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A2 Biology Unit 1 Practicals
A2 Biology Unit 1 Practicals
Why Daphnia?
- Daphnia are small and show the results of the experiment quickly
- They have simple nervous systems so are less likely to feel pain
- They are abundant so easy to get hold of / No damage to environment when a few are
removed from it
- Transparent so easy to measure heartbeat
- Temperature
- Volume of solution
- Time of acclimatisation
- Daphnia must be the same age / size
- Daphnia must have the same health
- Counting time
· Method:
Caffeine also affects the ventricles, leading to an increase in the rate of contraction and
relaxation of each heart beat. This means that, as well as beating faster, the heart's individual
beats are associated with an increased cardiac output.
2. The vitamin C Content of Fruit Juice
· Variables to be controlled:
· Method:
· Limitations:
- Difficulty in controlling temperature
- End point difficult to judge as needs to be just when blue colour disappears especially in
highly coloured juice
- Some loss of solution when transferring from one beaker to another
- Accuracy of measuring equipment
· Factors that affect the permeability of the beetroot cell membrane are:
- Temperature
- Age
- Storage
- Duration
- Pre treatment with solvent
- pH
:
- Source / Species of beetroot
- Age / Size of beetroot
- Volume of water / solution used
- Time left in water or solution
- pH
· Method:
· Limitations:
· Method:
- Take 5 test tubes. In 4, place increasing volumes of trypsin solution e.g. (1, 2, 3, 4 cm3 ) and
make up the volume to 4 cm3 using distilled water. The other test tube should be filled with
4 cm3 of water to act as a control.
- Add 5 of milk powder (casein solution) as substrate and start the stopwatch
- Measure the cloudiness of the solution over time using a colorimeter (every 30 secs for 10
minutes) against water as a reference / control
- Repeat at least 5 times at each concentration and calculate means
· As concentration of enzyme increases, rate of reaction increases up to a point, where all
enzyme has metabolised all substrate immediately
At low temperatures the reaction is slow because the enzyme and substrate molecules don’t
collide very often and move slowly. Increasing temperature increases kinetic energy and so
frequency of collisions. The substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site more often thus
increasing the rate of reaction. After the optimum temperature bonds holding the 3D – shape
of the enzyme together start breaking so it loses its shape and the enzyme-substrate complex
can no longer form. The enzyme is denatured.