SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Cells Live in a Highly Protected milieu interieur
: Claude Bernard (1878)
CHAPTER 1 FOUNDATION OF PHYSIOLOGY - 2 environments of animals: 1. Milieu exterieur that physically surrounds the whole organisms; What is Physiology 2. Milieu interieur, in which the tissues and cells of the organism - the dynamic study of life; “vital” functions of living organisms and their live; (well-controlled liquid environment- ECF) “the organs, cell, and molecules organic liquid that circulates and bathes all the anatomic - structures perform (emanates) the functions [inextricably linked] elements of the tissues, thel ymph or the plasma.” : Medical Physiology - deals with how the human body functions --> - isolates the organs and tissues from the vagaries of the (depends) > how the human body function --> individual organ system external physical condition. function --> component cells function --> interaction among subcellular - some are continuous with ME; eg. Contents of the GITract, organelles and countless molecules. sweat ducts and renal tubules are all outside the body. - requires integrated understanding of events at molecular, cellular 3. “fixite du milieu interieur” - (the constancy of the ECF) is the and organ level. condition of “free, independent life.”organ differentiation is the exclusive property of higher organisms an that each organ Physiological Genomics is the Link Between the Organ and the Gene contributes to “compensate and equilibrate” against - individual organ systems must work hand-in-hand with each other; actions environmental changes. must be interdependent Individual cell types act in concert to support the constancy of the - cells must act in concert to perform the proper function of the organ or internal milieu--> <-- internal milieu provides these cell w/ culture tissue; sharing of information with cells in another organ and make decisions medium in w/c they can thrive appropriate for the cell and the person; cell release molecule --act-> neighboring cells or enters bloodstream --> cells (distance away) 4 Fundamental Properties Distinguish the Living Body eg. Neuron --axon(neurotransmitter mol.)--> rapid modulation of 1. Only living organisms exchange matter and energy with the another cell/organ activity. environment to continue their existence : Genome - (grand organizer) controls mol., cell & organs & their 2. Only living organisms can receive signals from their interaction environment and react accordingly 3. What distinguishes a living organisms is the life cycle of growth - Physiology intertwined with mol. Bio. Because DNA encodes the proteins and reproduction : cloning of genes - a candidate gene (homologous to one of known 4. The living organism is able to adapt to changing circumstances function) --> determien the fxn of the gene product : Physiological Genomics (functional gen.) - understanding of the roles Homeostatic mechanisms- Operating Through Sophisticated Feedback that genes play in physio ( from organ --> cell to Molecule --> gene) Control Mechanisms- are Responsible for Maintaining Constancy of the milieu interieur - physiological parameters (eg. Blood p.) may be under the control of many : Homeostasis- the control of a vital parameter. (eg. Arterial pressure genes; polymorphism of genes cause cumulative effect producing results of and blood volume) parameters (determine potential to modulate & mechanisms of the effect) - also occurs at the level of the single cell. Thus, cells regulates many of the same parameters that the body as a whole regulates.
: Negative Feedback Mechanism - responsible for homeostasis; (4 elements)
system must be able to sense vital parameter, compare the input signal with some internal reference value (set-point) thereby forming a difference signal, multiply the error signal by some proportionality factor to produce some sort of output signal, & the output signal must be able to activate an effector mechanism that opposes the source of the input signal and therby brings the vital parameter closer to the set-point. : Positive Feedback - the body controls a parameter : Redundancy - the more vital a parameter is, the more systems that the body mobilizes to regulate it.
-- a stable milieu interieur is a result of many homeostatic systems controllnig
many vital parameters
-- a well-regulated parameter is generally in a steady state. When a vital
parameter is well-regulated, it is not in equilibrium. Equilibrium is a state that does not involve energy consumption.
-- the adaptability of an organism depends on its ability to alter its response;
acclimatization; genetic factors
Medicine is the Study of “Physiology Gone Awry”
- physiology is a reference state to know how organs and systems fxn in the healthy person to grasp w/c components may be malfunctioning in a patient.