Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Center For Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Center For Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor
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Dispositio/nXIX.46 (1994) : 147-163
©Department ofMichigan
ofRomanceLanguages,University
Javier Sanjinés С.
Duke in the Andes
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148 JAVIERSANJINESС.
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SUBALTERNITY AND THE ARTICULATIONOF CULTURE 149
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150 JAVIERSANJINESС.
one of the districtsa small radio stationin 1952 and, withina decade, some
twenty-five moreunionsdid likewiseelsewhere.The stationsbecame powerful
tools in the workers'strugglefora decentexistencein a democraticsociety.
Althoughsimpleand small,theseradio stationsbecame veryinfluentialsocial
institutions.The minersthemselvesbecame broadcastersand theirmannerof
workingprovedby itselfto be democratic.Theyaskedthepeople's preferences
to buildtheirprogramming, and demandedsincerereactionsto them. Covering
union meetings and organized public debates, these broadcasts took the
microphonesintothedepthsoftheminesand werealso presentat marketplaces,
churchesand sportfields,invitingpeople to speak up as theypleased. But the
mainuse ofthis"openmicrophone" practice,especiallyintimesofsocial struggle,
was to bringabouta sense of consciousness,solidarity,and unity.Thus,along
withstrikes,broadcastsbecame theworkers'mosteffectiveweapon. Because
ofthis,miningworkers'radiostationswereto be,alongtheyears,rudelyrepressed
by militaryauthoritarianism.
Coincident in time was the gradual establishmentof field stations
sponsoredbytheCatholicChurch.These stationsevolvedto coverthemultiple
needs ofpeople who struggledto achieveruraldevelopment, a processthatwent
hand in handwithsocial justice and culturalautonomy. The fieldstationswere
the of
successfulbecause theyfostered participation peasantsbycommunicating
in their own languages. The movement was consolidated through the
establishment ofERBOL,a cooperativenetworkofgreatsuccess. Withseventeen
affiliatesand twenty-five years of experience,ERBOL is the largestand most
complexorganizationof itskindin theAndeanregion.
Earlyin the'50s peasantstookyetanotherroadto securetheiruntilthen
neglectedcommunication rights:peasantbroadcaststhrough commercialstations.
Known littleand researchedless, peasant broadcastingis a formatin which
communicators do not own or runthe stations - urbanand commercialforthe
-
mostpart buthave gainedaccess to themat theearliesthoursoftheday,when
Aymaraslike the migrantservantdescribedearlierlistenwhile city dwellers
continueto sleep.
Peasant communicators rentthis"dead time" fromthe stationowners,
using it eitheron a profit-sharing basis with them or by being paid to do
programming thattargetstheAymara-speaking audienceinthemarginalsuburbs
of La Paz and the outlying rural areas. The main objective is to create
communicationties between the Aymaras living in the city and theirrural
communitiesof origin.
This audienceis notsmallat all, at theveryleastone millionpeople, in a
countrywitha totalpopulationof sevenmillion. Halfof themare locatedin La
Paz and in itssatellitecityof El Alto. The otherhalfis in thefieldareas of the
northwestern regionof La Paz, whichincludesthehugeLake Titicaca at twelve
thousandfeetandtheborderswithPerú. La Paz has someeighthundredthousand
inhabitants,of whicha thirdare Aymaramigrants, and theneighboringEl Alto
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SUBALTERNITY AND THE ARTICULATIONOF CULTURE 15 1
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152 JAVIERSANJINESС.
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SUBALTERNITY AND THE ARTICULATIONOF CULTURE 153
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154 JAVIERSANJINESС.
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SUBALTERNITY AND THE ARTICULATIONOF CULTURE 155
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156 JAVIERSANJINESС.
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SUBALTERNITY AND THE ARTICULATIONOF CULTURE 157
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158 JAVIERSANJINESС.
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SUBALTERNITY AND THE ARTICULATIONOF CULTURE 159
Complicidad.
Darío Antezana, 1987.
Casa de la Cultura, Cochabamba.
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160 JAVIERSANJINESС.
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SUBALTERNITY AND THE ARTICULATIONOF CULTURE 16 1
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162 JAVIERSANJINESС.
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SUBALTERNITY AND THE ARTICULATIONOF CULTURE 163
WORKS CITED
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164 JAVIERSANJ1NESC.
Merleau-Ponty,Maurice.1970.Phenomenology Trans.
ofPerception. ColinSmith.London:
Routledge & KeganPaul.
Saenz,Jaime.1968. "El aparapita
de La Paz."MundoNuevo.
. 1979.FelipeDelgado.La Paz: Difusión.
Toranzo,Carlos. 1991a. "Economíainformal, economíailícita:el roldel narcotráfico."
Economíainformal H. C. F. MansillaandCarlosF. Toranzo.La
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Paz: ILDIS.
. 1991b."Introducción."
MaxFernández: lapolítica
delsilencio.FernandoMayorga.
La Paz: ILDIS-UMSS.
Yúdice,George.1992. "Postmodernity andTransnationalCapitalism inLatinAmerica."
OnEdge: TheCrisisofContemporary LatinAmerican Culture. Eds.GeorgeYúdice,
JeanFrancoandJuanFlores.Minneapolis: ofMinnesota
University Press.
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