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Reactive Processes - Topic 1 - Heat of Reaction, Hear of Formation
Reactive Processes - Topic 1 - Heat of Reaction, Hear of Formation
Reactive Processes - Topic 1 - Heat of Reaction, Hear of Formation
Balance on
Disappearance
• Exothermic Reaction
of both reactant
• Endothermic Reaction
Reactive •
•
Heat of Formation
Heat of Reaction
Processes Atom
Molecule
Generation of product
Example:
In any reaction between stable molecules:
By considering the reaction:
(i) energy is required to break the reactant chemical bonds (absorbs energy)
And (ii) energy is released when the product bonds form (release energy).
Break the bond of one O‐O and two Form the bonds of four O‐H. System
H‐H. System absorbs energy, Usystem releases energy, Usystem and Hsystem
and Hsystem increase from reactants decrease from transition state to
to transition state products
release of energy when the
product bonds form
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Exothermic Reaction
Less energy is absorbed when the reactant bond breaks (reactant transition)
and more the energy is released to form the product (transition product)
Exothermic refers to a transformation in which a system releases energy (heat)
to the surroundings:
Q < 0
Heat of reaction is refer to the change in enthalpy from reactants to products ∆H < 0 (constant pressure)
∆U < 0 (constant volume)
ΔHr(T,P) = Hproducts – Hreactants o In an adiabatic system (Q=0), an Heat given
exothermic process results in an off to
increase in temperature surrounding
For stoichiometric quantities of H2 and O2 reacting completely at T=25oC and P=1 atm
Heat of reaction
More energy is absorbed when the reactant bond breaks (reactant
transition) and less the energy is released to form the product (transition H20 + CO ‐> CO2 + H2
product)
How many grams of H20 is needed if 28g of CO is reacted completely?
(MWCO=28g/mol; MWH20=18 g/mol; MWCO2=44 g/mol; MWH2= 2 g/mol)
Endothermic refers to a transformation in which a system absorbs energy
(heat) from the surroundings: How many grams of total products (CO2 and H2) would we get?
Q > 0
∆H > 0 (constant pressure) If we only have 9g of H20, how many grams of the total products (CO2 and H2)?
∆U > 0 (constant volume)
o Conversion is the ratio of the moles that react to the moles that are fed to a
reactor
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Heat of Formation Heat of Reaction
ΔĤr° is denoted as the standard heat of reaction, measured at standard conditions
Heat of formation, ΔĤf of a compound is the reaction (enthalpy change) in which 1 of 1 atm and 25°C (is denoted by the superscript o)
mol of the compound is formed from its elemental constituents as they normally
occur in nature (from atomic to molecule)
Standard heat of formation, ΔĤf° of a compound is usually refer to 25°C and 1 atm
For example, to form 1 mol of methanol, CH3OH, the formation reaction would be:
All reactant and the product must written in their specified standard states:
Determine the heat of reaction by using the heat of formation
By applying Hess’s law to show that for any reaction a hypothetical process path
can be drawn from reactants to elements to products:
The standard heat of reaction can be determined from the standard heat of
formation by the following equation (From Hess’s Law):
Heat of formation for single elements could be
obtained from Table B.1
‘+ value’ for product ‘‐ value’ for reactants
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Example 1
Exercise 1
The reaction of calcium carbide with water will produce calcium hydroxide and
acetylene What is the heat of formation for liquid propane at 25°C and 1 atm?
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) + C2H2(g)
From Table B.1:
What is the heat of formation for vapour propane at 25°C and 1 atm?
ΔĤf, Ca(OH)2(s) (25oC) = ‐ 986.59 kJ/mol Ca(OH)2(s)
ΔĤf, C2H2(g) (25oC) = 226.75 kJ/mol C2H2(g)
ΔĤf, CaC2(s)(25oC) = ‐ 62.76 kJ/mol CaC2(s)
ΔĤf, H2O(l)(25oC) = ‐ 285.84 kJ/mol H2O(l)
Why the heat of formation for vapour propane is lower than the liquid propane?
‘+ value’ for product ‘‐ value’ for reactants
Properties of
Heat of Reactions
Property 1: Property 3:
2CH4(g) + 4O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
Property 2: ΔĤr2(25oC) = ‐ 1780.6 kJ/mol or ‐ 1780.6 kJ/2 mol CH4
At low and moderate temperatures, ΔĤr(T,P) is nearly independent of pressure. Doubling the quantity of reactants at a given condition doubles the total enthalpy
Heat of reaction is presumed this independence and rewritten as ΔĤr(T) of the reactants at that condition, and similarly for the products.
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Property 4:
The value of heat of reaction depends on the states of the reactants and products Property 5:
(gas, liquid, solid).
Example: ΔĤr° is denoted as the standard heat of reaction, is the heat of reaction when
both the reactants and products are at a specified reference temperature
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(25°C) and pressure (1 atm)
ΔĤr(25oC) = ‐ 890.3 kJ/mol liquid
ΔĤr° = Ĥ f, products (25°C, 1 atm) – Ĥ f, reactants (25°C, 1 atm)
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
ΔĤr(25oC) = ‐ 802.3 kJ/mol vapor
The difference between the two heats of reaction must be the enthalpy change
associated with the vaporization of 2 mol of water at 25oC which is 2ΔĤv(25oC).
Vaporization at 25°C not 100°C
Property 6:
Exercise 2
If vA is the stoichiometric coefficient of a reactant or product and nA,r moles of A is
the amount of A consumed/generated at T=To and P=Po, the associated enthalpy Calculate for the following reaction for 4 mol of NH3:
change is:
Hˆ r (To, Po)
H n A (Hˆ r )
A
With the feed of 100 mol O2 and reacted completely, the value of is
(100/2=50) and the Ĥr(25oC) = ‐ 890.3 (50) = ‐44515 kJ/mol
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Exercise 3
(Property 6) Exercise 4
(Property 4)
A solid‐oxide fuel cell is fed with carbon monoxide and reacts with air to produce The standard heat of the reaction of liquid n‐Hexane (C6H14) to form CO2(g) and
CO2. The reaction equation is shown below: H2O(l) with all reactants and products at 25oC and 1 atm, is ‐4163.1 kJ/mol. The
heat of vaporization of hexane and water at 25oC is 31.49 kJ/mol and 44 kJ/mol,
respectively.
Answer