CHE F243

Material Science and

BITS Pilani Engineering

Sutapa Roy Ra
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS SCIENCE
&
ENGINEERING
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Stone Age Bronze Age

2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO 2000 BC TO 1000 BC

Use of weapons made of stone Alloys of Copper and Tin

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 IRON AGE

1000 BC TO 500 BC

Use of iron alloys

Age of Advanced materials:

ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites….
Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties,
processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of
new materials.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
ADVANCED MATERIALS

Materials are...
engineered structures...not blackboxes!
Structure...has many dimensions...
THE SCALE OF THINGS
Things Natural Things Manmade

MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) Devices

Head of a pin 10 -100 m wide
1-2 mm

Dust mite
300 m Red blood cells
Pollen grain

Cat
~ 0.3 m

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 100 m 1 meter (m)

10-1 m 0.1 m
100 mm

0.01 m
10-2 m 1 cm
10 mm

Fly ash Indium arsenide

~ 10-20 m
10-3 m 1 millimeter (mm) quantum dot
Quantum dot array --
germanium dots on silicon

Magnetic domains garnet

10-4 m 0.1 mm
film
11 m wide stripes 100 m

Microworld
The
10-5 m 0.01 mm
10 m

Biomotor using ATP

10-6 m 1 micrometer ( m)
spectrum
Visible

DNA
~2 nm wide 0.1 m
10-7 m
100 nm
Nanoworld
The

10-8 m 0.01 m
10 nm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
positioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm

Atoms of silicon
10-9 m 1 nanometer (nm)
spacing ~tenths of nm

10-10 m 0.1 nm

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Materials Science and
Engineering
Materials Science
– The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist
between the structures and properties of materials.

Materials Engineering
– The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of properties based on
established structure-property correlation.

Four Major Components of Material Science and

Engineering:

– Structure of Materials
– Properties of Materials
– Processing of Materials
– Performance of Materials

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

What is Materials Science and
Engineering?

 Composition means the chemical make-up of a

material.
 Structure means a description of the
arrangements of atoms or ions in a material.
 Synthesis is the process by which materials are
made from naturally occurring or other
chemicals.
 Processing means different ways for shaping
materials into useful components or changing
their properties.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Processing
Materials
Optimization Loop

Performance

Structure Properties
Observational

Material science is the investigation of the relationship among

processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Properties

Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and
external forces.

Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces, strength, etc.

Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic
fields, conductivity, etc.
Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat
capacity.
Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of
light.
Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion
resistance.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Classification of Materials

 Metals and Alloys

 Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass-ceramics
 Polymers (plastics), Thermoplastics and
Thermosets
 Semiconductors
 Composite Materials

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Representative examples, applications, and
properties for each category of materials

Example of Applications Properties

Metals and Alloys

Gray cast iron Automobile engine blocks Castable, machinable,
vibration damping
Ceramics and
Glasses
SiO2-Na2O-CaO Window glass Optically transparent,
thermally insulating
Polymers
Polyethylene Food packaging Easily formed into
thin, flexible, airtight film

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Continued

Example of Applications Properties

Semiconductors
Silicon Transistors and integrated Unique electrical
circuits behavior

Composites Carbide cutting tools for High hardness, yet

Tungsten machining good shock resistance
-carbide cobalt
(WC-Co)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Metals

Metallic Materials
have :
1). High strength and
formability
2). Ductility (plastic
deformation)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Golden Gate Bridge,
connecting San
Francisco and Martin
County, opened on
May 27, 1937, as the
longest suspension
bridge of 2,737 meters.

Most of the
bridges and
high rising
buildings are
constructed with
steels.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

The Sundial Bridge in Redding, California is a 66 meter pedestrian
walkway.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Incheon Bridge (6 lanes) : Songdo – Incheon Int’l Airport
Total length : 21.38㎞, Length over the sea : 12.12 km.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Ceramics
Metal oxides, MxOy,
are no longer metals
but called Ceramics.

Ceramics have the

properties ;
➊. Chemically stable
➋. Very high melting
point
➌. high strength but
very brittle

Used in high temperature,

corrosive environments,
various furnaces, chemical
processing systems.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 High-temperature sodium vapor lamp made possible by
use of a translucent Al2O3 cylinder for containing the
sodium vapor.

Lucalox lamps (GE trade name) :

High Pressure Sodium High Intensity Discharge Lamp for streetlights.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Polymers
Polymers are long-
chain molecules
composed of many
(100s to 1,000s)
“mers” bonded
together.

Polymers brought
major impact of
modern engineering
technology on
everyday life.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Semiconductors

There are three semiconducting

elements (Si, Ge, & Sn in IV A),
which serve a kind of boundary
between metallic (II B, III A) and
nonmetallic elements(V A, VI A).
Si and Ge are excellent examples
of elemental semiconductors.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Composites
Composites are another set of
materials made up of some
combination of individual materials
from the previous categories
materials with their own bonding
characteristics.

The excellent example is fiberglass, the

composite of glass fibers embedded in a
polymer matrix

Characteristic of good composites is

producing a product that is superior
to either of the components
separately that is it has both high
strength and excellent flexibility.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Composites continued

Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in

modern high-performance tires.

Kevlar fiber reinforcements provide significant advances over traditional

fibers for polymer-matrix composites.

Kevlar is a DuPont trade name for poly p-phenyleneterephthalamide (PPD-T), a

para-aramid fiber.

Kevlar-reinforced polymers to be composites are used in pressure vessels and tires.

The strength-to-weight ratio of Kevlar is five times higher than that of
structural steels.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Classification according to
atomic structure
Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and
spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together.
Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are
shiny if polished.

Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are

shared between atoms). Their electrical properties
depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants.
Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Classification according to
atomic structure
Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative
ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are
usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with
oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and
carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass,
porcelain.

Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak

van der Waals forces, and usually based on C and H.
They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 – 400
C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Functional Classification of
Materials
Aerospace
 Biomedical
 Electronic Materials
 Energy Technology and Environmental
Technology
 Magnetic Materials
 Photonic or Optical Materials
 Smart Materials
 Structural Materials

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
Classification of Materials-
Based on Structure
 Crystalline material is a material comprised of one or
many crystals. In each crystal, atoms or ions show a
long-range periodic arrangement.
 Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made of
only one crystal (there are no grain boundaries).
 Grains are the crystals in a polycrystalline material.
 Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of
many crystals (as opposed to a single-crystal material
that has only one crystal).
 Grain boundaries are regions between grains of a
polycrystalline material.
 Amorphous material : materials with no long range order
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
The Materials Selection
Process
Application ---- Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

Properties --- Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

Material --- Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Different materials exhibit different crystal structures
and resultant Properties

Different materials exhibit different microstructures

and resultant Properties

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

ADVANCES IN MATERIALS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with
microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100
nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic
components, materials for quantum computing.

• Smart materials: Materials which have the ability to

sense external stimuli and respond by changing their
properties, airplane wings that deice themselves,
buildings that stabilize themselves in earthquakes…

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

•Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or
photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste
processing, etc.

• Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard

tissue can be as strong as the most advanced
laboratory-produced ceramics, mollusks produce
biocompatible adhesives that we do not know how to
reproduce…

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus