Name : Riza Nurfadilah

Nim : 5.16.06.14.0.022

LANGUAGE VARIATION
Variation is a characteristic of language: there is more than one way of saying the same thing.
Speakers may vary pronunciation (accent), word choice (lexicon), or morphology and syntax
(sometimes called "grammar"). Language variation is a core concept in sociolinguistics. Sociolinguists
investigate whether this linguistic variation can be attributed to differences in the social characteristics
of the speakers using the language, but also investigate whether elements of the surrounding linguistic
context promote or inhibit the usage of certain structures.
1. Regional variation
A variation in speaking a language associated with place and other is an easy way of observing
varieties language. Regional variation is also traditional study of dialects. Speakers distance
themselves from one another over time and over space.
2. Linguistic variable
A linguistic variable is a linguistic expression (one or more words) labeling an information
granular. For example a membership function is labeled by the expressions like “hot temperature” or
“rich customer”.
Types of variation:
 Phonetic/phonological variation.
 Morphological variation.
 Syntactic variation.
 Lexical (semantic) variation.

 Phonological Variation
Phonological variation is concerned with sounds and the way we pronounce words. The
following maps show which UK speakers rhyme particular word pairs and which speakers
pronounce them differently.
o Foot-cut

o Class-farce

o Singer-finger

o One-gone

o Fur-bear
 o For-more

o Book-spook

These maps show which UK speakers pronounce particular pairs of words identically, so
that they are homophones. Homophones are words that are pronounced the same but have
different meanings:
o Pour-poor

o Eight-ate

o fool-full

o Full-fall

o Fool-fall

o Mute-moot

o Spa-spar

o Thin-fin

 Morphological variation
Is an exceedingly broad topic with correspondingly complex causes. Since it is
impossible to cover the topic in any comprehensive manner, this presentation will focus on
cranial morphology, arguably the most controversial because of its historical connection to race.
Example:
o Climbed

o Ate

o Heat

 Syntactic Variation
Syntactic variation deals with the ways in which sentences are structured and
constructed. These maps show how UK speakers rate the following non-standard sentences:
 Lexical variation
Lexical variation deals with the words and phrases we choose to use. The following
maps show the lexical choices UK speakers make for:
o Evening meal

o Footwear

o Trousers
 o Frozen treat

o Prank

o Furniture

o Group of people

3. Linguistic And Social Variation

There are two social variation, its social networks and social stratification.
 Social Network
In the field of sociolinguistics, social network describes the structure of a particular speech
community. Social networks are composed of a "web of ties" (Lesley Milroy) between individuals,
and the structure of a network will vary depending on the types of connections it is composed of.
Social network theory (as used by sociolinguists) posits that social networks, and the interactions
between members within the networks, are a driving force behind language change
 Social Stratification
a. Hierarchical structure of a society
b. Different types of hierarchy
 Socialect
Language varieties used by particular socialect strata.