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Handout 3 Geology of Ore Deposits
Handout 3 Geology of Ore Deposits
Mineral
E d
Endogenic
i E
Exogenic
i
GEOLOGY OF ORE •
•
Magmatic Segregation
Pegmatitic Deposition
•
•
Mechanical Accumulation
Sedimentary Precipitation
DEPOSITS
• Hydrothermal Precipitation • Residual Process
• Metamorphic & Metasomatic • Secondary or Supergene
Process Enrichment
• Volcanic‐Exhalative
(Sedimentary‐Exhalative)
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Handout - 3 @ Rosana, MF 2007 MFR @ 2007
Ore bodies formed are
derived from magma
Batuan berbutir sangat kasar,
umumnya berkomposisi granitik
Ore bodies are
• Batholiths
a o s
associated with igneous
i t d ith i • dyke and sill
intrusion
Terbentuk karena adanya injeksi dari larutan magma akhir
Ore minerals form by yang mengandung mineral‐mineral pembentuk batuan,
bersama dengan carbon dioksida, konsentrasi mineral‐
direct crystallization mineral jarang dan metal.
from melt
• gravity fractionation
Fractional • flow differentiation
Crystallization : • separation and mechanical sorting Ukuran tubuhnya
Uk t b h b
bervariasi
i i bisa
bi
• density currents mencapai beberapa kilometer.
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Kriteria bisa terbentuknya mineralisasi hydrothermal :
• Adanya larutan yang mampu melarutkan dan mentransport mineral
Ada fluida hydrothermal yang mengadung ion‐ion logam, matter; geothermal (hydrothermal cell), mekanisme dimana larutan
atau yang berasosiasi dengan mineral bijih, melewati dibawa ke permukaan
country rock, • Adanya porositas batuan yang mana larutan bisa masuk
y tempat
• Adanya p untuk p presipitasi
p mineral
• Adanya reaksi kimia yang membawa ke proses presipitasi
• Adanya konsentrasi mineral yang cukup untuk membentuk suatu
endapan
• Ph (acidity) dan Eh ( oxygen level)
Mineral‐mineral yang terbentuk berkisar pada temperatur
50~650Ԩ.
Sources of fluida hydrothermal
• Meteoric Water
• Sea Water
• Connate Water
• Metamoprhic Water
• Magmatic Water
Terbentuk pada kedalaman berkisar 200 – 1000
meter
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Sedimentary Precipitation
Mineral yang ekonomik umumnya berupa Iron dan
Manganese
Resistant ;
emas; intan ; High density ;
bijih besi; dll Great hardness ; Majority berumur Precambrian (2600~1800 Ma)
Malleability
Banded Iron Formation (BIF) type
• Source of heavy mineral
• Plaser fluvial • Liberation of mineral from
batuan induknya
• Plaser pantai • Concentration ( agent air
( Iron & silica berasal dari pelapukan dipermukaan
hujan, perpindahan air,
• Gurun atau angin kontinet pada saat kandungan oksigen di asmosfir
aeolean • Protection dari erosi kecil ~ 0
setelah konsentrat yang
belum terkonsolidasi
terbentuk
Pembentukannya banyak dikontrol oleh kondisi pH
dan Eh
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Close up of texture & structure of BIF rocks in the outcrop complex of Gunung Kancil
Stratiform & lamination Flaser & lamination Fe dan Al umumnya mengalami persipitasi bersama‐
sama dgn Fe dominan, pada situasi dimana batuan
c. GDN-02, Gunung Gadung)
induk sedikit mengandung Fe yg kemudian mengalami
pelapukan, maka Al akan dominan dan hasil
endapannya berupa laterit yang di sebut bauksit.
• Humid tropical or tropical climate with wet dan dry seasons,
temperature above 20Ԩ
Faktor yang penting • Suitable parent rock
untuk pembentukan • Chemical & organic activity
• Topography and topology that permit slow infiltration of precipitation
bauksit adalah : and promote chemical reaction
• Time and preservation of reaction product
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Folded laminated silica & iron oxide Folded laminated silica & iron oxide MFR @ 2007
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Evaporates Evaporates
Gypsum, anhydrit dan halit
adalah mineral uyang
Evaporit adalah nama secara genetik umum sebagai hasil
maupun deskriptif untuk kelompok evaporasi; banyak mineral
batuan yang terbentuk karena proses evaporit adalah sumber
evaporasii utama bagi garam
S
Syngenetic
i
Epigenetic
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Porphyry
• large, low grade deposit usually associated with a Volcanic Massive
porphyrytyc intrusive body Sulphide (VMS) :
deposits formed as • Felsic volcanic hosted
massive sulphide (> 80%)
Skarn
l
lens‐like accumulations
lik l i • Mafic volcanic hosted
• formed by replacement of limestone by ore and calc‐silicate on or near the sea floor in
minerals, usually adjacent to felsic intrusive body
association with volcanic
• Mixed volcanic/sedimentary
activity
Vein
• fracture filling deposits which often have great lateral
and/or depth extent but which are usually very narrow
Sedimentary Deposits :
formed by hydrothermal
y y • Massive sulphide (SEDEX)
Mississippi Valley emanations on or near • Banded Iron Formation (BIF)
• Pb‐Zn deposits formed within porous carbonate rocks the sea floor in
(limestone reefs or caves) association with the
deposition of
sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary Copper
• hydrothermal fluids passing through porous sedimentary
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rocks ‐sandstones and conglomerates‐ can precipitate Cu MFR @ 2007
minerals
Placer : formed within
sediments by the
di b h • Stratiform (tabular, like the host
concentration of heavy • Gold (Witwatersrand, South Africa)
resistant minerals by Concordant strata)
steam or wave action • Lenticular (lens‐shaped)
deposits
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VEINS – sheet like, vertical to horizontal 25 PIPES – cylindrical to conical
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STROCWORK (disseminated through network STRATIFORM – tabular, like the host strata
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of small veins)
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LENTICULAR – lens shaped
STRATIFORM – tabular, like the host strata
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To be Continue
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