PET—631 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND

GEOLOGY
THEORY PART:

ORIGIN , MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION.

RESERVOIR ROCKS AND TRAPPING MECHANISM.
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN.
WELLSITE GEOLOGY
CASE HISTORIES OF SELECTED OIL & GAS FIELDS.
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION.
LAB WORK:

STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL CONTOUR

ROBLEMS.
LITHOFACIES MAPS AND PANEL DIAGRAMS.
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Kerogene: Most of the organic Material (85-95%) found in source rocks consists of
Kerogene. It is a solid Pyrobitumen i.e insoluble in ordinary organic solvents. Heat is
required to break it. It is chiefly consists of C, H, O and less amount of N, S. It is found
in marine rocks usually in Shales, fine amorphous dark brown powder like coal dust.
Apparently kerogene is different types
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Formation of Petroleum
 Accumulation and preservation of plankton as an organic-rich
mud.

 Buried by many overlying layers and heated by burial

 Conversion of organic matter to oil (takes millions of years).

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 Heavy oil, light oil, and natural gas

represent increasing grades of
petroleum, formed with increasing
temperature during burial (affects oil/gas
ratio):

 Diagenesis: 0-100 m depth, < 50°C

 Catagenesis: 100 m to 3.5-5.0 km depth, 50-

150°C
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 Oil window
 3.5-6.2 km
 ~90-150°C

 Gas window
 6.2-9 km
 150-225°C
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To form an economic oil deposit:
 Source Rock
 oil shale - sedimentary
rock formed by
compaction of organic-
rich mud, buried and
heated

 Migration
 Petroleum has a lower
density than the rocks
overlying it

Allows it to move toward
the surface
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To form an economic oil deposit:
 Reservoir Rock
 Porous and
permeable rock
 Common reservoir
rocks
 Hold oil/gas in pore
spaces

Sandstone

Fractured limestone

 Often trapped by
impermeable layers,
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Regions of major known oil reserves

Where is the oil?
 About 2/3 of the world's
oil is
located in the Middle
East.

 Other important
reserves
include:
 Gulf of Mexico
 Venezuela
 West Siberia
 Libya

Nigeria