This document summarizes research on visual adaptation and retinal gain control. It discusses how the retina uses gain control mechanisms to adapt visual sensitivity over different illumination levels, allowing vision to work in both dim and bright lights. Gain control occurs through adjustments in photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. The chapter reviews psychophysical laws of light adaptation, empirical findings on how different retinal cell types change their gain, and theories to explain the retinal mechanisms underlying gain control and visual sensitivity.
This document summarizes research on visual adaptation and retinal gain control. It discusses how the retina uses gain control mechanisms to adapt visual sensitivity over different illumination levels, allowing vision to work in both dim and bright lights. Gain control occurs through adjustments in photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. The chapter reviews psychophysical laws of light adaptation, empirical findings on how different retinal cell types change their gain, and theories to explain the retinal mechanisms underlying gain control and visual sensitivity.
This document summarizes research on visual adaptation and retinal gain control. It discusses how the retina uses gain control mechanisms to adapt visual sensitivity over different illumination levels, allowing vision to work in both dim and bright lights. Gain control occurs through adjustments in photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. The chapter reviews psychophysical laws of light adaptation, empirical findings on how different retinal cell types change their gain, and theories to explain the retinal mechanisms underlying gain control and visual sensitivity.
ROBERT SHAPLEY AND CHRISTINA ENROTH-CUGELL Laboratory o f Biophysics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA and Departments of Neurobiology & Physiology, and Engineering Sciences & Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, lllinois 60201, USA
1.1. T e r m i n o l o g y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 1.2. T h e P u r p o s e o f A d a p t a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 2. Psychophysical Laws of Light Adaptation ............................................ 276 2.1. T h e R o d S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 2.2. T h e C o n e S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 3. Gain a n d C o n t r a s t G a i n in R e t i n a l G a n g l i o n Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 3.1. G a i n C o n t r o l in the S c o t o p i c R a n g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 3.2. G a i n C o n t r o l in the P h o t o p i c R a n g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 3.3. Contrast Gain ................................................................ 303 3.4. E f f e c t o f A d a p t a t i o n o n the Size o f the Receptive Field C e n t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 3.5. A d a p t a t i o n a l P o o l i n g a n d R e c e p t i v e Field Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 3.6. G a i n C o n t r o l a n d R e c e p t i v e Field Size A c r o s s the P o p u l a t i o n o f G a n g l i o n Cells . . . . . . 312 3.7. T h e E f f e c t o f the R e c e p t i v e F i e l d S u r r o u n d o n the G a i n o f the C e n t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 3.8. A Different kind of Gain Control: The Contrast Gain Control ..................... 316 3.9. T i m e C o u r s e o f G a i n A d j u s t m e n t in R e t i n a l G a n g l i o n Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 4. Gain as a F u n c t i o n o f I l l u m i n a t i o n in A m a c r i n e Cells, B i p o l a r Cells, a n d H o r i z o n t a l Cells . 320 4.1. A m a c r i n e Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 4.2. B i p o l a r Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 4.3. H o r i z o n t a l Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 5. G a i n C o n t r o l in P h o t o r e c e p t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 5.1. P h o t o r e c e p t o r s which A d a p t a lot a n d S a t u r a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 5.2. P h o t o r e c e p t o r s which S a t u r a t e b u t d o n o t A d a p t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 6. T h e o r i e s o f R e t i n a l G a i n C o n t r o l a n d t h e D e t e r m i n a n t s o f Visual Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 6.1. T h e o r i e s o f the R e t i n a l G a i n C o n t r o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 6.2. Retinal G a i n a n d Visual Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 7. Retrospective and Conclusion ....................................................... 337 Appendix 1 -- Retinal Neurons ......................................................... 337 A p p e n d i x 2 - - Receptive Fields ......................................................... 340 Acknowledgements .................................................................... 342 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
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