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Filedownload, 45119, en PDF
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Chapter 7.2
Pitched roofs
CONTENTS SCOPE
DESIGN Clause Page This Chapter gives guidance on meeting the Technical
Requirements and recommendations for pitched roofs,
Design standards D1 1
including trussed rafter and traditional cut roofs, vertical
Statutory requirements D2 1 tiling, weatherproofing and insulation.
Loadbearing structure D3-D4 1
Trussed rafter roofs D5 1
Traditional cut roofs D6 2
Timber treatment D7 3
Weathertightness D8-D9 3-4
Insulation and control of condensation D10-D11 4
Fire spread D12-D13 5
Access D14 5
Roof drainage D15 6
Provision of information D16-D17 6
MATERIALS
Materials standards M1 5
Structural timber M2-M3 6
Restraint straps and holding down straps M4 6
Roofing materials M5 6
Reclaimed materials M6 7
SITEWORK
Sitework standards S1 7
Wall plates S2 7
Strapping S3 8
Trussed rafters S4-S6 8
Traditional cut roofs S7-S8 9
Water tank supports S9 10
Fascias, bargeboards and soffits S10 10
Roofing materials S11 10
Flashings and weatherings S12 12
Fire-stopping S13 14
Thermal insulation S14 14
7.2
APPENDIX 7.2-A
Roof tile fixings 15
APPENDIX 7.2-B
Bracing requirements for trussed rafter roofs 16
APPENDIX 7.2-C
Tank support details 18
APPENDIX 7.2-D
Sizes and spacing of tile battens 19
APPENDIX 7.2-E
Strutting for attic trusses and cut roofs 19
that have a floor
APPENDIX 7.2-F
Durability classification of natural slates 19
INDEX 20
7.2
Wind loads appropriate to the site location traditional cut roofs should be supported
on timber wall plates. Items to be taken into account include:
should be calculated in accordance with BS
EN 1991-1-4. The roof should be designed to (a) recognised design standards
Wall plates should be as detailed in Clause
resist wind uplift. This resistance is often D6(b) with regard to the table concerning Trussed rafters should be designed in
provided by the weight of the roof itself minimum sizes. Fixings to connect the roof accordance with BS 5268-3 (or PD 6693-2
but holding down straps should be structure to the wall plate should be when published). Truss manufacturers may
provided where the self weight of the roof specified having regard to the roof have their own computer programs for
is insufficient. construction and the exposure conditions calculating truss designs in accordance
of the site. with the British Standard.
(c) holding down straps
Holding down straps may be required in For trussed rafter roofs not subject to (b) design information
certain geographical locations and with uplift, the minimum fixing should be two To ensure that trussed rafters are correctly
certain types of roof construction. Some 4.5mm x 100mm long galvanized round designed and fabricated, and are suitable
roof covering manufacturers provide wire nails, skew nailed, one from each side for their intended purpose, an accurate
detailed guidance. of the trussed rafter. Alternatively, truss
specification is necessary.
clips can be used, fixed in accordance with
Where holding down straps are necessary, manufacturers’ instructions. BS 5268-3 (or PD 6693-2 when published)
they should have a minimum cross section gives a list of information to be supplied to
In Scotland, nails should be appropriate to
of 30mm x 2.5mm and be fixed at the truss manufacturer, including the:
wall plate dimensions.
maximum 2m centres. Steel straps with a • height and location of building with
galvanized finish are normally acceptable. (b) holding down straps reference to unusual wind conditions
The design should detail how straps are to In situations where the roof is required to • profile of the trussed rafter, including
be fixed and what materials are to be used. resist uplift, skew nailing is unlikely to camber, if required
The durability of fixings should be provide sufficient strength. Appropriate • span of the trussed rafter
compatible with the straps. metal straps should be used. • pitch or pitches of the roof
• method of support and position (i) combined trussed rafter and cut roofs
of supports Particular care is needed where trussed
• type and weights of roof tiles or rafters and a cut roof are combined in a
covering, including sarking, insulation roof design. The designer should provide
trimming
and ceiling materials trussed details of the complete roof. Trussed
rafters
• size and approximate position of any rafters supporting traditional cut roof
water tanks or other equipment to be members should be designed by an
supported on the trussed rafters Engineer in accordance with Technical
• overhang of rafters at eaves and other Requirement R5.
eaves details
• positions and dimensions of hatches, a (j) strutting to attic trusses
chimneys and other openings c The part of an attic truss which forms a
b
• use of the building with reference to any floor should have strutting in accordance
unusual environmental conditions b with Appendix 7.2-E.
• type of preservative treatment, (e) mono-pitch trusses and
where required girder trusses TRADITIONAL CUT ROOFS
• spacing of trussed rafters and special Hipped roofs constructed with trussed
rafters will generally require a series of 7.2 - D6 Cut roofs shall be designed to
timber sizes, where these are required
diminishing mono-pitched trusses support applied loads and self weight
to match existing construction.
supported by a girder truss. without undue movement
The building designer should ensure that
Items to be taken into account include:
the design of the roof as a whole is The bearing of mono-pitched trusses into
satisfactory in achieving the overall shoes should be as follows: (a) recognised design standards
stability of the complete structure. This Sizes of certain roof members for basic
includes its connection to, and Span Minimum Minimum
pitched roofs are given in TRADA
bearing thickness
compatibility with, the supporting Eurocode 5 span tables (3rd edition) and
length of truss
structure and adjacent elements of member BS 8103.
the building.
Less than 4m 50mm 35mm Where spans, sizes, spacing or strength
(c) bracing 4m or more 75mm 35mm
classes of timber are outside the scope of
The building designer should specify all authoritative tables or where the form of
bracing. Trussed rafter roofs should be roof is other than a basic pitched roof, the
Alternative bearings should be designed by
braced in accordance with Table 1 in roof should be designed by an Engineer in
an Engineer in accordance with Technical
Appendix 7.2-B, unless the roof is designed accordance with Technical Requirement
Requirement R5.
and braced in accordance with BS 5268-3 R5. Calculations should be based on BS EN
(or PD 6693-2 when published). (f) water tank support 1995-1-1 and BS 5268-3 (or PD 6693-2
Where water tanks are supported by roof when published).
All timber bracing to trussed rafters should
trusses, their load should be transferred to
be at least 100mm x 25mm in section and (b) member sizes
the node points of the trussed rafter and
twice nailed to each trussed rafter and to Unless the roof is designed by an Engineer
spread over at least three trussed rafters
the wallplate. Nailing should be 3.35mm (10 in accordance with Technical Requirement
in accordance with BS 5268-3 (or PD
gauge) x 65mm long galvanized round R5, traditionally, nominal sizes of members
6693-2 when published).
wire nails. would be as follows:
A correct method of water tank support is
(d) spacing
shown in Appendix 7.2-C. Member Minimum size
Trussed rafters should not be spaced at (mm)
centres greater than 600mm. Where this Proprietary tank support systems should
7.2
7.2
appropriate authority in accordance with non-ferrous metal and of the same
• wall plates Technical Requirement R3. material to avoid electrolytic action.
• battens for fixing vertical cladding.
Proprietary roof coverings including roof Where lead is used, soakers should be at
The level of durability of all the above lights should be assessed in accordance least Code 3 and flashings, gutters,
members can be achieved by natural with Technical Requirement R3. saddles, etc should be Code 4 or better.
durability or treatment with preservative.
Reference should be made to Chapter 2.3 (e) roof underlays In the case of gutters behind parapet walls,
‘Timber preservation (natural solid timber)’ An underlay should be provided for all provision should be made for an overflow
(each section) for guidance. tiled roofs. in case the outlet becomes blocked.
The underlay may be felt to BS EN 13707 or (h) weathering details where a pitched
WEATHERTIGHTNESS a proprietary sarking membrane complying roof intersects with a continuous
7.2 - D8 Roofs shall be designed to with Technical Requirement R3. Where waterproof membrane
satisfactorily resist the passage of rain the underlay is exposed at eaves level it For information on intersections with flat
and snow to the inside of the building should be UV resistant or type 5U felt. roofs, gutters or valleys, reference should
Alternatively, proprietary eaves guards be made to Sitework clause 7.2 - S12(e).
Items to be taken into account include:
may be used. A type 1F felt may be used
(a) weathertightness of roof coverings for the remainder of the roof. (i) pipes
Roofs with a tile or slate covering should Where soil pipes, vent pipes or other pipes
To prevent the underlay sagging at the penetrate roof tiling, a lead slate flashing,
be designed in accordance with BS 5534 : eaves and forming a water trap behind the
Parts 1 and 2. or a purpose-made accessory to form a
fascia, the underlay should be supported weathertight joint, should be used.
by a continuous fillet or proprietary eaves
(b) tiles
support tray. If lead slates are used, they should be
For tiled roofs, the pitch, gauge and lap
supported (eg using exterior grade
should be within the limits given in Table 1
plywood) to prevent the lead sagging.
7.2 - D9 Vertical tiling and slating shall To reduce the risk of freezing, and
Proprietary dry fixed systems should be adequately resist the passage of rain condensation on pipework, the guidance in
assessed in accordance with Technical and snow to the inside of the building Sitework clause 7.2 - S14 should
Requirement R3. be followed.
7.2
7.2
the dwelling will be diffused through the in relation to their distance from site
ceiling and removed by roof space boundaries (reference should be made to
ventilation. PROVISION OF WALKWAYS
Building Regulations). These include:
Boarded walkways should be provided:
Vapour control layers, where required, • bitumen felt slates
• between the access opening and any
should be placed on the warm side • wood shingles
cistern or other permanent equipment
of insulation. • thatch.
located in the roof space, and
(b) chimneys and flue pipes • at each cistern or other permanent
(c) ventilation of dormers equipment suitably located for
Combustible material, such as roof timbers
Pitched dormers should be ventilated from and sarking felt, should be kept away from maintenance purposes and at least 1m2
eaves to eaves or, where necessary, from heat sources as described in Chapter 6.8 in area.
eaves to ridge. ‘Fireplaces, chimneys and flues’ (Design). Boarding should be securely fixed without
Flat roofed dormers of cold deck compressing the loft insulation.
7.2 - D13 Junctions between roofs and
construction should be ventilated. The compartment or separating walls shall
ventilation path should not be blocked by adequately resist fire spread
the timber structure, strutting, etc The junction between a separating or
(reference should be made to Chapter 7.1 compartment wall and a roof should be
‘Flat roofs and balconies’ (Design firestopped. If there are gaps, fire, smoke
and Sitework)). and flame can spread from one
(d) methods of ensuring unobstructed compartment to the next across the wall.
ventilation Mineral wool fire-stopping should be used
Ventilation openings where the least to allow for movement in the roof timber,
dimension exceeds 10mm should be and avoid ‘hogging’ of the roof which is
protected to prevent the entry of birds, etc. often associated with mortar fire-stopping.
ROOF DRAINAGE • supports for water cisterns in the RESTRAINT STRAPS AND
roof space
7.2 - D15 Roof drainage shall adequately • restraint strapping HOLDING DOWN STRAPS
carry rainwater to an outfall • position, thickness and limits of 7.2 - M4 Strapping shall be of adequate
Items to be taken into account include: insulation. strength and durability
(a) provision of gutters and downpipes 7.2 - D17 All relevant information shall Lateral restraint straps should have
Roofs greater than 6m2 in area should be be distributed to appropriate personnel minimum cross section dimensions of
provided with rainwater gutters and 30mm x 5mm. Vertical holding down
Ensure that design and specification
downpipes. Consideration should also be straps should have minimum cross section
information is issued to site supervisors
given to the provision of rainwater dimensions of 30mm x 2.5mm.
and relevant specialist subcontractors and/
drainage to roof areas less than 6m2 for or suppliers. Mild steel straps and fixings should be
example dormer and porch roofs. protected against corrosion in accordance
with Tables A.1 and A.2 of BS EN 845-1. (see
Rainwater pipes passing through dwellings MATERIALS STANDARDS Appendix 6.1 - F). Fixings and straps should
should be insulated in accordance with
Sitework clause 8.1 - S8(c). be compatible. Sheradizing is not
7.2 - M1 All materials shall:
acceptable in Northern Ireland and the Isle
(b) sizes (a) meet the Technical Requirements of Man.
Gutters and downpipes should be of (b) take account of the design Straps should be ordered to the correct
sufficient size to accommodate Materials that comply with the design and length and with the correct number of
normal rainfall. the guidance below will be acceptable for bends and/or twists required by the design.
pitched roofs.
Care is needed in sizing gutters where
dormer roofs interrupt the run-off from a Materials for pitched roofs shall comply ROOFING MATERIALS
pitched roof. The gutter should be sized to with all relevant standards, including those
cope with the concentrated flows. 7.2 - M5 Roofing materials shall be
listed below. Where no standard exists,
of the quality, type and dimensions
Technical Requirement R3 applies (see
(c) discharge from one roof to another Chapter 1.1 ‘Introduction to the Standards required by the design
Where water from a large roof surface and Technical Requirements’). Items to be taken into account include:
discharges onto another surface,
precautions should be taken to prevent References to British Standards and Codes (a) roof coverings
erosion of the lower surface. of Practice include those made under the The following roof coverings
Construction Products Directive (89/106/ are acceptable:
(d) discharge into drainage system EEC) and, in particular, appropriate • clay tiles and fittings to BS EN 1304
Unless designed otherwise, shoes should European Technical Specifications • concrete tiles and fittings to BS EN 490
be provided to rainwater downpipes. approved by a European Committee for and BS EN 491
Standardisation (CEN). • fibre cement slates and fittings to
PROVISION OF BS EN 492
INFORMATION STRUCTURAL TIMBER • natural slates to BS EN 12326 (see
Appendix 7.2 - F).
7.2 - D16 Designs and specifications 7.2 - M2 Structural timber shall be of
• shingles should be of Western Red
shall be produced in a clearly the appropriate grades and sizes to
Cedar, suitably treated and be Grade 1 to
understandable format and include all support the imposed loads
the Canadian Standards Association.
relevant information Structural timber should be specified
Natural stone should be used in
Full details of trussed rafter roofs should according to the strength classes in BS EN
accordance with established custom
338. Roof members are usually C16, C24
7.2
7.2
board that meets the performance
0.25MNs/g. Underlays with a higher vapour distribute roof loads and fixed to prevent
requirements of BS 3536
resistance may need increased ventilation wind uplift
• proprietary products which have been
to the roof space and between the assessed in accordance with Technical Roof construction details should be
underlay and sarking. Manufacturers’ Requirement R3. available on site, particularly for
recommendations should be followed. combination and specialist roofs.
(i) fire-stopping and cavity barriers
(e) rigid sarking Cavity barriers in boxed eaves should be Wall plates should be bedded to line and
The following materials are acceptable: wire reinforced mineral wool blanket, at level using nails or straps to hold them
• tongued and grooved or square edged least 50mm thick. Ordinary mineral wool down in accordance with the
boarding to BS 1297 quilt is acceptable as fire-stopping above design requirements.
• bitumen impregnated insulating separating walls.
board to BS 1142 : Part 3 (sarking and Wall plates should generally be in lengths
sheathing grade) (j) protection to ventilation openings of not less than 3m but shorter lengths
• exterior grade plywood to BS EN 636 Ventilation openings where the least should extend over at least 3 joists/rafters
service class 3 dimension exceeds 10mm should be or trusses. Wall plates should be joined
• type P5 chipboard to BS EN 312 protected to prevent the entry of birds, etc. using half-lapped joints at corners and in
• oriented strand board type OSB3 to running lengths. In Scotland, where 100mm
BS EN 300 Acceptable protection of openings can be x 25mm wall plates are used, they should
• proprietary products which have been provided by: be in long lengths and butt jointed.
assessed in accordance with Technical • rigid fabrications with width of opening
Requirement R3. greater than 3mm and less than 10mm Where required, holding down straps
(no restriction on length) should be fixed to the wall plate at
(f) battens and counter battens • rigid fabrications with round holes maximum 2m centres. If the strap is not
Battens and counter battens should be to greater than 3mm and less than 10mm turned into a bed joint, it should be fixed to
the sizes specified in the design. Timber in diameter the wall with at least four screw fixings.
Where straps are fixed to masonry, Detailed guidance on the use and handling
hardened nails 4mm in diameter x 75mm of trussed rafters is given in the
long or No 12 wood screws x 50mm long International Trussed Rafter Association The gable ladder can be used to provide
into plugs should be used. Technical Handbook available from trussed restraint to the external wall if:
rafter suppliers. • there is blocking between the last
The number of fixings should be in
accordance with design requirements and Detailed drawings should be available on trussed rafter and the inner leaf (at a
the lowest fixing should be within 150mm site to show the layout of the trussed maximum of 2m spacing), and
of the bottom of the vertical strap. rafters, especially at hips, valleys and • the soffit board is cut carefully and then
trimmings to chimneys, etc. fixed securely so as to restrain the
Trussed rafters should be supported only outer leaf.
at the junction between the ceiling tie and
7.2 - S6 Trussed rafters shall be braced
rafter, unless specifically designed
to prevent distortion
otherwise, eg as a cantilever.
The roof should be braced using at least
100mm x 25mm timber. All bracing should
be twice nailed with 3.35mm (10 gauge) x
65mm long galvanized round wire nails to
every trussed rafter it crosses and to
the wallplate.
hanger
tightly against gable
and separating walls ru
t Where cheek framing does not extend to
binder st
floor level, a double rafter will give
wall plate
necessary support to the cheek. The two
binders fixed to ceiling ties of trussed rafters,
if necessary using two lap-jointed lengths rafters must be fixed together.
7.2
Items to be taken into account include: to take the extra load and to provide
full bearing for the splay cut of Jack
(a) location of members
rafters. (Long valley rafters may need trimmer takes load
All members should be accurately located. from cut rafters
intermediate support.)
Purlins and binders should be built in,
• Hip rafters provide spacing and fixing
where necessary. In a typical traditional
for jack rafters. They need to be a (e) jointing of members
roof, the basic timber members are:
deeper section than other rafters to All joints should be cut accurately to fit
• RAFTER: carries the weight of the roof
take the top cut of the jack rafters. tightly. When they are nailed, care should
finish, eg tiles, tile battens and underfelt
Purlins should be mitred at hips, and lip be taken not to split members.
• CEILING JOIST or TIE: triangulates the
cut to accept the bottom of the
rafters, stopping the walls and roof The following should be used at
hip rafter.
spreading outwards; supports the ceiling main connections:
finish and any walkways, etc valley rafter • RAFTERS to ceiling joists: nailed lapped
• RIDGE: provides fixing and spacing for joint. The rafter should be birdsmouthed
the tops of rafters hip rafters
over and skew nailed to the wall plate
• PURLIN: supports long span rafters to
prevent deflection and increase stiffness
• STRUTS: give support to purlins to
prevent deflection and transmit roof jack rafters jack rafters
• RAFTERS to purlin: a birdsmouth joint Angle ties should be used on hipped FASCIAS, BARGE BOARDS
should be used if the purlin is roof corners to prevent the wall plates
fixed vertically spreading. For heavily loaded hip rafters, AND SOFFITS
eg where they are carrying purlins, dragon 7.2 - S10 Fascias, bargeboards and
ties or similar bracing should be used to soffits shall be selected, fixed and
prevent hip rafter spread. treated against decay in accordance
d
with the design
birdsmouth joint
Items to be taken into account include:
¹⁄³ xd
(a) timber quality
Timber for external feature work should be
timber angle tie
prevents wall free from waney edges, large knots and
plates spreading
resinous pockets, splits and other
unsightly defects.
dragon tie
prevents spread (b) fixing
• PURLIN connections: support should be of hip rafter
All joints should be cut and fixed neatly.
provided directly under joint or use a Mitred angles and splay joints should
scarf joint. Any scarf joint should be be used to prevent exposure of end-
made near a strut so that the joint grain. Butt joints to fascias should be
supports the longer span. splayed. Fascia boards should have two
plywood angle tie fixings into each rafter and be fixed at a
prevents wall
halving joint in purlin plates spreading height that maintains the correct pitch in
when directly over strut
accordance with the tile manufacturer’s
recommendations.
steel tie prevents
spread of hip rafter
(c) treatment against decay
Where preservative treated timber is cut
or planed, a liberal brush coating of
preservative should be applied.
All untreated timber that is to be painted
should be knotted and primed all round
before fixing. When timber requires a
notch to fit
over angle tie stained finish, one coat of stain should be
applied before fixing.
(a) ventilation
(f) strutting to cut roofs
All roof voids should be ventilated to
Any part of a cut roof which forms a floor
prevent condensation problems.
7.2
7.2
5mm 5mm Underlay or eaves guards should be
50mm dressed into the gutter. Battens should be fixed with cut or wire
nails. The nail shank can be smooth,
annular ringed or helically threaded. Nails
can be steel or aluminium. In coastal areas,
25mm steel nails should be hot dip galvanized.
abutments, chimneys and similar Thatching should be as recommended by Tile battens should finish 25mm to 50mm
obstructions. Small sections of cut tiles are the Thatch Advisory Service or other from the face of the protecting undercloak.
difficult to fix and should be avoided. This appropriate authority in accordance with Cut ends of tile battens that are in contact
can be achieved by incorporating tile sizes Technical Requirement R3. with mortar should be treated with a
such as double size tiles, tile and a half or liberal brush coating of preservative.
half tiles where these are available.
FLASHINGS AND At verges:
Single lap Interlocking tiles have a WEATHERINGS • cut plain tiles are not acceptable and
tolerance of approximately 3mm in the purpose made plain tile and a half or
joint. For double lapped plain tiles and 7.2 - S12 Flashings and weatherings half tile should be used
slates, joints should be slightly open. This shall be constructed to prevent damp • cut single lapped interlocking tiles
allows some flexibility in setting out and entering the dwelling should not be used
should avoid tile cutting. • natural slate verges should be formed
Items to be taken into account include:
Bottom edges of double lapped slate and with full slates and either slate and a
plain tile roofs should be finished with an (a) eaves half or half slates that are a minimum
under-eaves course. Tiles, slates and hip tiles should overhang 150mm wide.
to the centre of the gutter. For slates or
plain tiles, an under-eaves course should
be used. Fascia boards should be fixed at 100mm
cut tiles a height that maintains the correct pitch
avoided
at verge in accordance with the tile manufacturer’s verge tiles
bedded in
recommendations. mortar on
undercloak
38mm to 50mm
tile-and-a-half or underlay taken
tiles used for coverings to project
correct coursing not less than 50mm 30mm to 60mm over wall cavity
across gutter
proprietary dry verge systems should be into timber battens. Where proprietary
Requirement R3.
fixed in accordance with manufacturers’ systems are used they should be fixed
(e) roof mortar recommendations. in accordance with manufacturer’s
Roofing mortar should be 1:3 cement:sand recommendations.
The undercloak should be installed to a
with plasticiser. The mix should be based
true line and bedded on roofing mortar
on sharp sand with soft sand added to
struck off flush with the external surface
achieve workability. The proportion of underlay carried ridge tiles beddded
of the wall. Alternatively, a suitable over ridge in mortar and
sharp sand should not be less than ⅓ of mechanically fixed
exterior grade bedding sealant could be
the total sand content.
used in accordance with manufacturer’s
Alternatively, proprietary mortar mixes recommendations. Where a bargeboard is
may be accepted by NHBC if they are used, the undercloak should be securely
shown to have similar strength, durability nailed to a true line.
and workability.
The undercloak should be installed at the
Mortar bedding and jointing should be correct level to ensure that the line of the
completed in one operation. tiling is maintained where it passes over
the wall. Mortar bedding and pointing should be
(f) other roof coverings
Where slates or plain tiles are used the completed in one operation and achieve
When using the following materials, the
verge should project 38mm to 50mm a nominal joint thickness of 10mm. To
detailing and workmanship should follow the
design and recognised good building practice: beyond the gable wall or bargeboard. prevent shrinkage of large mortar joints,
• sheet metal roofing including lead, Interlocking tiles can project 30mm to concealed or decorative dentil tiles should
copper and zinc 60mm. be fully bedded into all joints in excess of
• thatch 25mm thick. See Design clause D8(k).
• cedar shingles.
• valley trough tiles (interlocking tiles) not exceeding 1.5m and be lapped 150mm
• non-ferrous metal at each length. Tiles should be cut and
• a proprietary system. bedded as for valley trough tiles except
that the mortar should be bedded on an
Where roof coverings are of plain tiles or
undercloak (for example slate) to prevent
slates, laced and swept valleys may be Where a pitched roof abuts the wall at an
direct contact between the lead and the
used or, alternatively, a mitred valley with angle, a stepped cavity tray linked to a
mortar. Mortar should not bridge the
soakers. The true pitch of the valley should stepped flashing should be used. Stepped
welt detail.
not be less than the minimum allowed flashings should be cut from a strip at
pitch and GRP or other materials should be (e) flat roof intersection least 150mm wide. Soakers or a secret
lapped in accordance with manufacturer’s Where a flat roof adjoins a pitched roof, or gutter should be installed at abutments
recommendations. Minimum Code 4 where valleys or gutters occur, the where slates, flat interlocking tiles or plain
lead or other suitable saddle flashing is waterproof membrane should be carried tiles are used.
required at the head of all valleys. up under the tiling to a height of 150mm
above the flat roof, valley or gutter and soakers beneath
PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS
lapped by the roofing underlay. each tile overlapped
flashing
Proprietary gutter or valley systems should
be securely fixed on to suitable supports The lowest course of tiles/slates should not
and in accordance with the manufacturer’s touch the roof membrane. stepped lead flashing
recommendations. Where ply is used for held in mortar joints
with lead wedges
support it should be exterior grade.
underlay overlaps
Non-ferrous metal saddle flashings or weatherproofing
plastic collar
(f) abutments solvent welded
to pipe
All abutments should be weatherproofed
welted edge
using non-ferrous metal flashings. Lead to flashing
Chimney flashings should link with the A cavity barrier should be provided within The guidance above will assist in reducing
chimney dpc trays. An example is boxed eaves. The cavity barrier should be the risk of condensation occurring but is
shown below. wire reinforced mineral wool blanket, at not acceptable as an alternative to cross
DETAIL OF BACK GUTTER least 50mm thick, nailed to the rafter and ventilation of the roof space.
carefully cut to shape to fully seal the
To reduce the risk of freezing and
cover boxed eaves.
flashing
back gutter
condensation on pipework, the following
flashing supported
by gutter boards
precautions should be taken:
firestop between battens
above underlay • place roof insulation above and around
water tanks but not below them
firestop below
underlay
• locate water pipes below the main roof
at least 150mm
cover flashing insulation whenever possible
• insulate all water services above the
main roof insulation, including cisterns
and vent pipes.
THERMAL INSULATION
stepped side
flashing 7.2 - S14 Thermal insulation and
ventilation of roofs shall prevent the
lower dpc tray adverse effects of condensation
rising main
insulated above
To avoid condensation forming in the roof ceiling level
space ensure that:
front apron flashing • ventilation of the roof is provided in
accordance with the design It is recommended that the cold rising
(h) changes in roof slope • insulation does not block any main be insulated above ceiling level even
Flashings or soakers should be used where ventilation paths if it is below the main roof insulation
there is a change in roof slope of 5° or • insulation is laid over the whole loft (condensation that forms on uninsulated
more, eg at mansards and sprockets. area, including the wall plate cold water pipes located below the main
• there are no gaps in the insulation. roof insulation can result in damage to
A saddle flashing should be used where a cold roof ceilings and decorations).
ridge meets the main roof.
spacer maintains
25mm clear air way
above insulation ROOF DRAINAGE
7.2 - S15 Roof drainage shall adequately
carry rainwater to an outfall
Items to be taken into account include:
insultation above
lead saddle cavity closer and
(a) fixing and jointing gutters
7.2
Firestopping and cavity barriers should • sealing gaps where services pass (b) falls
be provided: through the ceiling. Gutters should be laid with sufficient fall
• at junctions between cavities towards the outlet, unless designed to be
• above separating walls flat, and be provided with stop ends.
• within boxed eaves of separating walls.
(c) satisfactory outfall
The separating wall should stop about 25mm If a downpipe discharges above ground
below the top of adjacent roof trusses. level or above a drainage gully, a shoe
A soft fire-resistant packing, such as loft hatch should be fixed to the end of the pipe to
draught gaps sealed
mineral wool, should be used to allow for stripped at services prevent walls becoming saturated.
movement in roof timbers and prevent cross
ventilation
‘hogging’ of the tiles.
Plain not more than ⅓ length-lap 65 normally for clay tiles 351 (clay)
(double-lap) 75 in severe exposure conditions 35 (plain concrete)
Concrete determined by design to comply with 75 or to manufacturer’s specific 30 (Note: For pitches below 30,
(single-lap manufacturers’ recommendations recommendations evidence shall be provided as to
interlocking) suitable performance)
Slates not more than ⅓ length-lap 542 minimum, increase with lower 20 subject to head lap
(double-lap) pitch and severe exposure
conditions
Notes
1 Clay tiles that do not meet the dimentional and geometric requirements given in BS EN 1304 should be laid at pitches not less than 40˚.
2 For pitches greater than 45˚in sheltered and moderate exposure zones only. See BS 5534 table 5 for other pitches and exposures.
Table 2 - Minimum fixings for single lap interlocking clay and concrete tiles
Location Fixings
Verges, abutments The end tile in each course should be fixed (nail and/or clip)
and each side of
valleys and hips
Eaves and top edges Each tile in the first course at the eaves and last course at the ridge/top edge should be fixed (nail and/or clip)
General roof area For rafter pitches below 45° - tiles should be fixed in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.
For rafter pitches between 45° and 55° - all tiles should be nailed or nailed and clipped.
For rafters pitches of 55° and above - all tiles should be nailed and the tail of each tile should be mechanically fixed.
Notes
1 Additional nails or clips may be required depending on pitch and degree of exposure. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations. A
fixing schedule produced by the tile manufacturer, based on The Zonal Method, is acceptable. Evidence of calculations in compliance with
Technical Requirements R3 and R5 may be required.
2 Nails should be in accordance with BS 5534 and be not less than 3.35mm diameter and should penetrate at least 15mm into battens.
Table 3 - Minimum fixings for double lap clay and concrete plain tiles
Location
Verges, abutments
Fixings
The end tile in each course should be twice nailed
7.2
and each side of
valleys and hips
Eaves and top edges Each tile in the first two courses at the eaves and last two courses at the ridge should be twice nailed or otherwise mechanically fixed.
General roof area Nibbed tiles
For rafter pitches below 60° - each tile in every fifth course should be twice nailed.
For rafter pitches 60° and above - all tiles should be twice nailed.
Nibless tiles
All tiles should be twice nailed.
Notes
1 Additional nails or clips may be required depending on pitch and degree of exposure. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations. A
fixing schedule produced by the tile manufacturer, based on The Zonal Method, is acceptable. Evidence of calculations in compliance with
Technical Requirements R3 and R5 may be required
2 Nails should be in accordance with BS 5534 and be not less than 2.65mm diameter and should penetrate at least 15mm into battens.
Appendix 7.2-B
BRACING REQUIREMENT FOR TRUSSED RAFTER ROOFS
Type of bracing Position of bracing Where applicable
A All trussed rafter roofs unless rigid sarking
Truss Span
Diagonal rafter bracing or or such as OSB, timber boarding or plywood is used.
(at approx. 45° on plan)
Alternative styles of bracing for roofs that are approximately square
Truss Span
or or
D les All rafter node points, but may be omitted where spacing
st
Longitudinal bracing member ha
n4 between braced nodes does not exceed 4.2m or unless
.2m
at rafter node point rigid sarking such as OSB, timber boarding or plywood
is used
more than 8m
2 Figures in brackets apply to areas of Scotland either north or west of Ullapool and to areas of Northern Ireland north east of Londonderry.
The maximum span of the trussed rafters is 12m, the maximum height of the building is 8.4m to the underside of ceiling tie and the
maximum rafter spacing is 600mm.
3 The maximum length of unsupported masonry between buttressing walls, piers or chimneys is 9m.
4 The bracing is for either duo-pitched or mono-pitched roofs.
5 The minimum size for bracing members is nominal 25mm x 100mm (3mm tolerance).
6 All bracing members to be nailed with 2 No 3.35mm diameter x 65mm long galvanized round nails to every trussed rafter they cross.
7 The trusses are supported only at their ends.
8 The roof (including hip ends) is rectangular in shape.
9 Longitudinal bracing members may be lap-jointed provided the overlap is nailed to at least two trussed rafters. They should extend the full
length of the roof and tightly abut gable and party walls. Longitudinal bracing members should permit diagonal bracing to pass.
10 At least four diagonal rafter braces are required in every roof. In narrow fronted roofs and mono-pitched roofs, where braces cross, use the
intersection detail ‘x’ above.
11 Diagonal rafter bracing should be at approximately 45° to the rafters on plan. Chevron bracing should be at approximately 45° to the web
members. Diagonal bracing and chevron bracing should be across all trussed rafters, but small gaps (2 trussed rafters between sets of
7.2
bracing and 1 trussed rafter adjacent to gable or separating walls) are permitted in the middle of an otherwise fully braced roof.
12 Rafter diagonal bracing and longitudinal bracing at rafter level may be omitted where rigid sarking boards are used. Rigid sarking boards
(eg chipboard, plywood, osb) should be fixed with 3.0mm diameter x 50mm long galvanised round wire nails at 200mm centres to every
trussed rafter.
13 All trusses should have a ceiling of plasterboard or other suitable material. (For trussed rafters at 600mm centres, 12.5mm plasterboard
is required.) Where there is no plasterboard, such as in garages, longitudinal binder bracing (Type C above) is to be used at all ceiling node
points and additional diagonal ceiling bracing is required.
14 Bracing to satisfy particular conditions shall be in addition to that detailed in the above table.
15 The ITPA Technical Handbook gives further details and advice on construction.
Appendix 7.2-C
Tank support details
Offset bracing to clear tank
Tank placed centrally bearers (for bracing details
see section five)
Bay size
S b
b 2
S
2S a c a
S
2 3
c
2S
3 c
S b
a
c
S S
b 2 S 3 Node point
S
2 S = Trussed rafter spacing
Detail A
Not more than 300 L supported on 47 x 72 2/35 x 97 or
four trussed rafters
1/47 x 120 6.50 2.20
47 x 72 2/35 x 120 or
47 x 72 2/35 x 120 or
NOTE: Support members may be of any species with a permissible bending stress not less than that of European redwood/whitewood of GS
stress grade (see 14.1).
Reproduced from BS 5268-3 that will be included in PD 6693-2 when published, by permission of BSI.
Appendix 7.2-E
Strutting for attic trusses and cut roofs that have a floor
If the distance D exceeds 2.5m between
- the node points which form the width of the floor of the attic truss or
- the supports to a floor within a cut roof,
then additional strutting should be provided as follows;
Either herringbone strutting (38mm x 38mm timber) or solid strutting not less than three-quarters the depth of the floor and at least 38mm
thick should be used.
7.2
Appendix 7.2-F
INDEX
A H U
Abutments 13 Hips 9, 12 Underlay 3, 7, 11
Access 5 Holding down straps 1, 6, 8 V
B House Longhorne beetle 3 Valleys 4, 9, 13
Bargeboards 7, 10 I Vapour checks 5
Battens 1, 4, 7, Imposed loads 1 Ventilation 5, 7, 10
11, 19 Insulation 7, 14 Verges 4, 12
Bracing 2, 8, 16, 19 J W
C Jointing 9 Wall plates 1, 7
Cavity barriers 7 L
Chimneys 4, 14 Lateral restraint straps 1, 6, 8
Condensation 4
M
Cut roofs 2, 9
Moisture barrier 4
D P
Design 1
Proprietary roof coverings 4, 13
Dormers 9
R
Drainage 6, 14
Ridges 4, 12
Durability of natural slate 19
Roof coverings 3, 5, 6
F Roof mortar 7, 12
Fascias 7, 10
Roof spaces 4
Fire-stopping 5, 7, 14
S
Fixing(s) 4, 6, 10, 15
Sarking, rigid 3, 7
Flashings 3, 7, 12, 13
Slates 3, 11
Flue pipes 5
Soffits 7, 10
G
T
Girder trusses 2
Tank supports 2, 10, 18
Tiles 3, 11, 15
Timber 2, 6, 10
Trussed rafters 1, 8, 16
7.2
7.2