 iudc cd, ìysùu ;=< ihsn¾ ixialD;shla ìys

ù ;sfí'
 ckms%h ix.S;h ìysùu'^fmdma ix.S;h frdla
ix.S;h &uhsl,a celaika uefvdakd m%uqL
ix.S;{hska ùu'
 le,smafida
 jdKscuh Ñ;%mg
 fj<|fmd< kjHlrKh
by; i|yka l< ldrKdjka ish,a, ckms%h
f.da,ShlrKh
ixialD;sh fya;=fldgf.k we;s jQ nj
fkdryils'ckms%h ixialD;sh mj;akd
ikaksfõokh yd ixialD;sl
ixialD;Skg oeä n,mEula t,a, lrkqfha b;d
iQlaIu f,isks'by; l%u Tiafia ckms%h
ixialD;sh ckhdg ióm fõ'lsisfjlag fuhska
m%jK;d
uÕyer hdug j¾;udkh jk úg bvla
ta'l
ta'whs
ke;'iudc wd¾:sl foaYmd,ksl ixia D;s'iSlwuris
hkxy
wx.hka iuÕ iu.dój ckms%h ixiackudOH
lD;showOHdkdxYh
.uka
lrhs' fld<U úYajúoHd,h

YS% md,s uKAvmh

ù ;sfí'
 ckms%h ix.S;h ìysùu'^fmdma ix.S;h frdla ix.S;h &uhsl,a
celaika uefvdakd m%uqL ix.S;{hska ùu'
 le,smafida
 jdKscuh Ñ;%mg
 fj<|fmd< kjHlrKh
by; i|yka l< ldrKdjka ish,a, ckms%h ixialD;sh
fya;=fldgf.k we;s jQ nj fkdryils'ckms%h ixialD;sh
mj;akd ixialD;Skg oeä n,mEula t,a, lrkqfha b;d iQlaIu
f,isks'by; l%u Tiafia ckms%h ixialD;sh ckhdg ióm
fõ'lsisfjlag fuhska uÕyer hdug j¾;udkh jk úg bvla
ke;'iudc wd¾:sl foaYmd,ksl ixialD;sl hk wx.hka iuÕ
iu.dój ckms%h ixialD;sho .uka lrhs'
f,dj tf;la fuf;la my< jQ Ñka;kuh yelshdfjka ikakoaO zñksidZhq. .Kkl
miqlr mYapd;a kQ;kjdoS hq.hlg t<U isà'
m%d:ñl hq. Tiafia l%u l%ufhka yerjqï ,Ë miq lrñka ikaksfõokh
iSud udhsï w;sl%uKh lr úYaùh uÜgug .uka lr wjikah' f.da,ShlrKh"
ixialD;sh yd ikaksfõokhhk ixl,am tlsfklg fjka l< fkdyels ;;a;ajhg
m;aj we;s ld,hl fï ms<sn|j .fõIKhl fhoSu iy .eUqre f,i wOHkhg úo.aO
iudch fhduqj we;'f.da,ShlrKfha kQ;k iajrEmh yd tys ls%hdldrS;ajh i,lk
l< th b;sydifhka fmr olakg fkd;snQ wdldrfha wkkH idOdrK iqúfYaIS .;s
,ËKj,ska hqla; h'fuu ksnkaOkfhka by; ldrKd uekúka we;=<;aj we;'
ckudOHfha ixj¾Okh;a ta yd neÿKq wd¾Ól ixialD;sl ls%hdj,sh;a
iuÕ lr<shg wd jokla f,izzf.da,ShlrKhZZy÷kd.; yelsh''
Globalization'hkbx.S%is jokg f.da,ShlrKh hk isxy, wre;g wu;rj
mDÓúlrKh"c.;alrKh"f,dal.;lrKh"f,daldfõYh"úYaùhlrKh"N+f.da,ShlrK
h wdoS joka ,xldfõ ixy;sl udOH ;=< Ndú; fõ'f.da,shlrKh kQ;k iudcfha
fËa;% /il idlÉPdjg n÷kajk m%dfhda.slj ls%hd;aul lrk ixl,amhls'úYaj
ikaksfõok cd,h fya;=fjka ikaksfõok fËa;%h ;=<o f.da,ShlrK ixl,amh
ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq fõ' f.da,ShlrKh ms<sn| bosrsm;a ù we;s ks¾jpkj,ska
meyeos,s jkafka th wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sfha tla ikaêia:dkhla njhs'
› ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;djg wkqj zf.da,ShlrKh hkq cd;sl wd¾Ólfha taldnoaO;dj
zIntergration' iy wka;¾mrdhla;Ndjh 'Interdependency'j¾Okhùu f.da,ShlrKh
hs'tkï cd;sl wd¾Ólh jgd f.da,Sh jYfhka ilia ùu hs'
f.da,shlrKh hkq f,dalfha wE; uE; ÿrdka; tlsfkl hd lrk ls%hdj,shls'
^weka;kS .sâkaia&
fï w;r isx.mamQrej ixj¾Okh lrd f.k .sh wiydh kdhlhd jQ ,S lajdx hQ
f.da,ShlrKh fufia w¾: olajd we;'
zzf.da,ShlrKh hkq fj<odu yd cd;Hka;r wdfhdackhkag we;s ndOd bj;a
lsrSuhs'tys wruqK jkafka my< yd uOHu m%udKfha wdodhï ,nk rgj,g f.da,h
S
wd¾Ólhg iyNd.Sùfï bvlv jeä lsrSuhs' f.da,ShlrKh hkq nyq md¾Yaúl
fj<|jdohla f,io w¾:l:kh ù we;'
 ikaksfõok f.da,ShlrKh hkq
zztla rglg" cd;shlg"iudchlg iSud fkdù f,dj mqrd mdrcd;sl fyj;a
nyq cd;sl mrsudKfhka ú×dmk wuqøjH"f;dr;=re in|;d yd nyqck udOHka moaO;s
jYfhka jHdma; ùuhs'˜fï w;r f.da,ShlrKh hkq yqfola fj<odu muKla flakaø
fldg.;a ixl,amhla fkdj th iuia; iudc" wd¾Ól iy ixialD;sl ls%hdj,sh yd
neÿKq ;dËKsl ixl,amhla njgo ks¾jpkh ù we;'ta fufia h'
zzf.da,ShlrKh hkq hqfrdamfha uOHld,Skmqkreofhka wdrïNj j¾;udk
mYapd;a kQ;kjdoh f;la iudc" wd¾Ól iy ixialD;sl j¾Okh iuÕwe;s jQ
;dËKsl úma,jh yd neÿKq m%mxphls'˜
f.da,ShlrKh kï ixl,amh udOH fËa;%h ;=< idlÉPdjg n÷ka jQfha 1983
oS hqfkiafldaj uÕska m%ldYhg m;a flreKq —y~ /ila tl f,djla ˜(Many
voice one world)kï jQ n%elanhsÜjd¾;dj uÕsks'tfia jqjo udOH ixialD;sh
uÕska f,dalh tlu .ïudkhla (Globle village)jk njg uq,a jrg woyia m<
lf<a lefkaähdkq idys;HOrfhla jk fukau udOH úYdrofhl= jQ udI,a
uelaÆyka úisks' úoaHQ;A ikAksfõokfhA jHdma;sh ksid ld,h yd wjldYh
yels<S f.dia iEu m%mxphlgu idïm%odhslj ysñj ;snQ wkkH;dj wysñ ù ;ks
wkkH;djla f.dvkef.k nj uelaÆykaf.a woyfia idrh
úh'uelaÆykaf.a úYAj .ïudk ixl,amh Tiafia
udkj iudcfha fmdÿ ,laIK lsymhla ú.%y fõ'

 wfkHdakH;ajh
 wka;¾ ls%hdldrS;ajh
 wkA;¾ iïnkaO;dj
hkq tu ,laIK hs'fuu ,laIK ish,A,u lsishï iudklula
fmkakqï lrhs'tlsfkld u; hefmñka tlsfkld yd iïnkaO
fjñka tlsfkld yd ls%hdldrSùu udkj iudcfha iajrEmhhs'
udOH ;dlaIKh ;=<ska fuu iajrEmh jvd;A fõ.j;a
jk nj;A jvd;A jHdma; jk nj;A uelaÆykaf.a woyiaj, idrh hs' ta wkqj
f.da,ShlrKh hkq udkj in|;d ;shqKq ùfï m%;sM,hla nj meyeos,s h'tfiau
f.da,ShlrKh jQ l,S udkj mrsKdufha kj wjêhla f,i o y÷kd.; yels h' udkj
mrsKduh jQ l,S iajdNdúl ls%hdj,shls'udkjhd fN!;sl yd wdl,amuh jYfhka
l%udkql+,j fjkia ùu udkj mrsKduh hs' udkj mrsKduh yd ne÷Kq ;j;a idOlhla
kï ;dlaIKfha j¾Okh hs'udkjhd l%ufhka mrsKduh fjoaoS ;dlaIKho Tyq iuÕu
j¾Okh úh'f.da,ShlrKh hkq tlS ;dlaIKsl j¾Okfha m%;sM,hla f,iska my< jQjla
neúka th fM;sydisl fukau iajdNdúl ls%hdj,shla f,i ye|skaùfï jrola ke;'
j¾;udkfha iEu fËa;%hlu m%dfhda.slj ls%hd;aul jkafka wka;¾cd;sl kHdh
m;%hlg wkqjh'f,dj ish¨ rgj,a mdfya wd¾Ól ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh"uQ,H mrsyrKh
"foaYmd,k ls%hdoduh fukau iudc ixialD;sl mrsirho yev.eiS we;af;a f,dalhgu
n,mdk fmdÿ kHdh m;%hlg wkqjh'
fndfyda rgj, ck cSú;h jid me;srSf.k hk oejeka; fijke,a,ls —f.da,shlrKh˜
wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k w;ska n,j;a cd;Skawka;¾cd;sl ls%hdj,sh fufyhjñka
ÿn, rgj,a ish md,khg k;=lr .ksñka isáhs'n,j;a cd;Skaf.aa wfmalaIdjka
f.da,Sh kHdh m;%h njg m;aù tu wfmalI a djka bgq lr .ekSug ÿn, cd;Ska
yiqrejd .ekSug W;aiy lrhs'ta wkqj ta ta rgj, wd¾Ól ksIamdok
ls%hdj,sh"fj<|fmd< md,k ;ka;%h"ixialD;sh"NdIdj ikaksfõok udOH we;=¿
iuia; ck cSú;hu f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,shg yiqj we;' fï i|yd moku ù
jkafka úYajh mqrd jHdma; jQ cd,.; f.da,Sh ikaksfõok ls%hdoduh hs'
ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sh ;=< iajfoaYsl;aj ikaksfõok rgdjkag bv ke;' nyq
cd;sl udOH wka;¾.;hka ikaksfõok yd udOH ls%hdj,sfha wdêm;H
orhs'f,dj mqrd tlu wdldrfha udOH wka;¾.;hka wdlD;Ska ls%hdoduhka
jHdma; fõ'furg rEmjdyskS udOHfha nyq,j we;s rshe,sá jevigyka" fidama
Tfmrd .Kfha fg,s kdgH"ix.S; jevigyka"
m%jD;a;s wdlD;Ska" f.da,Sh iajNdjhla .kS'foaYSh wkkH;d fkdue;'iEu
fËa;%hlu f.da,Sh moku jkafka ikaksfõok f.da,ShlrKh hs'
f.da,ShlrKh i|yd ms<s.;a fmdÿ kHdhla ke;'bka lshfjkafka
f.da,ShlrK ixl,amh kHhd;aulj meyeos,s lsrSug jvd th iudch ;=<
m%dfhda.slj ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh fidhd ne,Su fhda.H njhs' fmdÿ kHdhla
kels ksid f.da,ShlrKh w¾: oelaùuo wmyiqh'th úúO úIhdkqnoaOj fyda
úIhhka lsysmhla iuÕ wka;¾ ls%hdldrSjk wdldrh y÷kd.; f.da,ShlrKh
hkq nyqudkSh yd nyq úIhhsl mrdihla mqrd me;sr we;s ixl,amhls'
 úúO úIh fËa;%hka yd úúO oDIAáfldaKhka Tiafia f.da,ShlrKh wOHkh
lsrSug ta ta úIhhkag m%ùKhka W;aiy ord we;'
Wod(iaúiag¾,ka;h uQ,ia:dkh lrf.k rgj,a ishhl muK ls%hd;aul
jk ta'î'î keue;s nyq cd;sl iud.fï iNdm;sjrfhl= f.da,ShlrKh
ks¾jpkh lrkafka fufiah
—b;du;a wvq fiajl kS;s rS;s hgf;a iudc iïuq;Ska úiska
mkjk b;du;a wvq iSudjka hgf;a leu;s ld,hla mqrd ksoyfia
wdfhdackh lsrSug;a ksIamdokh lsrSug;a ñ,oS .ekSug;a uf.a fj<|
jHdmdr iuQyhg we;s ksoyi f.da,ShlrKh hs'
f.da,ShlrKh ms<sn| woyila uq,skau y÷kd.kakg ,efnkafka 1897 jif¾oS
h'weursldkq jHjidhlfhl= jQ pd¾,aia fÜiari,a tl, fmkajd oS we;af;a jHdmdrsl
lghq;= isÿlrk iud.ï /ila taldnoaOùfuka uyd mrsudKfha fhdaO iud.ï ks¾udKh
jk njhs'kQ;k iudcfha nyq cd;sl iud.ï hkqfjka y÷kajkafka fuu iud.ï
cd,hka h' n,j;a ngysr f,dalh flakaølr.;a nyq cd;sl iud.ï ish NdKav yd fiajd
Tiafia uq¿ f,dju ;u .%yKhg yiqlr.kafka nQj,af,l=f.a iajrEmfhks'nyq cd;sl
iud.ï ;ukaf.a ,dNh jeä lr .ekSfï wruqKska ish NdKav yd fiajd f,dj iEu
rglgu fnod yrsk w;r ta ta rgj, mdrsfNda.sl iudchka ;=< oejeka; fjkialï isÿ
lrhs';u NdKav wf<úlr.; yels f,i tu rgj, wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl
moaO;s fjkialrñka fj<|fmd, wdêm;Hhla f.dvkÕhs' f.da,ShlrKhg rel=,a fok
wdh;k úfYaIhla jkafka mdrcd;sl yd nyq cd;sl iud.ï h'f,dal nexl=j cd;Hka;r
uQ,H wruqo, tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh hqfrdamd ix.uh wd§ mdrcd;sl wdh;k f,dj
mqrd tl yd iudk iudc ixialD;sl wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k ls%hdoduhka jHdma;
lrhs'rgj,a 7lg jvd jeä m%udKhlg ish ksIamdok fnodyrsk iud.ï cd,hka nyq
cd;sl iud.ï fõ' tjeks iudc 700ka muK f,dj mqrd mj;S'bka jeä m%udKhla ngysr
rgj, flakaø.;j we;'ksoiqka jYfhka Coca cola,KFC,Macdonald,Walt
Disny,Warner And Company oelaúh yelsh'f,dj mqrd mdrsfNda.sl wdêm;H orkafka
nyq cd;sl iud.ï h'f.da,ShlrKh wka;¾úIhhsl yd mdrúIhhslj wOHkh l<
yelsh'hï úIhl wka;¾.;h ;=< olakg we;af;a f,dj úúO iudc ,laIKhkaf.a
wdNdIh ,eî we;s njhs'ta wkqj tu úIh wka;¾.;h úYaf,aIKh lsrSfuka f.da,ShlrK
ixl,amh y÷kd.; yelsh'tkï furg wd¾Ólh ;=<ska ngysr rgj, wd¾Ól ls%hdodufha
,laIK oDYHudk fõ' ta wkqj › ,xldjo f.da,ShlrKhg ,laj we;s nj ;yjqre fõ'
hïlsis úIhhla uÕska ;j;a úIhhla úYaf,aIKh l< yelsh'furg oekg mj;sk
ixialD;sl rgdj yd f,dj mj;sk foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd iudc ls%hdj,sfha iajrEmh
úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï oS fmkS hkafka › ,xldj f.da,ShlrKhg ,laj we;s njhs' ta wkqj
f.da,Sh iudcfha tla fËa;%hl muKla fkdj fËa;% .Kkdjla ;=< f.da,ShlrK
ls%hdj,sh iïnkaO fõ'f.da,ShlrKh udkj mrsKduh ;=< fM;sydislj j¾Okh jQ
iajdNdúl ls%hdj,shls'kuq;a f.da,ShlrKfha m%Njh ms<sn| meyeos,s woyila u;=jkafka
15jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha oS fyda 16jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha oSh'úoHd yd ;dlaIKsl
oshqKqj fya;=fjka cd;Hka;r fj<|du yd ikaksfõok jHdma;sh isÿúh'hqfrdamSh cd;Ska
isÿl< hg;a úcs;lrK ls%hdoduh Tiafia rgj,a w;r iïnkaO;d j¾Okh úh' hqfrdamSh
iudc rgdj hg;a úcs;j, jHdma; úh'
.=fgkan¾.a uqøK hka;%h ksmoùu".%eyeïfn,a ÿrl:kh
ksmoùu ikaksfõok úma,j fia ie,fla';jo m<uq yd fojk f,dal hqoaO
i|yd.=fgkan¾.a uqøK hka;%h ksmoùu".%eyeïfn,a ÿrl:kh ksmoùu ikaksfõok
úma,j fia ie,fla';jo m<uq yd fojk f,dal hqoaO i|yd f,dj úúO cd;Ska iïnkaO
ùfuka m%jdykh" ikaksfõokh" fi!LH fiajd YS>f % hka oshqKq úh'fï Tiafia isÿ jQfha
f,dj úúO N+f.da,Sh m%foaYj, úisrs isá ck iuQy f.da,Sh m%cdjla f,i ixúOdkh
ùuhs'ñka meyeos,s jkafka f.da,ShlrKh hkq fM;sydislj isÿjk iudcfha iEu
fËa;%hlu me;sr hk ls%hdoduhla njhs'f.da,ShlrKh i¾jdxYsl ls%hdj,shla f,i
ie,flkafka fï ksid h'f.da,ShlrKfhka ñoS isàug kQ;k f,dalfha ljr fyda
fËa;%hlg yelshdjla fkdue;s nj oeka ;yjqre fõ'
iuld,Sk udkj ixy;sh ish iudc mrsKdufha iqúfYaI hq.hlg m%úYag ù
we;s w;r Y;j¾I .Kkdjla mej;s ixjD; iudc yd cd;sl rdcH jHqyhka ish meje;afï
wjidkh lrd <Õd ù ;sfí'tu jHqyhka mdol fldgf.k yd tajd ish fmdaIl m%foaYhka
njg mla fldgf.k kj iudc ieleiaula ks¾udKh ù udkj cSú;fha ish¨ ls%hdldrS
wjldY Bg tald.% ù we;' udkj b;sydifha m%:u jrg tu kj iudc ieleiau uÕska
uq¿ udkj ixy;shu talSh iuia; iudchla njg m;a lr ;sfí' f.da,ShlrKh yd
ikaksfõokh ms<sn| m¾fhaIK lrk iuyr úoaj;=ka f.k yer olajkafka úoHdfõ yd
ixialD;sfha bosrs j¾Okh fya;= lrf.k wkd.;fha ìysjk f;dr;=re iudch ;=<
cd;Ska w;r iycSjkh j¾Okh jk njhs' ckudOHfha yd ikaksfõokfha
f.da,ShlrKh ksid úúO rgj, iajdêm;H yd ixialD;sl wkkH;dj úkdY ù hk
nj;a ckudOH yd ikaksfõokh udkjjdoS wruqKq fjkqfjka ls%hd;aul fjkjd fjkqjg
jdKscjdoS wruqKq i|yd ls%hd;aul jk nj;a fndfyda fokdf.a woyihs'
f.da,Sh iudch ;=< ckikaksfõok udOHhka yryd mdrfoaYdka;slj
isÿjk f;dr;=re m%jD;a;s yd úfkdaod;aul jevigykaj, jHdma;sfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka
cd;sl yd l,dmSh ixialD;sl wkkH;dj ksfYaOkh fjñka iucd;Sh ium%ñ;Sh
taldldrS f.da,Sh ixialD;sl yd ikaksfõok mrsirhla ks¾udKh fjñka mj;S'fuh
f.da,Sh mrsudKfhka ú×dmk m%d.aOkh (Informational Capital)taldêlrKh ùfï
m%;sM,hls' WodyrKhla f,ig furg rEmjdyskS yd iskud udOHfhka nyq, jYfhka
bosrsm;a jkafka f.da,Sh udOH ksIamdokhkah'ngysr iskudj(Holly Wood),W;=re bkaoSh
iskudj(Bolly Wood), ol=Kq bkaoSh iskudj(KollyWood) yd äiaks,ka;fha ldgQka nyq,
f,i furg fm%alaIlhka fj; bosrsm;a fõ'cd;Hka;r m%jD;a;s fiajd yd pkaøsld
rEmjdyskSs fiajd f,dj mqrd cd,.;j tlu m%jD;a;s f;dr;=re yd isÿùï f,dj mqrd yrshs'
tu ls%hdldrS;ajh ;=< we;af;a o ngysrg jdisodhl f.da,h S lrK kHdh m;%hls'
f.da,ShlrKh f;dr;=re talrdYslrKfha isoaê f;dard .ekSï lsh% dj,sh u; ;SrKd;aul
n,mEula lr yudr h'f;dr;=re yd udOH fmf<ys wka;¾.;h m%dfoaYSh;ajh" cd;sl;ajh
yd l,dmSh;ajh w,amSlrKh ùfï m%jK;dj we;s lrhs'ta w;r fï ;;a;ajh f.da,h S
.%dyl mrsuKav,h nyq,SlrKh ùfï m%jK;dj W;aiy lrkafka h'fï wdldrhg
m%jD;a;suh yd úfkdao jevigykaj, wka;¾.;h f.da,Sh ,laIK w;am;a lr .ekSu;a
iuÕu .%dylhkaf.a ri×;dj f.da,ShlrKh ùfï m%jK;dj j¾Okh jkafka h'fï
;;a;ajh ;=< .%dylfhda ish iSud iys; m%foaYj, isÿjk foa flfrys olajk Wkkaÿj
yd wdl¾IKh jeä jeäfhka fhduq jkafka f.da,Sh yd YsIagdpdrsl mrsudKfhka isÿjk
foa oek .ekSu i|yd hs' f,dj mqrd ckudOH ikafoaY uÕska f.dvkÕk ixialD;sh
f.da,ShlrKhg msájy,ls'udOH ikafoaYj,g wkqj iudcfha ckhdf.a iuia; p¾hd
rgdj fyda p¾hdjkaf.ka nyq;r m%udKhla fjkiaùu ;=<ska zudOH ixialD;shZ
ks¾udKh fõ' tu udOH ixialD;sho f.da,h S lrK ixl,amhg wkq.;h'udOH ixialD;sh
f.da,S shlrKh ùfï m%;sM, ;=<ska my; oelafjk m%jK;d u;= fõ' •cd;sl ixialD;sl
mqreId¾; yd yr moaO;s iuld,sllrKh ùu fyj;a udOH ixialD;sh uÕska kùlrKh
fjñka ld,Sk f.da,hS ;;a;ajhg keUqre ùu'
•mj;sk ;;a;ajhka fjkia lrñka f.da,ShlrKh ls%hdj,sh uÕska f.dvkefÕk kj
;;a;ajhka ck iudch ms<s.;a iïu;h fyj;a m%ñ;sh njg m;aùu •f.da,ShlrKh
yd udOH ixialD;sh úiska iEu iudchlu tl yd iudk ;;a;ajhka yd m%ñ;Ska
y÷kajd oSu ksid iEu iudchlu ish¨ fËa;%j, iu
iajrEmhka ks¾udKh ùu' •iudcfha iuia; cSjk rgdju udOHlrKh fyj;a cd;sl
yd cd;Hka;r udOH ls%hdj,sh Tiafia f.da,Sh udOH ixialD;shg cSj;a ùug
iudcfha ckhd yqre lrùu' f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEfuka iuia; udkj ngysr
cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r kHdh m;%hlg yev.efihs' tysoS udOH ixialD;sl mqreId¾:
yd yr moaO;s iuld,lrKh(Synchronization)m%ñ;slrKh (Standardisatio)
iucd;slrKh (Ho-mogenization)ùfï m%jK;dj W;aikak fjñka iuia; cSjk
wjldYh udOHlrKh ùfï m%K;dj Yla;su;a lrhs'
f.da,ShlrKh yd kj m%jK;d
f.da,ShlrKh fya;=fjka iuia; f,dalfha iEu
rglu iEu iudchlu mq¿,a fjkialï b;d fõ.fhka isÿ fjñka
mj;S' tfy;a f.da,hS lrKho ksrka;rfhka fjkiajk ls%hdj,shls'
tkï f.da,ShlrKh .;sl ls%hdj,shls'f.da,ShlrK ixl,amh u;= jQ
hq.fha isg j¾;udkh olajd tys ls%hdldrS;ajh foi ne,Sfï oS fmkS
hkafka tys ld¾hlaIu;dj osfkka osk by< hñka mj;sk njhs'
f.da,ShlrKh hkq uE; b;sydifha udkh iudc
úldYkh i|yd fya;= jQ m%uqL;u idOlh hs'iudch fjkia lsrSfï
.dul n,fõ.h jk f.da,ShlrKh ;=<ska u;=jk m%jK;d lsysmhls'
•cd;sl rdcHhka ÿ¾j, ùu'
•m%dfoaYSh;ajh cd;sl;ajh yd l,dmSh;ajh w,amSlrKh ùu'
•l,dmShlrKh isÿùu'
•øjHuh wd¾Ólh wNsnjd uQ,H wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a ùu'
•wd¾Ólfha ;Srkd;aul n,fõ. f,i úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh biau;= ùu'
•f,dal wd¾Ólh u; uQ,H i¾jdëldrS;ajhla j¾Okh ùu'
•ck ikaksfõok udOHhkaf.a m%udKd;aul j¾Okhla isÿùu yd udOH
ls%hdj,sfha úúO ix>gl j¾Okh ùu'
•ikaksfõok yd ckudOHhka talSh moaO;a njg m;aùu'
•f.da,Sh f;dr;=re wjldYhla ks¾udKh ùu'
•ixialD;sl fËa;%h ;=< ckikaksfõok f;dr;=re udOHkaf.a N+ñldj
j¾Okh ùu'
•ckudOHkag wu;rj wd;au flakaøSh udOH ìysùu'
•kj udOH j¾Okh ùu'
•kQ;k udOH yd kj udOH w;r wkal¾ iïnkaO;d j¾Okh ùu'
•nyqck f;dr;=re wjldYh jdKsclrKhg ,laùu'
•kj ixialD;sl iajrEm we;s ùu yd úÑ;% ixialD;shla ìys ùu
 f.da,ShlrKh ;=<ska ìysjk ikaksfõok yd ixialD;sl m%jK;d i,ld
ne,Sfï oS udOH uÕska ìys l< udOH ixialD;sh úfYaI ia:dkhla f.k
we;'
udOH ixialD;sh hkq ck ixialD;sfhau jHdma;shla f,i tfy;a ck
ixialD;sfha wx. hgm;a lrñka fmdaIKh ù jHdma; jkakls'tys
idudcSh n,mEu úúOdldrh' hï iudchlg wh;a ixialD;shlg wod<
idol n,jlaj mj;sk úg tfia;a ke;skï udOH ixialD;sfha wx.
jvd;a n,j;aj bosrsm;a jk úg foaYSh ixialD;sh flfrys tys oeä
n,mEula we;s fõ'kQ;k udOH yd f;dr;=re iudch ;=< fuu ;;a;ajh
md,kh lsrSu b;d wmyiq ù we;'ck iudch ck udOH yd kj udOH
uÕska yiqrejkq nj fmfka'
udOH ixialD;sh uÕska ck ixialD;shg lrk n,mEu wju lsrSug hï
hï ck iudchka W;aiy orkq fmfka'tysoS fhdod .kakd Wml%u yd
WmlrK lsysmhls'uE; ld,Sk w;aoelSï wkqj udOH ixialD;sfha
n,mEu md,kh lr .ekSug fhdod.; yels ms<shï folls'
1'udOH ixialD;sfha iajrEmh oeä f,i md,kh lsrSu'
2'uOH idËr;dj iudchg w;am;a lroSu'
udOH ixialD;sfha iajrEmh md,kh lsrSu i|yd fhdod .; yelafla wka;jdoS
ms<sfj;a h'tkï wd.u yd kS;sh fï i|yd md,k WmlrK jYfhka fhdod.; yels
h'tfia jqj;a j¾;udk f,dalfha hï wdldrfhka wka;jdoS f,i wd.u yd kS;sh md,k
WmlrK jYfhka fhdod .ekSu wkqu; fkdlf¾'fï i|yd osh yels fyd|u WodyrKh
kï
we*a.ksia:dkfha ;f,andkajre udOH flfrys olajk wka;jdoS m%;sm;a;sh
hs'uE;l oS trg jeishka lsysm fofkl=g ;f,andkajre úiska oeä ovqjï muqKqjk
,oafoa mjqf,a W;aijhl oS ;reK msrsila /ma .S .dhkd lsrSu ksid h'fï
wdldrfhka iudcSh oeä md,k l%u uÕska iuia; m%cdj md,kh l< fkdyels h'
udOH idlaIr;dj .%ylhka fj; w;am;a lr oSu uÕska udOH ixfoaY
h:d¾:jdoS f,i w¾:l:kh lr Ndr .kakg iudcfha ksmqK;dj
j¾Okh l< yelsh'fuh mq¿,a iudcc wOHdmk ls%hdj,shls'udOH
.%dylhkaf.a udOH idlaIr;dj j¾Okh lsrSu hkq úfYAIfhkau úoaHq;a
ckudOH yd kj udOH mrsyrKh lrñka tajdfha wka;¾.;h yd
wdlD;sh ksjerosj wjfndaO lr.ekSfï yelshdj w;am;a lroSuhs'
tfukau tu udOHkaf.a foaYmd,k jdKsc yd ixialD;sl wruqKq
h:d¾jdoS f,i y÷kdf.k tu wruqKqj,g wúpdr;aj yiqùfuka je<lS
isàug udOH .%dylhka ikakoaO lsrSuhs'túg udOH ixialD;sfha
n,mEfuka hï m%udKhlg fyda ñoS isàug wjia:dj Wod fõ'túg udOH
ixialD;sh úiska yiqrejkq ,nk rElv njg ck iudch m;a fkdfõ'
tfy;a mj;akd h:d¾:h kï udOH jHdmdrh úiska wLKavj
we;s lrkq ,nk n,mEu md,kh lsrSu wiSre njhs'ta ixialD;sl
lïmkh isÿ fõ' tmuKla fkdj Yla;su;a mokul isg ixialD;sl
wdl%uKho isÿ fõ'flfia jqj o ixialD;shl meje;aug wjYH
ixialD;sl yqjudrejo udOH ixialD;sh ksid b;d ilS%hj isÿjk nj
wu;l fkdl< hq;a;ls'fïksid l=uk iudchla jqjo ixj¾Okh fõ'
 udOH ixialD;sh yd fj<|fmd,

udOH ixialD;sh yd fj<|fmd< w;r we;af;a fkdì|sh yels

in|;djhls'udOH ixialD;s f.dvkxjkafka yd mj;ajdf.k hkafka
fj<|fmdf,a isá jHdmdrsl m%cdj úisks'fj<|fmdf,a meje;aug udOH
ixialD;sh úYd, fiajdjla bgq lrhs'ta ksid udOH ixialD;shg rsis fia
yeisfrkakg jHdmdrsl m%cdj bv fokafka ke;'iïm;a talrdYS ù
we;af;a fj<|m, ;=< h'udOH ixialD;sh yiqrejkakg fj<|fmd,g
wêldrSuh n,hla ,efnkafka fï ksid h'udOH ixialD;sfha we;s lrkq
,nk iEu fjkilskau fj<|fmd<g jdishla w;am;a lr .ekSu
wfmaËd flf¾'tu ksid udOH ixialD;shg wh;a iEu f,dl= l=vd
wx.hlau ;ukaf.a jdishg yiqrejd,Su fj<|fmdf<a wNsu;h hs'
fj<|fmd< hkakg mdrsfNda.slhd o wh;a fõ'fuu ixisoaêfhaoS
mdrsfNda.slhdg n,hla ke;s nj fmfka' mdrsfNda.slhd jHdmdrsl
wdêm;H úiska f.dvkxjk f.dÿrla njg m;aù isà' ;uka f.dÿrla
njg m;aj isák nj udOH mdrsfNda.slhdg jegfykafka ke;'thg
fya;=fjka fj<|fmd, úiska udOH ixialD;sh úiska yiqrejkq ,nkafka
b;d ishqï Wmdh ud¾. fhdod .kñsks'ta i|yd udOH m¾fhaIKo ufkda
úoHdjo ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kho udOH ;dËKho fj<|fmd, úiska b;d
wmQrejg fhdod .kS'udOH oekaùïlrKh iudch flfrys oeäj n,mdk
moaO;shls' th iudchg w;HjYH njg ielhla ke;'tfy;a thska
isÿjk NdKav yd fiajd ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ck;dj fj; f.k hdug
jvd jeäukla fohla isÿ fõ'tkï úúO NdKav yd fiajd ms<sn|
udkisl;ajh iudch ;=< f.dvkexùfï os.= ld,Sk yd flá ld,Sk
wruqKq fuu udOH oekaùïlrKh ;=< b;d Yla;su;aj ls%hd;aul jk
njh'jHdmdrsl wdêm;H uÕska rdcHhka flfryso oeä n,mEula we;s
lrk jljdkqjl udOH oekaùïlrKh úiska iudch flfrys oeä
n,mEula we;s lsrSu mqÿuhg lreKla fkdfõ'tfy;a fuysoS iudch
fuu udOH wdêm;Hhg uqyqK oSug iQodkï fkdlsrSu úYd, m%Yakhla
njg m;aj ;sfí'fuys m%;sM,h ù we;af;a iudch yiqrejk .dul
n,fõ.h njg udOH m;a ùuhs'
 f.da,ShlrKh yd kj ,snr,ajdoh
f,dj mj;sk N+f.da,Sh td ixialD;sl úIu;djka yd kj m%jK;djka
ksfYaOkh fjñka iucd;Sh ,laIK iys; wd¾Ól foaYmd,k ixiaialD;sl fj<|fmd<
;;a;ajhka ks¾udKh ùu isÿ fõ'ikaksfõok f.da,ShlrKh mokï lrf.k f,dj mqrd
mdrcd;sl nyq cd;sl iud.ï ìys fjñka úYaj .ïudkhla ìys ù we;'
fj<|fmd, ksoyia fõ'újD; fõ'úYAùh mrsudKfhka ksIAmdokh fldg
f.da,Sh mrsudKfhka fj<|fmd,g bosrsm;a lsrSfï wjia:dj ksIAmdolhkag ysñ
fõ'´kEu ksIamdokhlA ndOdjlska f;drj ñ,g .ekSug mdrsfNda.slhkag we;s ksoyi
újD;Ndjh mdrsfNda.l
s iudchgo ysñ fõ'fuh ,snr,ajdoh hs'
fj<|fmd,g ysñjk ksoyi yd újD;Ndjh ;=< ngysr jHdmdrsl m%cdj jdis ,nk
;;a;ajh kj ,snr,ajdoh hs'fj<|fmd, hkq ksImdolhka yd mdrsfNda.slhka w;r
NdKav yd fiajd mokï lrf.k .kqfokqjla isÿjk ls%hdj,sh hs'ta flfrys f.da,Sh yd
kj ,snr,ajdoh mq¿,a n,mEula t,a, lrhs'fj<|m, kj ,snr,ajdoS iajrEmhla .kakd
úg tys we;s ksoyi yd újD;Ndjh ;=<ska ,dN ,nkafka ngysr jHdmdrsl m%cdj hs'tkï
nyq cd;sl iud.ï h'
tla rgla tla cd;shla f,i cd;sl rdcH fia mej;s rdcHhka
f.da,ShlrKh yuqfõ h,s taldnoaO fõ'hqfrdamd rgj,a hqfrdamd ix.uh
yd hqfrda uqo,a taldrdYS ùu Tiafia tlu l,dmhla f,i
ls%hdlrhs'wdjD; jQ cd;sl rdcH fjkqjg újD; yd wdkhkh wmkhkh
u; mokï jQ wd¾Ólh f,dj mqrd jHdma; fõ' nyq cd;sl iud.ï úiska
cd;sl wd¾Ólfha iajdëk;ajh ì| ouhs'
wd¾Ól ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh ;=< uQ,H .kqfokq jvd;a nyq,
ùu td uqo,g wêldrSuh n,hla ,efnk ;;a;ajhla f.da,ShlrKh
fya;=fjka u;= fõ'uQ,H wdh;k mqoa., iudc cSú; yiqrejkq
,nhs'f.da,ShlrKh fya;=fjka úoaHq;a ckudOH m%idrKh fõ'kj
udOHo jHdma; fõ'ckudOH yd kj udOH taldnoaOj cd,.;j ck
ikaksfõok ls%hdoduhka isÿ lrhs' udOH wka;¾.;hkayS nyq cd;sl
ksIamdokhka nyq, fõ'
fuu f.da,ShlrKh Tiafia u;= ù we;s kj m%jK;d iudch flfrys
úYd, n,mEula t,a, lr ;sfí'ngysr cd;Ska fyj;a f,dal n,j;=ka
ish foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól ie,eiau ls%hd;aul lsrSu i|yd
f.da,ShlrKh Ndú; lrk njg iudc ixjdohla mj;S'f.da,ShlrKh
Tiafia f,dj mqrd iudchkayS úfYaIhka wdishdkq yd wms%ldkq
iudchkayS u;= ù we;s kj m%jK;d foi n,k úg fmkS hkafka
hqfrdamSh yd weursldkq l,dmfha wjYH;dj mrsos f.da,hS lrKh
yeisfrk njhs' tkï f.da,ShlrKh wiunr ls%hdj,shls'
 jHdmdrsl wdêm;H yd udOH ixialD;sh

jHdmdrsl wdêm;H hkq udOH ixialD;sh Tiafia mdrsfNda.slhdf.a n,h

ksfYaOkh fldg jHdmdrsl m%cdjg mq¿,a n,hla ,nd oSuhs'ta wkqj udOH
ixialD;sh yev.efikafka jHdmdrsl wruqKq bgq jk whqrsks'iEu úgu
jHdmdrsl m%cdj wdrlaId lrk m%lsm;a;shla udOH ;=< mj;S'
udOH ls%hdj,sh hkq oejeka; uQ,H wdfhdackhla isÿ l< hq;=
ld¾hhls'fï ksid udOH ysñlrejkag muKla tu msrsjeh oersh
fkdydls fõ'fj<|fmdf,a isák jHdmdrsl m%cdjf.ka uQ,H
wdfhdackhka /ia lr.ekSu i|yd udOHfha ld,h yd wjldYh
jHdmdrsl wka;¾.;hkaf.ka fmdaIKh ,nhs'fuysoS fhdod .kakd
l%ufõo folls'
1'udOH jevigyka i|yd jHdmdrsl m%cdjf.a wkq.%yh ,nd .ekSu
fg,s kdgH i|yd jHdmdrslhka /ilf.a m%ODk iu úldYk wdoS wkq.%y
,ndoSu'
2'udOH oekaùï i|yd wjia:dj ,ndoSu'
jHdmdrsl wdh;kj, NdKAv yd fiajd ms<sn| m%pdrlmg udOHfhka
bosrsm;a lsrSfï oS uqo,a wh lrhs' fuf,i
jHdmdrslhkaf.ka ,nd.kakd wdfhdack u; udOH l¾udka;h
mj;ajdf.k hk neúka jHdmdrsl wruqKq fjkqfjka udOH ixialD;shla
f.dvkexùug udOHlrejka W;aiql fõ'udOH ixialD;sh ;=< iEu úgu
jHdmdrslhkag jdisodhl m%ldYhka muKlau isÿ fõ' tkï jHdmdrslhd
wdrlaIs;j jecfò'iudcfha hymeje;aug fya;=jk lreKq mjd
jHdmdrslhdg wjdisodhl kï udOH ;=<k s a tajd bj;a flf¾'udOH
ixialD;sh ;=<ska isÿjkafka wjYH;djka wNsnjd Wjukdjka wdYdjka
imqrd .ekSu i|yd mdrsfNda.sl iudch fmf<Uùuhs'wkjYH mrsfNdack
rgd iys; wêmrsfNdackjdoS iudchka ìys jQ úg jHdmdrsl ,dN Wmrsu
fõ'jeä jeäfhka udOH ls%hdjkag wkq.%yh oelaúh yels fõ'
fj<|fmd, jHdma;sh yd udOH ixialD;sh
fj<|fmd, jHdma;sh hkq
ksIAmdolhd yd mdrsNda.slhd w;r NdKav yd fiajd mokï
lrf.k isÿjk .kqfokqj jvd;a ilS%hùu mq¿,aùu fõ.j;aùu ñka
woyia fõ'fj<|m, ;=< isák jHdmdrslhd fukau mdrsfNda.slhd
fj<|fmd, jHdma;shg odhl fõ'jHdmdrslfhda ie,iqï iy.;j udOH
wkq.%yh olajñka udOH ixialD;sh Tiafia mrsfNdackjdoS iudch
ks¾udKh lr .ks;s'jeä jeähka mrsfNdackhg fmd<Ujk iq¿
iajrEmfhka mdrsfNda.slhka fj; udOH lsh
% dj,sh n,mEï isÿ lrhs'tu
n,mEu Wml%uYS,S h'tneúka mdrsfNda.sl ckhd ;u mrsfNdack rgdj
jHdmdrslhdg jdisodhl jk f,i yiqrejhs' wfkla w;g
mdrsfNda.slfhda o fkdoekqj;aju ;ud mrsfNdackh lrk NdKav yd
fiajd iudcfha fiiq mqoa.,hka w;r jHdma; lr;s'
Wod(ú,dis;d ;=<ska úúO ikakdu fiiq whg m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
fuysoS isÿjkafka udOH ixialD;sh ;=< ckms%h lrjQ ikakduhka ckhd
ish leue;af;kau ;u iudc yeisrSfï oS m%o¾Ykh lsrSuhs'úfYaIfhka
nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, fj<| ,dxPk ckhd úiskau m%p,s; lrñka isà'
idïm%odhsl yd wd.ñl ixialD;sl u;jdo we;eï úg udOH ixialD;sfha
yd fj<|fmdf,a jHdma;sh isÿ lrhs'
udOH ixialD;sl jHdma;sh yd iajdNdjh
ixirKh hkq hula jHdma; jk osYdjhs'udOH ixialD;sl ixirKh ngysr isg
kef.kysrg fyj;s fmros.g isÿ fõ';j;a f,ilska mjikafka kï ngysr l,dmfha
hqfrdamd yd weursldkq n,j;a rdcHkaySs isg kef.kysr l,dmfha wms%ldkq yd wdishdkq
ÿn, iudchka fj; udOH ixialD;sh ixirKh fõ'
jHdma;sh hkq me;sr hduhs'udOH ixialD;sh jHdma;sh
f,dj mqrd isÿ fõ'ngysr iudchkayS ixialD;sldx. f,dj mqrd m;=rejd yerSu udOH
ixialD;sl jHdma;sfha oS oel.; yels ;;a;ajhls'f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,sh iuÕ w;aje,a
ne|f.k we;s udOH ixialD;sl jHdma;sh f.da,ShlrKh fukau f,dj ish¨ iudchka
fj; n,mEï t,a, lrñka isà'
ck ixialD;shg oeä n,mEula t,a, jQfha úoaHq;a
udOHkaf.a yd kj udOHkaf.a keÕSu;a iuÕ h' th fM;sudisl idOlj,ska meyeos,s
fõ'uqø; udOHfha n,mEu iudc.; jQ kuq;a th ck ixialD;sfha uQ,sl jHqy oeä
f,i fjkia lrkakg fya;= jQfha ke;'uqøs; udOH úiska ck ixialD;sh fmdaIKh
lrkq ,eîh'› ,xldj .;a úg uqøs; udOH uÕska uq,a ld,fha isÿ jQfha wd.u me;sr
ùu mrsmd,kh mq¿,a lsrSu f;dr;=re oekqï oSu'wOHdmkh ,nd oSu jeks ld¾hhkah'
lvodis ksmoùu uqøK hka;%h ksmoù uqøK ;Ska; ksmoùu Tiafia mqj;qm;a yd
fmd;am;a ìys jQj o tu uqøs; ckudOH iudcfha mj;sk ixialD;sh flfrys m%;súfrdaë
n,fõ.hla njg m;a jQfha ke;'tfy;a úoaHq;a udOHh yd kj udOH úiska ish ixfoaY
ks¾udKh lrk ,oafoa ck ikaksfõokfha mokul msysgd fkdj ck ixialD;shg
wNsfhda.hla jk mrsoh s 'tkï fmdÿ ck iudch i|yd hï YslaIKhla iys;j fmdÿ
lreKq ikaksfõokh lsrSug jvd m%pKav;ajh ,sx.sl;ajh wd;aud¾:ldó;ajh
iudc.; lsrSu i|yd úoaHq;a ckudOH ls%hdldrS ù we;'f;dr;=reo wOHdmkho
úfkdaoho úoaHq;a udOH ;=< oeä wf,ú lsrSulg ,la fõ' fï ksid ri{;dj mfil,d
m%pdrKh Wfoid úoaHq;a udOH lghq;= lrñka isáhs ;jo úoaHq;a udOH yd kj udOH
ngysrlrKh iïfma%IKh lsrSfuys ,d W;aiql ù we;'udOH w;r ;rÕh;a jdKSc
wruqKq biau;= ùu;a ksid úoaHq;a udOH yd kj udOH úiaka f,dalh mqrd m;=rejd yrsk
,oafoa jHdmdrsl udOH wka;¾.;hka h'thg úúO ks¾udKd;aul oE wka;¾.; jqj;a
ta ;=< mej;sfha nhysr ixialD;sh úiska ;lafiare lrk ,oaod jQ;a ngysr ixialD;sh
úiska ksYaph lrk ,oaod jQ;a wka;¾.;hls'
 udOH ixialD;sh yd ;dËKh

uE; oYl fol ;=< f,dalh mqrd udOH ;dËKh jHdma; ù

we;af;a weoysh fkdyels ;rï úiañ; f,ih';dËKsl WmlrK iuÕ
f;dr;=re yqjudre lsrSfï l%u o fjkia ù we;' pkaøsld ;dËKh f,dj
mqrd Ndú;hg .ekSu fuys mokuhs'ta ksid fmr fkdjQ úrE wdldrfhka
ngydr udOHhka f,dj mqrd wdêm;H ,nd.;a nj fmkS hhs' uuQ,sl
jYfhka mej;shd jQ iajfoaYSl ixialD;sl yd ikaksfõok ,ËK my;a
fldg ie,lSuo tfia i,lkakg mqreÿ lsrSuo ksid udOH ixialD;sh
jHdma; ùug mq¿,a wjldYhla we;s úh'

ikaksfõok ixj¾Okfha m%Odk ixêia:dkhla jk úoaHq;a

ikaksfõokh fidhd.ekSu udOH ixialD;sh flfrys m%n, msájy,la
ù we;'tkï /yeka iys;j fyda rys;j úoaHq;h uÕska f;dr;=re
iïfm%aIKh lsrSfï l%fudamdhka ìysùu ksid f;dr;=re icSù f,I f,dj
mqrd fnod yerSog wjldYh ,eî we;'Yíoh yd rEmh f,i muKla
fkdj o;a; moaO;s jYfhka o úoaHq;h uÕska f,dj mqrd f;dr;=re
iïfm%aIKh fõ'.=jka úÿ,sh rEmjdyskh s mrs.Klh kj äcsg,a
WmlrK cx.u ÿrl:k fuys ,d m%Odk ;dËKsl udOH njg m;aj
we;'
 udOH ixialD;sh yd iudcSh
fjkiaùï

udOH ixialD;sh yqfola udOH Ndú;hla fkdj iuia; iudcfhau cSjk

l%uh fjkia lsrSula njg m;aj ;sfí' th fl;rï fõ.fhka isÿjkafka
oehs lsjfyd;a ta ms<sn| fojrla is;kakgj;a fkdyels ;;a;ajhg
iudch m;a ù ;sfí' th flf;rï fõ.fhka isÿ jkafka oe hs lsj
fyd;a ta ms<sn| fojrla is;kakgj;a fkdydla ;;a;ajhg iudch m;aj
;sfí'iudch ;=<g úoaHq;a ckudOH yd kj udOH m%jK;d iudcfha
we;ewe;=¿ùu;a iuÕ iudcSh fjkialï /ila isÿ fõ'iudcfha we;ï
ixialD;sl yr moaO;Ska wNdjhg f.dia kj ixialD;sl yr moaO;Ska
wNdjhg f.dia kj ixialD;sldx. tla fjhs' we;eï wx. udOH
ixialD;shg wjYH mrsos kj iajrEmhlska j¾Okh fjhs' fï ish,a,
iudcfha cSj;ajk mqoa.,hka flfrys n,mdhs'ta wkqj udOH ixialD;sh
ms<sn| ks¾jpkhla o ks¾udKh fjhs'
udOHfha fõ.j;a jHdma;sh ms<sn| fmr w;aoelSï iudchg
fkd;snQ ksid fuu jHhhdma;shg uqyqKfokafka flfiaoehs is;d.kakg
o iudchg fkdyels ù we;'fï ksid fkdoekqj;aju udOH ixialD;sh
úiska isÿlrk iudcSh fjkiaùï Ndr.ekSug iudch fm<ö we;' udOH
.%dylhkaf.a wúpdrj;a yeisrSsu ;=< udOH ixialD;sh úiska jv jvd;a
n,j;a f,i iudcSh fjkialï isÿlrñka isà'
 udOH ixialD;sh ixirKfha
wiunr;dj

udOH ixialD;sl ixirKh wiunrj mj;sk nj újdoh;ska f;drju

ms<s.; yelsh'fuysoS isÿjkafka ngysr iudcfha ixialD;sh
kef.kysrg f.k tauhs'tneúka udOH ixialD;sl ixirKh f,dj
ngysr isg kef.kysrg isÿjk talud¾.sl ixialD;sl ixirKhls'th
ngysr cSjk ixl,amh kef.kysrg f.k taug úkd kef.kysr cSjk
ixl,am ngysrg f.k hkakg iu;a à ke;'wm cSj;a jk wdishd;sl
rgj, mj;akd b;d Wiia cSjk rgdjka yd cSjk wx. f,dalh mqrd
me;srùug udOH ixialD;shg yels ù ;sfí' wjidkfhaoS wm úiska udOH
xialD;sh hehs woyia lrkafka o ngysr ixialD;sh úiska ks¾udKh
lrk ,o udOH ixialD;sh nj fmkS hhs'
 kjHlrKfha iïm%odh
ckms%h ixialD;sh

ckms%h ixialD;sh hkq f,daljdiS ck;dj úiska fnod.;a

ls%hdoduhka yd úYajdihka iuqodhls'ckudOH uÕska iudc.; lrk
NdKav yd fiajd fukau ta iuÕ ne÷Kq jHdmdrsl yd mdrsfNda.sl
p¾hdjka tla ùfuka ks¾udKh jQ iudc ixialD;sl iajrEmhla f,io
ckms%h ixialD;sh y÷ksjd osh yelsh'ta wkqj ckms%h ixialD;sh
jdKscuh ksIamdokhka iuÕ nef|a'
ckms%h ixialD;sh ;=< y÷kd.; yels md¾Yj ;=kls'
 NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdolhka
 ckudOH
 mdrsfNda.sl ck;dj
fï wkqj ckms%h hkq tlaw;lska NdKav yd fiajd
ksIamdohlhka o ;j;a w;lska mdrsfNda.sl ck;djo
ckudOH ls%hdj,sh Tiafia tlaùfuka iEÿKq ls%hdj,shla
f,i fmkajd oSu jrola fkdfõ'tu ;;a;ajh my; rEm
igykskao meyeos,s flf¾'fuysoS ckms%h ixialD;sh ìys
lsrSfuys ,d fuj,u jkafka ckudOH ls%hdj,shhs'ckms%h
ixiald;sh ìys ùu hkq ckudOH ls%hdj,sfha m%;sM,hls'

NdKav yd fiajd
ksIamdolhka

ck udOH

mdrsfNda.slhska

ckudOH Ndú;h iuÕ u;=jk ckms%h ixialD;sh ms<sn|

ksjeros jegySula ,nd .ekSug
 ck ixialD;sh
 nyq ck ixialD;sh
 udOH ixialD;sh
 ckms%h ixialD;sh
wOHkh jvd jeo.;a fõ'
j¾;udkh jk úg ckudOH ls%hdj,sh ixúOdkh jkafka wka;¾cd;sl
uÜgñks'ck udOH yiqrejk kHdh m;%h f.dvkÕkafka n,j;a ngysr
cd;Ska úisks'th f.da,Sh kHdh m;%hls'tkï uq¿uy;a f,djgu bosrsm;a
lrkq ,nk fmdÿ jev ms<sfj,ls'fmr mej;s m%dfoaYSh cd;sl udOH
ls%hdj,sh ì| jeà uq¿ uy;a úYajhgu taldldrj f.dvke.+ f.da,Sh
udOH ls%hdoduhla ks¾Kh jkafka tf,isks'
nyqck fyj;a udOH ixialD;sfha Wmrsu ;,h ckms%h
ixialD;sh nj úpdrlfhda fmkajd fo;s'ta ;=< my; i|yka ,ËK
oel.; yelsh'
 ngysr kHdh m;%hg yd f.da,Sh kHdh m;%hlg wkql+, ùu'
 jHdmdrsl wdêm;Hhg k;= ù ;sîu'
 ikaksfõok ;dËKh ine|s ixialD;shla ùu'
 jdKscuh ksIamdokhka iuÕ ne|S mej;Su'cd;Hka;r jYfhka
meje;aula iys; ùu'
 cd;Hka;r jYfhka meje;aula iys; ùu'
 ks¾udKhlg jvd ksIamdokhla f,i f.dvkeÕS mej;Su'
 w;srsla;hla iys; ixialD;shla ùu'
 myiqfjka mrsfNdackh l< yels ixialD;shla ùu'
 mdrsfNda.sljdofha moku f,i ls%hd;aul ùu'
ckms%h ixialD;sh ;, ;=kla Tiafia jHdma; ù we;s nj fmkajd
osh yelsh'
 wka;¾cd;sl uÜgu
 l,dmSh uÜgu
 cd;sl uÜgu
cd;sl uÜgfï ckms%h ixialD;sh hï rglg t;rï ydkslr
fkdfõ'thg fya;=j tu rfÜ mj;sk ixialD;sl jgmsgdj iuÕ cd;sl
uÜgfï ckms%h ixialD;sh f.dvkeÕSuhs'kuq;a wka;¾cdlsl uÜgfï
ckms%h ixialD;sh ;=< ngysr rgj, wdêm;Hh hs'f.da,Sh kHdh
m;%hlg wkql+,j nyqcd;sl iud.ï f.da,Sh ixl,am Tiafia th
f.dvkefÕhs' fï ksid wka;¾cd;sl uÜgfï ckms%h ixialD;sh iuÕ
tlaj f.dvkeÕk cd;sl uÜgfï ckms%h ixialD;sh uÕska ksrEmKh
jkafka cd;sl wx. fkdfõ'ngysr ixialD;sl wx.hs'
 ckms%h ixialD;sfha wx.
ckms%h ixialD;sfha wx. úúOdldrh'kuq;a my; mrsos tjeks ckms%h
ixialD;sldx. lsysmhla fmkajd osh yelsh'

 wdydrmdk
 we÷ï me<ÿï
 hdk jdyk
 .Dy NdKav
 ksjdi
 ú,dis;d
 ix.S;h
 wOHdmkh
 woyia yd wdl,am
 foaYmd,kh
 fg,s kdgH
 rshe,sá jevigyka
 NdIdj
 ckms%h mqoa., fm!reIhka
 ckms%h ixialD;sfha úúO wx. ks¾udKh lrkq ,nkafka jHdmdrsl yd ckudOH
m%Odk lr.;a nyqck udOH úisks'mdrsfNda.sl ck;dj úiska tu wx. Ndr.kq
,nhs' ckms%h ixialD;sfha iEu wx.hlau f.dvkexù we;af;a mdrsfNda.sl ck;dj
NdKav yd fiajd mrsfNdackhg yiqlr.ekSfï mrud¾:fhks'ta wkqj
jHdmdrslhkaf.a wNsu;h mrsos udOH fj<|fmd<g ckms%h ixialD;sldx. we;=<;a
flf¾'jHdmdrsl wkq.%yh ,nk nyqck udOH lrejka b;d iQËu f,i udOH
fj<|fmd<g kj wx. ls%hdldrS;ajh ;=< l=uk fyda kjdx.hla we;=<;a lr
.ekSug wjia:dj ,efnk mrsos udOH fj<|fmd< jHdma;j we;'ckms%h
ixialD;sfha wx. f,dj NdKav yd fiajd ksIAmdok ls%hdj,sh iuÕ iïnkaO ù
f.dvkefÕa'ta wkqj wd¾:sl ksIm a dok ls%hdj,sfha yd ckudOH ls%hdodufha
fjkiaùï wkqj ckmsh % ixialD;sldx.o fjkia fõ'
ckms%h ixialD;sh f.dvkexùfï oS jHdmdrsl wkq.%dylhka úiska iudcfha
ckms%h mqoa., m%;srEm fndfyda úg fhdod .efka'ld,fhka ld,hg ck;dj w;r
wdl¾IKh oskd .kakd mqoa.,hka iEu úgu jHdmdrslhkaf.a ksfhdacs;hka
njg m;a fõ' l,d lrejka" lSv % lhska ksrEmk Ys,amSka wdoSka nyq ck iudcfha
wjOdkh oskd .kakd ckms%h mqoa.,hka ;ukaf.a ckms%h;ajh fhdod
jHdmdrslhkaf.a NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsrSfuys ksr;j isák wdldrh oelsh
yels fõ'

fuu ckms%h mqoa.,hka Tyq cSj;ajk rfÜ ck;djg kj mdrsfNda.sl mqreÿ we;s
lrjkafka jHdmdrslhkaf.ka ;ukag ,efnk uQ,H jákdlu ksid h'we;eï
fnd,sjqâ yd fyd,sjqâ iskud ;re fukau cd;Hka;r lSv% d msáfha ch.%yKh lrk
lS%vd ;re f,dj mqrd mdrsfNda.sl yeisrSug kj p¾hdjka tla lrñka isá;s'
weªï yd wdydrmdk hdk jdyk ksjdi yd .Dy NdKav" ú,dis;d" wOHdmkh"
ix.S;h" idys;H oDYH l,djka wdoS iEu lafIA;%hlau ckms%h ixialD;sfha
.%yKhg yiqfõ'tneúka ckms%h ixialD;sh ;=< oel.; yels wx. úYd,
m%udKla we;'flfia kuq;a fmr i|yka l< ish¨ wx. leálr .;a úg my;
mrsos ckms%h ixialD;sldx. fËa;% lsysmhlg f.dkq lr.; yelsh'
mrsfNdackjdoS cSú;hla i|yd ck;dj fmd<Ujk ksIamdok ls%hdj,shls'
 f.da,ShlrK kHdh m;%h fmdaIKh lrk mYapd;aa kQ;kjdoS
u;jdoh
 ckudOH we;=¿ nyqckudOH ;=< mj;sk NdKav yd fiajd
m%pdrKh
 m%pdrKh i|yd ckdl¾IKh oskd.;yels f,i ksa¾udKh jk
udOH ixialD;sl ksIm
a dok
 ckms%h ixialD;sfha ls%hdldrS;j
a h yd
md¾Yjlrefjda
ckms%h ixialD;shg f.dkqjk kj NdKav yd fiajd jHdmdrslhka úiska
ksmojkq ,nk w;r mdrsfNda.sl ck;dj tajd mrsfNdackhg
fm<fò'fuu ls%hdj,sh ;%< u;=jk kj p¾hdjka ;=<ska
ckms%ixialD;sldx. f.dvkefÕa'ta wkqj nyqck udOHlrejka NdKav yd
fiajd ksIamdolhska jHdmdrslhska yd mdrsfNda.sl ck;dj w;r ueo isg
ckms%h ixialD;sh lsh% dldrS uÜgug f.k tk nj fmfka'tysoS kj
NdKav fiajd p¾hdjka ckms%h ixialD;sfha wx. njg .;a meyeos,s
jkafka ckms%h ixialD;sh wfkHdakH ls%hdldrS;ajhlska hqla;
njhs'tkï jHdmdrslhska yd mdrsfNda.slhska w;r .kqfokqj ilS%h f,i
wfkHdakH jYfhka ls%hd;aul lrkafka ckms%h ixialD;sh úisks'
ckms%h ixialD;sfha fldgialrejka jYfhka m%Odk md¾Yj ;=kla kï
l< yelsh'
 NdKav yd fiajd ksIAmdolhska jHdmdrslhska
 ckudOH we;=¿ nyqck udOH
 mdrsfNda.sl ckk;dj
ta wkqj ckms%h ixialD;sfha wx. ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk fuu md¾Yj
lrejka w;r we;af;a wfkHdakH ls%hdldrS;ajhls'tu md¾Yjlrejka
w;rska jHdmdrslhska úiska isÿ lrkafka ckudOH ls%hdj,sh ;=<ska
ckms%h ixialD;sldx. iudc.; lsrSuhs'ckms%h ixialD;sfha fiiq ish¨
md¾Yjlrejkaf.a ueosy;aùu ;SrKh lrkafka jHdmdrslhska
úisks'jHdmdrslhska cdkms%h ixialD;sfha ls%hdldrS;sjh i|yd n,
Yla;sh imhd.kafka ckudOH ls%hdj,sfhks'fndfyda ckudOH
jHdmdrsl wdêm;Hhg hg;a h'jHdmdrslhska ksrka;rfhka ,dNh
wruqKq lr.kakd ksid udOH .%dylhka jeämqr udOHhg k;=jk
wjia:djka i|yd muKla wkq.%yh imhhs'fï ksid .%dylhka Wmrsu
f,i r|jd ;nd .ekSug W;aiy lrhs'
ckms%h ixialD;sfha mq¿,a ls%hdldrS;j
a h i|yd m¾Yj .Kkdjla iïnkaO fõ'
tkï
1'NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdolhska fnodyrskakka fjf<kaoka
2'udOH wdh;k ysñlrejka udOH Ys,amSka
3'fj<| oekaùïlrejka oekaùï ksfhdacs; wdh;k
4'nyq ckudOH ksIamdok wdh;k
5'ckms%h mqoa.,hka
6'mdrsfNda.slhska yd mdrsYS,lhska
7 'udOH fj<|fmd< m¾fhaIlhska
fuu md¾Yj ishqï Wml%u Ndú; lrñka udOH ixialD;sh ckdl¾IKSh
f,i ls%hd;aul lrkq fmfka' Ndjuh fm<öï udOHfha ;dËKsl
fm<Uùï udOHfha ;dËKsl m%fhda. úÑ;% NdId Ndú;h ckms%h
fm!reIhka fhdod .ekSï wdoS l%u Tiafia ckms%h ixialD;sh ilS%h
fõ'bka bj;aj isàug udOH .%dylhskag mdrsfNda.sl ck;djg fkdyels
fõ'fï hgf;a my; lreKq jeo.;a fõ'
 udOH ixialD;shg md¾Yjlrejka .Kkdjls'
 udOH ixialD;sl ls%hdj,sh ilS%h lrkafka nyqck udOH
ls%hdj,sh'
 Wml%ñl ckdl¾IKh fï ;=< ls%hd;aul fõ'
 ckms%h ixialD;sh yd udOHh

ckms%h ixialD;sh udOH hk f;audj iuld,Sk ;;a;ajhka ;=< b;d .eUqre yd mq¿,a
wOHhk mrdihla njg m;a ù ;sfí'Bg fya;=j kï udOHfha we;s ù ;sfnk ixlS¾K
yeisrSu iy isÿ ù we;s ixialD;sl úm¾hdih hs'
ckms%h ixialD;sfha .dul n,fõ.h jQfha ckudOHh hs' ckms%h ixialD;sh ;rï
úfõpkhg Ndckh jQ ;j;a ixl,amhla fkdue;s ;rï h'ckms%h ixialD;shg t,a,
jk m%Odk;u fpdaokdjka jkafka th mrsfNdackjdoh m%p,s; lrk ¥Is; l%uhla
njhs'
 ixialD;sl l¾udka;h hk ixl,amh *%ekala*¾Ü .=re l=,fha W.;=ka úiska
fmkajd fokq ,eìK'tu ixl,amh ksIamdokh lsrSfuys ,d mqfrda.dó fiajdjla lf<a
;sfhdfvda¾ wfvda¾fkda iy uelaia fyda¾laySu¾ hk úoaj;=ka h' Dialectic of
Enlightenment fyj;a mrs.%yKfha ohsf,la;slh hkqfjka Tjqka úiska rÑ; lD;sfha
"The Culture Industry Enlightenment As Mass Deception"(ixialD;sl l¾udka;h
mrs.%yKh ixy;sl uq,djla f,i& hkqfjka rÑ; mrsÉfPaoh uÕska Tjqka fmkajd
ÿkafka ckms%h ixialD;sh lïy,lg iudk njhs'tu lïy,ska taldldrS ixialD;sl
ksIamdok yd fiajd ìys lsrSu isÿ flf¾'tu ixialD;sl ksIamdok uÕska ixy;sl
iudch wlS%h yd w{dk ;;a;ajhg f.k h;s'
fuu iuia; ls%hdj,sh ixialD;sl l¾udka;h jYfhka *%ekala*¾Ü kHdhdpd¾hjre
ie,l+y'fuu ixialD;sl l¾udka;fha Nhdklu ,ËKh kï ckudOHh fhdod
.ksñka jHdc udkisl wjYH;d ñksiqka ;=< j.dlsrSuhs'fuys wjidk m%;aM,h
kïmrsfNdackjdoS OfkaYajr wej;=ï mej;=ï flfrys ck;dj lSlre lr .ekSu hs'
ckms%h ixialD;sh iïnkaOfhka úúO wka;j, u;jdo we;s nj fmkS hhs'fuuÕska
iudc.; jákdlï rdYshla b;d flá ld,hla ;=< fjkia lrk nj fmkS hhs'ckms%h
ixialD;sh hkq l=uk w;lska fyda iudchg w;s m%n, n,mEula t,a, lsrSug yels
m%mxphla nj fmkS hhs'
 rEmjdyskS udOH wdêm;H iy ckms%h ixialD;sh

ckms%h ixialD;sh iy rEmjdysksh wlr we;af;a fkdì|sh yels wka;¾

iïnkaO;djhls'fma%lI a lhdf.a fm!rdKsl ck idys;H Tiafia meñfKk l:d l,dj
wdLHdk ffY,sh yd ckms%h ixialD;sh w;r ióm iïnkaO;djla mj;S'm%d:ñl ñksia
iudcfhaoS Tjqkaf.a l,d udOHh f,i m%lgj ;snQ .S;h k¾;kh rx.kh jeks ckms%h
wx. woH;k udOH uÕska kej; ksIamdokh lr úldYh lr yrskq ,efí'rEmjdysksfha
oDYHuh m%n,;ajh fï i|yd Ndú; flf¾'nyq ck ksIamdokh nyq ck ixialD;sh
jeks iudcSh ls%hdldrS;ajhka iuÕ nyqck ixialD;sfha iqmsrs ia:rh f,i ckms%h
ixialD;sh ìys fõ'mYapd;a kQ;k ;;a;ajh ;=< ixialD;sfha fuu kj yevh ck;dj
w;rg f.k hdfï jdylh ù we;af;a ckms%h udOHhka fõ'ta w;r;a rEmjdysksh
oskm;d meh úisy;r mqrdjg ckms%h iqL yd w¾: fnodyrsñka mj;S'ckms%h ixialD;sl
ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk udOH wdh;kj, oDYáh yev.eiS we;af;a fmdÿ ckhd ;=<
mj;sk ckixialD;sl u;lhka W;af;ackh lrñks'ckms%h ixialD;sh iuÕ b;d
Yla;su;sj ieKfl<s kHdh ne|S mj;S'ldksj,a ixialD;sh ngysr b;d iqm;,
h'wú{dksl iajrEmhka m%n, f,i W;af;ackh lrhs'
iudc cd, ìysùu ;=< ihsn¾ ixialD;shla ìys ù ;sfí'
 ckms%h ix.S;h ìysùu'^fmdma ix.S;h frdla ix.S;h &uhsl,a celaika uefvdakd
m%uqL ix.S;{hska ùu'
 le,smafida
 jdKscuh Ñ;%mg
 fj<|fmd< kjHlrKh
by; i|yka l< ldrKdjka ish,a, ckms%h ixialD;sh
fya;=fldgf.k we;s jQ nj fkdryils'ckms%h ixialD;sh mj;akd ixialD;Skg oeä
n,mEula t,a, lrkqfha b;d iQlaIu f,isks'by; l%u Tiafia ckms%h ixialD;sh
ckhdg ióm fõ'lsisfjlag fuhska uÕyer hdug j¾;udkh jk úg bvla
ke;'iudc wd¾:sl foaYmd,ksl ixialD;sl hk wx.hka iuÕ iu.dój ckmsh %
ixialD;sho .uka lrhs'
 mdol lr.;a uQ,dY%
 rkacka YS% O¾ulS¾;s^m%Odkixialdrl&"^2015&"fj¿u5"udOH ixialD;sh"
ckudOHfõoh ^ckudOH wOHkh iy úpdr&YS% md,s uKavmh"fld<U
úYAjúoHd,h'
 ùrisxy"á"^2012&"ixy;sl udOHhkaf.a ix{d¾:fõoS moku^m%:u
ixia&"rkacka YS% O¾ulS¾;s"ckudOHfõoh ix{d¾:fõoS m%fõYh"YS% md,s
uKavmh"fld<U úYajúoHd,h'
 ùrisxy"á"^2012&"ckudOHfõoSh iudc úoHdj"udOH kHdh yd l%u
fõofha úpdrd;aul wOHkh"kqf.af.dv iriú m%ldYlfhda'
 ùrisxy"á"^2013&"f.da,Sh iudch yd tys oDYaájdoh"wdKuvqj f;da;ekak
mí,sIska yjqia'
 ùrisxy"á"^2013&"oDYaájdoS ixjrKh iuld,Sk rEmjdyskS
m%jD;a;slrKfha oS Ndú;d jk wdldrh^ixia&"^fiak kdkdhlaldr"Wos;
.hdIdka .=Kfialr"kkaofiak m,sylaldr&rEmjdyskS iólaId"ijeks
l,dmh"n;a;r uq,a,"ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j'
 ùrisxy"á"^2014&"udlaiajdoS yd kj udlaiajdoS ixy;sl udOH
kHdh"kqf.af.dv" iriú m%ldYlfhd'
 fyar;a" iuka;"^2009&"f.da,ShlrKh"ixialD;sh yd
ikaksfõokh"urodk"f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'
 kdkdhlaldr"fiak"^2012&"ixj¾Okd;aul
ikaksfõokh"fld<U"tia'f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'
 ufyakaø"iqkkao"^1985&"ckudOHfha keÕSu"rdc.srsh"iqis; bkaviaá%h,a
ms%kag¾ia"
 ufyakaø"iqkkao"^1993&"ikaksfõok úpdr m%;spdr"fld<U"tia'f.dvf.a
ifydaorfhda'
 lreKdkdhl"kkaok"^2004&"ck ikaksfõokh 1
 cskodi" mqIaml=udr"ufkdaca"^2009&"ikaksfõok wOHkh
 fiakdr;ak";=is;"fiakdr;ak"^2013&"rEmjdyskS
ikaksfõokh"fld<U"weia'f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'
 l=udr"wfYdal"o¾Yk"^2013&"ckms%h ixialD;sh yd udOHh"*diaÜ
mí,sflaIka^m%hsjÜ& ,sñgâ"fld<U'
 brx."iqfrdaIK"^2016&"iudc udOH ixialD;sh"fld<U"f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda'
 wka;¾cd,h(WWW.GOOGLE.LK