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Seminar Report Smart Parking Using Iot
Seminar Report Smart Parking Using Iot
Seminar Report Smart Parking Using Iot
CHAPTER.1
INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER.2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Kumar et al. proposed an approach for assisting autonomous vehicles in path planning
based on cloud collected remote sensor data. Chen et al. proposed “Robot as a Service” or
RaaS where the service is available in both hardware and software. Also, Wu et al. explored
“Cloud Manufacturing”, which is a cloud-based manufacturing model that is service-
oriented, customer-centric, and demand-driven. RaaS and Cloud Manufacturing focus on
planning and optimization, while we consider the whole automation hierarchy and focus on
direct digital control, which is much more challenging in terms of timeliness and reliability.
Several researchers/enterprises employed feedback controllers to manage their computing
systems. The employed feedback controllers can be acquired as a service through our
proposed cloud-based feedback control approach.
It has been recently proposed to offer certain industrial automation components
through the cloud. First, enterprise level (L4) asset management applications, such as SAPr,
are now offered through the cloud. Second, plant optimization (L3) can easily be offered
through the cloud. For example, Honeywell Attune TM [31] offers cloud-based services for
energy optimization. Although, it is mainly offered for building automation, the plant
version is conceptually the same. Third, HMI/SCADA (L2) is now offered in a virtualized
fashion as it is the case with Invensys Wonderworkers System Platform 2012 , which
indicates that offering L2 as a cloud service is only a matter of moving the virtual machines
(VMs) to the cloud. Finally, moving direct digital control (L1) to the cloud is challenging
due to timeliness and reliability requirements. We are not aware of any commercially
available system that offers direct
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CHAPTER.1
OVERVIEW
Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in
manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things,
cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the
fourth industrial revolution.Industry 4.0 fosters what has been called a "smart factory".
Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical
processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions.
Over the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with
each other and with humans in real-time both internally and across organizational
services offered and used by participants of the value chain.current usage of the term
has been criticized as essentially meaningless, in particular on the grounds that
technological innovation is continuous and the concept of a "revolution" in technology
innovation is based on a lack of knowledge of the detail .The characteristics given for
the German government's Industry 4.0 strategy are: the strong customization of products
under the conditions of highly flexible (mass-) production. The required automation
technology is improved by the introduction of methods of self-optimization, self-
configuration, self-diagnosis, cognition and intelligent support of workers in their
increasingly complex work.The largest project in Industry 4.0 as of July 2013 is the
BMBF leading-edge cluster "Intelligent Technical Systems Ostwestfalen-Lippe (it's
OWL)". Another major project is the BMBF project RES-COM,[15] as well as the
Cluster of Excellence "Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries".
In 2015, the European Commission started the international Horizon 2020 research
project CREMA (Providing Cloud-based Rapid Elastic Manufacturing based on the
XaaS and Cloud model) as a major initiative to foster the Industry 4.0 topic .From3D
prints to self-driving vehicles,Industry 4.0 technologies are propelling the
manufacturing industry with new means of efficiency,accuracy and reliability. The level
of intelligence offered today is only the beginning for what is to come
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CHAPTER.4
TECHNOLOGIES USED
4.1 IoT
IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics system which exploits
networking, sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology to deliver complete
systems for a product or service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and
performance when applied to any industry or system.IoT systems have applications
across industries through their unique flexibility and ability to be suitable in any
environment. They enhance data collection, automation, operations, and much more
through smart devices and powerful enabling technology.This tutorial aims to provide
you with a thorough introduction to IoT. It introduces the key concepts of IoT,
ideally using Any path/network and Any service .This implies addressing elements such
as Convergence, Content, Collections, Computing, Communication, and Connectivity.
The Internet of Things provides interaction among the
real/physical and the digital/virtual worlds. The physical entities have digital
counterparts and virtual representation and things become context aware and they can
sense, communicate, interact, exchange data, information and knowledge. Through the
use of intelligent decision-making algorithms in software applications, appropriate rapid
responses can be given to physical entity based on the very latest information collected
about physical entities and consideration of patterns in the historical data, either for the
same entity or for similar entities. These paves new dimension of IoT concept in the
domains such as supply chain management, transportation and logistics, aerospace, and
automotive, smart environments (homes, buildings, infrastructure), energy, defence,
agriculture, retail and more. The vision of IoT is to use smart technologies to connect
things any-time, any-place for anything. The IoT was started in the year 1998 and the
term Internet of Things was first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999. Fig. 1
IoT-product-services
Hardware
logic (based on Fleisch et al. Thing-basedPhysical IT-basedDigital
2014 THING + IT = +
Software function Local service Global
Storage Automatic
Bin IoTstack
capacity replenishment
The Internet of Things has been evolved in a tremendous way over the past decade and
still IoT is an emerging trend for researchers in both academia and industry. Many
findings of IoT reported in literature presents meaningful definitions. According to
CASAGRAS project [1]: “A global network infrastructure linking physical and virtual
objects through the exploitation of data capture and communication capabilities. This
infrastructure includes existing and evolving Internet and network developments. It will
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offer specific object identification, sensor and connection capability as the basis for the
development of independent cooperative services and applications. CERP[2],
emphasizes the internetworking between heterogeneous ‘smart’ devices such as sensors,
actuators, computers and smart phones etc., and the use of services over the internet.
Any application development framework for the IoT, therefore, needs to support these
heterogeneous devices. According to the IEEE Internet of Things journal, An IoT
system is a network of networks where, typically, a massive number of
objects/things/sensors/devices are connected through communications and information
infrastructure to provide value-added services via intelligent data processing and
management for different applications. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing
concept that describes a future where everyday physical objects will be connected to the
Internet and will be able to identify themselves to other devices. The term is closely
identified with RFID as the method of communication, although it could also include
other sensor technologies, other wireless technologies, QR codes, etc. According to The
Internet of Things European Research Cluster (IERC) definition [3] states that IoT is a
dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual
“things” have identities,
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the light bulb is however enhanced with IoT technology, it may additionally detect
human presence and serve as a low-cost security system, which in the event of an
intrusion activates a flashing light mode and sends an alert to the owner’s smartphone.
Similarly, the primary thing-based function of a bin is to provide storage capacity. But
when the bin is enriched with IoT technology it may moreover measure andmonitor its
own weight, thus detect levels of low stock and offer an automatic replenishment
service. And while the primary thing-based function of a tractor may be to tow other
farm equipment, a connection of the tractor to the IoT could facilitate IT-based
predictive maintenance and optimization services (Fleisch et al. 2014). The impact
which IoT technologies can have is however not limited to the value created by
individual connected products. Instead, the functions of one product may be further
enhanced if it is connected to related products and thus becomes part of a product
system. For instance, a connected tractor may form part of a larger farm equipment
system, which could include, e.g., additional tractors, harvesters, balers, or drills, and
monitor the location as well as key performance indicators of the machines to optimize
the overall equipment efficiency of the larger fleet. And goingbeyond even such product
systems, the combination of multiple, previously disparate product systems, e.g., farm
equipment systems, weather data systems, seed optimization and irrigation systems,
may lead to systems of systems, which have the capacity to expand existing industry
boundaries and shake competitive dynamics (Porter andHeppelmann 2014)
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The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors,
active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given
below:
AI – IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances
every aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence
algorithms, and networks. This can mean something as simple as enhancing your
refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low,
and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
2.Connectivity – New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically
IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major
providers. Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still
being practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
3.Sensors – IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining
instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices
into an active system capable of real-world integration.
4.Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with connected technology
happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active
content, product, or service engagement.
5. Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and
more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its
precision, scalability, and versatility.
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a lot of ways that change with context. Examples of CPS include smart grid,
autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, robotics
systems, and automatic pilot avionics. CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches,
merging theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, design and process science.[3][4][5] The
process control is often referred to as embedded systems. In embedded systems, the
emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements, and less on an intense link
between the computational and physical elements. CPS is also similar to the Internet of
Things (IoT), sharing the same basic architecture; nevertheless, computational elements.
CPS presents a higher combination and coordination between physical and
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running directly on the physical hardware. Linux croups and namespaces are the
underlying Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers.
Containerization offers higher performance than virtualization, because there is no
hypervisor overhead. Also, container capacity auto-scales dynamically with computing
load, which eliminates the problem of over-provisioning and enables usage-based
billing.[60] IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk-
image library, raw block storage, file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP
addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles.The NIST's
definition of cloud computing describes IaaS as "where the consumer is able to deploy
and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The
consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control
over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control
of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of
equipment installed in data centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use
either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks). To deploy their
applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software
on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the
operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS
services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and
consumed.[citation needed]
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The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of
some of the advantages that IoT has to offer:
Improved Customer Engagement – Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and
significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT
completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement
with audiences.
Technology Optimization – The same technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent
improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field
data.
Reduced Waste – IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give
us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more
effective management of resources.
Enhanced Data Collection – Modern data collection suffers from its limitations
and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it
exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an
accurate picture of everything.
Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of
challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues:
Security – IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices
communicating
over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures.
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This leaves
users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
Privacy – The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in
extreme detail without the user's active participation.
Complexity – Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design,
deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a
large set of new enabling technologies.
Flexibility – Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to
integrate easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several
conflicting or locked systems.
Compliance – IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must
comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem
incredibly challenging when many consider standard software compliance a
battle.
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CHAPTER.5
DESIGN
5.1 IoT
There are four design principles in Industry 4.0. These principles support companies in
identifying and implementing Industry 4.0 scenarios.
Interconnection: The ability of machines, devices, sensors, and people to connect and
communicate with each other via the Internet of Things (IoT) or the Internet of People
(IoP).
Information transparency: The transparency afforded by Industry 4.0 technology
provides operators with vast amounts of useful information needed to make appropriate
decisions. Interconnectivity allows operators to collect immense amounts of data and
information from all points in the manufacturing process, thus aiding functionality and
identifying key areas that can benefit from innovation and improvement.
PARKING NETWORK:
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The architecture is shown in Fig.4.4, where the dashed lines indicate wireless link and
the solid lines indicates wired link. This type of parking network includes routers that
form as the infrastructure for connected clients. The CPN infrastructure/backbone can be
built to allow sensor networks to connect using wireless radio technologies. The routers
form a self-configuring and self-healing link network.
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CHAPTER.6
WORKING
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a manner similar to the field gateway server, we propose a control room redundant
gateway server to reliably carry on advanced functions, such as security and message
scheduling. To show how to maintain the timeliness and reliability of migrated
functionalities, we study L1, since it’s the most challenging layer as we discussed in
Section 1.3. We propose (i) an adaptive delay compensator (Section 4) which mitigates
the effect of communication delays on the remotely-controlled physical plant, and (ii) a
distributed fault tolerance algorithm (Section 5) which enables the controlled plant to
maintain operation under controller/link
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T(z) = C(z)P(z)/(1+C(z)P(z)).
The objective is to find a controller C¯(z) for the process P(z)z−(k+l)such that the closed
loop transfer function is
T*(z) = T(z)z−(k+l), which involves solving the following equation for C¯(z):
(1)
(2)
Fig. 5 shows our proposed design of the virtualized controller, which has two main
components: (i) controller with delay compensator, and (ii) communication delay
estimator. The controller with delay compensator is shown in the dashed box which is a
block diagram of the controller described by Eq.( 2) with the combined feedforward and
feedback delays z−(k+l), i.e., the roundtrip delay. It uses C(z) which is the original
controller designed for the process P(z) with no delays. It also needs an approximation
of the process transfer function which is denoted by Pˆ(z).
In practice, a simple first or second-order approximation is sufficient [28]. The second
component is shown in the black box in Fig. 5, and it estimates the roundtrip delay
between the process and the remote controller. The roundtrip delay is used in the delay
block z−(k+l) Our delay estimator employs an exponentially weighted moving average to
estimate the communication delay mean as Di = αdi + (1 − α)Di−1, where Di is the
estimated mean delay and di is the measured delay at discrete time instant i.
Similarly, our estimator employs an exponentially weighted moving variance
to estimate the delay variance as
Vi = α(di − Di)2 + (1 − α)Vi−1
where Vi is the estimated variance at discrete time instant i. The delay value in the
delay block is adjusted to
Dc = b(Di +hVi1/2)/Tsc,
where Ts is the sampling period, and h is a positive parameter to accommodate for
delay values larger than the mean.
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SYSTEM OPERATIONS:
Thus, the estimator adjusts to changes of delay while not overreacting to short delay
spikes. Now, we go back to the delay block introduced in Fig. 4(d). Introducing such
delay is insignificant to the operation of the system for two reasons. First, set points are
kept constant for extremely long periods if not for the entire system lifetime. In control
theory, a delayed version of such constant function is the same constant function.
Second, even in the infrequent cases where set point has to be changed, it is often
performed by a human operator. Adding a few tens or even hundreds of milliseconds of
delay is insignificant to the operator response (several seconds, to reach a knob or
software slider and to update the value).In summary, the novelty of the proposed
approach is that adding a single artificial delay block outside the control loop
transformed the challenging cloud-based control problem to that of controlling a process
with dead-time, which is solved using Smith Predictors. Using our adaptive version of
Smith Predictor enables moving the controllers to a distant cloud provider without
changing the design of the original controller or the process being controlled.
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G2 If the failed primary controller recovers, it takes over, forcing the secondary
controller out of action. This guarantee is desirable when the secondary VM and/or link
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are chosen to be of less quality than the primary for cost savings. This guarantee is also
generalizable to higher redundancy.
For RCC to provide such guarantees, we define the system state as the tuple
(a,u1,u2,u3,...), where a is the last controller action executed by the actuator, and ui is
the time elapsed since the last action performed by the redundant controller Ci. To be
visible to all controllers, RCC stores the state tuple in the memory of the control I/O
interface module as shown in Fig. 6. The state tuple is initialized when the I/O interface
is first turned on. The last action a can be initialized arbitrarily according to the process
design. The time since last action ui is initialized to ∞ to indicate that the controller Ci
has never acted. We note that RCC does not require any clock synchronization. First,
RCC does not use absolute timestamps to measure the time ui elapsed since a controller
Ci last acted. Instead, it performs relative delay measurements through time counters in
the control I/O interface. Second, RCC is a periodic, soft real-time task whose relative
deadline is equal to its sampling period. As a result, the core control algorithm is
executed on every sampling period and is required to finish any time before the
beginning of the next period. Delaying a control action within the same sampling period
does not compromise the running control algorithm [36] because the process will still be
receiving one action per sampling period. For these two reasons, RCC can run
asynchronously on all VMs, and backup controller(s) could be started any time after the
primary is started, without having to synchronize the clocks of the VMs hosting the
controllers.
Detailed Operation
Fig. 7 shows the pseudocode of RCC which runs on top of every controller. We refer to
the algorithm line numbers between parentheses. In addition to the Initialization step,
RCC runs three steps in each sampling period: Polling, Computing, and Conditional
Acting. The Initialization step (lines 2-7) runs on the very first cycle, where RCC
initializes the ID i (line 4) and the engagement threshold Di (line 5) for controller Ci to
guarantee that only one controller is engaged at a time. IDs are set as 1 for the primary, 2
for the secondary, and so on. Also, for any controller pair (Ci, Cj) where i > j, the
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engagement thresholds must satisfy Di > Dj ≥ Ts, where Ts is the sampling period.
Then, the main steps are executed with every sampling period. The Polling step (lines 8-
13) fetches the following variables from the I/O interface (line 9):
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higher than that of the secondary controller. Before the value of lastActnAge(1) crosses
the tertiary controller’s engagement threshold, the secondary controller would have
already acted. Thus, when the tertiary polls the state on the following sampling period,
lastActnAge(2) would have incremented to δ , such that 0 ≤ δ ≤ Ts which is less than the
tertiary’s threshold, forcing the iAmEngaged flag for the tertiary controller to become
FALSE. The tertiary controller will get engaged if and only if both the primary and
secondary controllers become unavailable. This addresses guarantee G1. If the primary
controller recovers from failure, it will gain control over the process since it always
operates in the engaged mode, forcing the secondary controller into the standby mode.
Upon resetting lastActnAge(1) for the primary controller, the secondary will detect the
recent primary action whose age is less than the secondary’s engagement threshold. As a
result, the iAmEngaged flag for the secondary controller will turn FALSE, causing it to
operate in the standby mode. The same discussion applies to any two controllers when
the lower-ID controller recovers from failure, achieving guarantee G2
Switching between controllers may result in a “bump” in the process output, which
would violate guarantee G3. This occurs if the final value of the original controller
action is not equal to the initial value of the new controller action. The main reason for
this is that the redundant controllers do not necessarily start at the same time. With most
controllers having an integrator component, the output of the controllers will not be the
same since their integration intervals have different start times. To achieve smooth
handover between cloud controllers, we propose to use the bumpless transfer concept
from control theory [5, 32] in our cloud controllers. Bumpless transfer is originally
designed to support switching from “manual” to “auto” control, and it is supported by
most commercial PID controllers, which constitute more than 90% of the controllers
employed in the industry [6, 12]. Bumpless transfer for PID controllers is achievable
through adjusting the initial value of the integrator [32]. Other bumpless transfer
methods have been proposed for advanced “auto” controllers, e.g., [5]. The smooth
handover feature is implemented within the controller() function introduced in Fig. 7.
Assume we have two standard PID controllers: a primary Ci in the engaged mode, and a
backup Cj in the standby mode. After each of the controllers computes the proportional
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component, P, and the derivative component, D, the modified controller() function for
each of the controllers evaluates the following logical condition: (not iAmEngaged) or
firstCycle. If the condition is TRUE, it will adjust the integrator initial value as follows:
integInitVal = lastActn - P - D;, which means that integrator initial value will be
modified by subtracting the proportional and the derivative components P, D. This
means that except for the first sampling period, the engaged controller Ci runs the PID
control algorithm without applying the modification because the logical condition is
FALSE (note that (not iAmEngaged) is FALSE for the engaged controller). On the other
hand, for the standby controller Cj, the overall condition will be TRUE, so it overrides
the regular value of the PID integrator by forcing it to be equal to the last control action
(which was computed by the engaged controller, Ci) by subtracting P, D. In short, the
smooth handover feature corrects any deviation of the integrator of Cj so it matches the
integrator of Ci. Consequently, if Ci fails, and Cj takes over, then Cj starts with an action
that is equal to the last action of Ci. On the initial sampling periods (i.e., when first
Cycle is TRUE), all controllers are required to correct the initial values of their
integrators. This enables smooth handover between a recovered Ca with the currently
engaged controller Cb if a < b. This is why RCC sets firstCycleto TRUE upon timeouts
in Fig. 7. Consider a case where an engaged controller Ca suffers a link failure whereby
the Polling step times out, and a backup controller Cb is swapped in. If the link
recovers, then Ca takes over again after performing smooth handover with Cb because
upon recovery, the firstCycle flag of Ca will be TRUE.
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CHAPTER.7
DISCUSSION
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IoT
CHAPTER.8
CONCLUSION
From this study it is clear that, this method increases the efficiency of the
current cloud-based-parking system and develops a network architecture based on
internet-of-things technology. This system will help users automatically and a
free parking space at the least cost. By using this method it will helps for improve
the probability of successful parking and minimizes the user waiting time. This is
the main advantage. The system benefits of smart parking go well beyond
avoiding the needless circling of city blocks. It also enables cities to develop fully
integrated multimodal intelligent transportation systems. The average waiting
time of each car park for service becomes minimal, and the total time of each
vehicle in each car park is reduced. In the future study, security aspects of the
system should be considered and implement the proposed system in large scales
in the real world.
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IoT
By 2020, there will be nearly a million "smart" parking spaces around the
world, according to navigation research. More municipalities and corporations
are adopting the technology, for a variety of reasons. Chiefly, municipalities are
turning to the tech, which typically consists of sensors installed in parking lots
that alert drivers with compatible interfaces when they open up—but can also
send signals to cops when
a car has overstayed its
meter share—to clear up
congestion.
As Navigant
notes, some 30% of a
given city's traffic
gridlock is caused by
drivers circling the
blocks, looking for a spot.
Smart parking aims to
eliminate both the
unpleasantness and the
arterial clog in the city's traffic flows.
Smart-parking technology for on-street spaces is expensive, and still in its early
stages. The largest examples are pilot projects with costs covered primarily by
grants from the federal Department of Transportation. In San Francisco, the SF
park pilot project uses sensors from Street Smart Technology for 7,000 of the
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IoT
city’s 28,000 meters. In Los Angeles, LA Express Park has installed sensors from
Street line for 6,000 parking spots on downtown streets."
These programs are linked to smart phone apps, and the city encourages drivers
to tune in. And while the Times is right that these efforts are expensive right now,
parking is actually a huge industry: it employs 1 million people and rakes in $27
billion a year. There's room for real competition in who can provide the smartest,
and least painful services. Not to mention an incentive for cities to install the
smartest tech to squeeze to maximize ticket fee revenues.
All of this shows we're moving towards a world where scavenging for a parking
place will increasingly be a thing of the past—both because smart parking tech is
improving and becoming more ubiquitous, and because car ownership itself is
finally stalling out. Navigant says we may have hit "peak car ownership." All of
which is good news; it means a shrinking carbon footprint (driving is the second
biggest emitter worldwide) and less wasted time. If there's one thing we can all
agree on about the future, it's that we don't want to spend it looking for places to
park.
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IoT
REFERENCE
[1] A Cloud-Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internet-of-Things
Technologies, THANH NAM PHAM, MING-FONG TSAI1, DUC BINH
NGUYEN1, CHYI-REN DOW1, AND DER-JIUNN DENG date of
publication September 9, 2015, date of current version September 23,
2015.
[6] A Survey on “Smart Parking” System Faiz Shaikh1, Nikhil kumar B.S.2,
Omkar Kulkarni3, Pratik Jadhav4 ,Saideep Bandarkar5
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