Professional Documents
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Type of Hooks PDF
Type of Hooks PDF
Lifting Accessories
Safety
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................5
General requirements for lifting accessories ................................................................6
Structure ....................................................................................................................6
Safety factor ...............................................................................................................6
Machinery Decision requirements apply also to lifting accessories
custom-built for individual uses ...................................................................................6
Use and inspection ....................................................................................................7
Procurement ..............................................................................................................8
Lift planning .............................................................................................................8
SHACKLES ........................................................................................... 27
Inspection ........................................................................................... 27
Lifting accessories custom-built for individual use ................................ 28
Regulations and instructions ............................................................... 28
Lifting and transfer operations typically entail totally lacking pre-planning, with lift planning
some risk factors that cannot be totally elimi- too often consisting solely of in-situ arrange-
nated. The danger area generally cannot be ments made between the site foreman and the
isolated entirely to prevent the transferred load employee.
from causing danger to those participating in On the other hand, the structural safety of
the lifting operation or to others nearby. The lifting accessories is considered to be reason-
lifting appliance operator and load handler each ably high. Inspections are arranged in a high
play a crucial role in ensuring a safe lifting op- proportion of companies, but the level and
eration. However, as the lifting appliances used scope of these inspections is variable. Lifting
in industry become more and more radio-con- slings are, at least, inspected by the seller, but
trolled, the operator increasingly also performs without the user’s own established inspection
the role of load handler. procedure this can create a false sense of se-
Compared to many other types of work curity. Accidents can occur at any time ahead
equipment, lifting appliances have a central role of the next scheduled inspection. Faulty lifting
in terms of safety, as failure of practically any accessories must therefore be immediately iden-
one of their parts can result in a hazard situa- tified and repaired or, if necessary, taken out of
tion. use completely.
The idiom that a chain is only ever as strong Finnish regulations concerning lifting and
as its weakest link also applies well to the lift- transfer appliances are based on the Occupa-
ing operation. The lifting accessory and its tional Safety and Health Act.
operation must be monitored and controlled The objective of this publication is to create
throughout its lifespan. Failure of even a single a data file which can be workplace-specifically
link will result in danger. supplemented and used to define a set of pro-
Customers are interested in not only the cedures aimed at ensuring that loads and the
product itself, but also the operational quality of lifting of them is better planned, and that em-
the company that produces or supplies it. High ployees are competent in the use of safe lifting
quality is demanded of production and of the methods and can fully rely on the lifting acces-
production environment, and a low incidence sories they work with.
of damage or accidents is considered by the Any procedures found to be beneficial can
customer to be a key measure of quality. Provi- be incorporated into the company’s quality sys-
sion of clear operating instructions indicates to tem and occupational safety action plan.
the customer that quality-conscious and safe These guidelines focus on practical work-
operations are being observed. place level operations and the models and
The transfer and transportation of materials solutions presented in them are based on the
and personnel is the main accident black spot common tasks and problems encountered at
for many fields of industry. According to some this level.
estimates, nearly half of all industrial accidents The guidelines are based on information
are related to lifting or transfer operations. gathered from legislation, standards, studies,
The size and weight of lifted loads has in- information from insurance companies and sup-
creased, and accidents that occur are often pliers of lifting accessories, occupational safety
serious in terms of occupational safety as well and health inspectorates and experts in the
as financially. Accidents are almost equally field.
influenced by technical factors as human fac- Information needed at the workplace for the
tors. A significant proportion of accidents are planning of instructions for the procurement
considered to be caused by substandard or and inspection of lifting accessories, the plan-
Lift planning
The planning of lifting operations should be • The lifted item must be kept balanced and
integrated as part of production’s material han- under the control of the lifting appliance op-
dling planning, the objective of which is the erator throughout the lifting operation.
economical, flexible and safe handling of prod-
ucts. All future lifting requirements should be • To prevent sliding or falling of the lifted item,
considered at the product’s planning stage. the load supports, points of attachment and
Good lift operation planning and the correct lift route must be planned.
choice of lifting accessory can effectively elimi-
nate the worst operating errors and hazards in • Choose a lifting accessory that is compatible
advance. The designer of the lifted item must with the load, the lifting appliance and the
determine how and with which lifting acces- operating environment:
sories the lift is to be performed, determine the - choose a sling that is long enough to
points of lift and, as necessary, add lifting eyes, guarantee a safe sling angle and prevent
lifting lugs or threaded holes for fastening lifting overloading
eye bolts. At the planning stage, lifting instruc- - determine how the weight is to be divided
tions must be prepared for the product. The between the sling legs
lifting operations and transfers needed during - take into account the lifting frequency
the different production stages of the product’s - reserve sufficient room for the lifting
subcomponents must also be taken into consid- operation
eration in the lift plan. - use edge protection as necessary.
A set of permanent instructions should be
drawn up for the load handling and lifting of • Check the landing platform and the load
frequently recurring similar items. supports to ensure that the lifting accessories
Special lifting operations such as heavy lifts, can be removed both safely and without
lifting of large items and joint lifting operations damage.
always require a separate written plan.
• If necessary, perform a test lift to verify the
• To ensure a balanced lift, the weight, shape, secure fastening of the load.
lifting position and centre of gravity of the
load must be determined. Mark the weight • Ensure the lifting accessories are inspected
and centre of gravity of the lifted item in the and necessary user guidance is provided.
drawings.
In order to avoid accidents, personnel involved The employee must observe all instructions,
in lifting operations must be provided with regulations and take due care in their opera-
training and guidance in safe lifting practices tions. The employee must also notify the fore-
appropriate to the work quality and working man and occupational safety and health repre-
conditions in question. sentative of any perceived faults or deficiencies.
Effective work guidance can influence em- A record should be kept of all lifting opera-
ployee attitudes towards safety. Right attitudes tion training and guidance provided. This ena-
can prevent accidents. bles monitoring and checking of the type and
Risk factors should be analyzed and written date of guidance and/or training received by
manuals drawn up as necessary. each employee. It also facilitates the planning
Responsible persons and spheres of responsi- of new and supplementary training and helps
bilities must be clearly defined. avoid overlapping of training content.
Each lifting accessory must be marked with (120° leg angle, i.e. angle between sling legs,
its designated working load limit. The lifting according to the former system) must not be
accessory must not be used if this marking is used. The angle of inclination ß equals half the
not displayed. Overloading is forbidden at all leg angle α.
times. The working load limit for a multi-legged
A suitable sling type must be chosen and its sling depends on the number of sling legs and
loading instructions strictly observed. The great- the sling angle factor as determined by the
er the angle of inclination of the sling legs (sling angle of inclination and the leg configuration
angle), the less load the sling can support. The (hitch).
correct sling angle can be determined via load Outdated load markings should be changed
tables. Use of load tables must be mastered by in accordance with the new standards to avoid
all lifting operation personnel. confusion.
In the new standards and tables, the angle Harmonised practices at the workplace
of inclination of the sling leg (sling angle) refers should be adopted in a controlled manner and
to the angle ß between the sling leg and the through provision of employee training.
vertical. A higher than 60° angle of inclination
Table 1 Finnish standard SFS 5152 compliant load table for chain slings
• The hook of the lifting appliance and lifting • Lifting slings, especially round slings and lift-
accessory must be equipped with a safety ing belts, are susceptible to damage from
latch or other reliable backup such as a self- sharp load edges. Sharp edges can signifi-
locking hook. cantly weaken the strength of the lifting ac-
cessory and present a sudden hazard. The
• For each lifting operation, check that the best form of protection against sharp edges
master link is compatible (i.e. big enough) is the use of edge padding designed for
with the lifting appliance’s hook. this purpose. Any sharp edges on the load
should, as far as possible, be removed at the
• The weight and centre of gravity of the lifted production stage.
load must be known.
• A preliminary lift should always be carried
• Ensure that the lifting sling used is long out: once the load is raised free of its base,
enough. stop the lift and check the load balance and
fastenings.
• The distance between the points of attach-
ment must be big enough to ensure a secure • Avoid jolting during loading (e.g. due to
load balance during lifting. sudden starts and stops), and never swing
laterally, lift laterally or drag the load along
• Sliding of the sling must be prevented using the ground.
a lifting boom as necessary.
• Never attempt to manually stop a heavy load
• Never lift or move the load over personnel or from swinging.
leave the load unnecessarily suspended.
• Never lift using the bindings used for bun-
• Ensure that the load is set squarely in the dling the load if they are intended only for
bowl of each sling hook to avoid incorrect load binding.
loading of the hooks.
• Never pull a sling from beneath the load if
• Take into account the effect of choker lifting: the load is resting on the sling.
reduces the working load limit by 20%.
• Store slings in their designated storage
• Protect the sling from any sharp load edges. places.
Structure
Chain slings are lifting accessories comprised of a chain and connected lifting gear. They can be sin-
gle or multi-legged.
Each sling must be fitted with a marking plate displaying the working load limits for different
loading situations.
A visual inspection must be carried out before using the sling to verify that the sling and sling
fittings are in due order.
Chain slings can typically be used at maximum load in a temperature range of -40°C to +200°C.
The manufacturer’s instructions must be observed for operation in temperatures outside this range.
Chain slings should have a designated storage place (e.g. rack) where they are not susceptible
to damage and can be easily obtained. Load tables and lifting instructions should also be located at
the storage place.
Figure 2
Chain slings
Chain
The chain consists of steel links. Lifting slings must be made of short link chain only.
Figure 3
Chain
The required properties of the chain are stipulated in the relevant standards for sling chains.
Documents specifying the technical properties of the chain must be readily available during chain
sling assembly.
Any fittings attached to the sling must be at least as strong as the chain itself.
Figure 4
Master links
For each lifting operation, check that the master link is compatible with the lifting appliance’s hook
(i.e. big enough).
Hook
Sling hooks must consist of self-locking hooks or sling hooks equipped with a sufficiently strong
safety latch.
Figure 5
Different hook models
Open hooks may be used only in special cases where it is ensured that no hazard to personnel,
nearby objects or materials will be created during the lifting operation.
The load must always be set squarely within the hook bowl.
The hook’s safety latch must be of sufficient strength and laterally supported to be able to fully
withstand the loading and operating stresses.
• Mechanical connector
Connectors are used in chain sling assemblies to connect its various components.
The hitch configuration system ensures that components of the wrong size cannot be connected
to each other.
Sling importers each supply connectors that are compatible with their own chains.
Figure 6
Examples of mechanical connectors
• Marking plate
Each chain sling must be fitted with a marking plate showing its designated working load limit. The
marking plates of standard SFS-EN 818-4 compliant slings contain the information shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7
Chain sling marking plate
1. Working load limit
2. Nominal chain diameter
3. Number of sling legs
4. Sling angle marking
5. CE marking
• Shorteners
In order to balance the load, length adjustment of the chain sling legs is needed.
Shorteners consist of shortening clutches, shortening hooks or quick-acting chain length regulators
which lock the chain in place with spring-loaded pegs.
Figure 8
Slings equipped with
different types of chain shorteners
The impact of shortening hooks on the chain’s strength must be verified and users informed of any
restrictions.
Before beginning the lifting operation, check that the chain is securely locked in the shortener
and unable to come loose at any stage during the lift.
General
Wire rope slings are lifting accessories made from steel rope with a ferrule-secured or spliced sling
eye at each end. Sling eye fittings include links and hooks. When using eye fittings and attach-
ments, eye thimbles must be used to protect the sling eye. Wire rope slings can be single-legged or
multi-legged.
Figure 9
Typical wire rope slings
Always carry out a visual check before using the sling to ensure that it contains no faults that may
jeopardise safety. The interval between periodic inspections depends on the degree of strain of use.
Wire rope slings must be inspected along their Colour changes of steel ropes can be a sign of
entire length during periodic inspection. Special overheating. Overheating damages the fibre
consideration must be paid to possible stretch- core and weakens the rope’s lubrication. The
ing, wear, cracking, deformation and external manufacturer’s instructions must be observed
damage of the different sling parts. The cause of regarding the permissible operating tempera-
the perceived damage must always be clarified tures.
and steps taken to prevent the fault from recur-
ring. The inspection must be made in accord- ✔ Damage of sling eye fittings and
ance with the manufacturer’s instructions. attachments
Wire rope sling inspections are usually based on Special attention must be paid to the following
the following rejection criteria: points:
• opening up and cracking of hooks
✔ Broken wires • deformation and wear of links or thimbles
• ferrule cracks
Wire breaks are usually caused by mechanical • crushing or wear of ferrule or splice
damage or corrosion. They reduce the strength • slide-through or looseness of splice or ferrule
of the rope and can cause hand injury to the • wire breaks concentrated near the ferrule or
user. splice or in the splice
The sling must be rejected and replaced if • the effect of the sling eye spreading force at
any strands are totally broken, wire breaks occur the head of the sling eye if an oversized pin
very close to each other or the number of wire or wrong thimble type is used
breaks exceeds 5% of the total number of wires • breaking wires on the outer surface of the
along a length equal to six times the diameter sling eye, e.g. if a soft eye and thin pin has
of the rope. been used
The sling must be rejected if the nominal di- • effect of friction on the load-bearing surface
ameter of the rope has worn by more than 10% of soft sling eyes.
at any point.
The use of round slings and lifting belts made from synthetic fibre has become increasingly wide-
spread. They are easy to use due to their lightness and their surface quality is well suited to the
lifting of delicate materials. On the other hand, they are more susceptible to damage than other
slings.
There are fundamental differences between round slings and lifting belts. Confusing the two
can, in certain situations, be hazardous.
The most essential difference is in their inner structure.
The load-bearing yarns of belts are woven into a band, whereas round slings consist of endless
loops of load-bearing yarn enclosed within a tubular cover.
Figure 10
Lifting belts
Figure 11
Round sling
Material
Lifting belts and round slings are made from synthetic fibre yarns made of either polyester, polya-
mide or polypropylene. The most common yarn material used in Finland is polyester. The sling ma-
terial must also be UV radiation protected.
The material properties of synthetic fibre round slings and belts are rarely considered at the pro-
curement stage. The user must, nevertheless, at least understand the effect of the lifting site condi-
tions on the lifting accessory. Is the site exposed to high temperatures? How might any chemicals
used affect the sling/belt?
Is there UV exposure? Do the lifted loads have sharp edges?
More detailed information on the chemical tolerances of belts and slings is provided by the
manufacturer.
• The working load limit marking is not clearly • The outer coating is broken to the extent
visible. that the inside is visible.
• The belt has been overloaded. • The outer coating shows signs that a welding
spark, lathe chip or equivalent has damaged
• The belt contains a knot. the load-bearing yarns.
• The belt has extensive abrasion damage or is • The sling cover has extensive abrasion dam-
generally worn and dirty. age or is generally worn and dirty.
• More than 10% of the warp yarns (load- • Damage to the load-bearing yarn has been
bearing yarns) are severed or yarns are dam- caused by chemicals, heat or moisture.
aged on the belt edge.
• The weft yarns are broken along a more than Maintenance and repair
5 cm length.
Do not attempt to carry out repairs yourself.
• Slash damage or abrasion damage of the sur- Dirtied lifting belts and round slings can be
face exceeds 10% of the transverse direction. washed in tepid water using a neutral deter-
gent.
• Damage has been caused by chemicals, heat Lifting belts and round slings that have been
or moisture. wetted during washing or otherwise must be
left to dry in either a hanging or laying position.
• Yarn breaks exist at the belt terminations or They must not be spin-dried.
the terminations are considerably worn. Store synthetic slings in a well ventilated
space on a rack designed for the purpose so
• The joint stitching has come unstitched. that they are not susceptible to chemicals, sol-
vents, ultraviolet radiation, temperatures over
A round sling must be taken out of use if: 70°C or varying climatic conditions.
Remember to only use round slings and lift-
• The working load limit marking is not clearly ing belts that fulfil strict quality requirements.
visible. Observe the instructions provided by the manu-
facturer and refer any problems encountered to
• The sling has been overloaded. the manufacturer.
Clamps are used for lifting plates and sheets, profiled products and pipes. The holding force is typi-
cally based on the grip between the clamp’s toothed eccentric cam and the surface of the lifted
item.
Figure 12
Lifting clamps
1. Body
2. Lifting eye
3. Cam segment
4. Safety latch
5. Spring
6. Cam segment shaft
7. Lifting eye shaft
8. Pivot
Lifting clamps must show the following • The clamp must be compatible with the
markings: lifting appliance’s hook and, if necessary, a
• working load limit chain sling with a sufficiently large ring must
• minimum and maximum thickness or width be used.
of lifted items
• production/serial number • Do not exceed the working load limit.
• name of manufacturer/supplier
• CE marking • Check that the contact surface is free of scale,
paint, dirt, ice, grease or other substances that
In addition, the clamp must be marked with may weaken the holding capacity.
any possible use restrictions. The operating in-
structions, maintenance and inspection instruc- • Always observe the designated loading di-
tions and Declaration of Conformity included rection of the clamp. The clamp must be
with each clamp delivery must be observed. positioned to follow the lifting direction of
Clamps that are not equipped with safety lock- the sling.
ing to safeguard against accidental loosening of
the load must not be used for vertical lifting of • Pendular motion of the fastened item must
plates or sheets. be prevented, as this can damage the
clamp’s cam teeth. When lifting long plates
When using clamps or sheets, two or more clamps and lifting
booms should be used.
• Check that the clamp is in order and suitable
for use and that the surface hardness of the • Lift only one plate or sheet at a time when
lifted item does not exceed the maximum vertical lifting with a plate/sheet lifter.
surface hardness permitted for the clamp.
Lifting tongs
Inspection
Observe the instructions provided by the manu-
facturer, paying special attention to deforma-
tion, warp and cracking. Check the operation
of the tongs and their locking function (should
lock when in the open position), the tightness
of the screws, shaft wear and the tong mark-
ings.
There are two basic types of lifting magnet on Electromagnets include mains current and
the market: permanent magnets and electro- standby battery operated accumulator models.
magnets. In addition, electrically connected The advantage of permanent magnets is their
permanent magnets offer a third, intermediate minimal maintenance and simple structure.
alternative.
Figure 14
Lifting magnets
1. Magnet
2. Instruction plate
+ type plate
3. Lifting eye
4. Release arm
5. Release button
6. Pole shoes
The lifting capacity of lifting magnets is derived surface. In this case the lifting capacity is al-
from the magnetic field that forms between the ways lower than when lifting flat items.
magnet and the lifted item.
Factors affecting the size of this magnetic • The overall dimensions of the lifted item.
field and, thus, the load holding power include: Long items tend to bend, creating air gaps at
the edges of the magnet.
• Lifting capacity reduces with reduced contact
surface area of the magnet shoes. • Position of the magnet. Standard magnets
can be lifted only in the horizontal position.
• The magnet shoes must be clean and
smooth. They must not be machined. Any ir- • Variable magnetism of lifted items. Some ma-
regularities must be carefully ground smooth. terials do not magnetize at all. The optimum
holding capacity is attained with unalloyed
• Thin-walled items do not create an effective low-carbon steel.
magnetic field.
• The weight of the lifted load must be propor-
• The surface quality of the lifted item. tioned according to the magnet manufactur-
er’s instructions.
• Air gaps strongly reduce the lifting capacity.
• Magnets must not be used in high tempera-
• Air gaps result from surface unevenness, tures. The manufacturer’s instructions must
burs, scale, grease, paint etc. be observed in this respect.
• The shape of the lifted item. When lifting • The holding capacity of the magnets must
round and curved items, rounded pole shoes be checked at regular intervals by test lifting
must be used to achieve a sufficient contact using the same loads typically lifted by the
lifting magnets.
The vacuum lifter is a lifting accessory equipped In addition to the required lifting capacity,
with one or more suction cups. The adhesive the shape of the lifted load and its surface qual-
force between the load and the suction cup is ity must also be taken into consideration in the
created by means of a vacuum. choice of vacuum lifter.
Vacuum lifters usually operate by means of Lifters should be designed to provide double
vacuum pumps, blowers or ejectors but they the holding capacity required for the heaviest
can also be mechanically operated without a load lifted. Vacuum lifters may not be used for
pump. conveying hazardous materials. Loaded lifters
The shape of the suction cup is selected ac- must never be lifted above personnel. If neces-
cording to the shape and quality of the load, sary, the danger area must be isolated.
e.g. round, angular or oval. The suction cups
can be flat, for lifting flat items such as plates,
sheets, panels and glass panes.
The contact surface of the suction cups can
also be specially moulded for the lifting of
pipes or other non-flat items.
The same rules apply to lifting forks as to other the lifting fork or load during the lifting opera-
lifting accessories. Most hazardous situations tion, the functions and the wear of the compo-
that arise when operating lifting forks involve nents involved must also be inspected.
falling loads. Attention must therefore be paid
in the design and user instructions of the lifting
fork to ensure sufficient fastness and stability of
the load during the lifting operation.
User instructions and a Declaration of Con-
formity must be included in the lifting fork
delivery.
During periodic inspection of the lifting fork,
visually check for any permanent deformation
of the structures and wear of the wearing parts.
Check the joints of the structure, especially
welded joints, to ensure there are no visually
apparent cracks. If the lifting fork operation
involves any mechanical functions that stabilise Figure 16 Standard lifting fork
Lifting beams
A wide range of different loading capacities, cient knowledge of material strengths and struc-
shapes and lengths of lifting beam are availa- tural requirements. Lifting beams must have the
ble. Lifting beam components and other equip- following markings:
ment should also be optimally designed to suit • working load limits for different loading situ-
the beam’s specific function. ations
Lifting beams or spreader beams can effec- • dead weight of the beam, to enable deter-
tively reduce the load stresses on the sling or mination of the lifting appliance’s payload
on the load itself. capacity
Lifting beams are the ideal lifting accessories • production/serial number, name of manufac-
for workspaces with limited headroom where turer
the use of lengthy top rigging is not possible. • and CE marking
The lifting beam designer and manufacturer
must have the necessary expertise in lifting The following must be observed upon delivery
beam design and production, including suffi- of the lifting beam:
• operating instructions,
including possible re-
strictions on use
• maintenance and in-
spection instructions
and assembly drawing
• Declaration of Con-
formity
Figure 17 Lifting beams
Lifting eye bolts are loose lifting gear. They The model that is still extensively used is the
must either be marked with their working load DIN580 and DIN582 compliant lifting eye bolt.
limit or their rated capacity and possible restric- The bolt can be loaded only vertically or at an
tions on use must be specified in the operating angle of max. 45 degrees in the direction of the
instructions provided upon delivery. lug eye.
Figure 19
Lifting eye bolt
Shackles
Shackles used for lifting must be designed for not be continuously monitored must be fitted
the lifting task in question. with e.g. a cotter to prevent the pin from open-
Shackles are loose lifting gear. ing. Loading of the shackles should be perpen-
As such, they must either be marked with dicular to the pin.
their working load limit or their rated capac-
ity and possible restrictions on use must be Inspection
specified in the operating instructions provided
upon delivery. Visually check that the pin thread is intact and
Always fully tighten the shackle pin before that the shackle is free of fracture or deforma-
lifting. Fixed joints and attachments that can- tion.
Figure 21 Shackles
Occupational Safety and Health Act (No. 738/2002, Government Decision on the procurement, safe use
(OSH Act)) and inspection of workplace machinery and other
equipment, so-called Work Equipment Decision
The OSH Act sets out the general regulations
(856/1998, as amended)
concerning occupational safety.
This government decision specifies the require-
Government Decision on the safety of machinery, ments concerning machinery and equipment
so-called Machinery Decision (1314/1994, as used at the workplace and lays down the obli-
amended) gations for the employer.
This government decision contains the proce-
dures and essential health and safety require- SFS Handbook 79, Lifting accessories
ments concerning the bringing of lifting acces- Finnish Standards Association manual contain-
sories onto the market. ing official regulations, standards, instructions
The decision lays down the obligations for the for the selection, use and storage of lifting ac-
manufacturer, importer and seller. cessories and inspection and rejection criteria.
Appendix
DEPARTMENT AND PRECISE LOCATION:___________________________________________________
MANUFACTURER / SELLER________________________________________________________________
PURPOSE OF USE:_______________________________________________________________________
INSPECTION INTERVAL:__________________________________________________________________
0°
kg
45° PARTS LIST
kg
60° PHOTOGRAPH
kg
DRAWING
SERIAL NUMBER
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
INSPECTION INTERVAL
COMMISSIONING Y N
ANNUAL INSPECTION Y N
ANNUAL INSPECTION Y N
ANNUAL INSPECTION Y N
ANNUAL INSPECTION Y N
ANNUAL INSPECTION Y N
ANNUAL INSPECTION Y N
Vertical movements
DISTANCE
Danger