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Licence Category B1 and B2: Mathematics
Licence Category B1 and B2: Mathematics
Licence Category
B1 and B2
Mathematics
1.1 Arithmetic
LEVEL 1
A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject.
Objectives: The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject.
The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using common words and
examples.
The applicant should be able to use typical terms.
LEVEL 2
A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
An ability to apply that knowledge.
Objectives: The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject.
The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical
examples.
The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the
subject.
The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the
subject.
The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures.
LEVEL 3
A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive
manner.
Objectives: The applicant should know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other subjects.
The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals
and specific examples.
The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject.
The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics
describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturer's
instructions.
The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements and apply
corrective action where appropriate.
1 1 2 11
, , , etc
2 3 5 17
7 5 17 8
, , , etc
3 3 11 5
3. Mixed Numbers. These include whole numbers and vulgar fractions. For example:
1 3 4 6
1 , 2 , 6 , 27 etc
2 5 11 7
4. For all fractions, the number above the bar is called the numerator and the number below
the bar is called the denominator.
30 1
5. Simplest Form. The simplest form of is . Fractions can be expressed in simplest
60 2
form by dividing numerator and denominator by equal numbers until they will not divide
further. For example:
8 2
= in simplest form (after dividing numerator and
12 3
denominator by 4).
27 9 3 1
= = =
81 27 9 3
3 13
2 =
5 5
25 1
= 6
4 4
28 7 45 15 1
= = 7 and = = 7
4 1 6 2 2
9. Multiplication
(a) Express all mixed numbers as improper fractions
Examples:
2 2 4 8
(1) x4 = x =
9 9 1 9
13 1
4 1 5 9 7 5 3 1
(2) 1 x 2 x = x x = = 1
5 3 14 5 3 14 2 2
1 1 2
10. Division
(a) Convert all mixed numbers to improper fractions
(b) Invert the fraction you are dividing by
(c) Proceed as for multiplication.
2
3 5 3 16 6 1
(3) = x = = 1
8 16 8 5 5 5
1
Example:
3 1 5 7 9 12
1 4 x 1 = x
4 2 7 4 2 7
12. Addition
(a) Express all fractions as mixed numbers in lowest terms
(c) To add the vulgar fractions, you must convert each fraction so that their
denominators are all the same. This is done by finding the lowest common
multiple (LCM) of the denominators.
1 1 3 659 20 2
(1) + + = = =
5 6 10 30 30 3
9 5 3 1 5 3
(2) + + 1 = 2 + + 1
4 12 8 4 12 8
1 5 3
= 3 + + +
4 12 8
6 10 9 25
= 3 + = 3 +
24 24
1 1
= 3 + 1 = 4
24 24
Note: If your addition of fractions results in an improper fraction, you must convert this to
a mixed number as shown in example (2).
13. Subtraction
The same basic procedure should be used for subtraction as for addition.
Examples:
8 2 86 2
(1) - = =
9 3 9 9
8 4 2 4 2 4
(2) - 1 = 2 - 1 = 1 + -
3 7 3 7 3 7
14 12 2
= 1 + = 1
21 21
1 3 1 3
(3) 4 - 1 = 3 + -
3 4 3 4
49
= 3 +
12
14. Mixed addition and subtraction can be carried out exactly as above.
Examples:
1 7 3 679 8
(1) 4 - 5 + 3 = 2 + = 2 +
2 12 4 12 12
2
= 2
3
1 3 1 3 18 8
(2) 2 - 1 + 4 = 5 +
8 4 3 24
24 3 18 8 17
= 4 + = 4
24 24
15. Remember that your final step in any calculation must be to simplify (cancel fractions).
Example:
3 9 3 12 18 15
3 + 1 - 2 = 2 +
5 10 4 20
15 3
= 2 = 2
20 4
6 4 3 21 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 21 (d) 5 (e) 2
7 9 5 25 7
11 21 53 210 99
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
3 5 7 4 8
6 14 2 1 2 2 3 10
(a) x (b) x 2 x 1 (c) 1 x x
7 15 3 7 5 5 8 21
3 9 2 1 1 1
(a) (b) 3 3 (c) 9 3
10 25 3 7 3 9
7 5 3 1 15 3 17 1 1
(a) x x (b) 7 x (c) 2 x7
10 6 14 5 24 8 29 8 4
2 3 3 1 2 2 3 4
(a) + (b) + + (c) + +
3 7 4 2 3 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 7
(d) + + + + (e) 3 +
2 3 4 5 6 8 16
1 3 3 2 2 1
(a) 1 - (b) 1 - 2 (c) 1 - 2
2 5 4 5 5 7
4 2 4 2
(d) - (e) 7 - 8
11 7 9 3
1 2 5
1
2 5 4 1 1 5 3 7 6
(a) 2 3 1 (b) 1 2 (c)
3 8 9 2 3 42 3 3
x
4 7
1 1 4
1 x2
5 3 5 1 3 7 1 1 1 1
(d) (e) 1 1 (f) 3 1 2
1 5 4 5 8 2 3 2 2
2
2 6
5 3 1
2 7 1 2 16 4 3
(g) 2 x 3 4 (h)
7 24 2 3 2 1 1
3 4 6
1 2 3 1
3 1 1
2 3 5 3
(i)
3 1
7 3
20 31 108 146 15
1. a) b) c) d) e)
7 9 5 25 7
2 1 4 1 3
2. a) 3 b) 4 c) 7 d) 52 e) 12
3 5 7 2 8
4 1
3. a) b) 2 c)
5 4
5 1
4. a) b) 1 c) 3
6 6
1
5. a) b) 12 c) 2
8
2 11 13 9 9
6. a) 1 b) 1 c) 2 d) 1 e) 3
21 12 60 20 16
9 13 26 6 2
7. a) b) - c) - d) e) -1
10 20 35 77 9
61 5 4 3 19
8. a) 4 b) - c) 2 d) e) 1
72 7 9 5 55
5 5 5 11
f) g) 1 h) - i) 1
6 12 36 24
Examples:
1 1 1
a) = 0.1 b) = 0.01 c) = 0.001
10 100 1000
7 7
d) 5 = 5.7 e) 63 = 63.07
10 100
2. If you have difficulty in relating decimals to fractions, the following table may help.
THOUSANDS HUNDREDS TENS UNITS TENTHS HUNDREDTHS THOUSANDTHS
1 1 1
1000 100 10 1
10 100 1000
5 3 4 6 7 9 2
3. The number of digits after the decimal point is called decimal places.
Examples:
4. In addition of decimals, particular care must be taken to ensure that decimal points are
in line.
6. When multiplying decimals, ignore the decimal point until the final answer is obtained,
then count the number of decimal places in both the numbers being multiplied. This is
the number of decimal places in the answer.
273
931
245 700
8 190
273
254 163 Answer = 254.163 (3 dpl.)
Note: It does not matter which you multiply first (i.e. the 9, the 3 or the 1) providing „00‟ is
placed before the answer when multiplying out the 100‟s (in this case the 9) and „0‟ is
placed before the answer when multiplying out the 10‟s (in this case the 3) So the above
calculation could have looked like this:
273
931
273
8 190
245 700
254 163 The answer is the same
2. Evaluate:
4. Calculate:
Examples:
8 4
a) 0.8 = =
10 5
25 1
b) 6.25 = 6 + = 6
100 4
37
c) 0.037 =
1000
Examples:
4 0.80
a) = 5 4.00
5
3 0.375
b) = 8 3.000
8
5 0.8333
.......the 3 will re-occur for ever
c) = 6 5.0000
6
Here, we cut off the result to the number of decimal places required.
5
Thus = 0.83 correct to 2 decimal places
6
5
or = 0.8333 correct to 4 decimal places
6
5 13 3
a) b) c)
8 15 200
1 3 2 7
a) , 0.167 and b) , 0.44 and
6 20 5 16
73 1 1
1. a) b) c)
100 50 250
3 1 2 7
3. a) , and 0.167 b) , and 0.44
20 6 5 16
Definition.
A percentage is a fraction whose denominator is 100.
3
Example: 3% means
100
3 3
Example: as a percentage = x 100% = 60%
5 5
8% 8 2
Examples: a) 8% as a fraction =
100% 100 25
12 21 % 25 1 25 1
b) 12 ½ % as a fraction = x
100% 2 100 200 8
65
Examples: a) 65% as a fraction = , as a decimal = 0.65
100
32 21
b) 32 ½ % as a fraction = , as a decimal = 0.325
100
Examples:
21 21
.
a) 0.021 as a fraction = ,= , as a percentage = 2.1%
1000 100
Examples:
2
4 12 2
a) 4% of 60 = x 60 = = 2
100 5 5
5
3 21 7 105
b) 3 ½ % of 1500 = x 1500 = x 1500 = = 52 ½
100 200 2
Examples:
12
a) 12 as a percentage of 50 = x 100 = 24%
50
4
b) 4 as a percentage of 60 = x 100 = 6.67%
60
1. Calculate:
d) 120% of 75 e) 80% of 90
2. Express:
a) 30 as a percentage of 50
b) 24 as a percentage of 16
i) 16 ⅓ %
4. Express as a percentage:
2
a) 0.43 b) 0.025 c) 1.25 d)
3
3 1 3
e) f) g)
7 12 8
1
1. a) 1 or 1.2 b) 2.88 c) 0.9 d) 90 e) 72
5
1 1
2. a) 60% b) 150% c) 4% d) 133 % e) 11 %
3 9
3 7 12 1 13
3. a) b) c) d) e)
5 20 25 20 40
1 13 9 49
f) g) h) i)
4 100 200 300
2 6
4. a) 43% b) 2.5% c) 125% d) 66 % e) 42 %
3 7
1 1
f) 8 % g) 37 %
3 2
For example: 73 rounded to the nearest ten is 70, because 73 is closer to 70 than to 80.
Methods of Rounding
Common Method: This method is commonly used in mathematical applications, for example in
accounting. It is the one generally taught in elementary mathematics classes. This method is
also known as Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding or Round-Half-Up (Symmetric Implementation)
Examples:
3.044 rounded to hundredths is 3.04 (because the next digit, 4, is less than 5).
3.045 rounded to hundredths is 3.05 (because the next digit, 5, is 5 or more).
3.0447 rounded to hundredths is 3.04 (because the next digit, 4, is less than 5).
Examples:
−2.1349 rounded to hundredths is −2.13
−2.1350 rounded to hundredths is −2.14
Round to Even Method: This method is also known as unbiased rounding, convergent
rounding, statistician's rounding or bankers' rounding. It is identical to the common method of
rounding except when the digit(s) following the rounding digit start with a five and have no non-
zero digits after it. The new algorithm is:
With all rounding schemes there are two possible outcomes: increasing the rounding digit by
one or leaving it alone. With traditional rounding, if the number has a value less than the half-
way mark between the possible outcomes, it is rounded down; if the number has a value exactly
half-way or greater than half-way between the possible outcomes, it is rounded up. The round-
When dealing with large sets of scientific or statistical data, where trends are important,
traditional rounding on average biases the data upwards slightly. Over a large set of data, or
when many subsequent rounding operations are performed as in digital signal processing, the
round-to-even rule tends to reduce the total rounding error, with (on average) an equal portion
of numbers rounding up as rounding down. This generally reduces the upwards skewing of the
result.
Round-to-even is used rather than round-to-odd as the latter rule would prevent rounding to a
result of zero.
Examples:
3.016 rounded to hundredths is 3.02 (because the next digit (6) is 6 or more)
3.013 rounded to hundredths is 3.01 (because the next digit (3) is 4 or less)
3.015 rounded to hundredths is 3.02 (because the next digit is 5, and the hundredths
digit (1) is odd)
3.045 rounded to hundredths is 3.04 (because the next digit is 5, and the hundredths
digit (4) is even)
3.04501 rounded to hundredths is 3.05 (because the next digit is 5, but it is followed by
non-zero digits)
Significant Figures
Rounding to n significant figures is a form of rounding. Significant figures (also called significant
digits) can also refer to a crude form of error representation based around significant figure
rounding.
Examples:
One issue with rounding to n significant figures is that the value of n is not always clear. This
occurs when the last significant figure is a zero to the left of the decimal point. For example, in
the final example above, when 19 800 is rounded to 20 000, it is not clear from the rounded
value what n was used - n could be anything from 1 to 5. The level of rounding can be specified
explicitly. The abbreviation s.f. is sometimes used, for example "20,000 to 2 s.f."
Scientific notation could be used to reduce the ambiguity, as in (2.0 × 104). As always, the best
approach is to state the uncertainty separately and explicitly, as in 20,000 ± 1%, so that
significant-figures rules do not apply.
A less common method of presenting ambiguous significant figures is underlining the last
significant figure of a number, for example "20000"
Decimal Places
The precision of a value describes the number of digits that are used to express that value. In
a scientific setting this would be the total number of digits (sometimes called the significant
digits) or, less commonly, the number of fractional digits or places (the number of digits
following the point). This second definition is useful in financial and engineering applications
where the number of digits in the fractional part has particular importance.
In both cases, the term precision can be used to describe the position at which an inexact result
will be rounded. For example, in floating-point arithmetic, a result is rounded to a given or fixed
precision, which is the length of the resulting significand. In financial calculations, a number is
often rounded to a given number of places (for example, to two places after the point for many
world currencies).
As an illustration, the decimal quantity 12.345 can be expressed with various numbers of
significant digits or decimal places. If insufficient precision is available then the number is
Note that it is often not appropriate to display a figure with more digits than that which can be
measured. For instance, if a device measures to the nearest gram and gives a reading of
12.345 kg, it would create false precision if you were to express this measurement as
12.34500 kg.
Two 12 12.35
Zero n/a 12
Calculating Mean
To find the mean, you need to add up all the data, and then divide this total by the number of
values in the data.
So the median is 5
This time there are two values in the middle. They have been put in brackets. The median is
found by calculating the mean of these two values: (3 + 4) ÷ 2 = 3.5
Calculating Mode
The mode is the value which appears the most often in the data. It is possible to have more
than one mode if there is more than one value which appears the most.
The values which appear most often are 2 and 5. They both appear more time than any of the
other data values.
This time there is only one value which appears most often - the number 3. It appears more
times than any of the other data values.
So the mode is 3
The lowest value is 2 and the highest value is 8. Subtracting the lowest from the highest gives:
8-2=6
So the range is 6
The lowest value is 2 and the highest value is 7. Subtracting the lowest from the highest
gives:…7 - 2 = 5
So the range is 5
2. Calculate the mean, median, mode and range for each set of data below:
(a) 3, 6, 3, 7, 4, 3, 9
(b) 11, 10, 12, 12, 9, 10, 14, 12, 9
(c) 2, 9, 7, 3, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 9
2 (a) Mean = 5
Median = 4
Mode = 3
Range = 6
(b) Mean = 11
Median = 11
Mode = 12
Range = 5
(c)
Mean = 5.5
Median = 5
Mode = 5
Range = 7
Example:
Many different names exist for the same angle. For the angle below, PBC, PBW, CBP,
and WBA are all names for the same angle.
We measure the size of an angle using degrees. We can also use radians to measure angles.
The radius of a circle fits around the circumference 6.28 (or 2 ) times. 1 radian = 57.3 degrees.
no
To convert from degrees to radians, use x 2 where no is the number of degrees
360
60 seconds = 1 minute
60 minutes = 1 degree
Example:
Obtuse Angles
Example:
Reflex angles
A right angle is an angle measuring 90 degrees. Two lines or line segments that meet at a right
angle are said to be perpendicular. Note that any two right angles are supplementary angles (a
right angle is its own angle supplement).
Complementary Angles
Two angles are called complementary angles if the sum of their degree measurements equals
90 degrees. One of the complementary angles is said to be the complement of the other.
Example:
Note that these two angles can be "pasted" together to form a right angle!
Two angles are called supplementary angles if the sum of their degree measurements equals
180 degrees. One of the supplementary angles is said to be the supplement of the other.
Example:
Note that these two angles can be "pasted" together to form a straight line!
Perpendicular Lines
Two lines that meet at a right angle are perpendicular. They are also said to be “normal” to each
other.
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
These properties help use to remember which shapes are which and why they are so called (in
some cases).
Let's start with a shape that has 3 sides: TRIANGLES (tri- means 3).
Definitions
Here are the triangles you are expected to know about:
1. Equilateral Triangle
2. Isosceles Triangle
3. Right- Angled Triangle
4. Scalene Triangle
Congruent and Similar are two words usually applied to triangles but can equally be applied to
other shapes.
Congruent triangles are two triangles which have equal angles and are the same size (i.e.
identical in every way) but may be oriented differently.
Similar triangles are two triangles which have the same angles but are of different size.
An equilateral triangle has got 3 sides of equal length and 3 angles that are equal.
Since ALL the angles in a triangle add up to 180º then 180 divided by 3 must be 60º.
4. Isosceles Triangle
An Isosceles triangle has got two sides of equal length and 2 angles equal.
What is the value of the angle at the top of this Isosceles triangle?
The answer is 80˚. All angles in a triangle add up to 180˚ so 180 - (50 + 50) = 80˚
So an isosceles triangle has only got two sides of equal length and two angles the same.
The right angled triangle contains a right angle (an angle of 90˚)
In a right angled triangle what must the other two angles add up to 90˚ because all the angles in
a triangle add up to 180˚ and a Right Angled Triangle has got one angle of 90˚.
6. Scalene Triangle
A scalene triangle is the easiest of them all. The scalene triangle has got NO sides of equal
length and NO angles the same.
Rectangle
The area A of any rectangle is equal to the product of the length l and the width w.
Formula: A = lw
Square
The area A of any square is equal to the square of the length s of a side.
Formula: A = s2
Formula: A = ½ bh
Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a 4 sided shape with the 2 opposing sides parallel to each other.
The area A of any parallelogram is equal to the product of any base b and the corresponding
height h.
Formula: A = bh
A rhombus is a parallelogram with all 4 sides equal length. The diagonals bisect the interior
angles equally and the diagonals intersect each other at right angles.
The area A of any rhombus is equal to one-half the product of the lengths d1 and d2 of its
diagonals.
Formula: A = ½ d1d2
or
The area A of any trapezium is equal to one-half the product of the height h and the sum of the
bases, b1 and b2.
Formula: A = ½ d1d2
Circle
The area A of any circle is equal to the product of and the square of the radius r.
Formula: A = r2
Regular polygons are any polygons that are equilateral and equiangular.
The area A of any regular polygon with perimeter P and apothem of measure a is equal to one-
half the product of the perimeter and the apothem.
This formula can be derived if you make 5 triangles inside the shape. The area of each triangle
is ½ Sa (1/2 base x height).
The total area is therefore 5 x ½ Sa (in the case of the pentagon shown – the 5 only represent
the number of sides). But 5 x S is the total perimeter of the shape, so:
Formula: A = ½ aP
The angle shown is one equal portion of 360 degrees. In the case of the pentagon, it is 360/5
= 72o. Hence the internal angle of any polygon can be found by calculating the supplement of
the external angle.
RECTANGLE
2 pairs of opposite sides equal and parallel
4 right angles
Diagonals are equal and bisect each other
RHOMBUS
4 sides equal , opposite sides parallel
Diagonals bisect each other but are not of equal length
PARALLELOGRAM
2 pairs opposite sides equal and parallel
Diagonals bisect each other but are not of equal length
TRAPEZIUM / TRAPEZOID
1 pair opposite sides parallel
or
KITE
2 pairs of adjacent sides equal
Longer diagonal bisects shorter at right angles
There are special formulas that deal with solids, but they only deal with right prisms. Right
prisms are prisms that have two special characteristics - all lateral edges are perpendicular to
the bases, and lateral faces are rectangular. The figure below depicts a right prism.
Common Solids
The lateral area L (area of the vertical sides only) of any right prism is equal to the perimeter of
the base times the height of the prism (L = Ph).
The total area T of any right prism is equal to two times the area of the base plus the lateral
area.
Formula: T = 2B + Ph
The volume V of any right prism is the product of B, the area of the base, and the height h of the
prism.
Formula: V = Bh
A pyramid is a polyhedron with a single base and lateral faces that are all triangular. All lateral
edges of a pyramid meet at a single point, or vertex.
The volume V of any pyramid with height h and a base with area B is equal to one-third the
product of the height and the area of the base. This applies even if the prism is not a „right-
prism‟ i.e. the axis is not perpendicular to the base. The height however, is still measured
perpendicular to the base as shown below.
Formula: V = 1
3 Bh
A regular pyramid is a pyramid that has a base that is a regular polygon and with lateral faces
that are all congruent isosceles triangles.
The volume V of any cylinder with radius r and height h is equal to the product of the area of a
base and the height.
Formula: V = r2h
For any right circular cylinder with radius r and height h, the total surface area T is two times the
area of the base (2 r2) plus the curved surface area (2 rh).
Formula: T = 2 r h + 2 r2
The volume V of any cone with radius r and height h is equal to one-third the product of the
height and the area of the base.
Formula: V = 1
3 r2h
The total surface area T of a cone with radius r and slant height l is equal to the area of the
base ( r2) plus times the product of the radius and the slant height.
Formula: T = r l + r2
The volume V for any sphere with radius r is equal to four-thirds times the product of and the
cube of the radius. The area A of any sphere with radius r is equal to 4 times the square of
the radius.
Volume Formula: V = 4
3 r3
1. A grave is dug 2m x 1m x 1m deep. The earth removed is piled into a pyramid of circular
base 2 m diameter. Find the height of the pyramid (in terms of ).
a) the remaining volume of the prism material. Give the answer in terms of and in
mm3
b) the surface area of the inside of the hole. Give the answer in terms of and in
mm2
3. Find the surface area of a right cone with base radius 3 inches and perpendicular height
of 4 inches. Leave the answer in terms of and include the base area.
4. Find the ratio of the „surface area to volume‟ of spheres of the following diameters:
a) 2m
b) 4m
c) 8m
3. 24 in2
4. a) 3:1
b) 1½ :1
c) ¾:1
Area
imperial > metric metric > imperial
2 2 2 2
1 sq inch [in ] 6.4516 cm 1 sq cm [cm ] 100 mm 0.1550 in2
1 sq foot [ft2] 144 in2 0.0929 m2 1 sq m [m2] 10,000 cm2 1.1960 yd2
Volume
metric > imperial imperial > metric
3
1 cu cm [cm3] 0.0610 in3 1 cu inch [in ] 16.387 cm3
1 cu decimetre [dm3] 1,000 cm3 0.0353 ft3 1 cu foot [ft3] 1,728 in3 0.0283 m3
1 cu metre [m3] 1,000 dm3 1.3080 yd3 1 fluid ounce [fl oz] 28.413 ml