V. CONCLUSIONS VI.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Fig. 8. Long term stability of the established calibration method
of a measuring chain consisting out of BN100 and DMP39
For electrical calibration of these measuring amplifiers
bridge standards are used, which have to be traceable to
national standards.
As a matter of fact, the standards of HBM and of
“Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt” (PTB), the Ger-
man National metrology institute are not same. The reason
for this lies in history. HBM needed its own >>Normal<<
(mV/ V) to produce first precision amplifiers such as
DK37 and DK 38. At that time there was no existing trace-
ability. Then, at the time in 1981, the PTB has set up a
normal mV/ V, these normals showed an offset.
As a matter of fact the standard of PTB is technically con-
structed differently than the normal in HBM; however
these values always can be “translated” into each other. In
relation to the values acquired by the PTB the end values
of all HBM devices with a carrier frequency of 225 Hz, for
reasons of continuity, are given 10 ppm lower than the
nominal values. There are many articles on the details [18],
[19], [20], [21].
MX238B demands the connection of the transducers in a
six-wire-connection-circuitry (with two additional sensing
lines), as for this class of accuracy the resistance of cable
lengths in the range of only cm already counts. Subse-
quently the device offers also detailed error detection with
wire break detection for sensor lines, feeder lines and test
leads.
Switchable shunt resistors of 100 Ohms allow an artificial
bridge detuning. In a 350 Ohm Wheatstone bridge, so the
standard for the strain gauge pickup principle, there is an
upset of 0.886 mV / V at 2 mV / V measuring range, i.e. a
fairly significant detuning of approximately 40%.
Regarding a more reliable measurement it can be said that
the built-in galvanic isolation is a mean to avoid ground
loops and therefore the amplifier appears much more ro-
bust. Also meeting the high EMC requirements according
to EN 61326 for field strengths of 10V/m are a further ad-
vantage of the device.
87
21st IMEKO TC4 International Symposium and
19th International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing
Understanding the World through Electrical and Electronic Measurement
Budapest, Hungary, September 7-9, 2016
An Automated Test and Measurement System for
Calibration of Industrial Flowmeters
J.M. Dias Pereira1, Mário Alves1, Vítor Viegas1, Octavian Postolache2, Pedro Silva Girão3
1
ESTSetúbal/IPS, IT, Rua do Vale de Chaves, Estefanilha, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
2
ISCTE-IUL, IT, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
3 additional results will be included for the electromagnetic
DEEC/IST/UL, IT, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
Abstract –This paper presents a low-cost test and
measurement system that can be used to test and
calibrate industrial liquid flowmeters. Different
flowmeter types, with different working principles,
from different manufacturers, can be easily installed
and calibrated in a flexible way. The implemented
prototype includes a software component that is
tailored for laboratory test and calibration of
volumetric or mass flowmeters. The final part of the
paper includes several simulation and experimental
results.
Keywords –flow measurements, calibration, virtual
instruments, linearization
I. INTRODUCTION
Flow measurement is a topic of major importance in
every industrial processes, particularly when the
transportation of fluids and the evaluation of energy
dissipation, associated with eddies in turbulent flows, is
required. Only regular calibrations can assure that
flowmeters' measurements are accurate. However,
calibration of flowmeters cannot avoid errors that result
from process conditions, namely fluid characteristics
variations, and fluid velocity profile variations inside the
pipes. Thus, in every industrial plant, it is very important
to assure a regular calibration of flowmeters and to
develop laboratory solutions for test and calibration of
those devices. The proposed prototype fulfills this aim
and provides a flexible platform to test and calibrate
different types of flowmeters that can used different
normalized communication signals, namely, current loop
signals, voltage signals, frequency or PWM modulated
signals, HART [1-2] or fieldbus digital signals [3].
II. RELATED RESULTS IN THE LITERATURE
As a matter of fact, there are some commercial
solutions to test and calibrate flowmeters [4-6] but those
solutions are typically very expensive and, above all, they
are turnkey solutions with low flexibility and without
access to measurement data for data processing purposes,
which is particularly important when the calibration of
89
In general the market shows a request that the measured
signals can be processed more accurately. In this paper it
has been shown, that there is substantial progress regard-
ing compactly build precision amplifiers for strain gauge
based on transducers such as force, torque and pressure
reference transducers used in metrology.
In fact today also amplifiers based on resistive dividers can
perform most tasks with sufficient accuracy. For many
decades this was not the case. Due to intensive research,
HBM can now offer such a dual-channel module at the
same time as compact as this is necessary for a realization
in the block structure the QuantumX family.
It is quite certain, that this a previously unknown compact-
ness will open up new fields of integration into applica-
tions. QuantumX now offers the ability to process and dis-
play multiple signals of very different accuracy-bandwidth
combinations at the same time.
Thus the decisive progress realized with the QuantumX
MX238B is, that now the cooperation with all the other
measurement modules of the product family QuantumX
with PTPv2 identical timing, allows data processing abso-
lutely simultaneously. Thus the isochronous bus system
(Firewire) allows synchronous processing with many other
physical quantities.
The precision measurement module MX238B thus com-
bines the advantages of combination with all QuantumX
members with the possibility of taking measurements with
an accuracy class 0.0025 (25 ppm). This is achieved by the
use of the carrier frequency principle and an applied carrier
frequency of 225 Hz.
For the first time here HBM offers its patented background
calibration of this precision class. This ensures that the
measurement of the two integrated amplifier can be con-
tinued without interruption during the measurement, so
even during the internal calibration.
Furthermore, the transducer can be recognized with the so-
called Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (“TEDS”) and the
individual properties of the transducer can be considered
and easily red out.
The measurement results have been showing the very
good time as well as temperature stability of resistive
dividers.
Nevertheless one has to say that the requirements for a
top performance, so amplifiers of highest precision for
primary calibration purposes, built to operate on the
physical limit (such as our DMP-series), further relies on
inductive dividers (voltage ratio derived from the number
of windings of coils), as they remain still more accurate
than any resistive dividers can be.
different type of flowmeters, from different
manufacturers, is required.
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM
The proposed flowmeter test bench includes an orifice
based flowmeter, an electromagnetic flowmeter and a
Coriolis flowmeter. Combining electro-valves open and
close status, several fluid network configurations can be
implemented. In the proposed prototype, a number of 11
different associations, between flowmeters, can be
implemented.
A. Hardware part
Figure 1 represents the flowmeter test bench that, as
previously referred, includes an orifice based flowmeter
[7], an electromagnetic flowmeter [8], and a Coriolis
flowmeter [9]. The system also includes an hydraulic
pump and an inverter that is used to control the flow rate
intensity. In order to measure the fluid volume inside the
tank, a low cost gauge pressure sensor is used [10]. From
the pressure measurement it is possible to obtain the fluid
height inside the tank, whose value is given by:
(1)
where p represents the measured pressure, ρ represents
the fluid's specific mass, approximately 1000 kg/m3 for
water, and g represents the gravity acceleration value.
Being the geometry of the tank well known, and
performing the level measurements within its cylindrical
portion, it is possible to obtain the average value of the
volumetric flow, during a given interval of time ( t),
using the following relationship:
(2)
where D represents the tank diameter, p represents the
tank pressure variation that occurs during t, and the
other variables have the same meaning that was
previously defined.
I´d like to thank the contribution of my colleagues Herbert Kitzing and Marco Schäck of the HBM headquarters in
Darmstadt; Germany for their valuable contributions.
LIST OF REFERENCES
[1] Hoffmann, K.; “An Introduction to Measure-
ments using Strain Gauges”, Hottinger Baldwin
Messtechnik GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany, 1989,
pp. 145
[2] Kreuzer, M. “High-precision measuring tech-
nique for strain gauge transducers” Internal pub-
lication of Hottinger Baldwin Mestechnik,
GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany, 1999
[3] Kleckers, T., Graef, M. “High capacity reference
transducer for tensile forces”¸ IMEKO 22nd
TC3, 12th TC5 and 3rd TC22 International Con-
ferences 3 to 5 February, 2014, Cape Town, Re-
public of South Africa
[4] Kleckers, T, “Precise radial symmetric shear
beam force transfer transducer for compression
force”; XXI IMEKO World Congress, Sept.
2015, Prague, Czech Republic.
[5] Schäfer, A.; “Force, strain and pressure trans-
ducers based on foil type strain gauges”, Pro-
ceedings of Eurosensors; XXII conference, Dres-
den, Germany, October 2008
[6] Schäfer, A. “New possibilities with a high pres-
sure measuring chain consisting of reference
pressure transducer P3 TopClass BlueLine and
DMP 41 high-precision instrument”, PTB Report
TH6, Brunswick, Germany, April 2016
[7] Haller, M. Viel, W.; Schäfer, A.; “Enhancement
of the measurement characteristics of pressure
transducers up to 15000 bar through monolithic
measuring design and foil type strain gauges”,
Proceedings of XIX IMEKO World Congress
Lisbon, Portugal, 2009
[8] Schäfer, A.; et al.; “A new type of transducer for
accurate and dynamic pressure measurement up
to 15000 bar using foil type strain gauges”, XVII
IMEKO World Congress 2003, Dubrovnik, Cro-
atia, 2003
[9] Eichstädt. S., Esward, T. J., Schäfer, A. “On the
necessity of dynamic calibration for improved
traceability of mechanical quantities” XXI
IMEKO World Congress, Sept. 2015, Prague,
Czech Republic.
[10] Schäfer, A.; "Dynamic measurements as an
emerging field in dynamic metrology"; PTB-Mit-
teilungen 125(2015) Volume 2
[11] IEEE 1451.4 Standard for Smart Transducers
Secretary, issued by IEEE 1451.4 Standard
Working Group, 1451.2WG, 2004
88
Fig. 1. Flowmeter work bench piping diagram (H.P.- hydraulic
pump; O.F.- orifice flowmeter; C.F.- Coriolis flowmeter; E.M.-
electromagnetic flowmeter; V- ball valves).
B. Software part
The LabVIEW graphical programming language [11] was
used for data processing and HMI purposes.
Measurement data from the three flowmeters is filtered
and converted to engineering units according to the
measurement range of each flowmeter. Conventional 4-20
mA current signals or HART data streams [1] can be used
to exchange measuring and configuration data with the
different flowmeters. The inverter voltage that controls
flow rate is normalized between 0 and 100% that
correspond to the minimum and maximum values of the
flow rate delivered by the hydraulic pump, respectively. A
software implemented PID controller was used to
optimize the response of the flow rate variations
relatively to different hydraulic pump set-point variations.
The proportional, integral and derivative gains of the PID
controller can be manually or automatically adjusted
according to the dynamic characteristics of the
measurement system. Graphical representations of the
measurement results are visible in real time and statistical
results of measurement errors, for each flowmeter, can be
accessed after data processing of the measurement
results. Calibration results can be obtained using a
reference flowmeter or using the pressure sensor data (1).
Figure 2 depicts the LabVIEW front panel of the
flowmeter test and calibration system.
Fig. 2. LabVIEW front panel of the flowmeter test and
calibration system.
90
[12] Schäfer, A. “Challenges in dynamic torque and
force measurement with special regard to indus-
trial demands”, BIPM Workshop on Challenges
in Dynamic Measurements
[13] Schäfer, A. “Development results for static and
dynamic torque measurement“, Proceedings of
torque symposium of “Zentrum für Konstruktion-
swerkstoffe“, MPA (State Material Testing Insti-
tute), Darmstadt, Germany, 2014
[14] Schäck, M. “Underestimated impact of measur-
ing cables on high-precision carrier frequency
amplifier results and compensation methods
therefor” XXI IMEKO World Congress, Sept.
2015, Prague, Czech Republic.
[15] Schäfer, A.; Kitzing, H.; “DMP41- a new chapter
of ultra-precision instrument for strain gauge
transducers”, XX IMEKO World Congress, Sep-
tember 2012, Busan, Republic of Korea
[16] Schäfer, A.; “The ultra-precision instrument
DMP41-first experience & appropriate filter set-
tings”, IMEKO 22nd TC3, 12th TC5 and 3rd
TC22 International Conferences, February, 2014,
Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
[17] Schäck, M.; “High-precision measurement of
strain gauge transducers at the physical limit
without any calibration interruptions” IMEKO
22nd TC3, 12th TC5 and 3rd TC22 International
Conferences, February, 2014, Cape Town, Re-
public of South Africa
[18] Vollmert, R. ; Ramm, G. “Realization, mainte-
nance and dissemination of the measurand >>AC
voltage ratio in mV/V<< for strain gauge meas-
urements“ , Proceedings of the 17th International
Conference of IMEKO TC3, Istanbul, Turkey,
17-21, September, 2001
[19] Ramm, G. “ Investigation of bridge standards
for use in strain-gauge measurements” Reports
in Applied Measurement RAM, Vol. 6 (1990),
No. 1, pp. 26-30
[20] Ramm, G.; Peters, M. “Investigation of the Cali-
bration Signal of Force Measuring Devices”.
IMEKO Force and Mass 1986, Amsterdam,
Conference Digest, ISBN 90-247-3351-0, pp.
267-273
[21] Ramm, G. „Untersuchung des Fehlverhaltens
eines Brückennormals vom Typ BN 100“
PTB Report PTB-E-30, ISBN 3-88314-655-2,
April 1987
The system software also includes a set of HART
routines that are used to configure and extract
measurement data from the flowmeter devices. The
communication with the HART transmission line is
supported by a low cost HI311 interface [12].
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Several tests were performed in order to test the
performance of the proposed measurement and
calibration system. In the final version of the paper
and Coriolis flowmeters.
A. Orifice
In order to characterize the orifice flowmeter, the
differential pressure, between its high and low pressure
taps, for different flow rates, was measured. The
differential pressure transmitter was calibrated for an
upper range value (URV) equal to the upper range limit
(URL) and to an URV equal to URL/2, being the turn
down factor equal to 1:15 for both measuring ranges.
Figure 3 represents the experimental results that were
obtained when the flow rate varies between 2.5 and 30
l/min with increments of 0.5 l/min.
7000
6000
5000
4000
dp (Pa)
3000
2000
1000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Flow (l/min)
Fig. 3. Variation of the pressure loss in the flowmeter orifice as
a function of flow rate.
Using the MATLAB least mean square (LMS)
nonlinear curve-fitting function, the following orifice
parameters were obtained: CF=0.73 and A0=0.3 square
inches, being the evaluated specific mass of the fluid (ρ)
equal to 1032 kg/m3. The maximum deviation between
experimental and expected theoretical values of the flow
rate is lower than 2 % and the estimated orifice area is
almost 5 % lower than its theoretical value. The deviation
between experimental results and theoretical expectations
are acceptable considering the errors of the measurement
instruments, the variations of the fluid Reynolds number
and also the errors caused by the variations of the
position of the orifice vena contracta relatively to orifice
pressure taps that are always associated with flow rate
instabilities.
B. Calibration results
The calibration procedure is based on the average value
of volumetric flow measurements, during a time interval
of 10 minutes. The fluid volume that crosses the
flowmeters is evaluated using the pressure sensor
measurement data (1). The main characteristics of the
pressure sensor includes a pressure measuring range that
varies between -50 to +50 mm Hg, a nominal sensitivity
of 40.0 mV/mm Hg, a linearity error of 0.80 % and a
hysteresis plus repeatability errors lower than 0.15 %
relatively to the span measuring range. For a series
association of the three flowmeters, figures 4 and 5
represent the flow measurements results and the absolute
measurement error, respectively, when the inverter
frequency varies between its minimum and maximum
values. Regarding measurement results, it can be
underlined that the maximum value of the absolute error
is lower than 0.25 l/min which corresponds to a relative
error lower than 2 % of the maximum flow rate. The
maximum error value, that is associated with the orifice
based flowmeter, is within the typical error range values
that are associated with this type of flowmeters [13-16],
plus other additional errors such as the ones that are
caused by fluid profile distortions, upstream and
downstream piping bends and flow rate instabilities.
14
12
10
8 dynamic response of each flowmeters can be analyzed
Flow (l/min.
6
4 known square-root extractor and associated signal
2 conditioning circuits.
0
-2
0 10 20 30
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 4. Flowmeter measurement results as a function of the
inverter frequency (square symbol- electromagnetic flowmeter;
diamond symbol- Coriolis flowmeter; circular symbol- orifice
based flowmeter).
Absolute Error (l/min.)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 evaluation of measurement uncertainty) [19]. Using, for
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0 10 20 30
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 5. Calibration errors results (square
electromagnetic flowmeter; diamond symbol-
flowmeter; circular symbol- orifice based flowmeter).
21st IMEKO TC4 International Symposium and
19th International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing
Understanding the World through Electrical and Electronic Measurement
Budapest, Hungary, September 7-9, 2016
Influence of Adaptor on the Calibration of
Inductance Standards
Dewi Mohd Kassim1,2,3, Dan Bee Kim1, and Wan-Seop Kim1,2
1
Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113,
Rep. of Korea
ws2kim@kriss.re.kr
2
University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Rep. of
Korea
3
National Metrology Institute of Malaysia, Lot PT 4803 Bdr Baru Salak Tinggi, 43900 Sepang,
Selangor Malaysia
Abstract ě Influence of the adaptor on the calibration
of 100 H inductance standard has been studied using
two different homemade adaptors of BPO gold-plated
brass (BPO-Au) and banana-copper (BN-Cu) as a
function of torque. The inductance (L) and the contact
resistance (RC) showed an exponential decrease against
the increasing torque from 25 cN m to 150 cN m. The
measured L and the calculated equivalence series
resistance are dependent on the type of adaptors as well
as the RC. The analysis of RC and measurement
uncertainty of L implies that the BPO-Au adaptor with
low RC is suitable for the calibration of inductance. The
measured L obtained using BPO-Au and subtracted by
the RC agreed well with the certificate value of the PTB
within the measurement uncertainty of 140 H/H. In
addition, the calculated inductance of the adaptors
shows influence of the lumped components, stray
capacitance and series resistance, on the measurements
of standard inductors.
Keywords – Adaptor, contact resistance, inductance
standard, torque, quality factor
I. INTRODUCTION
An improper contact between the test leads of a
measuring instrument and the terminals of a standard
inductor can considerably affect precision measurements
of inductance standards [1][2]. In particular, if the
inductance value is lower than 100 H, the effect of the
contact resistance can be very significant due to the fact
that its impedance is lower than 1 (0.63 at the
frequency of 1 kHz) and its contact resistance RC is in the
order of m [3]. Therefore, it is clear that only a little
deviation in the contact resistance can lead to a
considerable effect on the precision measurements of the
inductance standards.
Calibration can also be performed using the
comparative method taking one of the three flowmeters,
previously calibrated, as a reference meter.
C. Post-processing of calibration data
From the calibration results it is possible to perform
the linearization of the flowmeters' characteristics as well
as to compensate offset and gain errors. Regarding
linearization, a typical linearization requirement in flow
measurements is related with the square root dependence
that exists between flow rate and pressure drop in orifice
flowmeters. The software routines that were developed
can perform easily this linearization using the inverse
function linearization method [17-18]. Using the
experimental results that were obtained with the orifice
flowmeter, namely the relationship that exists between
pressure drop and flow rate, it is possible to linearize the
orifice flowmeter characteristic using the following
relationship:
(3)
where QV represents the volumetric flow in liters/min and
VT represents the voltage drop in a 250 resistor
inserted in the current loop of the pressure transmitter,
whose output current varies between 4 and 20 mA when
the orifice pressure drop varies between 200 and 6500 Pa,
respectively.
It is important to underline that this software
linearization procedure avoids the usage of the well-
D. Measurement uncertainty
40 50 60
Regarding measurement uncertainty, it is important to
underline that the main influence factors that affect its
value include not only the uncertainties associated with
the flowmeter, itself, but also the influence factors caused
by fluid compression, errors associated with flow volume
evaluation, based on level measurements, variations of
fluid density and fluid rate stability during the calibration
runs. In order to evaluate the uncertainty of flow rate
measurements, the statistical distribution of flow was
obtained from a series of measurements (type A
instance, the electromagnetic flowmeter, configured for
the measuring range between 5 and 50 l/min, and
adjusting the inverter frequency to obtain a constant flow
of 25 l/min, figure 6 represents the histogram of a series
of 256 flow measurements.
40 50 60
symbol-
Coriolis
91
The standard inductors, GenRad 1482 type, are widely
used in the national metrology laboratories as a low
frequency reference due to its long-term stability, low
temperature coefficient, low internal series resistance, and
low Q-factors. The GenRad 1482 type standard inductors
have three binding post terminals, two for the inductor
leads and the third connected to the case [4]. For the
calibration of the inductance standards, a common method
is the substitution using a LCR meter. However, most LCR
meters have four terminals, so an adapter is needed
between the LCR meter test leads and the inductor
terminals.
In this study, we designed two different types of
adaptors, BPO gold-plated brass (BPO-Au) and banana-
copper (BN-Cu), for the calibration of the inductance
standards and studied the influence of the adaptor on the
calibration of the 100 H standard inductor in conjunction
with various torque values. The measurements results
show the contact resistance and the measured inductance
are strongly dependent on the type of adaptor and torque
applied for tightening of the binding post of the inductor.
Hence, we report the contribution of the adaptors to the
contact resistance, equivalent series resistance and
inductance measurements.
II. EXPERIMENTS
The contact resistance (RC) was measured using HIOKI
BT3562 HiTester using a 4-point probe method. The
inductance (L) of the 100 H standard inductor (GenRad
1482 type) was measured using a LCR meter (QuadTech
7600). Two homemade adaptors, BPO plug with gold-
plated brass adapter (BPO-Au) and banana plug with
adapter made from copper (BN-Cu) as shown in Fig. 1
93
Number of Occurrences
60
mean value=25.2 l/min
50 standard deviation=0.15 l/min
40
30
20
10
0
23.5 24 24.5 25 25.5
Flow Measurement (l/min)
Fig. 6. Electromagnetic flowmeter uncertainty for a series of
256 measurements with a nominal flow rate of 25 l/min.
From the measurement results, it is possible to conclude
that the expanded uncertainty of the measurements is
almost three time the standard uncertainty of the
flowmeter measurements (±0.25 % of velocity rate) and
that the mean value of the flow rate has a relative offset
deviation of 0.8 % from the nominal flow rate.
V. NOVELTIES IN THE PAPER
As main novelties of the proposed automated test and
measurement system for calibration of industrial
flowmeters, it can be underlined its flexibility and
capability to define different calibration and test
procedures. The testing configuration can be easily
modified using remotely controlled electro valves and the
applying different voltage profile variations to the input
of the inverter that controls the hydraulic pump. A large
number of software routines can be developed to extend
the basic features of the flowmeters, without additional
costs. These routines can include, for example, filtering
of measurement data, engineering units conversions,
totalization of flow measurements, and compensation of
influence variables effects.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented a low cost automated and
measurement system for the calibration and testing of
industrial flowmeters. Since the system includes an
hydraulic pump controlled by an inverter, different flow
profile variations can be tested in order to obtain the
dynamic characterization of the devices under test. The
testing and calibration results, based on pressure
measurement or previously calibrated flowmeters,
presented low deviations between theoretical expectations
and experimental results, being these deviations
acceptable considering flowmeters' measuring errors and
flow stability conditions.
were applied for the RC and the L measurements. Two
different torque drivers, N6LTDK for (5 ~ 60) cN m and
N20LTDK for (40 ~ 200) cN m were used to control the
torque between the adaptor and the inductor terminals. The
minimum incremental torque was 0.5 cN m and 1 cN m for
the N6LTDK and N20LTDK, respectively. Accuracy of
the torque was ±3 % of the setting value over the full range.
All the measurements of RC and L were obtained at a
frequency of 1 kHz.
Fig. 1. Homemade adaptors (a) BPO plug with gold-plated
brass (BPO-Au) (b) Banana plug (1) with copper (2) adaptor
(BN-Cu).
Fig. 2 shows a measurement plane (shaded) of the
adaptor for the contact resistance and inductance
measurements, respectively. The potential side of the
adaptor directly makes a contact with the binding post
terminal of the inductance standards.
Fig. 2. Measurement plane (shaded) of the adaptor for the
contact resistance and inductance measurements, respectively.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Fig. 3 shows the measurement results of (a) L, (b) quality
factor Q, and (c) RC for the two adaptors of BPO-Au and
BN-Cu as a function of the torque ( ) from 25 cN m to 150
cN m. It is obvious that not only the inductance values
(Fig. 3(a)) but also the contact resistances (Fig. 3(b)) of the
standard inductor are significantly different and strongly
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dependent upon the adaptor types used for the measure-
ments. But the optimum range for the L and RC, where L
and RC values are constant within the measurement uncer-
tainties, is nearly the same and estimated to be 90 cN m ~
150 cN m.
Fig. 3. Measured (a) inductance L, (b) quality factor Q, and
(c) contact resistance RC for the two different adaptors of BPO-
Au (solid symbols) and banana-copper (BN-Cu, open symbols)
as a function of torque . Dashed lines are fitting curves using
eq. (1) (s. text).
In the case of the BPO-Au adaptor, the inductance
changed by 9.3 nH from 100.1327 H to 100.1234 H
while the contact resistance was decreased by 0.163 m
from 3.364 m to 3.301 m over the whole torque range
of (25 ~ 150) cN m. The measured RC and L can be well
fitted using an exponential equation below:
τ
y = y 0 + A ⋅ exp( − ) , (1)
t
where y and y0 are L(RC) and L0(RC0) for = 0, respectively
and A is a fitting parameter for the amplitude of the
measurements.
It is worth to mention that the decrement rates of tL = 28
cN m for the inductance and tSC = 31 cN m for the contact
resistance are nearly the same within the fitting uncertainty
of ±3 cN m. This leads to a linear dependence (dashed line)
between L and RC as shown in Fig. 4(a) and (c). The L
linearly changes by RC with a slope of 47 nH/m .
94