SUMMARY THEME 2:

MAGMATISM AND MINERALS MAIN COMPOSING THE ROCKS

AUTHOR: ALEXANDER ESPINOZA ALMIDON CODE: 20151163K

COURSE: PETROGRPHY CYCLE: 2018 II

TEACHER: HUAMAN EDMUND ALFONSO GUERRERO

CLASSIFYING THEM ROCKS:

The rocks are added natural poligranulares of minerals generally comprise more than one type of mineral,
although there are rocks consisting of a single mineral or a mineral dominating extremely on other minority
rocks are classified into three groups based on their genesis: magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic. The
definitions of these three types of rocks are:

 Magmatic or igneous rocks:. They are rocks product solidification of a molten or partially molten
material is a magma, at the surface (volcanic crust, either under relatively shallow surface conditions
(subvolcanic) or (plutonic) axis are: granite, gabbro , basalt, porphyry, etc.
 Sedimentary rocks: Are rocks resulting from consolidation of loose solid materials (ie, detrital
sediments) and / or chemical precipitates from aqueous solutions (ie chemical sediments) and / or
secretions of animals and / or plants (ie, organic sediments ) on or near the earth's surface.
Examples are: conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, etc.
 Metamorphic rocks: Are rocks derived from pre-existing rocks by transformations involving
mineralogical, chemical or structural solid state changes in response to major changes in the
conditions of temperature (T), pressure (P), and chemical environment within Earth's crust.
Examples include slate, shale, marble, etc.

On the surface of the continents great heterogeneity in the distribution and abundance of different
types of rocks it is observed. In general it can be said that around 65% of land surface (excluding the
surface of the ocean) is formed by sedimentary rocks constituting the igneous and metamorphic
rocks the remaining 35%. The reason for this contradiction is that aparen sedimentary rocks are
formed precisely at the earth's surface, hence the abundance while its frequent use as a material
deconstruction.
These proportions are far from those in the upper layers of the earth (ie, the earth's crust, up to
about 40 km deep in the continents and under the oceans 10 Km). In a little deeper areas existing
rocks are metamorphic and magmatic exclusively. The fact that rocks formed in depth (metamorphic
and magmatic part) to surface on the surface of the continents is because geologic, such as the
formation of mountain ranges, erosion processes, etc.

ROCK MINERALS MAIN PLAYERS:

 Petrografía: The PETROGRAPHY emphasizes purely descriptive part of the science of rock from the
viewpoints of texture, mineralogy and chemical composition. While Petrogenesis deals with the
origin of rocks.

 Petrological: petrological is a broader term includes both PETROGRAPHY as the Petrogenesis. This is
the mode of occurrence, composition, classification and origin of rocks. Concerning the application
of the principles of chemistry to earth minerals naturally occurring physical. Connotes the
philosophical side of the study of rocks. It should be a contribution to the knowledge of the details of
the development, evolution and history of the earth.

PERIODIC TABLE:

The periodic table is an arrangement of the

chemical elements in a table, ordered by
their atomic number (number of protons), its
electron configuration chemical properties.
This arrangement shows periodic trends, as
elements with similar behavior in the same
column.

MAGMATISM:
ISOSTASY:
Diastrophic explains the movements of the lithosphere. Erosion by partially destroying the relief of
landupheaval and depositing sediments at the bottom of the seas, can break the balance between the
blocks of the lithosphere, the which seeks a new equilibrium resulting in the diastrophism.

MAGMATIC PROCESS:
It is a fact of observation that there are a variety of magmas, which give rise to the wide variety of
igneous rocks that can be recognized on the planet. It is also possible to observe how broadly the
magmas (and therefore the rocks formed from these) are associated with specific geodynamic
situations, ie equivalent in geological situations usually find the same types of igneous rocks.

WHAT IS MAGMA ?:
basic definition, a magma is cast, which generally consists of a majority liquid phase, which
accompanies a solid phase (crystals or rock fragments) and another gas, and is at temperatures
between 1500 and 800 ° C ..

WHY ARE FORMED MAGMAS? :

It is associated with specific changes in thermodynamics inside the planet: in normal conditions, the
surface layers of the earth (lithosphere) are solid, because despite being a sufficiently high
temperature to be melted, the pressure it is also high enough to increase the melting point of minerals
enough to avoid this fusion.
• The first case is possible by a decompression due to the formation of deep fractures to release
the internal pressure of the rock, and also promote the rise of magma.
• The second case is also given, and it results the addition of volatile rock (water, co ...) during
specific geological processes (particularly dehydration of crust during subduction).
• The third case is a result of the formation of the feathers called mantélicas (hot spots), which
are phenomena that increase the temperature of deep areas of the planet of some length.
Another possibility in this regard is that the temperature increase that causes the melt is
related to tectonic and magmatic processes associated regional metamorphism, destructive
edges of plates.

ANATEXIA, MAGMAS INSITU O UNITS:

• This is because these magmas are often formed as a result of processes anatexia, ie local fusion
of crustal rocks, induced phenomena usually associated high-grade metamorphism.
• Clearly, during this variety of processes, depending on the different variables mentioned, it can
cause a variety of magmas, of different compositions in detail.
• These magmas formed "in situ" and that have not yet undergone differentiation processes
discussed below are called primary magmas.
• Once formed, these magmas tend to rise, due to its density, lower than that of the rocks
surrounding them, and the volumetric expansion suffering, which contributes release therein a
gas phase more or less abundant.

• The ascent may be more or less slow, from supersonic speeds that are able to take up the magmas
surface of the upper blanket charged fragments to decimeter diameter to slow speeds, combined
with stays at intermediate magma chambers that increase the residence time magma more or less
deep layers.
 VOCÁNICAS ROCK FORMATION, SUBVOLCANIC, HYPABYSSAL YPLUTÓNICAS:

• The rise may involve the arrival of magma to the surface, giving rise to volcanic phenomena,
 to its proximity, causing the subvolcanic rocks and hipabísales.Puede be that the magma remains
located in relatively deep levels of the crust, giving rise to the plutonic rocks.

VOLCANIC ROCKS TEXTURES, SUBVOLCANIC AND PLUTONIC:

These factors imply differences in the cooling speed of the magma in volcanic processes this occurs:
• high speed (due to the contrast between the magma temperature and the atmospheric
environment), producing the typical textures of these rocks, and partially glassy porphyritic.
• subvolcanic rocks on cooling is slightly slower, which causes do not usually contain glass, although
they develop porphyritic textures, and / or fine-grained.
• plutonic rocks in the cooling is slow (the contrast with the temperature of the rocks in which fit is
even lower), which favors the formation of regular crystals, medium or coarse.

BOWEN SERIES:
Another important issue in igneous rocks is the order of crystallization of their minerals,
identifiable in many cases by the textural relationships established between them. This order of
crystallization is determined by two main factors: the thermodynamics of the crystallization
process, and the particular composition crystallizing magma. The first factor was studied by
Bowen, who observed that the crystallization of minerals during cooling of a magma follows, in
general, a particular sequence, which can be subdivided into two main branches:
• Rama discontinuous (ferromagnesium minerals), and continuous branch (plagioclase),
converging on a common core, corresponding to the crystallization of potassium feldspar and
quartz finally, always the last to cristalizar.es what is known of bowen series.
• The varying evolution of the series depends mainly on the initial silica content, because the
reactions (eg olivine -> pyroxene -> amphibole) imply increasing consumption of this component
(Mg2SiO4 + SiO2-> 2MgSiO3) .

By crystallization of silicate minerals in igneous rock from the melt blends (magmas). the order of
crystallization depends on the temperature, time and composition mixture. Crystallizes first
olivine, pyroxene follows, biotite amphibole (plagioclase crystallize between pyroxene,
amphibole, biotite), then orthoclase and muscovite and finally quartz.

MAFIC MAGMAS, FELSIC AND INTERMEDIATE:

Moreover, the composition of the magma imposes restrictions on this sequence:

If the magma is poor in silica and rich in Mg, Fe, Ca (magmas mafic), only crystallize the first terms
of the two series (olivine, plagioclase pyroxene calcium), while in the richest magmas in silica and
poor in Mg and Fe (magmas felsic), these minerals are formed during the early stages of magmatic
crystallization, but will react with the molten successively to give more evolved terms of the series,
and the rock will finally be formed of quartz, potassium feldspar, sodium plagioclase biotite. In
rocks formed from magmas of intermediate composition we find therefore intermediate
plagioclase, amphibole and pyroxene minerals as characteristic.
FORMING MINERALS BOWEN SERIES:

OLIVINE: (Mg, Fe) 2SiO4, ORTHORHOMBIC, NESOSILICATOS.

PYROXENE: (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Na, Li) (Al, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cr, Sc, Ti) (Si, Al)2O6,
MONOCLINIC, INOSILICATES.

AMPHIBOLE (HORNBLENDE, TREMOLITE, ETC) W0-1X2Y5Z8O22 (OH), MONOCLINIC, INOSILICATES.

BIOTITE: K (Mg, Fe) 3AlSi3O10 (OH, F) 2, MONOCLINIC, PHYLLOSILICATE.

ANORTHITE: CaAl2Si2O8, TRICLINIC, FELDSPAR.

BYTOWNITE: (Ca, Na) (Si, Al) 4O8, TRICLINIC, FELDSPAR.

LABRADORITE: (Ca, Na) (Si, Al) 4O8, TRICLINIC, FELDSPAR.

ANDESINA: (Na, Ca) (Si, Al) 4O8 ,TRICLINIC, FELDSPAR.

OLIGOCLASE: (Na, Ca) (Si, Al) 4O8, TRICLINIC, FELDSPAR.

ALBITA: NaAlSi3O8, TRICLINIC, FELDSPAR.

FELDSPAR: KAlSi3O8, MONOCLINIC AND TRICLINIC, FELDSPAR.

MUSCOVITE: KAl2 (AlSi3) O10 (OH) 2, MONOCLINIC, PHYLLOSILICATES.

QUARTZ: SiO2, HEXAGON, TECTOSILICATES.