PYTHAGORAS

THEOREM
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  P.HARSHA VARDHAN,
6C
NARAYANA E TECHNO
SCHOOL,ECIL
INTRODUCTION
The Pythagorean Theorem is one of the oldest, most well-known, and widely used
mathematical relationship in history. It has been a fundamental part of math classes
everywhere around the world for several thousand years.
First described by the Greek mathematician Pythagoras 2500 years ago, the Pythagorean
Theorem describes the relationship between the three sides of a right triangle.

In any right triangle, the hypotenuse h is the longest side. The three sides are related in
such a way that if you square the length of the hypotenuse, you will get the same answer
as you do when you square each of the other two sides, and add the values together.
h2 = a2 + b2 For example, consider the triangle at the right. It has a 90 degree angle,
and when you measure its sides, the lengths are 3, 4, & 5 cm.
The Pythagorean Theorem says that the three sides must follow this rule:
52 = 32 + 42 It works, as you can see:
25 = 9 + 16    
The Pythagorean Theorem can also be expressed a different way. If you draw the triangle
with squares on each side, it would look like this:

The theorem tells us that 52 = 32 + 42. This is equivalent to stating that the area of the
square on the hypotenuse is equal to the areas of the squares on the other two sides,
added together.
Or, in other words, 25 = 9 + 16
Pythagoras theorem
history part1
The Pythagorean theorem plays a significant role in many fields related to mathematics. For
example, it forms the basis of trigonometry, and in its arithmetic form, it combines both to
geometry and algebra. The theorem is a relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a
right triangle. It states that 'the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two other sides of any
right triangle will equal the square of the length of the hypotenuse'.

Mathematically, the theorem is usually written as: a2 + b2 = c2 - where a and b represent the
lengths of the two other sides of the triangle and c represents the length of the hypotenuse.

History

The history of the Pythagorean theorem can be divided as: knowledge of Pythagorean triples, the
relationship among the sides of a right triangle and their adjacent angles, and the proofs of the
theorem. Around 4000 years ago, the Babylonians and the Chinese were aware of the fact that a
triangle with the sides of 3, 4 and 5 must be a right triangle. They used this concept to construct
right angles and designed a right triangle by dividing a long string into twelve equal parts, such
that one side of the triangle is three, the second side is four and the third side is five sections long.
Pythagoras theorem
history part 2
Around 2500 BC, the Megalithic monuments in Egypt and Northern Europe comprised of right triangles
with integer sides. Bartel Leendert van der Waerden hypothesizes that the Pythagorean triples were
identified algebraically. During the reign of Hammurabi the Great (1790 – 1750 BC), the Mesopotamian
tablet Plimpton 32 consisted of many entries closely related to Pythagorean triples. In India (8th - 2nd
century BC), the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra comprised of a list of Pythagorean triples, a statement of the
theorem and the geometrical proof of the theorem for an isosceles right triangle.

Pythagoras (569–475 BC), used algebraic methods to construct Pythagorean triples. According to Sir
Thomas L. Heath, there was no ascription of the theorem for nearly five centuries after Pythagoras lived.
However, authors like Plutarch and Cicero attributed the theorem to Pythagoras in such a way that the
attribution was widely known and accepted. In 400 BC, Plato established a method for finding
Pythagorean triples which blended both algebra and geometry. Around 300 BC, in the Euclid's Elements,
the oldest existing axiomatic proof of the theorem is presented. The Chinese text Chou Pei Suan Ching
written between 500 BC and 200 AD had the visual proof of the Pythagorean theorem or 'Gougu
theorem' (as known in China) for the (3,4,5) triangle. During the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), the
Pythagorean triples appear in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art along with the mention of the
right triangles. The first recorded use of the theorem was in China as 'Gougu theorem', and in India as
the 'Bhaskara theorem'.

However, it is not yet confirmed whether Pythagoras was the first person to have found the relationship
between the sides of the right triangles, as no texts written by him were found. Nevertheless, the
theorem has still got his name credited to it
 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
METHODS
The Pythagorean theorem, stating that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
of the sides in a right triangle, is a fundamental concept in geometry and trigonometry.

There are many, many ways to prove the Pythagorean theorem.

This is what I think to be an interesting proof, by the use of two circles. It is number 89 in Loomis’s book.

Starting with a right triangle, we draw two circles:

Here, is right, and A and B are the centers of circles and respectively.

Now we draw some additional lines, extending AB to F and G:

In this diagram, we can prove that :

is right. This is an application of Thales’ theorem since DG is a diameter.

is right. This is given.

. Since , .

. This is because BC and BG are both radii of and is isosceles.

. The two triangles have two shared angles: and .

In a similar way, we can prove that .

The rest of the proof is algebraic rather than geometric. Let’s call the side AC to be b, BC=a, and AB=c.
Pythagoras theorem
problems
Word problems using the Pythagorean theorem
require you to draw or imagine a right triangle
where two of the sides are of known length.
When solving these problems, remember the
following:
The diagonal across a rectangle creates two
congruent right triangles.
The angle between two walls, and the angle
between the floor and a wall, is usually a right
angle.
Example 1: TV Screen Width
 Pythagoras
PYTHOGARAS (560BC - 480BC)
He was a Greek philosopher who
was responsible for important
developments in the history of
mathematics, astronomy, and the
theory of music.
He travelled widely in his youth
ck to edit Masterwith
text his father Mnesarchus, who
styles
was a gem merchant from Tyre.
cond level His family settled in the
Third level homeland of his mother, Pythais,.
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In Astronomy Pythagoras taught
that the Earth was a sphere at
the centre of the universe. He
recognized that the orbit of the
moon was inclined to the equator
of the earth, and he was one of
the first to realize that Venus as
an evening star, was the same
planet as the morning star. He
taught that the movements of
the planets travelling through
the universe created sounds, and
 Pythagoras theorem
images
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
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