Basic well

control
Part 1
‫‪surface of formation fluids from the‬‬
‫‪borehole.‬‬

‫اﻹﻧﻔﺟﺎر‪ :‬ھو ﻋدم اﻟﺳﯾطرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧروج اﻟﺳواﺋل ﻣن طﺑﻘﺎت اﻷرض‬

‫إﻟﻰ ﺳطﺢ اﻟﺑﺋر ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﻠو ھو ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣذﯾر ﻹﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺣدوث اﻹﻧﻔﺟﺎر‬

KICK: An influx of formation fluids into the borehole

that Causes an equal volume of drilling fluid to be
displaced out of the hole.
‫ھو ﺧروج اﻟﺳواﺋل ﻣن اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ داﺧل اﻟﺑﺋر‬:‫اﻟﻔﻠو‬
‫ﺣﯾث ﯾﺣل ﻣﺣل ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﻘدار‬
There are 3 stages of control to stop Blowouts.

‫ھﻧﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻣراﺣل ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺋر وﻣﻧﻊ اﻹﻧﻔﺟﺎر‬

(1) PRIMARY CONTROL. Pressure exerted by drilling fluid
to hold back the formation fluid.

‫ ھو اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﻣﺑذول ﻣن ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﻟﻣﻧﻊ دﺧول ﺳﺎﺋل‬:‫( اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻷوﻟﻲ‬۱)

. ‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﺋر‬

(۲)SECONDARY CONTROL: Surface equipment

that is closed to stop any further entry of
formation fluids.

‫ ھﻲ ﻣﻌدات اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻐﻠق اﻟﺑﺋر وﺗﻣﻧﻊ دﺧول ﺳواﺋل‬:‫( اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﺛﺎﻧوي‬۲)
. ‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت إﻟﻰ داﺧل اﻟﺑﺋر‬
(3) TERTIARY CONTROL. Techniques to control a
Blowout once it is taking place.
‫ اﻟطرق اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻘﺗل اﻟﺑﺋر ﺑﻌد ﺣدوث‬:‫( اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬۳)
. ‫اﻟﻔﻠو‬
‫‪PRIMARY CONTROL‬‬

‫ھو ﺿﻐط ﻋﺎﻣود ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟدران وﻗﺎع اﻟﺑﺋر‪ .‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻛون ﻓﺈن ھذا اﻟﺿﻐط ﯾﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﺿﻐط‬
‫اﻟﮭﯾدروﺳﺗﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ‬
 ‫}ﺗذﻛر داﺋﻣﺎ{‬
‫‪Hydrostatic Pressure is a function of:‬‬
‫‪Hp = M.W * depth * 0.052‬‬

‫اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﮭﯾدروﺳﺗﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ =‬
‫‪x۰,۰٥۲‬ﻋﻣق اﻟﺑﺋر اﻟﻌﺎﻣودي‪x‬وزن ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر‬
Causes of UNDERBALANCE are:
:‫ﺳﺑب ﺣدوث اﻟﻔﻠو ھو‬

(1) REDUCTION IN MUD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

‫(ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﮭﺎﯾدروﺳﺗﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ‬1)
(2) INCREASE IN FORMATION FLUID PRESSURE
‫( زﯾﺎدة ﺿﻐط اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬۲)
Mud Hydrostatic Pressure Drop can be caused by:
:‫أﺳﺑﺎب ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﮭﺎﯾدروﺳﺗﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ‬
(a) Drop in level of mud in hole
. ‫أ( ﻧزول ﻣﺳﺗوى ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﺋر‬
(b) Drop in Mud Weight
. ‫ب( ھﺑوط وزن ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر‬
(c) Low Density Formation Fluids being swabbed in
during a trip.
. ‫ج( ﺣدوث ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺷﻔط ﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ أﺛﻧﺎء إﺧراج اﻟﻣواﺳﯾر ﻣن اﻟﺑﺋر‬
 ‫أﺳﺑﺎب ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﮭﯾدروﺳﺗﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪A) Drop in Mud Level .Due to failure to fill‬‬
‫‪hole when pulling out.‬‬
‫ﻧزول ﻣﺳﺗوى ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔرﺑﺳﺑب ﻋدم ﺗﻌﺑﺋﺔ اﻟﺑﺋر أﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫إﺧراج اﻟﻣواﺳﯾر ﻣﻧﮫ‪!!!!...‬‬
‫‪b)Drop in Mud Weight. Due to failure to‬‬
‫‪hold mud weight constant.‬‬
‫ﻧزول وزن ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﺑﺳﺑب ﻋدم اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺛﺑﺎت وزﻧﮫ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻔط ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫‪FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SWABBING ARE:-‬‬
‫أﺳﺑﺎب ﺣدوث ﺷﻔط ﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pulling pipe too fast,‬‬
‫ﺳﺣب اﻟﻣواﺳﯾر ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة‬
‫‪High viscosity mud,‬‬
‫اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Small collar to hole wall clearance,‬‬
‫ﺿﯾق اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻣواﺳﯾر اﻟﺣﻔر وﺟدار اﻟﺑﺋر‬
‫‪'Balled-up' bit‬‬
‫ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣﺧﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺣﻔر ﻓوق اﻟدﻗﺎق‬
SWABBING
‫‪1)IMPROPER FILL UP OR DISPLACEMENT DURING‬‬
‫‪TRIPS‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﻻ ﺗﺳﺎوي ﺣﺟم اﻟﻣواﺳﯾر أﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺻﻌود‬
‫وﻧزول اﻟﻣواﺳﯾر‬
‫‪2)CONNECTION GAS‬‬
‫ظﮭور اﻟﻐﺎز أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﻛوﻧﻛﺷن‬
‫‪3)INCREASED DRILLING RATE‬‬
‫ازدﯾﺎد ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺣﻔر‬
‫‪4)FLOWLINE MUD TEMPERATURE INCREASE‬‬
‫ازدﯾﺎد ﺣرارة ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر‬
‫ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر اﻟﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﺋر ﺗﺄﺧذ‬
‫ﺣﺟم أﻗل ﻣن ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾد اﻟﺧﺎرج ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﺑﺋر‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ھذا ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟود ﻓﻠو‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺟب اﻟﻧزول إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎع وﻋﻣل‬
‫ﺳرﻛوﻟﯾﺷن ﻟﻠﺑﺋر‪.‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر اﻟراﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺑﺋر أﺛﻧﺎء ﻧزول اﻟﻣواﺳﯾر‬
‫أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺣﺟم اﻟﺣدﯾد‪ ،‬ﻓﮭذا ﻣؤﺷر‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدوث ﻓﻠو‬
‫ظﮭور ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز أﺛﻧﺎء إطﻔﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺑﻣب دﻟﯾل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘص اﻟﺿﻐط‬
‫اﻟﮭﯾدروﺳﺗﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ وﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﯾﺟب‬
‫زﯾﺎدة وزن ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﻗﻠﯾﻼ‬
‫ﻋﻧد ﺣﻔر اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺎء‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺣدث زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺳرﻋﺔ ﻣﻌدل‬
‫اﻟﺣﻔر‪ ،‬وﻗد ﯾﻛون ھذا ﻣؤﺷر ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣدوث ﻓﻠو أﯾﺿﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻧد ﺣﻔر طﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎء ﻓﺈن‬
‫دﺧول اﻟﻣﺎء اﻟﺳﺎﺧن )ﺑﺳﺑب ﺣرارة‬
‫اﻟﻘﺷرة اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ( إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﺋر ﯾؤدي‬
‫إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﺣرارة ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر‪.‬‬
‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﺢ‪ ،‬ﻟذا ﻓﺈن زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻠوﺣﺔ ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر‬
‫دﻟﯾل ﻋﻠﻰ دﺧول ھذا اﻟﻣﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﺋر‬
‫واﺧﺗﻼطﮫ ﺑﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ‬
‫زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻠوﺣﺗﮫ‪ ،‬وھذا ﻣؤﺷر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدوث‬
‫ﻓﻠو‪.‬‬
‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻣﺿﻐوطﺔ ﺗﺿﻐط ﺑﺎﺗﺟﺎه ﺟدار اﻟﺑﺋر‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ دوران ﻋﺎﻣود اﻟﺣﻔر‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺗورك‪.‬‬

‫‪BIT‬‬
‫ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺟﺎه‬
‫ﺟدار اﻟﺑﺋر‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺗﺣدث ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻓﻲ رﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣود اﻟﺣﻔر ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻧد ﻋﻣل ﻛوﻧﻛﺷن أو‬
‫إﺧراج اﻟﻣواﺳﯾر‪ .‬وھذا ﯾﺳﻣﻰ ‪.Over pull‬‬
‫أوﻓرﺑل‬
 ‫ﺑﺳﺑب ﺿﯾق اﻟﺑﺋر ﻓﺈن ﻋﺎﻣود اﻟﺣﻔر ﯾﻘوم أﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫دوراﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻣﻊ ﺟدار اﻟﺑﺋر ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺎﻗط ﻓﺗﺎت ﺻﺧري ﺣﯾث ﻻ ﯾﻘوم اﻟدﻗﺎق ﺑﺣﻔره‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺻﻌوده ﻟﻠﺳطﺢ ﺑﺣﺟم ﻛﺑﯾر‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻣﺎ زاد اﻟﻌﻣق زاد وزن اﻟﻛﺗﻧﺞ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت ذات اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﯾﻛون‬
‫ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺎء أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟرﻣل‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻧد‬
‫ﺣﻔرھﺎ ﯾﻛون وزن اﻟﻛﺗﻧﺞ أﻗل ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻊ وھذا ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻣؤﺷر ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣدوث ﻓﻠو‪.‬‬
One cause of a KICK not mentioned so far is LOST
CIRCULATION. If a formation cracks or fractures
the drilling mud can be lost. This causes the mud
level to drop. Mud level drop means reduced
Hydrostatic load. A KICK can occur because
formation fluid pressure may now be higher.
‫ﻓﻘدان ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر ﺑﺳﺑب ﺗﻛﺳر اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﻘص اﻟﺿﻐط‬،‫ﻧﻘص ﻣﺳﺗواه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﺋر‬
.‫اﻟﮭﯾدروﺳﺗﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺣدوث ﻓﻠو‬
1) HIGH MUD WEIGHTS
‫وزن زاﺋد ﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺣﻔر‬
2) HIGH SHUT IN PRESSURES
‫إﻏﻼق اﻟﺑﺋر ﺑﺿﻐط ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
3) SURGING
‫اﻟﺣﻘن‬