ELECTRICAL power

supply &
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Transmission and Distribution lines
 Electricity T & D consists of two infrastructure
o The high-voltage transmission systems, which carry electricity from the power plants
and transmit it hundreds of miles away, (Primary Side)
o And the lower-voltage distribution systems, which draw electricity from the
transmission lines and distribute it to individual customers (secondary side)
 Power plants typically produce 50 cycle/second (Hertz), alternating-current (AC)
electricity with voltages between 11kV and 33kV.
 At the power plant site, the 3-phase voltage is stepped up to a higher voltage for
transmission on cables strung on cross-country towers.
 High voltage (HV) and extra high voltage (EHV) transmission is the next stage from
power plant to transport A.C. power over long distances at voltages like; 220 kV &
400 kV.
 Sub-transmission network at 132 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV or 33 kV constitutes the next
link towards the end user. Distribution at 11 kV / 6.6 kV / 3.3 kV constitutes the
last link to the consumer, who is connected directly or through transformers
depending upon the drawn level of service.
Power supply system
Transformer
 A transformer can accept energy at one
voltage and deliver it at another voltage.
 Transformers consist of two or more
coils that are electrically insulated, but
magnetically linked. The primary coil is
connected to the power source and the
secondary coil connects to the load.
 The turn’s ratio is the ratio between the
numbers of turns on the secondary to
the turns on the primary.
 The secondary voltage is equal to the
primary voltage times the turn’s ratio.
Power supply system
Transformer
Classification B- Dry Type and Oil Based Transformers
 Classification based on cooling and insulating system for
transformers,.
Disadvantage,
 Higher losses and higher costs.
 Will be larger than liquid-immersed units for the same voltage and
capacity rating.
Advantage
 Offers certain fire-resistant, environmental, and application
advantages for industrial and commercial situations.
Oil based
 Greater energy efficiency.
 Lower sound level.
 Smaller footprint.
 Much longer operating life, ease of maintainability and repairability.
 Ease of recycling.
Power supply system in Buildings
Power supply system in Buildings
Power supply system in Buildings
SL. DESCRIPTION CONNECTED DEMAND DEMAND
No. LOAD FACTOR LOAD

1) LEVEL - 5 (82.25) 45.34 KW 80% 36.27 KW

2) LEVEL - 4 (85.85) 49.47 KW 80% 39.58 KW
3) ENTRY LEVEL-LEVEL - 3 (89.45) 49.77 KW 80% 39.82 KW
4) LEVEL - 2 (93.05) 25.33 KW 80% 20.26 KW
5) LEVEL - 1 (96.65) 25.33 KW 80% 20.26 KW
6) AIR CONDITIONING LOAD 292.00 KW 80% 233.60 KW
7) VENTILATION LOAD 24.30 KW 80% 19.44 KW
8) PLUMBING LOAD 80.00 KW 70% 56.00 KW
9) FIRE FIGHTING LOAD 50.00 KW - 5.65 KW
10) STP 30.00 KW 100% 30.00 KW

11) EXTERNAL LIGHTING / FLOOD LIGHTING 10.00 KW 90% 9.00 KW

12) 3 NOS. LIFT @ 10 KW 30.00 KW 80% 24.00 KW

13) KITCHEN & GYM EQUIPMENTS 80.00 KW 80% 64.00 KW
14) FUTURE (FOR 26 NOS. ROOM) 130.00 KW 80% 104.00 KW
15) SWIMMING POOL HEAT PUMP 25.00 KW 70% 17.50 KW

GRAND TOTAL 896.55 KW 719.39 KW

SELECTION OF SIZE OF TRANSFORMER

OVERALL DIVERSITY 80% 575.51 KW

DEMAND LOAD 575.51 KW

SAY 576.00 KW

KVA Rating = K.W./p.f.

576.00/0.9 = 640.00 KVA
=

Considering loading @ 85% 640.00/0.85 = 752.94 KVA

SAY 753.00 KVA

HENCE SELECT 1 NO. 750 KVA 11 KV/433 VOLT OIL TYPE TRANSFORMERS WITH OLTC.
Power supply system in Buildings
Power supply system
Configuration of Load center- Two transformer load Centre
Power supply system
Configuration of Load center-
Single transformer load centre
Secondary distribution system

Single
rising
main

Grouped
supply The
horizontal
supply
Vertical
Supply system (Distribution
at each floor
Double level)
feed Individual
supply floor
supply
Ring main
supply
Secondary Distribution System
The vertical supply system (rising mains).
Single rising main:-
 In this type of system only one main line
goes to the upper level and distribute at
each floor respectively. Not very common in
practice.
Advantages
 The different loads on individual floors are
balanced out.
 Only a small main L.V board is required.
 Simple in construction and operation.
Disadvantage
 Low supply security (a fault in the rising
mains effect all floors).
Secondary Distribution System
The vertical supply system (rising mains).
Grouped supply-
 Another type of electrical system of
distribution, in these two or more main
lines run together and serves different
floors.
 Grouped supply- applicable for the high rise
buildings.
Advantages:-
 Easier mounting.
 Smaller size for rising mains.
Disadvantages:-
 A fault in any rising mains effect several
floors (relatively low Security).
 Loads are balanced only within each group.
 Larger power distribution board.
Secondary Distribution System
The vertical supply system (rising mains).
Individual floor supply:-
 In high rise buildings were stories are let separately
(metering is at central point at ground floor).
Advantages:-
 Smaller size of cables can be used (easy installation).
 In the case of a fault in arising main, only one story is
affected.
Disadvantages:-
 Different loading of the individual floors cannot be
balanced out.
 The rising main must be rated for the peak load of each
floor.
 Uneconomical – large number of cables and the size
of the rising main shaft is quite large.
 Large low voltage distribution board with numerous
circuits
Secondary Distribution System
The vertical supply system (rising mains).
 Ring main supply:-
 In large buildings when relatively higher
security is required.
Advantages:-
 Higher power supply security (in the event of
a fault, it is possible to switch off the faulty
part and leave the majority of the building
operational)
 A small low voltage distribution board is
required.
 The differing loading of individual floor are
balanced out (smaller sizes for rising mains)
Secondary Distribution System
The vertical supply system (rising mains).
Double feed supply:
 In large buildings with relatively large loads at
the top floors (lifts, Kitchen, air-
conditioning).
 Advantages:-
 Higher power supply security.
 The differing loading of individual floors are
balanced out.
 Smaller L.V. distribution board required.
Secondary Distribution System
The horizontal supply (Distribution
at each floor level)
 Normally HV switchgear and
substation transformers are installed
at ground floor (or basement).
 However, often there are
appliances with large power
demand installed on the top floors
(converters and motors for lifts,
air-conditioning equipment and
electric kitchens).
 The arrangement of the rising mains
depends on the size and shape of the
building and suitable size of shafts for
installing cables and bus ducts must
be provided in coordination with the
building architect.
Power supply system
Emergency Generators
 Emergency generators are used to provide critical loads with power supply in the
case of mains failure
 Emergency generators are usually driven by diesel engines, and connected to the
load in the following way :
 When the generator is of the same size as the power supply transformer.
 When the generator is of a smaller size as compared with the power
Power supply system
Power supply system
Power supply system
Uninterruptible Power supply
It is an electrical device providing an interface between the mains power supply and
sensitive loads (computer systems, instrumentation, etc).
The UPS supplies sinusoidal A.C. power free of disturbances and within strict
amplitude and frequency tolerances.
Power supply system
Uninterruptible Power supply
Power supply system
Uninterruptible Power supply
Power supply system
 Mains Failure Panel (MFP) or Auto Mains Failure (AMF)
 The MFP is intended for automatic operation (Start & Stop) of the emergency
generator and in coordination with the mains incoming supply from the low voltage
side of transformer. The MFP shall be provided with :-
The MFP or AMF Panel must have the following features:-
 To provide the output load distribution with supply from public mains when it is
available.
 To provide the output load distribution with supply from generating set in the case of
mains failure with adjustable time delay (10 - 15) sec.
 It should operate the generating set also when the mains voltage falls in one or more
phases below 80% of the standard value (adjustable).
 When the public mains power returns to within acceptable limits, the
contactors should change over positions and the generator stop and reset itself
in readiness for further failure.
 A built in time delay unit shall be provided to allow generator running for a short
period (adjustable) after mains have returned to ensure power supply
continuity, should further mains failure or fluctuations occur.
Guideline To Design Electrical Network
 Light and fan points are connected in the same circuit but the total number Should
be 10 or the total load should be 800 watt whichever is less.
 For power plugs the load considered is 500 watt
 Two power plugs can be joined in one circuit
 For AC, the load is considered as 2500 watt.
 AC circuit should go individually into the DB
OR
 Find out built up area in Sqft.of per flat per House/Dwelling unit.
 Multiply area in Sqft. by Load/Sqft.
 Type of Load Load/Sqft
 Industrial 100 Watt/Sqft
 Commercial 30 Watt/Sqft
 Domestic 15 Watt/Sqft
Guideline To Design Electrical Network
 Light and fan points are connected in the same circuit but the total number ahould
be 10 or the total load should be 800 watt whichever is less.
 For light points the load is 100watt
 For power plugs the load considered is 500 watt
 Two power plugs can be joined in one circuit
 For AC, the load is considered as 2500 watt.
 AC circuit should go individually into the DB
OR
 Find out built up area in Sqft.of per flat per House/Dwelling unit.
 Multiply area in Sqft. by Load/Sqft.
 Type of Load Load/Sqft
 Industrial 100 Watt/Sqft
 Commercial 30 Watt/Sqft
 Domestic 15 Watt/Sqft
Guideline To Design Electrical Network
 Only two-no of transformer at one location shall be acceptable. If there is more
number of transformers HT shall be required to extend using underground cables to
locate additional transformer.
 Either VCB or Ring Main Circuit shall be used to control transformers. There cables
should have metering arrangement at 11 kV.
 On LT side of transformer, LT main feeder pillar shall be provided. The Incoming shall
be protected by MCCB/ ACB.
 The factors for cable loading shall be taken as 50%. The factor for multiplicity of
cables from same cable trench shall be 80%.
 The entire system has to be designed for a voltage drop of 2.0% from 11kV Side of
transformer to metering equipment at end consumer premises.
Analysis and Logical Implication
 Substation
 It is desirable to locate the substation into the different structure apart from the
main building.
 But if it is necessary to house it within the building it should not be installed above
ground floor or below first basement (with height not less than 3500mm)
 Some consideration that are to made for the location of the substation are:
 Load Centre of the building (electrical load).
 If possible, geometrical Centre of the building.
 Highest level of floor in vicinity of DG and AC plant room.
 Direct access to the road and street independent of the main building
 Entrance Door opening outward.
 All doors should have adequate space and air passage along with proper ventilation
 Substation room floor minimum 450mm high from the normal floor level.
Analysis and Logical Implication
Transformer
 The transformers should be placed at a plinth of height 450mm and if placed inside
the room the minimum floor to ceiling height should be 4 meters.
 All doors and windows should be openable outside.
 In multistorey/ high rise structures, 2 transformers of equal capacity has to installed
so that 120% of the peak load can be catered by the single transformer in case
another is not working properly. This caters to the continuity and stability of the
system.
 If the transformer is oil filled, it should be installed at a minimum distance of 6 meters
from the adjoining building as a precautionary measure to avoid the oil spillage (4.5- 5
meters).
LT and HT Switch room
 Minimum floor to ceiling height of the switch room has to be 3600 mm.
 HT switch room should not be clubbed along with the guard or other service room
near the entrance.
 LT Panel should be in separate room of building or near the entrance of the building.
 Floor panels on the floor are to be located near the shaft.
Analysis and Logical Implication
Shaft Design
 The width of the shaft can be calculated
as
4 times the width of the cable X
Total no. of cables.
 With the minimum width of 450mm.
 The spacing between the cables will be
equal to the diameter of the widest
cable.
 With the help of the cable size and
spacing the length can be determined
with minimum criteria of 600mm.
DB location
 Easily accessible.
 Facilitate the worker to repair.
 Middle of the house and load center.
Some more Considerations
 Every circuit should have its separate
earth and neutral wire.
 In a circuit live wire should be
independent of other circuit
 For the three phase supply, separate
conduit for separate circuit is mandatory.
 After the normal run of 15 meters, we
should use junction box for
 Avoiding stress and strain on the wires
 Inspection box with suitable holes to be
provided on cover plate to dissipate hot
gases and cooling the conductor
temperature.