CHAPTER-2

NON-UNIFORM AMPLITUDE ONLY SYNTHESIS BASED EQUALLY

SPACED ARRAY DESIGN

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Low side lobe antennas are becoming an increasingly important component of high

performance electronic systems, particularly those operating in heavy clutter and jamming

environments. Practically, the radiation pattern of antenna array has not only having the main

beam but also side lobes .Most of the power is confined in main beam which provides the

coverage in desired portion. Some of the power is also remained inside lobe levels that are

nothing but wastage of transmitting power [16]. If the side lobe levels are very high, large

amount of transmitting power is wastage. For efficient use of transmitting power and desired

radiation characteristics can be achieved by using this five following control methods:

1) The geometrical configuration of the overall array

2) The relative displacement between the elements

3) The excitation amplitude of the individual elements

4) The excitation phase of individual elements

5) The relative pattern of the individual elements.

Various analytical and numerical methods have been used to optimize the side lobe levels

relative to the main beam by using above controls.

2.2 Geometrical Configuration of the Overall Array

Assume that each succeeding element has a β progressive phase lead in the excitation relative

to the preceding one. An array of identical elements with identical magnitudes and with a

progressive phase is called a uniform array. The AF of the uniform array can be obtained by

considering the individual elements as point (isotropic) sources. Then, the total field pattern

can be obtained by simply multiplying the AF by the normalized field pattern of the
individual element (provided the elements are not coupled). The AF of an N-element linear

array of isotropic sources is shown in equation 2.1

---2.1

2.3 The excitation amplitude of the individual elements

Rectangular micro strip patch Antennas creates radiated fields which propagate outwards into

space or into the air and water for acoustics. Conversely, antennas react to interrupting fields

to produce output voltages. The electromagnetic fields created by an RMSPA (rectangular

micro strip patch antenna), depend on the distance from the sources and the direction

specified by angular coordinates. The terms response pattern and radiation pattern are often

used interchangeably but the term radiation pattern is mostly used to describe the field

radiated by an element and the term response pattern is mostly used to describe the output of

the antenna with respect to impinging wave field as a function of wave direction. By the

principle of reciprocity, these two patterns are identical. When discussing the generation of

the patterns, it is conceptually easier to think in terms of radiation patterns. In radar

interactions between fields and targets take place in the far-field region, often called the

Fraunhofer region. The far-field region is defined as the region for which r≫L2/λ.

Where ‘L’ represents the largest dimension of the source, in the far-field region, the fields

take a special form: they can be written as the product of a function of and a geometric fall-

off function, 1/r. It is the angular function that is called the radiation pattern, response pattern,

or simply pattern.

Radiation patterns of RMSPA can be viewed as field patterns or as power patterns.

We shall often add the term “field” or “power” to be more specific: contrast element field

pattern versus element power pattern. The radiation power pattern describes the field's radiant

intensity, U, as a function of direction. Radiant intensity units are watts/steradian. Sometimes,

radiant intensity is confused with power density. Power density, I, is the energy passing

through a unit area in a unit time. Units for power density are Watts/square meter.

Unfortunately, power density is sometimes called intensity. For a point source, the radiant

intensity is the power density multiplied by the square of the distance from the source,

U = r2I.

The element field response or element field pattern represents the angular distribution

of the electromagnetic field create by an antenna, E (θ,φ), or the scalar acoustic field, P (θ,φ),

are generated. Because the far field electromagnetic field consists of horizontal and vertical

components orthogonal, (EH(θ,φ), EV(θ,φ)) there may be different patterns for each

component. Radiation fields are vector fields so there is a two dimensional analysis is

required. The general form of any field or field component is shown in eq-2.2

A f(θ,ϕ)e-jkr/r- - -2.2

Where A is a nominal field amplitude and f(θ,φ) is the normalized field pattern (normalized

to unity). Because the field patterns are evaluated at some reference distance from the source,

the fields returned by the element’s step method are represented simply as A f(θ,φ). we can

display the nominal element field pattern by invoking the element's pattern method,

choosing 'Type' parameter value as 'e-field' and setting the 'Normalize' parameter to false

pattern(elem,'Normalize',false,'Type','efield');

The normalized field pattern by setting the 'Normalize' parameter value to true. For

example, if EH(θ,φ) is the horizontal component of the complex electromagnetic field, its

normalized field pattern is given by |EH(θ,φ)/EH,max|.

Pattern (elem,'Polarization','H','Normalize',true,'Type','efield')
2.4Element power patterns

The element power response (or element power radiation pattern) is defined as the angular

distribution of the radiant intensity in the far field, Urad(θ,φ). When the elements are used for

reception, the patterns are interpreted as the sensitivity of the element to radiation arriving

from direction (θ,φ) and the power pattern represents the output voltage power of the element

as a function of wave arrival direction.

Physically, the radiant intensity for the electromagnetic field produced by an RMSPA

element is given by

Where Z0 is the characteristic impedance of free space. The radiant intensity of an acoustic

field is given by

Where Z is the characteristic impedance of the proposed medium. For the fields produced by

the Phased RMSPA System Tool, element System objects, the radial dependence, the

impedances and field magnitudes are all collected in the nominal field amplitudes defined

above. Then the radiant intensity can generally be written

The radiant intensity pattern is the quantity returned by the elements pattern method when

the 'Normalize' parameter is set to false and the 'Type' parameter is set

to 'power' (or 'powered' for decibels).

Pattern (elem,'Normalize',false,'Type','power');
The normalized power pattern is defined as the radiant intensity divided by its maximum

value

The pattern method returns a normalized power pattern when the 'Normalize' parameter is set

to true and the 'Type’ parameter is set to 'power' (or 'power db' for decibels).

Pattern (elem,'Normalize',true,'Type','power');

2.5 Element directivity

Element directivity measures the capability of an RMSPA to radiate or receive power

preferentially in a particular direction. Sometimes it is referred to as directive gain.

Directivity is measured by comparing the transmitted radiant intensity in a given direction to

the radiant intensity transmitted by an isotropic radiator with the same total transmitted

power. An isotropic radiator radiates equal power in all directions. The radiant intensity of an

isotropic radiator is just the total transmitted power divided by the solid angle of a sphere, 4π,

The element directivity is defined to be

By this definition, the integral of the directivity over a sphere surrounding the element is

exactly 4π. Directivity is related to the effective beam width of an element. Start with an ideal
RMSPA that has a uniform radiation field over a small solid angle (its beam width), ΔΩ, in a

particular direction, and zero outside that angle. The directivity is

The greater the directivity, the smaller the beam width

The radiant intensity can be expressed in terms of the directivity and the total power

As an example, the directivity of the electric field of a z-oriented short-dipole RMSPA

element is given by

Often, the largest value of D(θ,φ) is specified as an rectangular micro strip patch antenna

operating parameter. The direction in which D(θ,φ) is largest is the direction of maximum

power radiation. This direction is often called the bore sight direction. In some of the cases,

the maximum value itself is called the directivity, reserving the phrase directive gain for what

is called here directivity. For the short-dipole antenna, the maximum value of directivity

occurs at θ = 0, independent of φ, and attains a value of 3/2. The concept of directivity

applies to receiving antennas as well. It describes the output power as a function of the arrival

direction of a plane wave impinging upon the antenna. By reciprocity, the directivity of a

receiving antenna is the same as that for a transmitting antenna. A quantity closely related to

directivity is element gain. The definition of directivity assumes that all the power fed to the

element is radiated to space. In reality, system losses reduce the radiant intensity by some

factor, the element efficiency, η. The term Ptotal becomes the power supplied to the antenna
and Prad becomes the power actually radiated into space. Then, Prad = ηPtotal. The element gain

is defined by

And represents the power radiated away from the element compared to the total power

supplied to the element.

Using the element’s pattern method, we can plot the directivity of an element by setting

the 'Type' parameter to’ directivity',

Pattern (elem,'Type','directivity');

2.6 Array Response and Radiation Patterns

2.6.1 Array magnitude and power patterns

When individual antenna elements are aggregated into source of elements, new

response/radiation patterns are created which depend upon both the element patterns and the

geometry of the array. These patterns are called beam patterns to reflect the fact that the

pattern may be constructed to have a very narrow angular distribution, i.e. a beam. This term

is used for an array in transmitting or receiving modes. Most often, but not always, the array

consists of identical antennas. The identical antenna case is interesting because it lets us

partition the radiation pattern into two components: one component describes the element

radiation pattern and the second describes the array radiation pattern.

Just as an array of transmitting elements has a radiation pattern, a RMSPA of receiving

elements has a response pattern which describes how the output voltage of the array changes

with the direction of arrival of an plane incident wave. By reciprocity, the response pattern is

identical to the radiation pattern.

For transmitting arrays, the voltage driving the elements may be phase-adjusted to allow the

maximum radiant intensity to be transmitted in a particular direction. For receiving arrays,

the arriving signals may be phase adjusted to maximize the sensitivity in a particular

direction.

Start with a simple model of the radiation field produced by a single antenna which is given

by

where A is the field amplitude and f((θ,φ) is the normalized element field pattern. This field

may represent any of the components of the electric field, a scalar field, or an acoustic field.

For an array of identical elements, the output of the array is the weighted sum of the

individual elements, using the complex weights, wm

where rm is the distance from the mth element source point to the field point. In the far-field

region, this equation takes the form

where xm are the vector positions of the resource elements with respect to the rectangular

origin. u is the unit vector from the array origin to the field point. This equation can be

written compactly is the form

The term wHs is called the array factor, Farray(θ,φ). The vector s is the steering

vector (or element manifold vector) for directions of propagation for transmit Rectangular

antenna’s or directions of arrival for receiving RMSP Antenna’s

The total array pattern consists of an amplitude term, an element pattern, f(θ,φ), and an array

factor, Farray(θ,φ). The total angular behavior of the array pattern, B(θ,φ), is called

the beampattern of the array

When evaluated at the reference distance, the array field pattern has the form

The pattern method, when the 'Normalize' parameter is set to false and the 'Type' parameter is

set to 'efield', returns the magnitude of the array field pattern at the reference distance.

pattern(array,'Normalize',false,'Type','efield');

When the 'Normalize' parameter is set to true, the pattern method returns a pattern normalized

to unity.

pattern(array,'Normalize',true,'Type','efield');

The array power pattern is given by

The pattern method, when the 'Normalize' parameter is set to false and the 'Type' parameter is

set to 'power' or'powerdb', returns the array power pattern at the reference distance.

pattern(array,'Normalize',false,'Type','power');

When the 'Normalize' parameter is set to true, the pattern method returns the power pattern

normalized to unity.

pattern(array,'Normalize',true,'Type','power');

For the conventional beam former, the weights are chosen to maximize the power transmitted

towards a particular direction, or in the case of receiving sources, to maximize the response

of the array for a particular arrival direction. If u0 is the desired pointing direction, then the

weights which maximize the power and response in this direction have the general form

For these weights, the rmspa factor becomes

which has a maximum at u = u0.

2.7 RMSPA directivity

Array directivity is defined the same way as element directivity: the radiant intensity in a

specific direction divided by the isotropic radiant intensity. The isotropic radiant intensity is

the array’s total radiated power divided by 4π. In terms of the arrays weights and steering

vectors, the directivity can be written as

where Ptotal is the total radiated power from the element. In a discrete implementation, the

total radiated power can be computed by summing intensity values over a uniform grid of

angles that covers the full sphere surrounding the array

where M is the number of elevation grid points and N is the number of azimuth grid points.

Because the radiant intensity is proportional to the beam pattern, B(θ,φ), the directivity can

also be written in terms of the beam pattern

Array Factor for N Elements

Consider a single isotropic radiator that has a radiated field that is proportional to

Hence, the radiation intensity associated with this is constant (isotropic). We can write the normalized

array factor of such a situation as

Now consider the array shown in Figure 1, which is receiving a signal from a plane wave incident at

angle θ to the plane of the array. Each element is excited with a signal at amplitude of 1, but

because the transmission paths between elements are not equal, the phase shift of each element will

be different. Hence, we can write the array factor as

Where ξ are the phases of an incoming plane wave at the element locations m = 0, 1, . . .,

referenced to some point such as the origin. Hence, the phase of the wave arriving at element m

leads the phase of the wave arriving at the origin by ξ.

Now we consider the case where all the array elements are separated by the same distance d,

− Such an array is called an equally spaced

leading to a linear array of total length D = (N 1)d.

linear array (ESLA), and since the excitation is uniform, we called it a uniformly excited ESLA.

The geometry of the array then resembles the figure shown in Figure 1.

From the figure, we can see that the phase of element m + 1 leads that phase of element m by

kd cos θ, since the path length to element m + 1 is d cos θ metres longer than that to m. If we

arbitrarily set the reference point to element 0, so that ξ0 = 0, we can write the array factor1 as

Figure 1: Ray diagram for linear receiving array

 Figure 2: Linear array geometry

Defining

The expression for array factor becomes

This function is a function of ψ and resembles a Fourier Series where the array factor is composed of a

set of sinusoids at multiples of a ’fundamental frequency’ ψ. Note that because of reciprocity, the

array works similarly in transmit mode except the direction of the phase gradient is reversed to

produce a plane wave leaving the array in the direction shown.

2.8 Plotting the Array Factor

It is not obvious what the radiation pattern produced by the array factor looks like by examining

Equation (7). Here we will present a simple graphical procedure for plotting the array factor.

Let’s multiply Equation (7) by ejψ to obtain

Subtracting Equation (8) from Equation (7) results in

Rearranging,

The maximum value of AF occurs when ψ = 0, resulting in AF = N . Therefore,

disregarding the phase factor and normalizing we obtain

To plot f (ψ) array factor, we note that Equation above defines the polar equation of a circle,
| |
and is used to relate ψ to θ. Let’s take an example for the 2-element case we have already discussed

earlier, and set the array spacing to d = λ/2. Since the circle has radius 1, which is the maximum

value of f (ψ) , the projection of the point back inside the circle is at a distance f (ψ) from the

origin. This is repeated for as many points as necessary to construct the radiation pattern. The

region −1 < cos θ < 1 or −kd < kd cos θ < kd, or the horizontal extent of the circle, is known as

the visible region, since |f (ψ)| is only evaluated for ψ values in this region. Evaluating f (ψ) for

various values of N yields the curves shown in Figure 2. The exact shape of the radiation pattern

depends on the size of the visible region, but we can may several important observations about this

plot.
 1. There is always a maximum at ψ = 0, corresponding to θ = 90◦, which is called the

Broad side direction as it is normal to the plane of the array.

2. As N increases, the width of the main lobe decreases. In fact, the first null

beamwidth can be found by considering where the numerator of Equation

(13) go to zero, or where

The first null beam width is then found as

Where the approximation holds for long arrays, L = Nd >> λ.

1 The number of sidelobes increases as N is increased. In one period of |f (ψ)| there are

N − 2 sidelobes.

2 The width of these minor lobes (in terms of ψ) is 2π/N . The width of the major lobe is

twice that.

3 The sidelobe level (SLL) decreases with N.

4 |f(ψ)| is symmetric about ψ = 0 for ψ = −π . . . π.

2.9 Directivity of a Broadside Linear Array

The maximum directivity (which occurs in the broadside direction) of a uniformly

excited ESLA can be found as follows. First, the normalized array factor is

If d λ, we can employ the small angle approximation for the denominator, yielding

The normalized radiation intensity produced by this array factor is

The average radiation intensity is found using

which can be evaluated by making the substitution

This yields

If the array is very long (Nkd very large), then we can approximate U0 as
 since the integrand tends to zero forlarge Nkd values. The integral evaluates to π as shown, so

And

This result assumes the array length L = Nd is very long (L = Nd >> λ). Note

that for a special case of half-wavelength spacing,

and the directivity is simply equal to the number of elements in the array. Remember that this is the

result for an array of isotropic radiators (i.e., the array factor), and that the incorporation of real

elements (via pattern multiplication) will increase the overall directivity of the array.

2.10 Different Array Excitations

One of the biggest advantages of antenna arrays as that they allow many different array patterns to be

synthesized. We have considered only one case so far, where each element is excited with an

identical signal. Obviously, this does not necessarily need to be the case. Though we won’t this

situations much in this course, it is good to be aware of it and how it affects the radiation pattern.

We can introduce arbitrary element excitation by re-writing the array factor expression as
In addition introducing phase shift between elements to scan the beam, different amplitudes

can be applied to the elements as well. We will not discuss this case in detail in this course.

The graphical technique cannot be used in this case and the AF must be plotted directly using

Equation (30), noting that

Represents the element excitation if the linear phase gradient across the array is preserved.

The most common technique is to introduce an amplitude taper across the array to help

reduce side lobe levels, at the expense of a small reduction in the overall array directivity.

2.11 Generalized Array Factor

So far, we have restricted our discussion to linear arrays, and in that analysis by itself, we

have been assuming uniform spacing between elements. The more general form of the array

factor expression is found using the following expression:

where ~r0 m is a position vector to the mth element, and rˆ is a unit vector pointing in the

direction of interest, i.e.,

Im is the complex amplitude of the excitation of the mth element. We note that for a linear,

uniformly spaced array along the z axis, r 0 m = md zˆ, yielding

You can plot the directivity of an R.M.S.P.A by setting the 'Type' parameter of

the pattern methods to 'directivity',

Pattern (array,'Type','directivity');

2.12 Array gain

In the Phased Array System Toolbox, RMSPA gain is defined to be the array SNR gain.

Rectangular Micro Strip Patch Antenna gain measures the improvement in SNR of a

receiving array over the SNR for a single element. Because an element is a spatial filter, the

array SNR depends upon the spatial properties of the noise field. When the noise is spatially

isotropic, the array gain takes a simple form

G=SNR = H 2 H
w s w w

In addition, for a rectangular micro antenna strip with uniform weights, the array gain for an

N-element RMSPA has a maximum value at bore sight of N, (or 10logN in db).For the

microstrip antenna, the x-y plane (π/2, 0  π /2, 3 π /2  2 π) is the principal E-plane.

For this plane, the expression for the radiated fields is

k h 
sin  0 cos  
E     2  sin  k 0 L cos  
 
k0 h
cos   2 
2
The general form of the fitness function is given by

Max (20 log 10 AF ( ) )

Fitness 
Max AF ( )

Where |AF (θ)|=|AF (θo)| 0< θ < 𝜋 , θ≠ θo

2.13 RMSPA Analysis Based on Amplitude Only Synthesis

A Genetic Algorithm allows a population composed of many individuals to involve under

specified selection rules to a state that minimizes the complex function. This optimization

algorithm is more powerful for problems with more number of variables and local minima.

GA is very efficient in exploring the entire search space or the solution space, which is large

and complex. In computer algorithm, a chromosome is an array of genes, a number of

chromosomes make up one population. The chromosomes are generated randomly in the

selected space. Each chromosome has an associated fitness function, assigning a relative

merit to that chromosome. The algorithm begins with a large list of random chromosomes.

The Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm [25] which is based upon differential mutation

operator. Practically there are many problems with different types of objective functions such

as non-linear, noisy, flat, non-differentiable, non-continuous, and multi-dimensional or have

many local minima which are difficult to solve analytically. DE is a robust statistical method

for cost function minimization which does not make use of a single nominal parameter vector

but instead it uses a population of equally important vectors and is very advantageous to find

the most approximate solution to any type of problems.

Differential evolution is a simple, efficient and robust evolutionary algorithm, and is

usually mark as DE/x/y/z, where x denotes how the differential mutation base is chosen , y

denotes the number of vectors differences added to the base vector and z indicates the

crossover method. It has been successfully applied to the array synthesis problems,

electromagnetic inverse problems and many other scientific and engineering problems.
Although it has been reported that differential evolution performs better than many other

algorithms, it is still a dream for differential evolution users to have a strategy perfectly

balancing exploration and exploitation, or equivalently, reliability and efficiency.

It has been well known that the critical idea behind the success of Differential

Evolution is the creative invention of differential mutation[13-15]. Different differential

mutation strategies balance exploration and exploitation differently. For example,

DE/Best/*/* generally converges faster due to the guidance by the best individual but may

be locally trapped because of loss of directivity, while DE/Rand/*/* gains directivity at the

cost of efficiency.In order to simultaneously, provide both diversity and guidance so that

exploration and exploitation can be more efficiently balanced. Synthesis capability, reliability

and efficiency of DE/Rand/*/* are tested. The simulation results show that DE/Rand/*/* is

able to achieve lower peak side lobe levels and converge reliably and efficiently.

In DE algorithm the objective function is sampled by a set of initial points which are

chosen randomly from the entire search space. Then in the next step the algorithm adds the

weighted difference between the two randomly selected population vectors to the third

random population vector to generate a new parameter vector. This process of generating the

new parameter vector is called mutation. Now this parameter vector is further mixed with the

predefined parameters to produce the trial vector and this process is called crossover. Then in

the last step, called selection in which trial vector is replaced by the target vector if the trial

vector reduces the values of the cost function then that obtained due to the target vector.

To realize the algorithm let the problem is function of D number of independent

parameters. In this work for N element array, the number of independent parameters is 2N in

which the first N parameters are the normalized amplitude coefficient of the N array elements
and remaining N parameters are to represent the static phase of each element. Hence, if NP be

the population size then the parameter vectors are represented as

The target vector compared with the trial vector and the minimum value is admitted to the

next generation. The above steps are continued until the predefined number of generations

reached or the desired value of the cost function is obtained.The entire process of DE for

solving problem is shown in flowchart in Fig 3.

Set G=0 and randomly initiate

start

Compute

i=1

Yes
G

Save the result and stop

M
U
T
No
A
T
I
+F( )
O
N i=i+1

C
R
O
S
S
O
V
E
R S No
E f(
L
E
C
T
I
Yes
O
N f(
G=G+1

No
i=NP
Yes

Fig3: DE Algorithm for optimization of SLL

GA ALGORITHM

Create initial population

Evaluate SLL for each chromosome

yes
SLL≤SLL_Max

No
Chromosomes having best SLL as parent

Cross over and mutation to generate new

chromosome as child

New Chromosomes= parents+ new offspring

Select best SLL

No yes
SLL≤ SLL_ Max
Stop

Fig: 4 genetic algorithm

PSO ALGORITHM

Initialize particles with random position&

Start
sssSsssStart
Velocity Vectors

Calculate fitness values for each particle

Is current fitness value

better than pBest

YES
NO

Assign current fitness as new pBest Keep previous pBest

Assign best particle’s p Best value to g

Best

Calculate velocity for each particle

Use each particle’s velocity value to

update its data values

NO Target or maximum YES

epochs reached

END
 the Non-Uniform linear antenna array is synthesized using global optimizing techniques
called GA, PSO and DE algorithms. The Non-Uniform array is symmetric array of 2N elements
towards the center of the array. The array having progressive phase and uniform spacing between
the elements is 0.5λ.The radiation pattern of linear antenna array with N=20 elements at scan
angles 00 and 600 deg are given for GA,PSO and DE. In this paper, the array factor is the objective
function for optimizing the fitness /cost function called SLL . By using this evaluation techniques the
estweights are obtained for linear antenna arrays to reduce the SLL.
Optimized Radiation pattern of microstrip array using GA
0

-5

-10
Normalized Amplitude(dB)

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Theta in (Radians)

Fig 5. Radiation pattern of 20 element microstrip array antenna using GA

-15

-16

-17

-18
cost function

-19

-20

-21

-22

-23

-24
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
No.of generation

Fig 6.Cost function graph for 500 iterations

 Optimized Radiation pattern of microstrip array using PSO
0

-5

-10
Normalized Amplitude(dB)

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Theta in (Radians)

Fig 7. Radiation pattern of 20 element microstrip array antenna using GA

-18

-18.5

-19
Cost function

-19.5

-20

-20.5

-21
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
No.generation
Fig 8. Cost function graph for 500 iterations
 Optimized Radiation pattern of microstrip array using DE
0

-5

Normalized Amplitude(dB) -10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Theta in (Radians)

Fig 9. Radiation pattern of 20 element microstrip array antenna using GA

-16

-18

-20

-22
cost function

-24

-26

-28

-30

-32

-34
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
No.of generations

Fig 10.Cost function graph for 500 iterations

 Optimized Radiation pattern of microstrip array using GA,PSO,DE
0
GA
-5 PSO
DE
-10
Normalized Amplitude(dB)

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Theta in (Radians)

Fig11.Radiation Pattern of Linear antenna array of 20 elements using GA, PSO and DE at θ=00 (deg)

Optimized Radiation pattern of microstrip array using GA,PSO,DE

0
GA
-5 PSO
DE
-10
Normalized Amplitude(dB)

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Theta in Radians

Fig 13 .Radiation Pattern of Linear antenna array of 20 elements using GA,PSO and DE at
θ=600 (deg)
 S.No Optimized weights using Optimized weights using Optimized weights using
GA(N=20) PSO (N=20) DE (N=20)
1 0.12379 1 0.1795
2 0.27239 1 0.2314
3 0.58451 0.71775 0.2507
4 0.36378 -0 0.2329
5 0.29836 1 0.3088
6 0.50807 1 0.3644
7 0.40648 -0 0.3992
8 0.6828 -0 0.6065
9 0.63655 1 0.5111
10 0.63238 0.27016 0.6688
11 0.66836 1 0.7699
12 0.50739 1 0.7218
13 0.86033 0.33163 0.7597
14 0.58251 1 0.7547
15 0.94851 1 1.0864
16 0.91995 1 0.8410
17 0.98516 1 0.9401
18 0.71477 1 1.0661
19 0.986 1 0.9943
20 0.92949 1 1.0953

Table 1. Best weights for GA, PSO and DE Algorithms with 200 iterations

DIFFERENTIAL
GENETIC ALGORITHM PARTICLE SWARM EVOLUTION
ALGORITHM ALGORITHM
No.of Side lobe Converging Side lobe Converging Side lobe Converging
elemen time (sec) time (sec) time (sec)
ts level(dB) level(dB) level(dB)
10 -27.99 37.62441 -27.808 29.252831 -38.8 14.43
20 -23.97 65.20003 -20.745 51.378521 -32.58 23.99

30 -22.70 93.89461 -20.726 74.199701 -28.12 32.49

40 -21.06 123.4181 -20.708 97.361576 -27.76 42.35
50 20.733 154.0718 -20.658 121.027607 -27.35 51.16
187.3938 144.979070 -27.06 59.89
60 -20.645 -20.574
216.5338 170.463793 -27.168 71.30
70 -20.681 -20.550
248.7792 195.657447 -25.198 83.39
80 -20.68 -20.393
281.5972 220.838639 -24.514 97.67
90 -20.6 -20.307
100 -20.572 281.5972 -20.214 247.091233 -23.625 114.02

Table 2.SLL for GA, PSO and DE Algorithms with 200 iterations
 No.of elements verse Normalised Amplitude(dB)
-20

-22

-24
Normalised Amplitude(dB)

-26

-28

-30

-32 GA
PSO
-34
DE

-36

-38

-40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
No.of Elements(N)

Fig 14.Maximum Sidelobe level with the number of elements.

No.of elements verse Elapse Time(seconds)

350
GA
PSO
300
DE

250
Elapse Time(seconds)

200

150

100

50

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
No.of Elements(N)

Fig 15.No. of elements verse Elapse time

In three algorithms N=20 elements are used. The radiation pattern of Linear antenna array of 20

elements using GA ,PSO algorithm and DE algorithm at θ= 00 (deg) and at θ= 600 (deg) are
represented.The radiation pattern of Linear antenna array of 20 elements using GA, PSO and DE

algorithms at θ=00 (deg) ,the SLL is -23.97 dB , -20.45dB and -32.58 dBobtained respectively. The

cost functions of GA,PSO and DE algorithms of 200 iterations are represented. All the three

algorithms produced best results than normal linear antenna array having -13.6dB and comparatively

DE Algorithm produces maximum SLL than PSO and GA