i a f o r c e s a r e a p p l i e d i s g e n e r a l l y r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l .
T h i s b e i n g s o , no a p p r e c i a b l e e r r o r w i l l be i n v o l v e d i f one assumes t h a t e a c h p o i n t
i n t h e svstem follows a s t r a i g h t path during t h i s time. Since, moreover, t h e r e i s
no d i f f e r e n c e o f principie between t h e t r e a t m e n t u s e d f o r l i n e a r m o t i o n s and m o t i o n s
o f r o t a t i o n , i n what f o l l o w s t h e l i n e a r motion w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l
( c h a p t e r 2!, whereas o n l y a s h o r t n o t e ( c h a p t e r 3 ) w i l l c o v e r r o t a t i o n .

CALCULATING THE LOADS I N THE CASE OF A LINEAR MOTION

GENERAL DATA

I t i s now p r o p o s e d t o examine t h e p a r t i c u l a r c a s e o f b r a k i n g o f t h e t r a v e l motion

o f a c o m p l e t e o v e r h e a d t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e when i t i s c a r r y i n g a l o a d s u s p e n d e d from
i t s h o i s t i n g r o p e . O t h e r c a s e s e n c o u n t e r e d i n p r a c t i c e can be d e a l t w i t h i n s i m i l a r
fashion.
C o n s i d e r i n g f i g l ~ r eA.2.1. let :

ml be t h e mass o f t h e suspended l o a d ,
m t h e t o t a l mass o f t h e o v e r h e a d t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e i n c l u d i n g t h e c r a b ( s e e n o t e
below c o n c e r n i n g t h e i n e r t i a o f t h e motor and o f t h e machinery d r i v i n g t h e
motion),
x a c o o r d i n a t e d e f i n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e c r a n e a l o n g i t s t r a c k (more p r e c i s e -
l y , x represents t h e coordinate of the point of suspension of t h e hoisting
rope along an a x i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of t r a v e l ) ,
 1 a c o o r d i n a t e d e f i n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e c e n t r e of g r a v i t y of t h e
suspended l o a d a l o n g an a x i s of t h e sarne d i r e c t i o n , s e n s e and o r i g i n
a s t h e a x i s of x ,
z = x1 - x a c o o r d i n a t e e x p r e s s i n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l dicplacernent o f t h e l o a d r e l a t i v e
t o the crane.
Let us a s s m e t h a t a t t h e i n s t a n t t = O t h e overhead t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e i s rnoving
i n t h e p o s i t i v e s e n s e of t h e x a x i s a t a v e l o c i t y v, and t h a t t h e l o a d i s a t r e s t
r e l a t i v e t o the crane.
( Z = z 1 = O , with : Z ' =
dt
e)
I f t h e braKe i s a p p l i e d t o t h e t r a v e l rnechanisrn a t t h e i n s t a n t t = O , i t w i l l g i v e
r i s e from t h a t i n s t a n t t o a h o r i z o n t a l b r a k i n g f o r c e p a r a l l e l t o , b u t o f o p p o s i t e
s e n s e t o , t h e x a x i s a t each p o i n t where a d r i v i n g wheel i s i n c o n t a c t w i t h i t s
r a i l . To s i r n p l i f y r n a t t e r s , l e t u s assume t h a t t h e c r a b i s l o c a t e d a t mid-span o f
t h e main g i r d e r s of t h e overhead t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e . I t f o l l o w s by syrnrnetry t h a t
t h e t o t a l f o r c e a t each r a i l i s t h e same. Let u s d e s i g n a t e i t s p r o j e c t i o n on t h e
x a x i s by 5 ( w i t h > O ) , s o t h a t t h e t o t a l b r a k i n g f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e systern
i n rnotion ( c r a n e p l u s l o a d ) i s equal t o F i n a b s o l u t e v a l u e .
I f t h e systern were composed of r i g i d l y i n t e r c o n n e c t e d masses, t h i s would r e s u l i
i n a d e c e l e r a t i o n o f a b s o l u t e value j,, given by t h e r e l a t i o n :
I t must n o t f o r g o t t e n however t h a t F o r i g i n a t e s i n t h e b r a k i n g t o r q u e a p p l i e d
tr th: t r - i z l meihs?isrn krbicb a u j t í i c t o : - ~ l r u~ i á i i t "Le L i d v e i irle1 ii;iuT t i t e c r a n e
and t h e l o a d b u t a l s o t h e r o t a t i o n a l i n e r t i a o f t h e d r i v i n g m o t o r and t h e i n t e r -
v e n i n g m a c h i n e r y . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , one can n e g l e c t t h e r o t a t i n g i n e r t i a o f a l 1
components o t h e r t h a n t h o s e i n t e g r a l w i t h t h e motor s h a f t . I n many cases, however,
t h e i n e r t i a o f t h e l a t t e r must be t a k e n i n t o account and t h e r e l a t i o n ( 2 . 1 . 1 . )
h o l d s good o n l y p r o v i d e d t h a t m i n c o r p o r a t e s an e q u i v a l e n t mass me g i v e n b y t h e
relation :
2
me v = lm N2 (2.1.2.)

where

Im
= i s t h e moment o f i n e r t i a o f a l 1 t h e components i n t e g r a l w i t h t h e m o t o r s h a f t
( i n c l u d i n g t h e m o t o r i t s e l f , o f c o u r s e ) and

q, = t h e a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f t h e m o t o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e t r a v e l l i n g speed v
o f t h e crane.

i h d e r t h e e f f e c t o f t h e d e c e l e r a t i o n jm,t h e suspension r o p e c a n n o t r e t a i n i t s
v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n . I t s new p o s i t i o n o f e q u i l i b r i m i s i n c l i n e d t o t h e v e r t i c a l
a t an a n g l e % g i v e n b y t h e r e l a t i o n :
Jm
O,,. = a r c t g - (2.1.3.)
9

where g i s t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y . I n t h i s case t h e r o p e e x e r t s a h o r i z o n t a l

f o r c e on t h e c r a n e whose p r o j e c t i o n Fcm on t h e x a x i s i s g i v e n by :

I n p o i n t o f f a c t , t h e system i s n o t r i g i d , t h e d e c e l e r a t i o n i s n o t c o n s t a n t and
i s n o t therefore given by (2.1.1.), t h e l o a d and i t s suspension r o p e adopt an o s c i l l a -
t i n g m o t i o n , and t h e h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e developed by t h e r o p e on t h e c r a n e can a s s m e
v a l u e s d i f f e r i n g g r e a t l y frorn ( 2 . 1 . 4 . ) .

By a s i m i l a r r e a s o n i n g , one may c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e d e c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e system g i v e s

r i s e t o i n e r t i i f o r c e s w h i c h a c t on each component p a r t of t h e c r a n e and t h e c r a b ,
b u t t h a t because o f t h e e l a s t i c i t y o f t h e g i r d e r s t h e system w i l l u n d e r g o an o s c i l l a -
t i n g m o t i o n i n t h e c o u r s e o f w h i c h t h e s t r e s s e s w i l l be s u b j e c t t o f l u c t u a t i o n s
w h i c h must be e s t i m a t e d .

The n e x t two p a r a g r a p h s d e a l i n s u c c e s s i o n w i t h t h e e f f e c t o f t h e i n e r t i a f o r c e s
on t h e l o a d and on t h e g i r d e r s .

E F F E C T OF I N E R T I A F O R C E S O N T H E L O A D

I n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e m o t i o n w h i c h t h e l o a d executes a f t e r t h e b r a k e i s a p p l i e d , one
can n e g l e c t t h e movement o f t h e p o i n t o f suspension due t o g i r d e r f l e x i b i l i t y i n
a h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e . The a m p l i t u d e o f t h i s movement i s , i n f a c t , v e r y s m a l l com-
p a r e d w i t h t h e a m p l i t u d e o f s w i n g i n g o f t h e l o a d . C a l c u l a t i o n s can t h e r e f o r e be
c a r r i e d o u t w i t h t h e c r a n e c o n s i d e r e d as a system which i s n o t s u b j e c t t o d e f o r m a t i o n .

The p r o j e c t i o n Fc on t h e x a x i s o f t h e f o r c e e x e r t e d b y t h e r o p e on t h e c r a n e i s
given by the r e l a t i o n :
where -! i s t h e s u s p e n s i o n l e n g t h o f t h e l o a d . I t w i l l be n o t e d t h a t F, is propor-
t i n ~ a lt n t h p d i c p l x c m w t 2 s f thi. loa4 n i t l i itispecl L O i t s p o s l t i o n o t i n i t i a l
e q u i l i b r i m , j u s t a s i f i t were an e l a s t i c r e s t o r i n g f o r c e .

The e a u a t i o n s o f motion c a n be w r i t t e n :

X1 - X
rnx" = mlg --- - F (2.2.3.)
P

w h i l e , assurning x = 0 , f o r t = 0 , t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s a r e a s f o l l o w s :

f o r t = O, xl = x = O

xo1 = x'= v
z : x l - x = 0
2 ' = X l 1 - x': o
Let :

E q u a t i o n s ( 2 . 2 . 2 . ) and ( 2 . 2 . 3 . ) t h e n become :

x" + z" * $2 ,0
2
x"-Y z = - j ,

whence

With t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s of ( 2 . 2 . 4 . ) t o ( 2 . 2 . 7 . ) , the solution t o these equations

i s g i v e n by :
j
z =_o;(1 - c o s o , t ) (2.2.15. )
%
The c o m p l e t e e x p r e s s i o n f o r x i s o f no d i r e c t i n t e r e s t t o u s .

i t c a n t h e n b e s r e n w i t h o u t d i f f i c u l t y t h a t zm i s t h e p o s i t i o n o f e q u i l i b r i u m t h a t
c a n b e assumed by t h e l o a d d u r i n g a c o n s t a n t d e c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e c r a n e e q u a l t o t h e
v a l u e jm d e f i n e d by ( 2 . 1 . 1 . ) , i . e . d u r i n g t h e d e e e l e r a t i o n t h a t would be o b t a i n e d
by a p p l y i n g t h e b r a k i n g f o r c e F t o t h e t o t a l mass ( c r a n e p l u s l o a d ) i n m o t i o n , t h i s
mass b e i n g assumed t o e o n s t i t u t e a r i g i d system. The v a l u e z = z m d e f i n i n g t h e
l o a d d i s p l a c e m e n t c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l f o r c i F,,, d e f i n e d by ( 2 . 1 . 4 . )
e x e r t e d by t h e r o p e on t h e c r a n e . Comparison between ( 2 . 2 . 1 . ) , ( 2 . 2 . 1 5 . ) and
( 2 . 2 . 1 7 . ) t h e n shows t h a t :

I f t h e d e c e l e r a t i o n p e r i o d o f t h e c r a n e l a s t s f o r a t i m e td s u c h t h a t :

i t w i l l be s e e n t h a t F, momentarily becomes t w i c e Fcm, o r i n o t h e r w o r d s , t h a t

i t s maximum v a l u e F c m a x i s g i v e n by t h e r e l a t i o n :

'c max = 2 Fcm (2.2.20.)

if t t i e c o n d i t i o n ( 2 . 2 . 1 9 . ) i s n o t s a t i s f i e d , t h i s means t h a t t h e c r a n e h a s s t o p p e d
b e f o r e t h e l o a d h a s r e a c h e d i t s maximum d i s p l a c e m e n t z = 2 z m . However, a f t e r t h e
crane s t o p s , t h e load w i l l usually continue t o o s c i l l a t e , s o t h e rope w i l l continue
t o e x e r t a v a r y i n g h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e on t h e c r a n e , and t h e maximum v a l u e which t h i s
c a n a t t a i n must be s o u g h t .

I t i s e a s y t o v e r i f y t h a t a f t e r t h e c r a n e h a s s t o p p e d , t h e motion o f t h e l o a d i s
d e f i n e d by t h e e x p r e s s i o n :

z = zd cos b1
Z ' d s i n u1 ( t - t d )
(t - td) + - (2.2.21.)
01
with

z V d= q z m s i n $ td

where td is t h e s m a l l e s t p o s i t i v e v a l u e o f t t h a t makes t h e e x p r e s s i o n
( 2 . 2 . 1 6 . ) f o r x ' e ~ u a lt o z e r o .

The maximum v a l u e F c m a x assumed by F, i s Lhen g i v e n by t h e r e l a t i o n :

G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , we may t a k e :

F c -max
-
- yh (2.2.25.)
Fcm

The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f yh is s i m p l i f i e d by i n t r o d u c i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g q u a n t i t i e s :

Tm t h e t i m e f o r which t h e slowing-down phase o f t h e c r a n e would l a s t

Jm i f t h e d e c e l e r a t i o n were c o n s t a n t and t h e system i n motion n o t
s u b j e c t t o deformation.

2-
T1 = - n t h e p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n o f t h e pendulum s y s t e m formed by t h e suspen-
Wl ded l o a d ( c r a n e s t o p p e d ) .

I t c a n be v e r i f i e d w i t h o u t d i f f i c u l t y t h a t yh depends o n l y on two non-dimensional

p a r a m e t e r s p and B d e f i n e d by t h e r a t i o s :

which c a n be o b t a i n e d v e r y e a s i l y . I t w i l l be n o t e d t h a t ( 2 . 2 . 1 6 . ) c a n be w r i t t e n :

x t = v [ l -
(4t ) + U
-
-1
sin

21íhr'l+;,!
(ut j

and t h e r e f o r e :

t h i s e q u a t i o n makes i t p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e v a l u e o f q td t o be i n t r o d u c e d
i n t o (2.2.24.).

The g r a p h i n f i g u r e ( 2 . 2 . 1 . ) p l o t s t h e v a l u e s o f yh a g a i n s t B f o r v a r i o u s v a l u e s
o f p. (The c u r v e p = O w i l l be e x p l a i n e d l a t e r i n Chapter 5 ) .

I f p < 1 (which i s g e n e r a l l y t h e c a s e w i t h overhead t r a v e l l i n g c r a n e t r a v e l m o t i o n s ,

s u c h a s t h a t i n t h e exarnple d e a l t w i t h ) , an a n a l y s i s o f t h e problem shows t h a t lh
can i n no c a s e exceed 2 . T h i s v a l u e i s r e a c h e d d u r i n g t h e c r a n e d e c e l e r a t i o n phase
i f t h e c o n d i t i o n ( 2 . 2 . 1 9 . ) i s s a t i s f i e d o r , which i s t h e same t h i n g , i f 6 r e a c h e s
o r e x c e e d s a c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l v a l u e , Bcrit dependent upon p. Above t h i s c r i t i c a l
v a l u e , yh t h e r e f o r e r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t and e q u a l t o 2 , whatever t h e v a l u e o f 0.
I f U > 1 (which c o u ~ dbe t h e c a s e h i t h t r a v e r s ~m o t i n n s . i n which m ~ s q m n t i ~ i l y
r e p r e s e n t s o n l y t h e mass o f t h e c r a b , o r w i t h s l e w i n g m o t i o n s ) , t h e same a n a l y s i s
shows t h a t , a g a i n p r o v i d e d 6 r e a c h e s o r e x c e e d s a c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l d a l u e Bcrit
d e p e n d e n t upon U, yh c a n exceed 2 a n d r e a c h a maximum g i v e n by :

T h i s maximum c a n a c t u a l l y be r e a c h e d o n l y d u r i n g t h e s w i n g i n g motion o f t h e l o a d
s u b s e q u e n t t o t h e b r i n g i n g t o r e s t o f i t s p o i n t o f s u s p e n s i o n . The c r i t i c a l v a l u e
Bcrit i s s u c h t h a t t h e c r a n e i s h a l t e d b e f o r e t h e c o n d i t i o n ( 2 . 2 . 1 9 . ) i s s a t i s f i e d ,
o r b e f o r e Fc r e a c h e s 2 Fcm. However, any v a l u e o f B g r e a t e r t h a n ecrit leads t o
t h e c o n d i t i o n ( 2 . 2 . 1 9 . ) b e i n g s a t i s f i e d and Fc n e c e s s a r i l y p a s s e s t h e v a l u e 2 Fcm,
whence yh > 2. I t w i l l a l s o be n o t e d t h a t i f 2 > Bcrit h a s been c a l c u l a t e d t a k i n g
v e q u a l t o t h e maximum s t e a d y s p e e d o f t h e m o t i o n , b r a k i n g a p p l i e d s t a r t i n g from
t h e i n i t i a l speed :
Bcrit
B
w i i l n e c e s s a r i i y ? e a d t o t h e maxirnum v a l u e o f yh g i v e n by ( 2 . 2 . 3 0 . ) . This i s t h e
r e a s o n why, i n t h e g r a p h o f f i g u r e A . 2 . 2 . L . , t n e v a i u e s o f 'kh havo bee-i m a i n t a i n e d
f o r a l 1 v a l u e s o f B g r e a t e r t h a n Ocrit.

F i q u r e A.2.2.1.
As r e g a r d s t h e c h o i c e o f T1, i t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h e danger o f r e a c h i n g h i g h
v a l i r ~ sn f vh i q 311 t h p g r o s t e r a- t h e r u s p o n s i x l c n g t h f ü f ti-ie lucid i ~ t ~ o r l i e i
s h o r t e r , because 6 t h e n a t t a i n s i t s c r i t i c a 1 v a l u e more r a p i d l y . The c a l c u l a t i o n s
must t h e r e f o r e be made a s s m i n g t h a t t h e l o a d i s n e a r i t s uppermost p o s i t i o n . I n
practice e w i l l g e n e r a l l y l i e between 2 and 8 m. The t a b l e below g i v e s t h e v a l u e s
o f T1 f o r a few v a l u e s o f e.

I t remains f o r u s t o examine t h e e f f e c t o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l f o r c e F c m a x ov t h e l o a d i n g
c o n d i t i o n s s u s t a i n e d by t h e s t r u c t u r e .

T h i s f o r c e a c t u a l l y e x i s t s , so t h a t any components such a s t h e c r a b w h i c h t r a n s m i t

i t d i r e c t l y must b e d e s i g n e d t o w i t h s t a n d i t . The c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e l o a 6 a c t i n c j
o n t h e g i r d e r as a whole t h e r e f o r e deserves come a t t e n t i o n .

L e t us f i r s t c o n s i d e r t h e case where F C m a x o c c u r s b e f o r e t h e c r a n e has come t o h a l t .

I t would be i n c o r r e c t t o c o n s i d e r t h e l a t t e f as a beam s u p p o r t e d a t h o t b enos ano
s u b j e c t e d a t i t s c e n t r e t o t h e f o r c e F c m a x . One must n o t l o s e s i g h t o f t h e f a c t
t h a t each o f t h e two s u p p o r t i n g p o i n t s can t r a n s m i t o n l y a r e a c t i o n
F
2 .
-.
The s u c c e s s i v e
d i a g r a m s i n f i g u r e A.2.2.2. i l l u s t r a t e how t h e p r o b l e m must be c o n s i d e r e d . Diagram
"a" r e p r e s e n t s t h e i d e a l s t a t e o f e q u i l i b r i u m , i n w h i c h t h e system as a whole i s
s u b j e c t e d t o a d e c e l e r a t i o n jm( o r an a c c e l e r a t i o n x" = - ,)j and i n which t h e
r o p e d e v e l o p s a f o r c e FCm. Each m a t e r i a l element dm o f t h e system t h e r e f o r e s u s t a i n s
a n i n e r t i a f o r c e jmdm. Diagram "a" i s a s u p e r i m p o s i t i o n o f diagram "b" and diagram
"c". Diagram "b" r e l a t e s t o t h e l o a d due t o t h e i n e r t i a f o r c e s on t h e c r a n e p r o p e r
( t h i s i s d e a l t w i t h i n p a r a g r a p h 2.3.1, w h i l e d i a g r a n " c " shows t h e e f f e c t o f t h e
l o a d due t o t h e r o p e . I n p o i n t o f f a c t , t h e a c t u a l f o r c e developed by t h e r o p e
i s n o t t h e f o r c e Fcm r e p r e s e n t e d i n diagram " c " b u t t h e f o r c e :

'c max ' +h 'cm (2.2.31.)

Since t h e supporting p o i n t s (braked wheels) a r e n o t capable o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r

r e a c t i o n , t h e excess f o r c e ( y h - l ) F c m can o n l y r e s u l t i n a supplementary a c c e l e -
r a t i o n x " expressed b y :
Fcm
x'l z ( y h - 1) (2.2.32.

w h i c h i s t r a n s l a t e d i n t o a d i s t r i b u t e d l o a d - x " dm on a l 1 m a t e r i a l elernents o f
t h e crane. Diagram "d" c o n s e q u e n t l y r e p r e s e n t s t h e l o a d i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n t o be
t a k e n i n t o account when d e s i g n i n g t h e g i r d e r s .

L e t us c o n s i d e r t h e case i n w h i c h F c m a x a r i s e s a f t e r t h e crane has h a l t e d . T h i s

t i m e , t h e b r a k e d wheels no l o n g e r have t o d e v o t e p a r t o f t h e r e a c t i o n o f which
t h e y a r e c a p a b l e t o t a k i n g up t h e i n e r t i a f o r c e s on t h e c r a n e , and i n g e n e r a l ,
 rnust be r e g a r d e d a s b e i n g f i x e d . T h i s b e i n g s o , t h e ~ i r d e rrniist h? d e q i q n ~ r lsq
i f i t were s u p p o r t e d a t each end and s u b j e c t e d t o t h e f o r c e Fcrnax a t i t s c e n t r e .
T h i s l a t t e r c a s e i s i n p o i n t o f f a c t t h e o n l y one which needs t o b e c o n s i d e r e d ,
b e c a u s e when Fc r e a c h e s i t s rnaxirnwn v a l u e 2 FCm b e f o r e t h e c r a n e c a n e s t o a s t a n d -
s t i l l - t h i s f o r c e can s t i l l a r i s e i n t h e c o u r s e of t h e pendulurn rnotion which f o l l o w s
a f t e r it has stopped.

A l 1 t h e p r e c e d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s t i l l h o l d good i f , i n s t e a d o f c o n s i d e r i n g a b r a k i n g
p h a s e , one i s d e a l i n g w i t h an a c c e l e r a t i o n phase of t h e c r a n e , i n t h e c o u r s e o f which
i t is speeded up, by a c o n s t a n t d r i v i n g t o r q u e , from r e s t t o a g i v e n s t e a d y s p e e d .

7~ EFFECT OF I N E R T I A FORCES ON THE STRUCTURAL STEELWORK

I n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r , t h e s t r u c t u r e was a s s m e d t o be p e r f e c t l y r i g i d . I n f a c t ,
however, i t p o s s e s s e s a d e g r e e of e l a s t i c i t y and c o n s e q u e n t l y a l s o assumes an o s c i l -
l a t i n g rnotion d u r i n g t h e b r a k i n g p e r i o d and a f t e r corning t o r e s t . Because t h e s t r u c -
t u r e is cornposed e s s e n t i a l l y o f d i s t r i b u t e d r a t h e r t h a n s i m p l e c o n c e n t r a t e d rnasses,
i t is u s u a l l y v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e motion t h e o r e t i c a l l y , and such c a l c u -
l a t i o n s would be j u s t i f i e d o n l y i n t h e case o f very l a r g e a p p l i a n c e s i n which t h e
i n e r t i a f o r c e s play an appreciable p a r t .

F i q u r e A.2.2.2.

LOADlNG ACCELERATION
111 almvsr a i i c a s e s , l t w i l l s u f f i c e t o r e p r e s e n t a s t r u c t u r e a s b e i n g a s i m p l e
o s c i l l a t i n g system having r e s t o r i n g f o r c e s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e e x t e n s i o n and s u b j e c -
t e d t o t h e o v e r a l l a c c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e r e f e r e n c e system t o which i t i s r e f e r r e d .
In view o f t h e n o t e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n ( 2 . 2 . 1 . ) t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s developed
i n para.graph 2 . 2 . can be a p p l i e d h e r e a l s o . Wwever, t h e n a t u r a l p e r i o d of t h e
o s c i l l a t i o n s (comparable t o t h e p e r i o d Tl of paragraph 2 . 2 . ) i s always a p p r e c i a b l y
s h o r t e r than t h a t o f a suspended l o a d , n o t exceeding a few t e n t h s of a second i n
most c a s e s . The r e s u l t o f t h i s i s t h a t t h e parameter corresponding t o B always
exceeds t h e c r i t i c a 1 v a l u e Bcrit, SO t h a t Yh must always be taken e q u a l t o 2 , t h i s
being t h e c o e f f i c i e n t a p p l i c a b l e t o i n e r t i a l o a d s c a l c u l a t e d w i t h t h e mean d e c e l e -
r a t i o n jm. The only e x c e p t i o n t h a t could be made t o t h i s r u l e would be f o r extremely
b r i e f r e t a r d a t i o n p h a s e s , such a s t h o s e r e s u l t i n g from S r a k i n g a low-speed t r a v e l
motion, with t h e wheels s l i p p i n g on t h e r a i l s .

Because t h e o s c i l l a t i n g motions of t h e s t r u c t u r e have a h i g h f r e q u e n c y , t h e maximum

r e s u l t i n g l o a d i n g s a r e superimposed momentarily upon t h o s e due t o t h e l o a d .

CALCULATING THE LOADS I N THE CASE OF A SLEWING MOTION

In t h e c a s e of a slewing motion, c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of c h a p t e r 2 can

be developed. To c a l c u l a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f t h c i n e r t i a f o r c e s on t h r l o a d , i t i s
only necessary t o d e t e r m i n e m from t h e r e l a t i o n :

where

v i s t h e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e a r v e l o c i t y of t h e suspension ~ o i n tof t h r load ;

1 i s t h e moment of i n e r t i a of a l 1 p a r t s i n motion ( s t r u c t u r e , machinery, m o t o r )
referred t o a particular shaft,

U i s t h e a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f t h a t s h a f t corresponding t o t h e v e l o c i t y v above

CALCULATING THE LOADS I N THE CACE OF A LUFFING HOTION

In t h e c a s e o f a l u f f i n g motion, c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o f c h a p t e r 2 can
be developed. I t w i l l s u f f i c e t o d e t e r m i n e m frum t h e r e l a t i o n :

where
v i s t h e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e a r v e l o c i t y o f t h r suspensiun p o i n t of t h e l o a a .
T i s t h e t o t a l k i n e t i c energy o f t h e masses i n motion when t h e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e a r
v e l o c i t y of t h e suspension p o i n t o f t h e l o a a i s e ~ u a lt o v.