7/18/2012

PCM 0035 ~ CHEMISTRY 1 Ionic Compound Naming Compounds

NaCl
Ionic Compounds
- made up of cations & anions
e.g. NaCl
NaCl Na+ Cl─ NaCl Sodium Chloride
Chloride
KBr Potassium Bromide
Bromide
Na = Sodium
C h e m istry: Cl = Chlorine Sodium ion
B asi c C o n c ep ts, chloride
chlor ide ion Mg
MgOO Magnesium Oxide
Oxide
Re ac ti ons & S to i c h iome try Name of Compound
Chapter 1 Part B Sodium Chloride
Chloride Al2O3 Aluminum Oxide
Oxide

- Transition metals can have more than 1 type Names & Formulas of Some Common Inorganic Cations & Anions
of cations - e.g. Iron: Fe2+ & Fe3+ Cations Anions

Other examples: Cobalt

Cobalt,, Copper
Copper,, Nickel
Nickel,, Zinc
Zinc,, etc

Stock Provide information regarding

System actual charges of 2 cations
Example,

Useful
What is the name of the compound made up of
iron (Fe
Fe)) ions that bind with chloride ions?
Ferrous
Ferrous chloride → Iron (II) chloride
FeCl2 Fe2+ & 2Cl– Some common monoatomic
Ferric
Ferric chloride → Iron (III) chloride elemental cations & anions
FeCl3 Fe3+ & 3Cl–

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 Molecular Compounds Questions to try  Acids & Bases

- usually composed of non metal l ic elements
nonmetal Acids:: substances that yield H+
Acids
e.g. HCl (hydrogen chloride
chloride),
), 1 = Mono K2SO4 Potassium sulfate when it is dissolved in water
HBr (hydrogen bromide
bromide),), 2 = Di
3 = Tri Carbon tetrachloride e.g. HCl
SiC (silicon carbide
carbide))
4 = Tetra
CCl4
→ hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid ?
- Greek prefixes to denote number 5 = Penta
of atoms of each element present 6 = Hexa BaCl
BaCl2 Barium chloride depends on its physical states
monoxide),
e.g. CO (carbon monoxide ), 7 = Hepta
8 = Octa Oxoacids: contain H, O & another element
Oxoacids:
CO2 (carbon didioxide
oxide),), SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
9 = Nona HNO3 → nitric acid
trioxide))
SO3 (sulfur trioxide 10 = Deca
Titanium (IV) chloride H2CO3 → carbonic acid
Ti
TiCl
Cl4
N2O4 ? di
dinitrogen
nitrogen tetraox
tetra oxide
ide H2SO4 → sulfuric acid

Mixtures:
Base: a substance that yields OH─
Base:  Hydrates Classification & Separation
when it is dissolved in water Compounds that have a specific
number of water attached to them. 2 broad classes of mixtures
e.g. NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
hydroxide)
Composition
KOH (potassium hydroxide)
hydroxide) E.g. CuSO4— 5H2O ? Heterogeneous not
copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
pentahydrate mixture uniform
e.g. NaOH Na+ + OH- If CuSO4— 5H2O CuSO4 Composition
heat
Homogeneous is
anhydrous mixture uniform
copper (II) sulfate

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Basic separation Techniques:

Atomic mass Micro World Macro World
1. Filtration – based on differences in
atoms & molecules grams
particles size

2. Crystallization – based on differences in Atomic mass is the mass of an

solubility atom in atomic mass unit (amu
(amu))
3. Distillation – based on differences in
volatility By definition:
4. Extraction – based on differences in 1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
solubility
On this “scale”
scale”
5. Chromatography – based on differences 1 atom 1 atom
12 =
in solubility 1H = 1.008 amu 16O = 16.00 amu

3
Li
6.941
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Naturally found lithium is: The Mole
7.42 % 6Li (6.015 amu
amu)) One pair of shoes
Average atomic mass (6.941)

92.58 % 7Li (7.016 amu

amu)) The mole (unit = mol
mol)) is the amount
Average (Weighted
Weighted)) of a substance that contains as many
atomic mass of lithium
lithium:: elementary entities as there are
atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
(7.42 × 6.015 (92.58 × 7.016
6.015)) + (92.58 7.016))
100
1 mol = NA = 6.022
6.0221367
1367 × 1023
= 6.941 amu Avogadro’s number (NA)

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Molar Mass eggs A tAtomic

omic Number
number A tAtomic
omic Number
number

Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams A tAtomic

omic mass
Mass A tAtomic
omic mass
Mass
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
By definition, 1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
►1 mole lithium atoms (1 atom = 6.941 amu)
= 6.941 g of Li
For any element (atom)
(atom),,
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

One Mole of: Molecular mass (or molecular weight)

weight) is the
Do You Understand the term Molar Mass?
Mass? sum of atomic masses (in amu
amu)) in a molecule.
C S How many atoms are in 0.551 g of 1S 32.07 amu
Atomic mass = 12.01 Atomic mass = 32.07
potassium (K) ? (Atomic mass of K = 39.10)
39.10) 2O + 2 × 16.00 amu
Hg 1 mol K = 39.10 g K (Molar Mass)
Mass) SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
12. 01 g Atomic mass = 200.6
32. 07 g
1 mol K = 6.022 × 1023 atoms K (NA) For any molecule
200. 6 g
1 mol K 6.022 × 1023 atoms K molecular mass (amu
amu)) = molar mass (grams
grams))
0.551 g K × ×
39.10 g K 1 mol K
63. 55 g 55. 85 g 1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu
Cu Fe
Atomic mass = 63.55 Atomic mass = 55.85 = 8.49 × 1021 atoms K 1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2

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Do You Understand Molecular Mass? Percent composition of an element in a compound =

n × molar mass of element
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ? × 100%
molar mass of compound
1 C3H8O = (3×
(3×12) + (8×
(8×1) + 16 = 60 amu n = no of moles of element in 1 mole of compound
C2H6O = (2 × 12.01) + (6 × 1.008) + 16.00 = 46.07 amu C2H6O
1 mol C3H8O = (3×
(3×12) + (8×
(8×1) + 16 = 60 g
2 × (12.01 g)
%C = × 100% = 52.14%
1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms 46.07 g
6 × (1.008 g)
1 mol H = 6.022 × 1023 atoms H %H = 46.07 g
× 100% = 13.13%
Empirical formula
1 mol C3H8O
72.5 g C3H8O × ×
8 mol H atoms 6.022 ×1023 H atoms
×
1 × (16.00 g)
C2H6O %O = 46.07 g × 100% = 34.73%
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O

= 5.82 × 1024 H atoms

1 mol H atoms
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0% CxHyOz
(C = 12.01 amu,
amu, H = 1.008 amu,
amu, O = 16.00 amu)
amu)

Question (part 1 of 2) Question (part 2 of 2) Chemical Reaction

(C = 12.01 amu,
amu, H = 1.008 amu,
amu, O = 16.00 amu)
amu)
g of O in ethanol A process in which one or more
= g of sample – (g of C + g of H) substances is changed into one or
Heat
= 11.5 g – (6.0 g + 1.5 g
g)) more new substances
Combust H2O CO2
11.5 g ethanol absorber absorber
= 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O A chemical equation uses
Collect 22.0 g CO2 & 13.5 g H2O chemical symbols to show what
g CO2 mol CO2 mol C gC
Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25 happens during a chemical reaction
0.5 mol C = 6.0 g C Divide by smallest subscript (0.25
0.25))
g H2O mol H2O mol H gH
 Empirical formula C2H6O
reactants products
1.5 mol H = 1.5 g H

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Methanol burns in air according to the equation

reactants products How to “Read” Chemical Equations
3 ways of representing 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO 2 CH3OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 4 H2O
the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O: If 209 g of methanol are used up in the
Mg = 24.31 amu O = 16.00 amu
combustion, what mass of water is produced?
combustion,
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO grams moles moles grams
+ or
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
CH3OH CH3OH H2O H2O
molar mass coefficients molar mass
or for CH3OH Chemical equation for H2O

2 hydrogen 1 oxygen 2 water 48.6 g Mg + 32.0 g O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

+
molecules molecule molecules IS NOT 209 g CH3OH×
×
1 mol CH3OH
×
4 mol H2O
×
18.0 g H2O
32.0 g CH3OH × 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O 2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

= 235 g of H2O

Limiting Reagents Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?

Reagents? Use limiting reagent (Al)
Al) to calculate
In a process, 124 g of Al react with 601 g of Fe2O3 amount of product that can be formed
Before reaction has started After reaction is complete
Atomic / Molecular Mass: Atomic Mass &
2 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2 Fe Al = 26.98, 2 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2 Fe Molecular Mass:
Fe = 55.85, O = 16.00, Al = 26.98,
Fe2O3 = 159.7 According to equation, Fe = 55.85, O = 16.00,
Calculate mass of Al2O3 formed. Al2O3 = 101.96 Fe2O3 = 159.7
No of moles of Al = 124 g × 1 mol = 4.6 mol 2 mol Al gives 1 mol Al2O3 Al2O3 = 101.96
Molar mass 26.98 g
4.6 mol Al gives ½ (4.6 mol) Al2O3
No of moles of Fe2O3 = 601 g × 1 mol = 3.8 mol
6 yellow (& red) used up, = 2.30 mol Al2O3
Molar mass 159.7 g
Limiting reagent is reactant 6 red left over
Because 2 moles of Al react with 1 mole of Fe2O3 So,
used up first in a reaction. Mass of Al2O3 = 2.30 mol × 101.96 g Molar
4.6 mol Al react with ½ (4.6 mol) Fe2O3 = 2.3 mol Fe2O3 mass
Limiting reagent 1 mol
Fe2O3 = excess ► Al is the limiting reagent = 234.5 g Al2O3
Excess reagent because got 3.8 mol ContinuedB

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Titanium is a strong, lightweight, corrosion-

corrosion-
Theoretical Yield ~ Actual Yield resistant metal that is used in rockets, aircraft, jet Guideline:
engines, & bicycle frames. It is prepared by the To Find
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that 1. Calculate the moles of TiCl4 Limiting
reaction of titanium (IV) chloride with molten
would result if all the limiting reagent reacted. magnesium between 950ºC
950ºC & 1150ºC: 2. Calculate the moles of Mg Reagent
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually 3. From balanced equation, 1 mole of TiCl4
TiCl4 (g) + 2 Mg (l
(l) → Ti (s
(s) + 2 MgCl2 (l)
obtained from a reaction. reacts with 2 moles of Mg to produce 1
In an industrial operation, 3.54 × 107 g of TiCl4 mole of Ti & 2 moles of MgCl2.
To determine how efficient a given reaction is : reacted with 1.13 × 107 g of Mg. From calculation (1) & (2), determine the
Limiting Reagent.
a) Calculate theoretical yield of Ti in grams..
grams
percent yield Actual Yield 4. Calculate the mass of Ti formed.
% Yield = × 100%
100
percent yield if 7.91 × 106 g of Ti
b) Calculate 5. Calculate the percent yield.
yield.
Theoretical Yield
are actually obtained.

Cl = 35.45
C al c ul atio n Mg = 24.31
TiCl4= (47.88) + 4(35.45) = 189.68 Ti = 47.88

(3.54 × 107 g)÷

Moles TiCl4 = (3.54 g)÷(189.68 g / 1 mol
mol))
= 1.866 × 105 mol
Moles Mg = (1.13 × 107 g)÷
g)÷(24.31 g / 1 mol
mol))
= 4.648 × 105 mol

TiCl4 (g) + 2 Mg (l) → Ti (s) + 2 MgCl2 (l)

(1.866 × 105 mol) 2 (1.866 × 105 mol) (1.866 × 105 mol) 2 (1.866 × 105 mol)
3.732 × 105 mol

Mass of Ti = (1.866 × 105 mol)

mol)×
×(47.88 g / 1 mol
mol))
= 8.93 × 106 g (theoretical yield)
yield)
7.91 × 106 g)/(8.93 × 106 g)] × 100%
Percent yield = [(7.91
END of
= 88.6 % ♠ Excess Mg = 2.2 × 106 g Chapter 1